The source of this uncorrected OCR text may be viewed in the DjVu format at: http://fax.libs.uga.edu/J84xSI3x1/ or http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/ugafax/J84xSI3x1/ KEPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. had been, bored slightly over a. fourth of an inch a thin tube of iiier- eantile copper was substituted, which, with the sand, made an ideal tool for boring stone, and would to-day bore a hole with absolute pre- dsioii through the hardest miiieral were emery sand used instead of ordinary quart/ sand. The motion of i his drill is easy to the workman, and the implement may bo kept going with slight fatigue. Were it necessary, as many cords could be tied to the .shafts as there was room for people to stand around it and pull. A distinguished American savant and Egyptologist has suggested that if this "Sam" were a tool, it was one intended for digging pur poses, and conld not be used for boring. Every illustration of this "Sam" which has come under the writer's observation answers in all its parts to a drill. The implement is simi lar to a pump drill ; the human figures are those of women, and are almost invariably upon the bases of statues. Bound prisoners arc com monly represented as being tied back to back to the implements, and they are generally of another race than the Egyptians. For these rea sons the writer daims that the ''Sam" is not an altar, that the people standing at i t are not worshipping, that the so-called gods are goddesses of work, thafc the "Sam" is a tool, and that figs. 200 and 201 represent the implement, and fig. 4'2 shows all the characteristics of the drill cores of Egyptian bored stones. The slaves were placed under their masters' seats, were tied, and we may imagine that, as Vishnu said, "their ene mies should perform the work but should not participate in the fruits of their labor." THE SWASTIKA, THE EARLIEST KNOWN SYMBOL, AND ITS IIIGRATIOAS; WITH OI5SERYATIONS ON THE AIIŒHTION OF CER'MIN INDUSTRIES IX PREHISTORIC TIAIEfcl. TIIOAtAS AVTT.SOX, Curator, liepnrlmenl of 1'rehuitorir Anllinipoloyy, V. S. Xationii] Museum. TABLE OF CONTENTS. I'ugc. Preface..................................................................... 7Ü3 I.—DEFINITIONS, DESCRIPTION, ΛΧΙ) OliKilN. Different forma of the erosa.................................................. 765 Namea and definitions of the Swastika..............._......_................ 7(>8 Symbolism and interpretation............................................... 770 Origin and habitat.......................................................... 791 II.—DlM'KBWIOX OF THE SWASTIKA. Extreme Orient............................................................. 799 Japan .................................................................. 79U Korea .................................................................. 799 China .................................................................. 799 Tibet.......-..-.......-.......---.------...---.--------........-----... 802 India................................................ ................... 802 Classical Orient............................................................. 800 Babylonia, Assyria, Chaldea, aiid Persia................................. 8(Ki Phoiiieia ............................................................... 807 Ly eaoiiia............................................................... 807 Armenia................................................................ 807 Caiieasus............................................................... 808 Aaia Minor—Troy (lliaaarlik)............................................ 809 Fiist and Second. Citioa ............................................. 810 The Third or Burnt City............................................ 811 The Fourth City .................................... ................ 813 The Fifth City...................................................... 818 The Sixth and Seventh Cities ....................................... 81'J Loadoii idol of Hisaarlik ............................................ 821) Owl-shaped vases................................................... 830 The ago of Trojan cities.-........................................... 832 Africa ...................................................................... 833 Kgyft.................................................................. 833 Naiikratia........................................................... 831 Coptos ( \chmiiu-PanopoKs1......................................... 831 Algeria....................................... ........................... 838 Aslumtee ............................................................... 838 Claasical Occident—Mediterranean ..................................'....... 839 Greece, Cyprus, Khodos, Melos, and Thera................................ 839 Greek fret and Egytiau meander not the same as the Swastika....... 839 Swaatika in paiiela.................................................. 815 Swastikas with four arnia crossing at right angles, cuda bout to the right ............................................................. 810 Swaatikaa with four arma crossing at right anglea, ends bent to the left. 847 Swastikas with four iirms crossing at other than right angles, the ernia ogco and to the left....................^..................... 818 Meander pattern, with euda beut to the right and left................ 849 Swastikas of different kinds on the aauie object........--.-...---.... 849 759 760 REPORT OV NATIONAL MUSKUM, 1894. Pago. Europe.—...__._-——. — — ...._——_.——_ —.....— .____._ — _______—_.— — 854 lîrun/,θ age ............................................................. 854 Etruria and Italy................................................... 855 Swiss laku dwellings................................................ 861 Germany and Austria ............................................... 862 Belgium ..---......--...-..........._............................. 863 Scandinavia ...------.---.--..-.....-............................... 804 Scotland and Ireland................................................ 867 Gallo-Roman period .................................................... 8IÎ9 France ............................................................. 869 Anglo-Saxon period...................................................... 870 Britain ............................................................. 870 Swastika, on ancient coins............................................... 871 Triskelion, Lycia ................................................... 871 Triskelion, Sicily ................................................... 873 Triskelion, Ihlo of Man.............................................. 874 Punch marks on Corinthian coins mistaken for Swastikas............ 875 Swastika on ancient Hindu coins ............ --.....-................ 877 Swastika on coins in Mesembria and Gaza ...-.-...---..-....---..-.- 878 Swastika on Danish gold liractoatea.........-_..._._.._"__.....__.__. 878 United States of America ................................................... 879 Pro-Columbian times.................................................... 879 Faina Island and Toco mounds, Tennessee........................... 879 Hopewell Mound, Chillieotbe, lîoss County, Ohio...... .............. 888 Mounds in Arkansas ................................................ 893 North American Indians .-------.---..-..-....---------....-_..--....... 894 Kansas.-..-.--.-----..--....--.......--............................ 894 Sacs................................................................ 895 Pueblos.--.-....----.---.....---..-..-..--.--....--.......-.....--.. 89(5 Navajoes ...-------.-.-..--.-.---.-------...--.-.--....-....-....... 897 Piuiaa .............................................................. 901 Colonial patchwork-.-....-.---..---....---....-...............-........ 901 Central America.........--...-.-.._.-.............--....................... 902 Nicaragua ---.---...---.-.-.--.-..---..---...--.-...._-............__... 902 Yucatan ................................................................ 902 C'osta lì icii.............................................................. 903 South America.............................................................. 903 Brazil .................................................................. 903 Paraguay............................................................... 905 III.—FOUMS ALLIED TO THE SWVSTIKA. Meandeis, ogees, and spirals, bent lo the loft as well as to the right.......... 905 .Ahorijf iiial American engravings and pain! iuga.......................... 906 Designs on shell..................................................... 90G Ivory-billed woodpecker ........................................ 907 Tho trihkeh·, triskelion, or triquvtium.. —. — ...... —..——.. — — 908 The spider ...................................................... 913 The rattlesnake................................................. «Ill The human 1'aco and form....................................... 014 Designs on pottery.................................................. 920 Designs on basketry................................................ 924 IV.—Tim Citoss AJIONI; ΓΙΙΕ AMERICAN INDIANS. Different forms.............................................................. 926 The cross on objects of shell and copper................................. 926 The cross on pottery ...... ............................................. 931 THE SWASTIKA. 761 Page. Symbolic meanings of the cross.............. ............ ....--..---. .... ---- 933 Tha four winds......---.....----.......-.....--.-.......----.-.----.---- 934 Sun and star symbols.---....-----..-.......--..-----------.------------- 936 Dwellings .............................................................. 936 Dragon fly (Snsbeca).................................................... 936 Midi·', or Shamans........................................---...------.-- 937 Flocks of birds.......................................................... 1)37 Human forms............-...-................-...-...-.------.------.-- 938 Maidenhood ............................................................ 939 Shaman's spirit....... --.............--...-......--.....-.......-------- 939 Divers significations......— ...__.__..—__—_ — __ —..___..... — ---—— — 939 Introduction of the croas into America..--.-..----..--..---.-------.-.------- 944 Decorativa forms not of tho cross, hut allied to the Swastika................. 916 Color stamps from Mexico and Venezuela.....-..----..-.-----------.---- 946 V.—SIGNIFICANT: οι·' τιικ SWASTIKA.. VI.—THE MIGRATION' or SYMBOLS. Migration of the Swastika............................................ Migration of classic symbols ......................................... Tha sacred tree of the Assyrians.................................. Tho sacred cone of Mesopotamia.................................. The Cntjc ansatu, the key of life.................................. The winged globe.--............................................. The eadnceus .................................................... The trisnla. ...................................................... Tha double-headed eagle on tho escutcheon of Austria and Kusaia. The lion rampant of Belgium.----. — ..— —..— ...----- —. — ....— Greek art and architecture........................................ The Greek fret................................................... VII.—PuumsToititi OBJECTS ASSOCIATI:» WITH ΤΙΙΓ. SWASTIKA, ÏOUVD I BOTH HEMISPHERES, AHI) BELIEVED TO HAVE l'\SSi:i> JÎY MlliKATlOV. Spindle whorls.............................................................. Europe ......................-.........--.-.----..--...-.--............. Switzerland—Lake dwellings ....................................... Italy..............--....--.---.----.-.....---...--....-*....... Wurtemburg---.— ......... — ...— ..—. — .—.. — . — ... —..— . — ..... France.-----........ ......—..._ — — — . — .——————. — — -——„.. North America—pre-Columbian times.. — ................................ Mexico — ....———........——....— ......—..— -.— ....— — —..— — Central America . — .....——. — .....— . — — -- — .————. — — .— — ——.. Nicaragua-.. — — —..— . — .—..——. — ...— —.. — —....—.... — ... — . South America...-------..............——..........— ......—....— .... f'hiriqui ...,--.....-......-----....-.--.---.-.-.-.------.---------.. Colombia ----...-.....---..-----.--.....----.---.---..----------..-. Peru---.....--..--.-----..--. ..---...--.-....---........---....--.. Bobbins ........_................ — .—..— . — — .......—......— —— — ——.-- Europe ....... United States. VIII.—SIMILAR PKEHISTOUIO AKTS, INHUSTIÎIES, AND Ι.ΜΙ·Ι,ΕΜΙ:ΝΤ« i>r EUROPE AND AMERICA AS EVIDENCE OF THE MIGKATIOX or Cn.Tunc. CONCLUSION ...... — . — . BllSLIOlîIlAl'IIV—.... .... LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 918 952 960 «J60 ÎI60 961 961 962 962 963 9fi3 964 965 96G 907 907 968 968 968 969 ÎI70 971 971 972 972 •J72 972 975 975 975 977 981 981 997 THE SWASTIKA, ΤΗ κ KAnr.msT KXOWV svwitor,, AMI ITS IIORITIOXS; WITH ORSERVATIOXK ox THE VIGIIATIOX OF CERTArV IXDFSTIllES I> IMtKII ISTOIÎK' TIUKS. By TnoMis "\ViLSOV, Curator, Department of Prehistoric Anthropology, I'. S. Xalional Muteum. PREFACE. An English gentleman, versed in prehistoric archeology, V'sited me in the· summer of 1894-, and during onr conversation asked if we had the Swastika in America. I answered, " Yes,'1 and showed him two or threo specimens of it. lie demanded if we had an y literature on the, subject. I cited him De Mortillet, De Morgan, and Zmigrodzki, and lie said, " Xo, I mean English or American." I began a search which proved almost futile, as even the word Swastika did not appear in snch works as Worcester's or Webster's dictionaries, the Encyclopedic Dic tionary, the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Johnson's Universal Cyclo paedia, the People's Cyclopaedia, nor Smith's Dictionary of Greek «and Roman Autiqnities, his Greek and lîomau Biography and Mythology, or his Classical Dictionary. I also searched, with the same results, Mollett's Dictionary of Art and Archaeology, Fairholt's Dictionary of Terms in Art, "L'Art Gothique," by Gonza, Perrot and Ohipiez's exten sive histories of Art in Egypt, in Ghaldea and Assyria, and in Phe- nicia; also "The Gross, Ancient and Modern," by W. W. Blake, "The nistory of the Cross,'' by. Toll» Ash ton; and a reprint of a Dutch work by Wildener. In the American Encyclopedia the description is errone ous, while all the Century Dictionary says is, " Saints as fylfot," and "Comparo Cirujc Annata and Gamminlian." 1 thereupon concluded that this would be a good subject for presentation to the Smithsonian Insti r "diffusion of K-n»«-i-»«« comPact form tika, leaving to o ina =erning the Swas- these facts and their 763 764 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. arrangement into an harmonious theory. The only conclusion sought to be deduced from the facts stated is as to the possible migration in prehistoric times of the Swastika and similar objects. No conclusion is attempted as to the time or place of origin, or the primitive meaning of the Swastika, because these are considered to be lost in antiquity. The straight line, the circle, the cross, tlie triangle, are simple forms, easily made, and might have been invented and re-invented in every age (if primitive man and in every quarter of the ' globe, each time being an independent invention, meaning much or little, meaning different things among different peoples or at different times among the same people; or they may have had no settled or definite meaning. But the Swastika was probably the first to be made with a definite intention and a continuons or consecutive meaning, the knowledge of which passed from person to person, from tribe to tribe, from people to people, and from nation to nation, until, with possibly changed meanings, it has anally circled the globe. There are many disputable questions broached in this paper. The author is aware of the differences of opinion thereon among learned men, and he has not attempted to dispose of these questions in the few sentences employed in their announcement. He has been eon- servative and lias sought to avoid dogmatic decisions of controverted questions. The antiquity of man, the locality of his origin, the time of his dispersion and the course of his migration, the origin of bronze and the course of its migration, all of which may be more or less involved in a discussion of the Swastika, are questions not to be settled by the dogmatic assertions of any individual. Much of the information in this paper is original, and relates to pre historic more than to modern times, and extends to nearly all the coun tries of the globe. It is evident that the author must depend on other discoverers; therefore, all books, travels, writers, and students have been laid under contribution without scruple. Due acknowledgment is hereby made for all quotations of text or figures wherever they occur. Quotations have been freely made, instead of sifting the evidence and giving the substance. The justification is that there has never been any sufficient marshaling of the evidence on the subject, and that the former deductions have been inconclusive; therefore, quotations of authors are given in their own words, to the end that the philosophers who propose to deal with the origin, meaning, and cause of migration of the Swastika will have all the evidence before them. Assumptions may appear as to antiquity, origin, and migration of the Swastika, but it is explained that many times these only reflect the opinion of the writers who are quoted, or are put forth as working hypotheses. The indulgence of the reader is asked, and it is·, hoped that lie will endeavor to harmonixe conflicting statements upon these disputed questions rather than antagonize them. THE SWASTIKA. 705 I.—DEFINITIONS, DESCRIPTION, ANI> OIÎIOIN. DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE CROSS. The simple cross made with two sticks or marks belongs to prehistoric times. Its first appearance among men is lost in antiquity. One may theorize as to its origin, but there is no historical identification of it either in epoch or by country or people. The sign is itself so simple that it might have originated among any people, however primitive, and in any age, however remote. The meaning given to the earliest cross is equally unknown. Everything concerning its beginning is in the realm of speculation. But a differentiation grew up in early times among nations by which certain forms of the cross have been known under cer tain names and with specific significations. Some of these, such as the Maltese cross, are historic and can be well identified. The principal forms of the cross, known as symbols or ornaments, can be reduced to a few classes, though when combined with heraldry its use extends to 385 varieties.1 li,,.,. Fig. 1. LATIN CROSS (Cfvx immts.ta). Fig- 2. (.RECK CROSS. Fig. 3. s>T. ANüRKw'ti CKOss (Grux df&tssata.) It is not the purpose of this paper to give a history of the cross, but the principal forms are shown by way of introduction to a study of the Swastika. The Latin cross, Crux immissn, (fig. 1) is found on coins, medals, and ornaments anterior to the Christian era. It was on this cross that Christ is said to have been crucified, and thus it became accepted as the Christian cross. The Greek cross (fig. 2) with arms of equal length crossing at right angles, /is found on Assyrian and Persian monuments and tablets, Greek «oins and statues. 'Tlie St. Andrew's cross, Crux decussata, (fig. 3) is the same as the Greek yross, but turned to stand on two legs. t William Berry, Eucyclopœdia Heraldica, 182Ü-1840. 766 REPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. The Crux ansata (ûg. 4) according to Egyptian mythology, was Aukli, the emblem of Ka, the spiritual double of man. It was also said to indicate a union of Osiria and Isis, and wan regarded as a symbol of the generative principle of nature. The Tau cross (fig. 5), so called from its resemblance to the Greek letter of that name, is of uncertain, though ancient, origin- Ill Scandinavian mythology it passed under the name of " Thor's hammer," being therein confounded with the Swastika. It was also called St. Anthony's cross for the Egyptian hermit of that name, and was always colored blue. Clarkson says this mark was received by the Mith- raciats 011 their foreheads at the time of their initiation. C. W. King, in his work entitled "Early Christian Numis matics" (p. 214), expresses the opinion that the Tau cross was placed on the foreheads of men who cry after abomi nations, (lizekiel ix, 4.) It is spoken of as a, phallic emblem. Another variety of the cross appeared about the second century, composed of a union of the St. Andrew's cross and the letter I* (fig. 6), being the first two letters of the Greek word XPI2TÒ2 (Christus). This, with another variety containing all the foregoing letters, passed as the monogram of Christ (tig. 0). As an instrument of execution, the cross, besides being the inter section of two beams with four projecting arms, was frequently of compound forms as γ, on which the convicted person was fastened by the feet and hung head downward. Another form [~~|, whereon he was Kg. 4. EOYPTIAN (Crux ansata). TliuKeyof Life. I1"·.···. Fig. 5. TAU CKOS.1, riIOtt'H II VMMEll, Ult bT. ANTHONï's CKOSS. Fig. (i. ÏIONOGKUI OF CIIHIST. Liibnruui of Con&taiiliiie. MVLTKSE CBOSS. I fastened by one foot and one hand at each upper corner; still, another form f]"1, whereon his body was suspended on the central upright with his iirms outstretched upon the cross beams. ( Fig. 7 represents the sign of the military order of the Knights of Malta. It is of medieval origin. 1 Fig. 8 (a and b) represents two styles of Celtic crosses. These belong chiefly to Ireland and Scotland, are usually of stone, and frequently set up at marked places on the road side. THE SWASTIKA. 767 Fig. 8. Higgina, in his "Anacalypsis," a rare and costly work, almost an ency clopedia of knowledge,' says, concerning the origin of the cross, that the official name of the governor of Tibet, Lama, comes from the ancient Tibetan word for the cross. The original spelling was L-a-in-li. This is cited with approval in Davenport's "Aphrodisiacs" (p. 13). Of the many forms of the cross, the Swastika is the most ancient. Despite the theories and speculations of students, its origin is unknown. It began before history, and is properly classed as prehistoric. Its descrip tion is as follows: The bars of the normal Swastika (frontispiece and fig. 9) are straight, of equal thickness throughout, and cross each other at right angles, making four arms of equal size, length, and style. Their peculiarity is that all the ends are bent at right angles and in the same direction, right or left. Prof. Max Müller makes the symbol different according as the arms are bent to the right or to the left. That bent to the right he denominates the true Swas tika, that bent to the left he calls Suavastika (tig. 10), but he gives no authority for the state ment, and the author has been unable to find, ex cept in liurnouf, any justification for a difference of names. Professor Goodyear gives the title of "Meander" to that form of Swastika which bends two or more times (fig. 11). The Swastika' is sometimes represented with dots or points in the corners of the intersections (fig. 12«), and occasionally the same when without bent ends (fig. 12/·), to which Zmigrodzki gives Fig. 9. NORMAL SWASTIKA. Fig. 10. · SUA VASTI KA. ra Fig. 11. SWASTIKA. Moiiiiclor. L Ί. Fia'. 12. CHOIX S VA1TIGALE (/ the name of Croix Sirasticale. Some Swastikas have three dots placed equidistant around each of the four ends (fig. J2r). 'Jliggiua, ••Anaca^psia,1' London, IS:«!, i,p. 230. 7G8 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. There are several varieties possibly related to the Swastika whichhave been found in almost every part of the globe, and thongli the relation may appear slight, and at first sight difficult to trace, yet it will appear more or less intimate as the examination is pursued through its ramifications. As this paper is an investigation into and report npou facts rather than conclusions to be drawn from them, it is deemed wise to give those forms bearing even possible relations to the Swas tika. Certain of them have been accepted by the author as related to the Swastika, while others have been rejected; but thi.s rejection (W-.RtL V VII ÎÏPIIÎAL SiVASTIKAS. Tetraakoliim (fimr-armt d). Fig. l:ift. Sl'IIÏAL AN'I» V01ATTK. Trirtkrlioii (tlireo-îirnicdj. Fis. 13e. SPIRAL AND VOLUTE. (Five or many aimed.) Fi·;. 13(/. OIÌEE KW \S1IKA, WITH OII1C1.E. PECULIAR FORMS OF SWASTIKA. has been confined to cases where the known facts seemed to justify another origin for the symbol. Speculation has been avoided. NAMES AND DEFINITIONS OF THE SWASTIKA. The Swastika has been called by different names in different coun tries, though nearly all countries have in later years accepted the ancient Sanskrit name of Swastika; and this name is recommended as the most definite and certain, being now the most general and, indeed, almost universal. It was formerly spelled s-v-a-s-t-i-c-a and s-u-a-s-t-i-k-a, but the later spelling, both English and French, is s-w a-s-t-i-k-a. The definition and etymology of the word is thus given in Littre's French Dictionary : Svastika, or Swastika, a mystic figure used by several (East) Indian sects. It was equally well known to the Itrahiiuna as to tue Buddhists. Most of tlie rock inscriptions in the Buddhist caverns in the west of India are preceded or followed by the lioly (saaramcnfeUe) sign of the Swastika. (Eug. Buniuiif, " Le Lotus de la bonne Ιοί." Paris, 1852, p. 025.; It was seen on the vases and pottery of Rhodes (Cyprus) and Etruria. (F. Delauuay, Jour. Off., Nov. 18,1873, p. 7024,3d Col.) Etymology : A Sanskrit word signifying happiness, pleasure, good luck. It is com- posedofA« (equivalent of Greek ευ), "good," and asti, "being," "good being," with ' the sufllx i-α (Greek ucr, Latin co). THE SWASTIKA. 7fi9 In the "Tïevue d'Ethnographie" (iv, JSSu, p. 329), Air. Dumontier gives the following analysis of the Sanskrit sirastiku : Su, r.-idical, signifying good, well, Mcfllrul, or xuriilan, prosperity. A»1i, third person, singular, indicativo present of the verb an, io !><·, which in «mm in Latin. Ka, suffix forming the substantive. Professor WJiitncy in the Century Dictionary says, Swastika—[San skrit, lit., "of good fortiiiie." ova s ti (.S"«; well, + «*//, being), welfare.] Same as fylfot. Compare Crux aiisnin and yammutlioìì. In "Ilios'' (]). 347), Max Müller says : KthnoIogicuMy, \rtin1ikfi is derived from minii, and gradii from nt, "well," and as. "to l>e." fri-asti occurs frequently in tho Veda, both as a i.oiin in :i scuso of happiness, a»d as an adverb in tho sense of "well1' or "hail!" It corresponds to the Greek ri'frfrcj. Tho derivation Avzsfi-/.·« isof later date, and it always means .111 auspicious sign, suoli as are found most frequently among l!ues Sciences ct Religion," p. 256. 2R. P. Grog, "The Fylfot and Swastika," Archa'ologia, XLVIII, part 2,1885, p. 298; Goblet d'Alviella, "Migration des Symboles," p. 50. II. Mis. !»0, pt. 2——40 770 REPORT OF NATIONAL MTTSEUAf, /804. THE SWASTIKA. 771 and, possibly, Scandinavia. Outside of these countries it is "scarcely known, used, or understood. The, Swastika was occasionally called in the French language in earlier times, Croix gammée or Gammaflion, from its resemblance to a combination of four of the Greek letters of that iiaiiic, and it is so named by Count Goblet d'Alviella in his late work, " La Migration des Symboles." It was also called Croix cramponnée, Croix pattée, Croix « crochet. But the consensus even of French etymologists favors the name Swastika. Some foreign authors have called it Thor's hammer, or Thor's hammer- mark, but the correctness of this has been disputed.1 Waring, in his elaborate work, "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,"2 says: The ^ used to be vulgarly called in Scandinavia the hammer of Thor, and Thor'a hammer-mark, or the hammer-mark, but this name properly belongs to the mark V. Ludwig Müller gives it as his opinion that the Swastikahas no connec tion with the Thor hammer. The best Scandinavian authors report the "Thor hammer" to bo the same as the Greek tan (fig. Π), the same form as the Roman and English capital T. The Scandinavian name is Miöl- ner or Mjolner, the crusher or mallet. The Greek, Latin, and Tan crosses are represented in Egyptian hiero glyphics by a hammer or mallet, giving the idea of crushing, pounding, or striking, and so an instrument of justice, an avenger of wrong,3 hence standing for Horns and other gods.4 Similar symbolic meanings have been given to these crosses in ancient classic countries of the Orient.5 SYMBOLISM AND INTERPRETATION. Many theories have been presented concerning the symbolism of the, - Swastika, its relation to ancient deities and its representation of certain qualities. In the estimation of certain writers it has been respectively the emblem of Zeus, of Baal, of the sun, of the sun-god, of the sun- chariot of Agni the fire-god, of Indra the rain-god, of the sky, the sky- god, and finally the deity of all deities, the great God, the Maker and Ruler Of the Universe. It has also been held to symbolize light or the god of light, of the forked lightning, and of water. It is believed by some to have been the oldest Aryan symbol. In the estimation of others it represents Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva, Creator, Preserver, Destroyer. It appears in the footprints of Buddha, engraved upon the 'Stephens, "Old Northern Runic Monuments," part n, p. 509; Ludwig Müller, quoted on p. 778 of this paper; Goblet d'Alviella, "La Migration dea Symboles," p. 4.">; Haddon, "Evolution in Art,1' p. 288. 2Pago 12. ""La Migration dea Symboles,1' pp. 21, 22. •"'Lo Culto de la Croix avant JAMis-Christ,1' in the Correspondant, October 25, 1S8!), and in Science Catholique, February 15, 18Î10, p. 103. 5 Same authorities. solid rock 011 the mountains of India (fig. 32). It stood for the Jupiter Touans aud Tluvius of the Latins, and the Thor of the Scandinavians. In the hitter case it has been considered—erroneously, however—a vari ety of the Thor hammer. In the opinion of at least one author it had an intimate relation to the Lotus sign of Egypt and 1'eisia. Some authors have attributed a phallic meaning to it. Others have recog nized it as representing the generative principle of mankind, making it the symbol of the female. Its appearance oil the person of certain goddesses, Artemis, liera, Demcter, Astarte, aud the Chaldean Xamt, the leaden goddess from Ilissarlik (fig. 125), has caused it to bo claimed as a sign of fecundity. In forming the foregoing theories their authors have been largely controlled by the alleged fact of the substitution aud permutation of the Swastika sign on various objects with recoguized symbols of these different deities. The claims of these theorists are somewhat clouded in obscurity aud lost in the antiquity of the subject. What seems to have beeu at all times an attribute of the Swastika is its character as a charm or amulet, as a sign of benediction, blessing, long life, good fortune, good luck. This character has continued into mod ern times, aud while the Swastika is recoguized as a holy and sacred symbol by at least one Buddhistic religions sect, it is still used by the common people of India, China, aud Japan as a sign of long life, good wishes, aud good fortune. Whatever else the sign Swastika may have stood for, and however many meanings it may have had, it was always ornamental. It may have been used with auy or all the above significations, but it was always ornamental as well. The Swastika sign had great extension aud spread itself practically over the world, largely, if not entirely, in prehistoric times, though its use in some countries has continued iuto modern times. The elaboration of the meanings of the Swastika indicated above aud its dispersion or migrations form the subject of this paper. Dr. Schliemanu found mauy specimens of Swastika in his excava tions at the site of ancient Troy ou the hill of Hissarlik. They were mostly ou spindle whorls, and will be described in due course. Ho appealed to Prof. Max Müller for an explanation, who, in reply, wrote au elaborate description, which Dr. Scldiemann published iu "Ilios.1" lie commences with a protest against the word Swastika beiug applied generally to the sign Swastika, because it may prejudice the reader or the public in favor of its Indian origin. He says: I do not like the use of tho troni aranliku outside of India. It is a irurd of Indian orinili aud has its history and definite meaning in India. » * * Tho occur rence of auch crosses in different parts of tho world may or may not point to a com mon origin, but if they aro once called Sraxlika tho rulgus jirofaiimn will at once 'Page 3IG', et seq. 772 UEPOItT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18114. jump to the conclusion that they all eouie from India, aud it will take some time to weed out such prejudice. Very little is known of Indian art before the third century 11. C., thu period when the I'.uddhist sovereigns began their public buildings.1 The name Svastika, however, can be traced (in India) a little farther back. It occuis as the name of a particular sign in tho old grammar of Pânani, about a ceii- tnry earlier. Pertain compounds are mentioned there in which tho last word is turn«, "ear." * * » One of tho signs for marking cattle was tho Svastika [llg. 11], and what 1'unaiii teaches in his grammar is that when the compound is formed, araMtika-kariia, i. e., "ha\ ing the ear marked -with the sign of a Svastika," the final « of Svastika is uot to be lengthened, Abbilo it is lengthened in other compounds, such as datra-karna, i. θ., "having the ear marked with the sign of a sickle.'1 I)'Alviella2 reinforces Max Mailer's statement that Panini lived during the middle of tbe fourth century, B. G. Thus it is shown that the word Swastika had been in use at that early period long enough to form an integral part of the Sanskrit language and tliat it was employed to illustrate the particular sounds of the letter n iu its grammar. Max Müller continues his explanation:3 It [the Swastika] occurs often at tho beginning of the Buddhist inscriptions, on. Buddhist eoius, and in Buddhist manuscripts. Historically, tho Svastika is first attested ou a coin of lirananda, supposing Krauauda to be the same king aa Xan- drames, tho predecessor of Sandrokyptos, whose reign came to an end in 315 B. G. (ScoThomaa ou the Identity of Xandiames aud Krananda.) The paléographie evi dence, however, seems rather against so early a date. In the footprints of Buddha tbo Buddhists recognize no less that sixty-(ivo auspicious signs, the first of them being tho SrastiJat [See fig. 32], (Eugeue Burnouf, "Lotus de la bonno loi," p. 62Γ>); tho fourth is the Suarastika, or that with tho arms turned to tho left [seo fig. 10] ; the third, the \andijurarta [seo fig. 14], is a mere development of the fteastika. Among tbo Jainas tho Frastika was the sign of their seventh .Tina, Supaisva (Colebrookc "Miscellaneous Essays," n, p. Iti8; Indian Antiquary, vol. '2, p. 133). In the later Sanskrit literature, iScastiia retains the moaning of an auspicious mark; thus Λνο seo iu the IMmayaua (ed. Gorrcsio, n, p. .'J18) that Bharata selects a ship marked witli tho sign of tho Svastika. Yarâharniliira iu thu Brihat-samhitâ Hied. S.-ee., vi, p. Ch.) mentions curtain buildings called Svastilta and Naudyavarta (53.Π4, seq.), but their outline does not correspond Λ cry exactly with tho form of the signs. Somo Sthûpas, how ever, are said to havo been built on tho plan of the Svastika. * * * Originally, nrastika may have been intended l'or no moro than two lines missing each other, or a cross. Thus we find it used in lator times refer ring to a woman cohering her breast with crossed arms (lìàlai-am, 75.10), sruhastas- r«3/it«-»f««t, and likowiso with reference to poisons sitting crosslegged. Dr. Max Ohnefalsch-liichter4 speaking of the Swastika position, either of crossed legs or arms, among the Hindus,5 suggests as a pos sible explanation that these women bore the Swastikas upon their 'The native Buddhist monarchs ruled from about 1!. C. 500 to tho conquest of Alexander, 15. C..'Ì30. Seo " The Swastika on ancient coins," Chapter n of thia paper, and Waring, "Ceramic Art iu liomote Ages," p. 83. 2 "La, Migration des symboles," p. 104. :l"Iliut,,''pp.347,318. 'Bulletins do la Société d'Anthropologie, 1888, ρ. G7S. •"Mr. Gandhi makes the same remark iu his letter ou the lìuddha shell statue showu jn pi. 10 of this paper. THE SWASTIKA. 773 arms as did the goddess Aphrodite, in fig. 8 of his wrUiugs, (see fig. ISO in tho present paper), and when they assumed the position of arms crossed over their breast, the Swastikas being brought into prominent view, possibly gave the, name to the position as being Λ representative of the sign. Max Müller continues1: H Qiiile another nue.stion is, why tho sign I—Cj should havo had an auspicious menii- ing, and why iu Sanskrit it should havo been called Svastika. The similarity be tween tbe group of lelteis si· in tlio ancient Indian alphabet and tho sign of Svastika is not very striking, and seems purely accidental. A remark of yours [Schliemanu] (Troy, p. ii,S) that the Svastika resembles a wheel in motion, tho direction of the motion being indicated by the crampons, contains a useful hin t, which has been confirmed by some important observations of Mr. Thomas, the distinguished Oriental numismatist, who has called attention to the fact that in the long list of tho recognized devices of tho twenty-four .laina Tirthankaras the sun is absent, but that while tho eighth Tirthaukara has tho sign of the half-moon, the seventh Tirthankara is marked with tbo Svastika, i. e., tho sun. Here, then, wo have clear indications that tho Svastika, with (ho hands pointing in the right direction, was originally a symbol of the κπη, perhaps of the vernal sun as opposed to the autumnal sun, the Suarastika, and, therefore, a natural symbol of light, life, Iwalth, and wealth. But, while from these indications we are justified in supposing that among the Arj-an nations tho Svastika may have been an olii emblem of tho sun, there arc other indications to show that iu other parts of tho world tho samo or a similar emblem was used to indicate the earth. Mr. Beai * * » h;ls showu * * * that the simple cross (+) occurs as a sign for earth iu certain ideographic groups. It was probnhl}- intended to indicate the four quarters—north, south, east, west—or, it may bo, more generally, extension in length and breadth. That tho cross is used as a sign for "four" iu the Bactro-l'ali inscriptions (Max Müller, " Chipe from a German Workshop," Vol. II, p. 2flS) is well known ; but the fact that tho samo sign has tho same power elsewhere, as, for instance, iu tho Hieratic numerals, does not prove by any means that tho one figuro was derived from tho other. We forget too easily that what was possible iu one place was possible also in other places; and tho more we extend our researches, the moro we shall learn that the chapter of accidents is larger than we imagine. The "Suavastika" which Max Müller names and believes was applied to the Swastika sign, with the ends bent to the left (flg. 10), seems not to be reported with that meaning by any other author except Burnouf.2 Therefore the normal Swastika would seem to be that with the eiids bent to the right. Burnouf says tbe word Suavastika may be a deriva tive or development of the Svastikaya, and ought to signify "he who, or, that which, bears or carries tho Swastika or a species of Swastika." Greg,3 under the title Sovastikaya, gives it as his opinion that there is no difference between it aud the Swastika. Colonel Low4 mentions the word Sawattheko, which, according to Burnouf5 is only a variation of i"Ilios,"p.348. 2 "Lotus do la Bonne Loi," App. vin, p. fi26, note 4. 'Archeologia, p. 3(ì. 4 Transaction« of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain, πι, ρ. ΓΌ. 5 "Lotus do la Bonne Loi," App. vin, p. G25, noto 2. 774 REPORT OF NATIONAL ΜΙΤ8ΕΙΤΛΙ, 1891. the Pali word Sotthika or Suvatthika, the Pali translation of the San skrit Swastika. liurnoiif translates it as Svastikaya. M. Eugene Bunionf ' speaks of a third sign of the footprint of Çakya, called Naiidâvartaya, a good augury, the meaning being the "circle of fortune,1' which is the Swastika inclosed within a square with avenues radiating from the corners (fig. 14). lîurnouf says the above .sign lias many signiftcations. It is a sacred temple or edifice, a species of laby rinth, a garden of diamonds, a chain, a golden waist or shoulder belt, and a conique, with spires turning to the right. Colonel Sykes2 concludes that, according to the Chinese authorities Fa-Man, Sonng Young, Iliuan thsang, the uDoctors of reason, 'Tao-sse, or followers of the mystic cross Lf, were diffused in China and India before the advent of Sakya in the sixth century lì. C. (according to Chinese, Japanese,and Buddhist authorities, the eleventh century B.C.), continuing until Fa-hiau's time; and that they were professors of a qualified Buddhism, which, it is stated, was the universal religion of Tibet before Sakya's advent.3 and continued until the introduction of orthodox Buddhism in the ninth century A. D.4 Klaproth5 calls attention to the frequent men tion by Fa-hian, of the Tao-sse, sectaries of the mystic cross L-pi (Sanskrit Swastika), and to their existence in Central Asia and India; while he says they were diffused over the countries to the west and southwest of China, and came annually from all kingdoms and countries to adore Kassapo, Buddha's predecessor." Mr. James Burgess7 mentions the Tirthauka- ras or Jainas as being sectarians of the Mystic Cross, the Swastika. The Cyclopaedia of India (title Swastika), coinciding with Prof. Max Müller, says: The Swastika symbol ia not to be confounded with the Swastika sect in Tibet which took the symbol for ita name as typical of the belief of its members. They render the Sanskrit Swastika as composed of sn "well" and asti "it is," meaning, as Professor Wilson expresses it, " so be it," and implying complete resignation under all circumstances. They claimed the Swastika of Sanskrit as the siiti of Pali, and that the Swastika croas was a combination of the two symbola sutti-suti. They are rationalists, holding that contentment and peace of mind should be the only objecta of life. The sert has preserved its existence in difterent localities and under different names, Thirthankara, Tor, Musteg, Pon.the last name meaning purity, under which a remnant are still in the farthest parts of the most eastern province of Tibet. '"Lotus de la Bonne Loi," p. 626. 2"Notes on the Keligioua, Moral, and Political state of India," Jonni. Asiatic Soc. Great Britain, vi, pp. 310-334. 3 Low, Trans. Roy. Asiatic Sor. of Groat Britain m, pp. 334, 310. 4 Ibid., p. 299. 5 Ibid., p. 299. " Low, Trans. Boyal Asiatic Soc. of Great Britain, iti, p. 310. 7 Indian Antiquary, n, May, 1873. p. 135. Fig. 14. NANDÂVAHTAYA, A THIRD SKIN ΟΓ THE FOOTPRINT OF 11UDDHA. Biirniiif, "Lotiiq Λ& li Bonnfl Lfi," PW'R, ISW, p. 6%. THE SWASTIKA. 775 General ruimiugham1 adds his assertion of the Swastika being the symbol used by the Buddhist sect of that name, lie says in a· note: The founder of this sect nourished about the year 601 to 523 IS. C., and that the mystic crosb is a symbol formed by the combination of tho t\vo Sanskrit syllables 4« and ti-auti. Waring2 proceeds to demolish these .statements of a sect named Swastika as pure inventions, and " consulting Professor Wilson's inval uable work on the Hindoo religious sects in the 'Asiatic Eesearehes,' we find no account of any sect named Swastika.'' Mr. V. E. Gandhi, a learned legal gentleman of Bombay, a repre sentative of the Jain sect of Buddhists to the World's Parliament of Eeligions at Chicago, 1893, denies that there is iu either India, or Tibet a sect of Buddhists named "Swastika.'' He suggests that these gen tlemen probably mean the sects of Jains (of which Mr. Gandhi is a member), because this sect uses the Swastika as a sign of benediction and blessing. This will be treated further on. (See p. 804.) Zmigrodzki, commenting ou the frequency of the Swastika on the objects found by Dr. Schliemaun at Hissarlik, gives it as his opinion3 that these representation« of the Swastika have relation to a human cult indicating a supreme being filled with goodness toward man. The sun, stars, etc., indicate him as a god of light. This, in connection with the idol of Venus, with its triangular shield engraved with a· Swastika (fig. 125), and the growing trees and palms, with their increas ing and multiplying branches and leaves, represent to him the idea, of fecundity, multiplication, increase, and hence the god of life as well as of light. The Swastika sign on funeral vases indicates to him a belief in a divine spirit in man which lives after death, and hence he con cludes that the people of Ilissarlik, in the "Burnt City" (tho third of Schliemann), adored a supreme being, the god of light and of life, and believed iu the immortality of the soul. E. P. Gregsays:4 Originally it [the Swastika] would appear to have been ail early Aryan atmos pheric device or symbol indicative of both ra iu and lightning, phenomena appertain ing to the god Indra, subsequently or collaterally developing, possibly, into the "Suastika, or sarred tiro churn in India, and at a still later period in Greece, adopted rather as a solar symbol, or converted about B. C'. u'50 iuto the meander or key pattern. Waring, while he testifies to the extension of the Swastika both iu time and area, says:5 But neither in tho hideous jumblo of Pantheism—the wild speculative thought, mystic fables,, and perverted philosophy of life among tho Buddhists—nor in the equally wild and false theosophy of the Brahmins, to whom this symbol, as dibtinc- »'Busa Topes," p. 17. Q" Ceramic Art in Ifemote Ages," p. 12. 3Tenth Congross, International d'lnthropologie et d U'elurologie Préhistoriques, Paris, 18«9, p. 47 . 4 Archeologia, XLVii, pt. 1, p. 15!). 5"Ceramic Art iu Remote Ageb," p. 11. 776 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. tive of tho Vi.shna\ as, sectarian devotees of Vishnu, is ascribed by Moor in his "Indian Pantheon," nor yet in the teucts of the Jains,1 do wo find any decisive explanation of the meaning attached to this syuihol, although its allegorical inten tion is indubitable. He mentions the Swastika, of the Buddhists, the cross, the circle, their combination, the three-foot γ and adds : " They exhibit forms of those oldeii and widely spread pagan symbols of Deity and sanctity, eternal life and blessing.'' Professor Sayce says : '2 The Cyprian vase figured in Di Cesuola's ''Cyprus," pi. XLV, fig. 36 [see fig. 156], which associates the Swastika with the figuro of an animal, is a striking analogue of the Trojan whorls on which it is associated with tho figures of stags. The fact that it is drawn within the vulva of tho leaden image of tho Asiatic goddess [sec fig. 125] booms to show that it was a symbol of generation. I believe that it is identical with tho Cyprian character Jjf or φ (ne), which has tho form )fi in the inscription of Golgi, and also with the Hittite \Π or ||| which Dr. Hydo Clarke once suggested to mo was intended to represent the organs of generation. Mr. Waller, iu his work entitled "Monumental Grosses," describes the Swastika as having· been known in India as α sacred symbol many centuries before our Lord, and used as the distinguishing badge of a religious sect ciilling themselves ''Followers of the Mystic Cross." Subsequently, he says, it was adopted by I he followers of Buddha and was still later used by Christians at a very early period, being first introduced on Christian monuments in the sixth century. But Mr. Waring says that in this he is not correct, as it was found in some of tht> early paintings in the Roman catacombs, particularly on the habit of a Fosxor, or gravedigger, given by D'Agincourt. Pugin, in his "Glossary of Ornament," under the title vi Fylfot," says that in Tibet the Swastika was used as a representation of God cruci fied for the human race, citing as his authority F. Angustiili Automi Georg».3 1 le remarks: From these account* it voulil appear that the fylfot is a mybtical ornament, not only adopted among Christians from primitive times, lint used, as if prophetically, for centuries before tin· coming of our Lord. To descend to later times, we iiud it constantly introduced in ecclesiastical vestments, * * * till the end of tho fif teenth century, a period marked by y;ro:i,t departure from traditional symbolism. Ets use was continued in Tibet into modern timos, though its meaning is not given.4 (See p. SOU.) The liev. G. Cox, iu his "Aryan Mythology," says: Wo recognize the malo and the female symbol in the trident of Poseidon, and in the fylfot or hammer of Thor, ì\liich assumes the form of a cross-pattce in the vari ous legends which turn on the rings of Freya, Holda, Venus, or Aphrodite. 'See explanation of the Swastika by Mr. (laudili according to tho Jain tenets, p. 801. 2"Ilios,"p. 353. 3"Alphabetum Tibotarium," Rome, 1761', pp. 211, 4(iO, 725. 4IioekhilI, " Diary of a Journey through Mongolia, and Tibet," Smithsouiau Insti tution, Washington, ]89i, p. (57. THE SWASTIKA. 777 litre again we lind the fylfot and ciOss-pattèe spoken of as tlie same symbol, and as being emblematic of the reproductive principles, in which view of its meaning Dr. Ininan, in his "Ancient Faiths Embodied in Ancient Names," concurs. Burnout'1 recounts the myth of Agni (from which comes, through the Latin iynbt, the English word igneous), the god of Sacred Fire, as told in the Veda:2 Tho young ijneen, the mother of Fire, carried the royal infant mysteriously con cealed iu her bosom. She was a woman of tho people, whose common liamo was "Arani"—that is, the instrument of wood (the Swastika) from which fire was made or brought by rubbing. * » * The origin of tho sign [Swastika] is now easy to recognize. It represents tho two pieeos of wood which composo l'urani, of which the extremities Avere beut to be retained by tho four nails. At tho junction of tho two pieces of wood was a fossette or cup-like hole, and there they placed a piece of wood upright, in form of a lauco (the Pramantha), violent rotation of which, by whipping (after tho fashion of top-whipping), produced fire, as did Prometheus, the jiotteur du feu, in Greece. And this myth was made, as have been others, probably by the priests and poets of succeeding times, to do duty for different philoso phies. The Swastika was made to represent Araui (the female prin ciple) ; the Pramantha or upright flre stake representing Agni, tue fire god (the male) ; and so the myth served its part to account for the birth of fire. Burnouf hints that the myth grew out of the production of holy lire for the sacred altars by tho use of the Pramantha and Swas tika, after the manner of savages in all times. Zmigrodzki accepts this myth, and claims all specimens with dots or points—supposed nail holes—as Swastikas. The Count Goblet d'Alviella1 argues in opposition to the theory announced by Burnouf and by Zmigrodzki, that the Swastika or croix swasticale, when presenting dots or points, had relation to lire making. lie denies that the points represent nails,or that nails were made or necessary cither for the Swastika or the Arani, and concludes that there is no evidence to support the theory, and nothing to show the Swastika to have been used as a ure-makiiig apparatus, whether with or without the dots or points. Mr. GregJ opposes this entire theory, saying: The difficulty about the »Swastika and us supposed connection with lire appears to mu to lie in not knowing precisely what the old lire drill and chark wero like. * * * 1 much doubt whether tho Swastika had originally any connection either with tho firo-chark or with tho suu. * * * Tho best authorities consider I!ur- uouf it· in error as to tho earlier use of tho two lower cross pieces of wood and the four nails said to have been used to lis or steady tho framework. lie quotes from Tylor's description5 of the old fire drill used in, India 1 "Des Sciences et Religion," pp. ^52, 257. 2 Vol. xi. 3 " La Migration d^s Symboles," pp. 01-4)3. * Archicologia, χι.νιπ. pt. 2, pp. 322, 323. ••"Early History of Mankind," p. 257, note (J. 778 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. for kindling the sacrificial fire by the process called " churning," as it resembles that in Indiai by which butter is separated from milk. It consists in drilling one piece of Araui wood by pulling a. cord with one hand while the other is slackened, and so, alternately (the strap drill), till the wood takes fire. Mr. Greg states that the Eskimos use similar means, and the ancient Greeks used the drill and cord, and he adds his conclusions: " There is nothing of the Swastika and four uails in connection with the fire-churn." Burton1 also criticises Buruouf's theory : If used ou sacrificial altars to reproduce the lioly fire, the practice, is peculiar aud not derived from everyday life; for as early us 1'liny they kuow that the savages used two, and ucver throe, lire sticks. Buruouf continues his discussion of myths concerning the origin of fire: According to Hymnes, the discoverer of fire was Atharan, whoso name signifies lire, but lilirigou it was Λνϊιο made the sacred lire, producing resplendent uanics tin the earthen altar. In theory of physics, Agni, who was the lire residing within the "onction," (?) came from the milk of the cow, which, in its tiiru, came from the plants that had nourished lier; and these plauts in their turn gre\v by receiving and appropriating the heat or fire of the suu. Therefore, the virtue of the "onction" came from the god. One of the Yedas says of Agni, the god of fire:2 Agni, thon art a sage, a priest, a kiug, Protector, father of the sacrifici!; Commissioned by our mon thon dost ascend A mcsscuger, conveying to the sky Our hymns and offerings, ihongh thy origin Be three fold, now from air aud now from water, Now from the mystic double Arani.x Count Goblet d'Alviella combats the hypothesis of liuriiouf that the Swastika when turned to right or leffc, passed, the one for the male and the other for the female principle, and declares, on the authority of Sir George Bird wood, that it is, in modern India, a popular custom to name objects which appear in couples as having different sexes, so that to say "the male Swastika" aud the "female Swastika," indicating them by the pronouns "he" or "she,'' would be expressed in the same manner when speaking of the hammer and the anvil or of any other objects used in pairs.4 Ludwig Müller, in his elaborate treatise, gives it as his opinion that the Swastika had no connection with the Tau cross or with the Crux ansata, or with the fire wheel, or with arani, or agni,or with the mystic or alpha betic letters, uor with the so-called spokes of the solar wheel, nor the forked lightning, nor the hammer of Thor, lie considers that the tris- 1 " The Book of the Sword,'1 p. 202, note 2. 2Burnouf, "Des Sciences ct Religion," p. 18. 3The two pieces of wood of Pïcu» religiosa, used, for landliuji fire. 4"La Migration dus Symboles, " p. G3. THE SWASTIKA. 779 kelion might throw light on its origin, as indicating perpetual whirling or circular movement, which, in certain parts of southern Asia as the emblem of Zeus, was assimilated to that of Baal, an inference which he draws from certain Asiatic coins of 400 B. G. Mr. ]\. P. Grog1 opposes this theory and expresses the opinion that the Swastika is far older and wider spread as a symbol than the tris- kelion, as well as being a more purely Aryan symbol. Greg says that Ludwig Müller attaches quite too much importance to the sun in con nection with the early Aryans, and lays too great stress upon the sup posed relation of the Swastika as a solar symbol. The Aryans, he says, were a race not given to sun worship; and, while lie may agree with Müller that the Swastika is an emblem of Zeus and Jupiter merely as the Supreme God, yet he believes that the origin of the Swastika had no reference to a movement of the sun through the heavens; and he prefers his own theory that it was a device suggested by the forked lightning as the chief weapon of the air god. Mr. Greg's paper is of great elaboration, and highly complicated, lie devotes an entire page or plate (21) to a chart showing the older Aryan fire, water, and sun gods, according to the Brahmin or Buddhist system. The earliest was Dyaiis, the bright sky or the air god; Adyti, the· influite expanse, mother of bright gods; Yarima, the covering of the shining firmament. Out of this trinity came another, Zeus, being the descendant of Dyaus, the sky god; Agni, the fire; Sulya, the sun, and Indra, the rain god. These in their turn formed the great Hindu trinity, Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva—creator, preserver, and destroyer; and, in his opinion, the Swastika was the symbol or ordinary device of Indra as well as of Zeus. He continues his table of descent fiom these gods, with their accompanying devices, to the sun, lightning, lire, and water, and makes almost a complete scheme of the mythology of that period, into which it is not possible to follow him. However, he declines to accept the theory of Max Müller of any difference of form or mean ing between the Suavastika and the Swastika because the ends or arms turned to the right or to the left, and he thinks the two symbols to be substantially the same. He considers it to have been, in the first instance, exclusively of early Aryan origin and use, and that down to about GOO B. 0. it was the emblem or symbol of the supreme Aryan god; that it so continued down through the various steps of descent (according to the chart mentioned) until it became the device and sym bol of Brahma, and finally of Buddha. He thinks that it may have been the origin of the Greek fret or meander pattern. Later still it svas adopted even by the early Christians as a suitable variety of their cross, and became variously modified in form and was used as a charm. D'Alviella2 expresses his doubts concerning the theory advanced by Greg3 to the effect that the Swastika is to be interpreted as a symbol 1 Archeologia, XLill, pt. 2, pp. 324.325. 2 "La Migration des Symboles," p. 64. "" Fylfot .and Swastika," Archeologia, 1K85, p. 293. 780 REPORT OF NATIONAL· MUSEUM, 180-1. of the air or of the god Λνΐιο dwells in the air, operating sometimes to produce light, other times rain, then water, and so on, as is represented l»y the god Indra among the J (indus, Thor among the Germans and Scandinavians, Perknn among the Slavs, /ens among the. Pelasgi and Greeks, .lupiter Tonan.s, and Pluvins among the Latins. lie disputes the theory that the association of the Swastika sign with various others on the same object proves its relationship with that object or sign. That it appears on vases or similar objects associateti with what is evidently a sol n r disk is no evidence to him that the Swastika belongs to the sun, or when associated with the zigzags of lightning that it represents the god of lightning, nor the same with the god of heaven. The fact of its appearing either above or below any one of these is, in his opinion, of no importance anil has no signification, either general or special. D'Alviella says1 that the only example known to him of a Swastika upon a monument consecrated to /eus or Jupiter is on a Celto-lfoman altar, erected, according to all appearances, by the Daci during the time they Avere garrisoned at Ainblogaiina, in Britain. The altar bears the letters I. O. M., which have been thought to stand for Jupiter Optimns Maximus. The Swastika thereon is flanked by two disks or rouelles, with four rays, a sign which M. Gaidoz believes to have been a representative of the sun among the Gaulois.2 Dr. Briiiton3 considers the Swastika as being related to the cross and not to the circle, and asserts that the Ta Ki or Triskeles, the Swastika and the Cross, were originally of the same signification, or at least closely allied in moaning. Waring,4 after citing his authorities, sums up his opinion thus: Wo have given remarks of the, various writers on this symhol, anil it will he seen that, though they aro more or less vague, uncertain, and confused in their descrip tion of it, still, with one exception, they .ill agree that it is a my.stic symhol, pecul iar to some deity or other, hearing a special signification, and generally believed to have some connection with one of the elements—water. Burton says :5 The Svastika is apparently the simplest form of the Gnilloche [scroll pattern or spiral]. According to Wilkmsoii (11, Chap. IX), the most complicated form of the Guillocho covered ail Egyptian ceiling upward of a thousand years older than the objecta found at Nineveh. The Svastika spread far and wide, everywhere assuming some fresh mythological and mysterious significance. In the north of Europe it became the Fylfot or Crutched cross. Count Goblet d'Alviella is of the opinion (p. 57) that the Swastika was " above all an amulet, talisman, or phylactère," while (p. 50) " it is incontestable that a great number of the Swastikas were simply motifs 1 " La Migration (les Symbole«," p. 65. - "Le Dieu gaulois du Soleil et le symbolisme de la roue," Paris, 1HK6. 3Proe. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 1889, pp. 177-187. 4 "Ceramic Art in Eemote Ages." « "The Book of the Sword," p. 202. THE SWASTIKA. 781 of ornamentation, of coin marks, and marks of fabrics," but he agrees (p. 57) that there is no symbol that has given rise to so many interpre tations, not even the iridila of the Buddhists, and "this is a great deal to say." Ludwig Müller believes the Swastika to have been used as an ornament and as a charm and amulet, as well as a sacred symbol. Dr. II. Colley March, in his learned paper on the " Fylfot and the Futhorc Tir," ' thinks the Swastika had no relation to lire or fire making or the fire god. Ilia theory 13 that it symbolized axial motion and not merely gyration; that it represented the celestial pole, the axis of the heavens around which revolve the stars of the firmament. This appear ance of rotation is most impressive in the constellation of the Great Benr. About four thousand years ago the apparent pivot of rotation was at a Draconis, much nearer the Great Bear than now, and at that time the rapid circular sweep must have been far more striking than at present. In addition to the name Ursa Major the Latins called this constellation Septentrioiies, "the seven plowing oxen," that dragged the stars around the pole, and the Greeks called it ΐλικη, from its vast spiral movement.2 In the opinion of Dr. March all these are repre sented or symbolized by the Swastika. « Prof. W. H. Goodyear, of New York, has lately (1S91) published an elaborate quarto work entitled "The Grammar of the Lotus: A New History of Classic· Ornament as a Development of Sun Worship.'" It comprises 408 pages, with 76 plates, and nearly a thousand figures. His theory develops the sun symbol from the lotus by a series of ingenious and complicated evolutions passing through the Ionic style of archi tecture, the volutes and spirals forming meanders or Greek frets, and from this to the Swastika. The result is attained by the following line of argument and illustrations: The lotus was a "fetish of immemorial antiquity and has been wor shiped in many countries from Japan to the Straits of Gibraltar;" it was a symbol of ''fecundity,'1 "life," "immortality," and of "resurrec tion," and has a mortuary significance and use. But its elementary and most important signification was as a solar symbol.4 lie describes the Egyptian lotus and traces it through an innumer able number of specimens and with great variety of form. He men tions many of the sacred animals of Egypt and seeks to maintain their relationship by or through the lotus, not only with each other but with solar circles and the sun worship.5 Direct association of the solar disk and lotus are, according to him, common on the monuments and on Pheniciiin and Assyrian seals; while the lotus and the sacred animals, as in cases cited of the goose representing Seb (solar god, and father of Osiris), also Osiris himself and Horns, the hawk and lotus, bull and 1 Trans. Lancaster and Ckoshire \ntiq. Soc., 1886. 2 Haddon, " Evolution in Art," London, 1895, ρ A». 3 Sampson, Low, Murstoii Λ Co., I-ondim. 4 Goodyear, "Tho Grammar of thu Lotua," pp. 1, 5. * Ibid., i>. 6. 782 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. lotus, the asp and lotus, the lion and lotus, the sphinx and lotus, the gryphon and lotus, the serpent aud lotus, the rani and lotus—all of 1 which animals, and with them the lotus, have, in his opinion, some related signification to the sun or some of his deities.1 He is of the opinion that the lotus motif was the fouudatiou of the Egyptian style of architecture, aud that it appeared at au early date, say, the four teenth century B. G. By intercommunication with the Greeks it formed the fouudatiou of the Greek Ionic capital, which, he says,z "offers no Fig. 15. PIC'VL LOTUS ON CYfcMUAN VASES. tr, ι figur 1 YI'ICAL LOTUS O"i KIItlDIAN TYPIC VL LOTL'S ON MKLIAN VASES. VASES,. in (nMKlyear's " (jramaiar of the Lotus " j>. 77. dated example of the earlier time than the sixth century B. C." Ile supports this contention by authority, argument, and illustration. lie shows3 the transfer of the lotus motif to Greece, and its use as an ornameut on the painted vases aud on those from Cyprus, lihodes, and JMelos (figs. 15,1C, 17). Ghantre4 notes the presence of spirals similar to those of fig. 17, in the terramarcs of northern Italy and up and down the Danube, aud his fig. ISO (fig. 17) he says represents the decorat ing motif, the most frequeut iu all that part of prehistoric Europe. He cites "Xutes sur les torques on ornaments spirals."5 That the lotus had a foundation dee]» and wide in Egyptian mythology is not to be denied; that it was allied to and associated on the monuments and other objects with many sacred and mythologie characters iu Egypt and after wards iu Greece is accepted. How far it extends in the direction con tended for by Professor Goodyear, is no part of this investigation. It appears well established that in both countries it became highly con veiitionalized, aud it is quite sufficient for the purpose of this argument that it became thus associated with the Swastika. Figs. 18 aud W Goodyear, " The Grammar of tho Lotus," pp. 7, 8. •Ibid., p. 71. :Iliiil., pp. 74, 77. 4 "Ago du lîronze," J)onxienie partie, p. 301. 6 Matériaux pour I'llistoiru Primitive ut Nutuivllu du l'Homme, 3d t>ot,, ^ ill, p. 0. Fig. 18. DETAIL· OF CYI'RI \N YASG SIIOWINQ LOTTBES WITH CUKLIX» KEPALS. Mitropolilan Vugiuni of Art, N«w York. Gixjdjear, " draimuar of the. Lotus," pi. 47, fig. 1. THE SWASTIKA. 783 represent details of Cyprian vases and amphora belonging to the Ces- nola, collection in the Xew York Metropolitan Museum of Art, showing Fig. 20. TIIEOHV OF TUR kVOLLTION OF THE SPIUAL SCROLL FROM LOTUS. On<· volute. (ïfKMlVfir, " Grammar of the I otiie," fifi- M. Fig. 19. IlLTVII. OF OVI'RIAN \MPHORV IN *IETR(»POLITAN Mt'SEUM OF ART, NEW YORK CITY. Lotus with curling sppala ami ditforont Swastikas. CiKMbvir, " Grammar at the Lolu«, '.pi. 47, fig*. 2, 3. the lotus with eurling sepals among which are interspersed Swastikas of different forms. According to Professor Goodyear,1 these bent sepals of the lotus were exaggerated and finally became spir als,2 which, being projected at a tangent, made volutes, and, continu ing one after the other, as shown in fig. 20, formed bands of ornameut; or,3 being connected to right aud left, spread theoruament over au extended surface as iu fig. 21. One of his paths of evolution closed these volutes aud dropped the connecting tangent, when they formed the concentric rings of which we see so much. Several forms of Egyptian scaraba-i, showing the evo lution of concentric rings, are shown in figs. 22,23, and 24. By another path of the evolution of his the ory, one has only to square the spiral volutes, and the result is the Greek fret shown in fig. 25. ' The Greek fret has only to be doubled, when it produces the Swastika shown iu fig. 2C.5 Thus we have, according to him, the origin of the Swastika, as shown in figs. 27 and 2S.6 Professor Goodyear is authority for the state ment that the earliest dated instances of the isolated scroll is in the fifth dynasty of Egypt, and of the lotus and spiral is in the eleventh dynasty. The spiral of fig. 19 (above) belongs to the twelfth dynasty.7 Fi«. 21. THEORY OF LOTCS RLDIMEMS IX SPIIiAL. Tomb M, \lxl-fl Koiirnth, Tholx s " iînwnmir ni the I^tus," p. *>(,. '' Grammar of tlie Lotus," pi. 8, p. 81. * Ibid., pp. 82-94. a Ibid., p. 96. «Ibid., pi. X, figs. 7-9, p. 97. 5 Ibid., p. 351. BIbid., p. 353. 7 Und, p. 354, fig. 174. 784 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. Professor Goodyear devotes au entire chapter to the Swastika. On pages 3")2,303 he says : There is no proposition in archaeology which ran lie so easily demonstrated as the assertion that tlio Swastika wa-> originally :i fragmcnt of tho Egyptian meander, provided lircok geinnctric vases are called in evidence.. The connection between HIÎYITIAV M'MÏVl: Kl MlOWlNi; HVOU'THIY IIP l'OJÎCHVTIïK ' IÎINIÎS. rilNC'ENTIMP RIVfïS ΓΠΝ- ΝΠΓΤΚΙϊ ΡΛ TANfìKNl.s. Frnin ι fijiiir.» in IVtri^'s "Ili L. rj ofîN-irif ." Γί>ΝΙ'BVTUir KlΝΠ^ AVITI 1 1>IS- Γ(>Ν\Κί ι En T\NI;J:\TS. I'arriii^r lolliitnin, M^lrrpnlitin HI ι «iminf \ri, NeH YwkrHy. (.«ir, " Cranimar of the I/itn ," \\\. in, fin. 4. On page 354, Goodyear says : The solar significance of the Swastika is proven by the Hindu coins of the Jains. Its generative significance is proven by a leaden statuette from Troy. It is an equivalent of the lotus (pi. 47. figs. 1,2,3), of the solar diagram (pi. 57, fig. 12. and pi. 60, fig. 8), of the rosette (pi. 20, lig. 8), of concentric rings (pi. 47, fig. 11), of the spiral scroll (pi. 34, fig. 8, and pi. 1 C'esnola, "Cyprus, its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples, " p. 410. 2 "Industrial Arts of India," p. 107. 1 " Zur Geschichte der Swastika." THE SWASTIKA. 785 Fig. 2fi. DETAIL OF (iREEK VASE. Meiudcr ami Swistika. «aly ir, " Ir inmir ot the T otua," (i^. 171. 39, fig. 2), of tho geometric boss (pi. 48, fig. 12), of the triangle (pi. 40, fig. 5), and of the antheinion (pi. 28, lig. 7, and pi. 30, fig. 4). It appears with the aolar deer (pi. 60, figs. 1 and 2), with the solar antelopo (pi. 37, fig. 9), with tho symbolic fish (pi. 42, fig. 1), -with tbe ibex (pi. 37, lig. 4), witlL,tho solar sphinx (pi. 34, fig. 8), with tho solar lion (pi. 30, fig. 4), tho solar rani (pi. 28, fig. 7), and the solar horse (pi. 61, figs. 1, 4, 5, and 12). Its most emphatic and ________________________ _ constant association is with the solar bird ' (pi. 60, fig. 15; fig. 173). Count Goblet d'Alviella, following Ludwig Müller, Percy Gardner, S. Beai, Edward Thomas, Max Mül ler, II. Gaidoz, and other authors, accepts their theory that the Swas tika was a symbolic representation of the sun or of a suri god, and argues it fully.1 He starts with the propo sition that most of the nations of the earth have represented the sun by a circle, although some of them, uotably the Assyrians, Hindus, Greeks, and Celts, have repre sented it by signs more or less cruciform. Examining his fig. 2, wherein signs of the various peo ple are set forth, it is to be re marked that there is no similarity or apparent relationship between the six symbols given, either with themselves or with the sun. Only one of them, that of Assyria, pre tends to be a circle; and it may or may not stand for the sun. It has no exterior rays. All the rest are crosses of different kinds, the six symbols is represented as being from a single nation of peo ple. They are prehistoric or of high antiquity, and most of them appear to have no other evidence of their representation of the sun than is contained in the sign itself, so that the first objection is to the premises, to wit, that while his symbols may have some times represented the sun, it is far from certain that they are used constantly or steadily as such. An objection is made, to the theory or hypothesis presented by Count d'Alviella2 that it is not 1 "La Migration des Symboles," chap. 2, pt. 3, p. G6. "Tbirt., p.<>7. Π. Mis. !)0, pt. 2——DO Fig. 27. DETAIL OF QREEK (ïEOMETRIC VASK IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. Swastika, righi, with soliir geese. lîi>odj eta, " Gramm ir ctf the 1 jims," |i. 35H, fig. ΠΛ. Each of fondy* Fig. 28. OBEEK (iEOMl.TBlf VASE. Swaalika willi aolar geeac. ir, "r.minmir „f (he I. Il β," |ι. 353, fiK. 172. 786 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. the cross part of the Swastika, which represents the sun, but its bent arms, which show the revolving motion, by which he says ik evolved the tetraskelion or what in this paper is named the "Ogee Swastika." The author is more in accord wtth Dr. lirintoii and others that the Swastika is derived from the cross and not from the wheel, that the bent arms do not represent rotary or gyratory motion, and that it had no association with, or relation to, the circle. This, if true, relieves the Swastika from all relation with the circle as a symbol of the siin. Besides, it is not believed that the symbol of the snii is one which required rotary or gyratory motion or was represented by it, but, as will be explained, in speaking of the Assyrian sun-god Shaiuash (p. 789), it is rather by a circle with pointed rays extending outward. D'Alviella1 presents several figures in support of his contention. TIio first («) is on a libala, from Etrnria (tig. 190 of this paper), llis explanation is that the small circle of rays, bent at right, angles, on the broad shield of the pin, represents graphically the rotary movement of tlir sun, and that the bent arms in the Swastikas on the same object are taken from them. It seems curious that so momentous a subject as the existence of a symbol of a great god, the god of light, heat, and thus of life, should be made to depend upon an object of so small importance. This specimen (fig. 100) is a fibula or pin, one of the commonest objects of Etruscan, Greek, or Roman dre&s. The decorations invoked are on the broad end, which has been flattened to protect the point of the pin, where appears a semicircle of so-called rays, the two Swastikas and two possible crosses. There is nothing about this pin, iior indeed any of the other objects, to indicate any holy or sacred character, nor that any of them were used in any ceremony having relation to the sun, to any god, or to anything holy or sacred. His fig. Ì) is fig. 88 in this paper. It shows a quadrant of the sphere found by Schliemann at His- sarlik. There is a slightly indefinite circle with rays from the outside, which are bent and crooked in many directions. The sphere is of terra cotta; the marks that have been made on it are rough and ill formed. They were made by incision while the clay was soft and were done in the rudest manner. There are dozens more marks upon the same sphere, none of which seem to have received any consideration in this regard. There is a Swastika upon the sphere, and it is the only mark or sign upon the entire object that seems to have been made with care or precision. His third figure (c) is taken from a reliquaire of the thir teenth century A. 1). It has a greater resemblance to the acanthus plant than it has to any solar disk imaginable. The other two figures (Λ and e) are tetraskelions or ogee Swastikas from ancient coins. D'Alviella's next argument2 is that the triskelion, formed by the same process as the tetraskelion,is an "incontestable" representation of solar 1 "La Migration ties Symboles," p.69. "Ibid., p. 71. THE SWASTIKA. 787 movement. No evidence is submitted in support of this assertion, and the investigator of the present day is required, as in prehistoric objects, to depend entirely upon the object "itself. The bent arms contain no innate evidence (even though they should be held to represent rotary or gyratory motion) representing the sun or sun gods. It is respect fully suggested that in times of antiquity, as in modern times, the sun is not represented as having a rotary motion, but is rather represented by a circle with diminishing rays projecting from the center or exterior. It seems unjustifiable, almost ridiculous, to transform the three Hexed human legs, first appearing on the coins of Lycia, into a sun symbol, to make it the reliable evidence of sun worship, and give it a holy or sacred character as representing a god. It is surely pushing the argu ment too far to say that this is an "incontestable" representation of the solar movement. The illustrations by d'Alviella. on his page 71 are practically the same as figs. ±34 to -Ml» of this paper. Count d'Alviella's further argument1 is that symbols of the sun god being frequently associated, alternated with, and sometimes replaced by, the Swastika, proves it to have been a sun symbol. Bub this is doubted, and evidence to sustain the proposition is wanting. Undoubt edly the Swastika was a symbol, was intentional, had a meaning and a degree of importance, aad, while it may have been intended to repre sent the sun and have a higher and holier character, yet these mere associations are not evidence of the fact. D'Alviella's plate 2, page 80, while divided into sections « and b, is filled only with illustrations of Swastika associated with circles, dots, etc., introduced for the purpose of showing the association of the Swastika therewith, and that the permutation and replacing of these signs by the Swastika ia evidence that the Swastika represented the sun. Most of the same illustrations are presented in this paper, and it is respectfully submitted that the evidence does not bear out his con clusion. If it be established that these other symbols are representa tives of the sun, how does that prove that the Swastika was itself a representative of the sun or the sun god ? D'Alviella himself argues^ against the proposition of equivalence of meaning because of associ ation when applied to the Crux ansiitu, the circle, the crescent, tlie triskeliou, the lightning sign, and other symbolic figures. He denies that because the Swastika is found on objects associated with these signs therefore they became interchangeable in meaning, or that the Swastika stood for any of them. The Count2 says that more likely the engraver added the Swastika to these in the character of a talisman or phylactery. On page 56 he argues in the same line, that because it is found on an object of sacred character does nob necessarily give it the signification of a sacred or holy symbol. He. regards the Swastika as '"La Migration dea Symboles," pp. 72, 75, 77. a Ibid., p. 61. 788 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. ii symbol of good fortune, and sees no reason why it may not be em ployed as au invocation to a. god of any name or kind on the principle, "Good Lord, good devil," quoting the Neapolitan proverb, that it will do no barm, and possibly may do good. Prof. Max Müller ' refers to the discovery by Prof. Percy Gardner of one of the coins of Mesembria, whereon the Swastika replaces the last two syllables of the word, and he regards this as decisive that in Greece the meaning of the Swastika was equivalent to the sun. This word, Jlcsembria, being translated rill·· tir midi, means town or city of the south, or the sun. He cites from Mr. Thomas's paper on the "Indian Swastika and its Western Counterparts"2 what he considers an equally decisive discovery made some years ago, wherein ifc was shown that the wheel, the emblem of the sun in motion, was replaced by the Swastika, on certain coins; likewise on some of the Andimi coins and some punched gold coins noted by Sir Walter Elliott.3 in these cases the circle or wheel alleged to syinboli/e the sun was re placed by the Swastika. The Swastika has been sometimes inscribed within the rings or normal circles representing what is said to be the four suns on Ujain patterns or coins (fig. Ü.'iO). Other authorities have adopted the same, view, und have extended it to include the lightning, the storm, the fire wheel, the sun chariot, etc. (See Ohnefalsch-liichter, p. 790.) This appears to be a MOW scquitur. All these speculations may be correct, and all these meanings may have been given to the Swastika, but the evidence submitted does not prove the fact. There is in the case of the foregoing coins no evidence yet presented its to which sign, the wheel or the Swastika, preceded and which followed in point of time. The Swastika may have appeared first instead of last, and may not have been a substitution for the disk, but an original design. The disk employed, while possibly representing the sun in some places, may not have done so always nor in this particular case. It assumes too much to say that every time a small circle appears on an ancient object it represented the sun, and the same observation can be made with regard to symbols of the other elements. Until it shall have been satisfactorily established that the symbols represented these elements with practical unanimity, and that the Swastika, actually and inten tionally replaced it, as such, the theory remains imdemonstrated, the burden rests on those who take the affirmative side; and until these points shall have been settled with some degree of probability the con clusion is not warranted. As an illustration of the various significations possible, one has but to turn to Chapter IT, on the various meanings given to the cross among American Indians, where it is shown that among these Indians the cioss represented the four winds, the sun, stars, dwellings, the dragon 1 Atheuii-nin, August 20, 1892, p. 26ΰ. 2 Numismatic Chronicle, 1880, xx, pp. 18-4S. 3 Madras Journ. of Lit. and Sci., in, pi. 9. THE SWASTIKA. 789 fly, midê' society, Hocks of birds, human form, maidenhood, evil spirit, and divers others. Mr. Edward Thomas, in his work entitled " The Indian Swastika and its Western Counterparts,"1 says: As far as I have, been able to trace or connect tho various manifestations of this emblem [the Swastika], they one and all resolve themselves into the, primitive conception of solar motion, which was intuitively associated with tho rolling or wheel-like projection of the snii through tho upper or visible arc of tho heavens, as understood and accepted in the crude astronomy of tho ancients. The earliest phase of astronomical science we are at present in position to refer to, with tho still extant aid of indigenous diagrams, is the Chaldean. The representation of the sun iii this system commences with a simple ring or outline circle, which is speedily advanced toward tho impression of onward revolving motion by the insertion of a cross or four wheel-like spokes within the circumference of the normal ring. As the original Chaldean emblem of the sun was typified by a single ring, so tho Indian mind adopted a similar definition, which remains to this day as the ostensible device or cast-mark of the modern Sauras or aim worshipers. The same remarks are made in "llios'1 (pp. 3ϋ.'3, 3/54). The author will not presume to question, much le«s deny, the facts stated by this learned gentleman, but it is to be remarked that, on the theory of presumption, the circle might represent many other things than the sun, and unless the evidence in favor of the foregoing state ment is susceptible of verification, the theory can hardly be accepted as conclusive. 'Why should not the circle represent other things than the sun ? In modern astronomy the full 1110011 is represented by the plain circle, while the sun, at least in heraldry, is always represented as a circle with rays. It is believed that the ''cross or four wheel- like spokes" in the Chaldean emblem of the sun will be found to be rays rather that cross or spokes. A cast is in the U. S. National Museum (Cat. No. 1547GG) of an original specimen from Niffcr, now in the Jloyal Museum, Berlin, of Shamash, the Assyrian god of the sun. Jle is represented on this monument by a, solar disk, 4 inches in diam eter, with eight rays similar to those of stars, their bases on a faint circle at tho center, and tapering outwards to a point, the whole sur rounded by another faint circle. This is evidence that the sun symbol of Assyria required rays as well as a circle. Λ similar representation of the, sun god is found on a tablet discovered in the temple of the Sun God at Abn-IIabba.2 Perrot and Chipiez3 show a tablet from Sippara, of a king, Nabu- abal-iddin, i MM) lì. C., doing homage to tho sun god (identified by the inscription), who is represented by bas-relief of a. small circle, in the center, with rays and lightning zig/.ags extending to an outer circle. In view of these authorities and others which might be cited, it is 'London, 1880. sRawlinsou, "Cuneiform Inscriptions of We^torn ΑΒΪ.Ί," v, pi. 00; Trans. Soe. Riblical Archeology, vili, p. 1(ϊΓ> •"'History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria,'1 I, p. 200, lig. 71. 790 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1804. questionable whether tlio plain eircle was continuously a representation of the sun in tlio Chaldean or Assyrian astronomy. It is also doubtful whether, if tho circle «lid represent the sun, the insertion of the cross or the four wheel-like spokes necessarily gave the impression of "onward revolving motion;" or whether any or all of the foregoing afford a satisfactory basis for the origin of the Swastika, or for its relation to, or representation of, the sun or the sun god. Dr. Max Olinefalseb-Eichter1 announces as his opinion that the Swastika in Cyprus had nearly always a signification more or less religions and sacred, though it may have been used as an ornament to fill empty spaces, lie attributes to the Croix airaxticale—or, as lie calls it, Croix cantonnée—the equivalence of the solar disk, zigzag lightning, and double hatchet; while to tho Swastika, proper he attributes the signification of i'ain, storm, lightning, sun. light, seasons, and also that it lends itself easily to the solar disk, the fire wheel, and the sun chariot. Greg2 says : Considered finally, it may be asked if the fylfot or gammadion was an early sym bol of tho sun, or, if only an emblem of tho solar revolutions or in ovemeiits across the heavens, why it was drawn square rather than curved: Tho J-J, even if used in a solar sense, must have implied something more than, or something distinct from, the sun, whose proper and almost universal symbol was the circle. It was evidently more connected with the cross -J- than with the circle (~~\ or solar disk. Dr. Brintou3 considers the Swastika as derived from the cross rather than from the circle, and the author agrees that this is probable, although it may be impossible of demonstration either way. Several authors, among the rest d'Alviella, Greg, and Thomas, have announced the theory of the evolution of the Swastika, beginning with the triskelion, thence to the tetraskelion, and so to the Swastika. A slight examination is sufficient to overturn this hypothesis. In the first jilace, the triskelion, which is the foundation of this hypothesis, made its first appearance on the coins of Lyeia. But this appearance WHS within what is called the first period of coinage, to wit, between 700 and 4SO B. G., and it did not become settled until the second, and even the third period, 280 to 240 B. G., when it migrated to Sicily. But the Swastika had already appeared in Armenia, on the lull of Tlissarlik, in the terra mares of northern Italy, and on the hut-urns of southern Italy many hundred, possibly a thousand or more, years prior to that time. Count d'Alviella, in his plate 3 (see Chart I, p. 794), assigns it to a period of the fourteenth or thirteenth century B. C., with an unknown and indefinite past behind it. It is impossible that a sym bol which first appeared in 480 B. C. could have been the ancestor of one which appeared in 1400 or 1300 B. C., nearly a thousand years before. 1 Ball. Soc. d'Aiithrop.,' Paris, 1888, pp. 674,673. 2 Areha-ologia, xi.viil. pi. 2, p. 326. 3Proe. Amor. Philosoph. Soc., 18K9, xxix, p. 180. THE SWASTIKA. 791 William Simpson1 makes observations upon the latest discoveries regarding the Swastika and gives his conclusion : * * * Tha finding of the Swastika in America gives a very wide geographical space that is included by tho problem connected with it, but it is wider still, for the Swastika is found over the most of the habitahlo world, almost literally " from China to Peru," and it can bo traced back to a very eaily period. The latest idea formed regarding the Swastika is that it may be a form of tho old wheel symbolism and that it represents a solar movement, or perhaps, in a wider sense, the whole celestial movement of the stars. Tho Dharmachakra, or Buddhist wheel, of which tho so-called "praying, wheel " of the Lamas of Thibet is only a variant, can now be shown to have represented tho solar motion. It did uot originate with the Bud dhists; they borro wed it from the iîrahmiuical system to thoYoda, where it is culled " the wheel of the sun." I have lately collected a, laige amount of evidence on this subject, being engaged in writing upon it, and tho numerous passages from the old Brahminieal authorities loavo no doubt in tho matter. The late Mr. Edward Thomas * * * and Prof. Percy Gardner * * * declared that on some ìudhra gold coins and one from Mesembria, Greece, tho part of tho word which means day, or when tho aim shines, is represented by the Swastika. These details will bo found in a letter published in tho "Athenaeum" of August '20,1892, written by Prof. Max Müller, who affirms thai it "is decisive" as to the moaning of the symbol in Greece. This evidence may bo "decisive" for India and Greece, but it does not niako us quite cer tain about other parts of tho world. Still it raises a strong presumption that its meaning is likely to bo somewhat similar wherever tho symbol is found. It is now issumed that tho Triskelion or Three Legs of the Islo of Man is only a variant of the Swastika. * * * There are many variants besides this in which the legs, or limbs, differ in number, anil they may all bo classed as whorls, and were possibly all, moro or less, forms intended originally to express circular motion. As the subject is too extensive to bo fully treated here, and many illustrations would bo nec essary, to those wishing for further details I would recommend a work just published < ntitled "The Migration of Symbols," hy Count Goblet d'Alviella, with an intro duction by Sir George Birdwood. Tho frontispiece of the book is a representation of Apollo, from a vase in tho Kuusthistorischcs Museum of Vienna, and on tho mid dle of Apollo's breast there is a large and prominent Swastika. In this we have another instance going far to show its solar significance. ΛΥΜΙο accepting these new interpretations of the symbol, I am still inclined to tho notion that tho Swastika may, at tho samo time, have been looked upon in some cases as a cross—that is, a pre-Christian cross, which uow finds acceptance by some authorities as representing the four cardinal points. Tho importance of tho cardinal points in primitive sym bolism appeals to me to hiivo been very great, and has not as yet been fully realized. This is too large a matter to deal with here. All I can state is, that the wheel in India was connected with the title of a. GhaJcrarartin—from Chakra, a wheel—the title meaning a supreme ruler, or a universal monarch, who ruled the four quarters «if the world, and on his coronation ho had to drive his chariot, or wheel, to the four cardinal points to signify his conquest of them. Evidence of other ceremonies of the same kind in Europe can be produced. From instances such as these, I ;iui inclined to assume that the Swastika, as a cross, represented tho four quarters over which the solar power by its revolving motion carried its influence. ORIGIN AND HABITAT. Prehistoric archaeologists have found in Europe many specimens of ornamental sculpture and engraving belonging to the Paleolithic age, 1 Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, J anuary, 1895, pp. 81,85. 792 lilîI'OIiT Ol·' NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. but the cross is not known in any form, Swastika or other. In the Neo lithic; age, which spread itself over nearly the entire world, with many geometric forms of decoration, 110 form of the cross appears in times of high antiquity us a symbol or as indicating any other than an orna mental purpose. In the age of bronze, however, the Swastika si]»pears, intentionally used, as a symbol as well as an ornament. Whether its lirst appearance was in the Orient, and its spread thence throughout prehistoric Europe, or whether the reverse was true, may not now be determined with certainty. It is believed by .some to be involved in that other warmly disputed and much-discussed question as to the local ity of origin and the mode and routes of dispersion of Aryan peoples. There is evidence to show that it belongs to an earlier epoch thau this, and relates to the similar problem concerning tho locality of origin and the mode and routes of the dispersion of bronze. Was bronze discov ered iu eastern Asia and was its migration westward through Europe, or was it discovered on the Mediterranean., and its spread thence Ì The Swastika spread through the same countries as did tho bronze, and there is every reason to believe them to have proceeded contempora neously—whether at their beginning or not, is undeterminable. Tho first appearance of the Swastika was apparently in the Orient, precisely in what country it is impossible to say, but probably in central and southeastern Asia among tho forerunners or predecessors of the Bramius and Buddhists. At all events, a religious and symbolic sig niflcation was attributed to it by the earliest known peoples of these localities. M. Michael /migrodzki, a Polish scholar, public librarian at Sucha, near Cracow, prepared and sent to the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago n manuscript chart iu French, showing his opinion of the migration of the Swastika, which was displayed in the Woman's Building. It was arranged in groups: The prehistoric (or Pagan) and Christian. These were divided geographically and with an attempt at chronology, as follows : I. Prehistoric : 1. India, and. Bactria. 2. Cyprus, Rhodes. 3. North Europo. 4. Coutr.il Europe. 5. South Europe, tì. Asia Minor. 7. Greok and Komau cjiocli—Numismatics. If. Christian: 8. Gaul—Xnmisiuatic.s. 9. Byzantine. 10. Merovingian and Carlovingiau. 11. Germany. V2. Poland and Sweden. * 13. (jircat Britain. Lastly he introduces a group of the Swastika in tho nineteenth cen tury. He presented figures of Swastikas from these localities and THE SWASTIKA. 793 representing these epochs, lie had a similar display at tho Paris Expo sition of 18SÜ, which at its close was deposited in the St. Germain Pre historic Museum. I met M. Zmigrod/.ki at the Tenth International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Arelneology in Paris, and heaid him present the results of his investigations on Ihe Swastika. I hsive since corresponded with him, aud he has kindly sent me sepa rates of his paper published in the Archives liir Ethnographie, with liuti illustrations of the Swastika; but on asking his permission to use some of the information in the chart at Chicago, he informed me he had already given the manuscript chart and the right to reproduce it to the Chicago Folk Lore Society. The secretary of this .society declined to permit it to pass out of its possession, though proffering inspection of it in Chicago. In his elaborate dissertation Count Goblet d'Alviella1 shows an ear lier and prehistoric existence of the Swastika before its appearance on the hill of Ilissarlik. From this earlier place of origin it, according to him, spread to the Bronze ago terramares of northern Italy. All this was prior to thè thirteenth century B. C. From the hill of Tlissarlik it spread east and west; to the east into Lycaonia and Caucasus, to the west into Myceiiib and Greece ; Jirst on the pottery and then on the coins. From Greece it also spread east and west; east to Asia Minor and west to Thrace and Macedonia. From the terramares he follows it through the Yillauova epoch, through Etruria and Grand Greece, to Sicily, Gaul, Britain, Germany, Scandinavia, to all of which migration he assigns various dates down to the second century B. C. It devel oped westward from Asia Minor to northern Africa and to Rome, with evidence in the Catacombs; on the eastward it goes into India, Persia, China, Tibet, and Japan. All this can be made apparent upon exami nation of the plate itself. It is introduced as Chart i, p. 794. The author enters into no discussion with Count d'Alviella over the correctness or completeness of the migrations set forth in his chart. It will be conceded, even by its author, to be largely theoretical and impossible to verify by positive proof. He will only contend that there is a probability of its correctness. It is doubted whether he can main tain his proposition of the constant presence or continued appearance of the Swastika on altars, idols, priestly vestments, and sepulchral urns, and that this demonstrates the Swastika to have always possessed the attributes of a religious symbol. It appears to have been used more frequently upon the smaller and more insignificant things of every day life—the household utensils, the arms, weapons, the dress, the flbuhe, and the pottery; and while this may be consonant with the attributes of the talisman or amulet or charm, it is still compa tibie with the theory of the Swastika being a sign or symbol for benediction, blessing, good fortune, or good luck; and that it was rather this than a religious symbol. 1 "La Migration des Symboles," pi. 3. 7abylouiau, which employed the Grux ansata and the winged globe as snn symbols. Professor Sayce, in his preface to " Troja," says :3 The same symliol [the Swastika], as is well known, occurs on tho Archaic pottery of Cyprus * * * as well as upon the prehistoric antiquities of Athens and Mykéiiîe [same, "Ilios," p. 353], but it was entirely unknown to Habylonia, to Assyria, to Plm>uicia, and to Egypt. It must therefore either have originated in Europe and spread eastward through Asia Minor or have been disseminated west ward from the primitive home of tho Hittites. Tho latter alternative is tho more probable; but whether it is so or not, the presence of the symbol in the laud of the jEgean indicates a particular epoch and tho influence of a pre-Phœniriau culture. Dr. Scliliemann* reports that "Rev. W. Brown Kcer observed the Swastika innumerable times in the most ancient Hindu temples, espe cially those of the Jainas." Max Müller cites the following paragraph by Professor Sayce:5 It is evident to me that the sign found at Hissarlik is identical with that found at Mycena· and Athens, as well as on the prehistoric pottery of Cyprus (Di Oesnola, Cyprus, pis. 44 and 47), since the general artistic character of tho objects with which tbis sign is associated in Cyprus anil Greece agrees with that of the objects dis covered in Troy. The Cyprian vase [fig. 1Γ>(ί, this paper] figured in I)i Cesuola's "Cyprus," pi. 45, which associates the Swastika with the figure of an animal, is a striking analogue of the Trojan whorls, on whicli it is associated with the figure of the stags. The fact Hint it is drawn within the vulva of tho leaden imago on the Asiatic goddess shown in fig. 226 ("Ilios," fig. 125 this paper) seems to show that it was a symbol of generation. Count Goblet d'Alviella,6' citing Albert Dumoiit7 aud Perrot and Chipiez,8 says : The Swastika appears in Greece, as well a·* in Cjprns and Rhodes, first on the pot tery, with geometric decorations, which form the second period in Greek ceramics. From that it passes to a later period, where tho decoration is more artistic aud the appearance of which coincides with the development of the Phienieiim influences 011 the coasts of Greece. Dr. Ohnefalsch-ßichter, in a paper devoted to the consideration of 1 " La Migration des .Symboles," p. 93. 2 Ibid., p. 107. 3 "Ilios.," p. XXI.1' 4 Ibid. p. 352. •»Ibid, p. 353. β " La Migration des Symboles," p. 43. '"Peintures céramiques do In (irèco propre." i, pi. χ ν, fig. 17. 8 "Histoire do l'art dans l'niitiqiiiti5," III, ligs. 513.515,518. 796 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. the Swastika in Cyprus,1 expresses the opinion that the emigrant or commercial Pheniciaus traveling in far eastern countries brought the Swastika by the sea route of tue Persian Gulf to Asia. Minor and Cyprus, while, possibly, other people brought it by the overland route from central Asia, Asia Minor, and Hissarlik, and afterwards by migra tion to Cyprus, Cartilage, and the north of Africa. Professor Goodyear says :2 The true home of the Swastika is the Greek geometric stylo, ne will bo immediately obvious to every expert who examines the question through tho study of that style. In seeking the home of a symbol, we should consider where it appears in the largest dimension and where it appears in the most formal and prominent way. Tho ({reek geometric vases aro the only monuments on which the Swastika systematically appears in panels exclusively assigned to it (pi. 60, lig. 13 ; and pi. 56, fig. 4). There are no other monuments on which the Swastika can bo found in a dimension taking up one-half the height of the eutire object (ρΙ.ΠΟ, tig.4). Tho ordinary size of the Swastika, in very primitive times, is under a third of an inch in diameter. They are found in Greek geometric pottery '2 or 3 inches in diameter, hut they also appear in the informal scattering way (pi. 61, tig. 4) which characterizes the Swastika iu other styles. * * * » * Λ * The Swastika dates from the earliest diffusion of the Egyptian meander iu the basin of tho Mediterranean, and it is a profound remark of Do Morgan (Mission Scientifique au Caucase) that the area of the Swastika appears to be coextensive with the area of bronze. In northern prehistoric Europe, whero the Swastika lias attracted considerable attention, it is distinctly connected with tho bronze culture, derived from tho south. When found on prehistoric pottery of the north, the southern homo of its beginnings is equally clear. In seeking tho home of a symbol, we should consider not only (ho nature o/its appearance, but also whcro it is found in the largest amount, for this shows the center of vogue and power—that is to say, tho center of diffusion. The vogue of the Swastika at Tro.\ is not as great as its vogue in Cyprian Greek pottery (pi. 60, fig. 15) and Hhodiaii pottery (pi. 60, fig. 2). * * * It is well known to Moliaii vases (pi. fiO, fig. 8) and to archaic Greek vases (pi. (il, fig. 13), but its greatest prominence it, on the pottery of the Greek geometric style (pi.00, fig. 13; pi. fili, fig. 4; pI.Gl.figs. 1 and Ì ; and figs. 173 and 171 ). * * * Aside from the Greek geometric style, our earliest reference for the Swastika, and very possibly .111 earlier reference than the first, is its appearance, on the, "hut urns" of Italy. On suoli it appears rather as a fragment of the more complica ted meander patterns, from which it is derived. My preciso viow is that the earliest and, conse quently, imperfect, forms of the Swastika aro on the hut urns of Italy, but that, as an independent aiid definitely shaped pattern, it iirsl belongs to the Greek geometrie style. I do not assert that the .Swastika is very common on hut urns, wbieh are often undecorated. * * * Our present intermediato link with India for the Swastika lies in the Caucasus· and in the adjacent territory of Kolinn. This last ancient conter of tho arts in metal has lately attracted attention through the publi cation of Virchow (Das Gräberfeld von Kolian). In the original Coban bronzes of tho Prehistoric Museum of St. Germain there is abundant matter for study (p. 351). Mr. E. P. Grog, in " Fret or Key Ornamentation in Mexico and Pern,"3 says: fioth the Greek fret and tho fylfot appear to have been unknown to the Semitic nations as an ornament or as a symbol. 'Hull. Sor. ιΓ \nthrop., Paris. December fi, 1S88. pp. 6fiO. 679,(ÎSO. 2 "Grammar of the Lotus," p. SIS et seq. 3Arc]i:i.ologia, χι.νιι, pt. 1, p. l.'ii). THE SWASTIKA. 797 In Egypt tbe fylfot docs not occur. It is, I believe, geucrally admitted or supposed that Hie fylfot is of early Aryan origin. Eastward toward India, Tibet, and China it was adopted, iu sill probability, as a sacred symbol of liuddha; westward it may have spread in one form or another to Greece, Asia Minor, and even to North Germany. Gartailhae says : ' Modem Christian sirehicologists have obstinately contended that the Swastika was composed of four gamma, and so havo called it the Croix Gammée. But tho liarna- yana, placed it on the boat of the Kama long before they had any knowledge of Greek. It is found on a, number of linddhist edilices; tbo »Sectarians of Vishnu placed it as a sign upon their foreheads. liumouf says it is tho Aryan sign par excellence. It was surely a religious emblem ili uso in India fifteen centuries before the Christian era, and thence it spiead to every part. In Europe it appeared about the middle of tho civilization of tho bronze age, and wo find it, pure or transformed into a cross, ou a mass of objecta in metal or pottery during tho first ago of iron. Sometimes its lines wero rounded and given a graceful curve instead of straight and square at its ends and angles. [Sou letter by Gandhi, pp. 803, 805.] M. Cartailhac notes3 several facts concerning the associations of the Swastika, found by him in Spain and Portugal and belonging to the first (prehistoric·) age of iron: (1) The Swastika was associated with the silhouettes of the duck, or bird, similar to those in Greece, noted by Goodyear; ('-!) the association (in his fig. 41) on a slab from the lake dwellings,of the Maltese cross and reproduction of the triskelion; (3) a tetraskelion, which he valla a Swastika "flamboyant," being the triskeliou, but with four arms, the same shown on Lyciau coins as being ancestors of the true triskelion (his tig. 412); (4) those objects were principally found in the ancient lake dwellings of Sambroso and Briteiros, supposedly dating from the eighth and ninth centuries lï. C. With them were found many ornaments, borders representing cords, spirals, meanders, etc., which, had the same appearance as those found by Schliemaim at Myceua·. Cartailhac says:3 Without doubt Asiatic influences are evident in both oases; fiist appearing iu the Troad, then in Greece, they were spread through Iberia and, possibly, who can tell, finally planted in a far-away Occident. A writer in the Edinburgh lîeview, in an extended discussion on "The pre-Christian cross," treats of the Swastika under the local name of " Fylfot," but in such an enigmatical and uncertain manner that it is diflicult to distinguish it from other and commoner forms of the cross. Mr. AVaring4 criticises him somewhat severely for liis errors: Ho states that it is found * * * in the, sculptured stones of Scotland (but after careful search we can fimi ouly one or two imperfect representations of it, putting aside the Newton stone inscription, where it is probably si letter or numeral only); that it is carved on the temples and other edifices of Mexico and Central America (where again we have sought for it iu vain) ; tbat it is found on the cinerary urns of the terramare of Parma, and Vicenza, the date of which has been assigned by Italian antiquaries to 1000 15. C. (but there again we have found only the plain ' "Ages Préhistorique de l'Espagne et du Portugal," pp. 285-293, 2 Ibid., p. 2X6. s Ibid., p. 2!J3. J " Ceraïuie Art iu Heinote Ages," p. 13. 798 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. erosa, and not the fylfot), and, finally, ho usaerta that "it waa the emblem of Libitina or Persephone, the awful Queen of the Shades, and is therefore commonly found on the droaa of thu tumuloriim foasor in tho Roman catacombs," but we liavo only found ono such example. "It ia noteworthy, too,''lie continues, "iii reference to ita extreme populaiity, or the superstitions veneration in which it has been alao universally held, that tho croas patto'e, or cruciform hammer (but we shall show these are different symbols), waa among tho very last of purely pagan symbole which waa religiously preserved in Enrupo long after the establishment of Christi- -anity (not in Europe, hut in Scandinavia and wherever tho Scandinavians had pene trated). * » * It may he seen upon tho bells of many of our parish churches, aa at Appleby, Slexborongh) Haythersaye, Wadiliugtou, Bishup'a Norton, West Bark- with, and other places, where it was placed as a magical sign to subdue the vicious spirit of the tempest ;" and he subsequently points out its constant use in relation to water or rain. Mr. Waring continues : The Kov. C. Boutell, in "Notes and Querioa," points out that it is to be found on many uiedia>val monuments and bclla, and occurs—e. g.,at Ypploby in Lincolnshire (peopled by Northmen)—as an initial cross to the formula on tho hell " Sta. Alarla, o. p. il. and e." In these casea it has clearly been adopted as a Christian symbol. In the same author's " Heraldry," he merely describes it as a rnystiu cross. Mr. Waring makes one statement which, being within his jurisdic tion, should be given full credit. He says, on page 15 : It [the Swastika] appears in Scotland and England only in those parta where Scandinavian penetrated and settled, but is not om-e found in any works of purely Irish or Franco-Celtic art. He qualifies this, however, by a note : I believe it occurs twice on an "Ogam" stone in the Aluaeuui of the lioyal Iriah Academy, figured in Wilde's Catalogue (p. 13G), but the fylfots are omitted in tho wood cut. [See lig. 215.] Dr. Brintou,1 describing the normal Swastika, " with four arms of equal length, the hook usually pointing from left to right," says: " In this form it occurs in India and on very early (Neolithic) Grecian, Italic, and Iberian remains." Dr. Brinton is the only author who, writing at length or in a critical manner, attributes the Swastika to the Neolithic period in Europe, and in this, more than likely, he is correct. Professor Yirehow's opinion as to the antiquity of the hill of Hissarlik, wherein Dr. Schlienuimi found so many Swastikas, should be consid ered in this connection. (See p. 83:2, 8o3 of this paper.) Of course, its appearance among tho aborigines of America, we can imagine, must have been within the ueolithic period. 1 Proe. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 188!), xxix, p. 179. THE SWASTIKA. 799 II.—DISPERSION OF THE SWASTIKA. EXTREME ORIENT. JAPAN. The Swastika was in use in Japan in ancient as well as modern times. Fig. 2!) represents a bronze statue of lìnddha, one-tìfteenth natural size, from Japan, in tho, collection of M. Gernnschi, I'aris. It has eight Swastikas on the pedestal, the ends all turned at right angles to the right. This specimen is shown by De Mortillet1 because it relates to prehistoric man. Tho image or statue holds a cane in the form of a ''tintin- nabulum," with movable rings arranged to make a jingling noise, and De Mortillet in serted it in his volume to show the likeness of this work in Japan with a number of sim ilar objects found in the Swiss lake dwell ings in the prehistoric age of bronze (p. 800). The Swastika mark was employed by the Japanese on their porcelain. Sir Augustus W. Franks2 shows one of these marks, a. small Swastika turned to the left and in closed in a circle (flg. ,30). Fig. 9 also repre sents a mark on Japanese bronzes.3 KOREA. The U. S. National Museum has a ladies' sedau or carrying chair from Korea. It bears eight Swastika marks, cut by stencil in the brass-bound corners, two on each corner, one looking each way. The Swas tika is normal, with arms cross ing at right angles, the ends bent at right angles and to the right. It is qnito plain; thelinos are all straight, heavy, of equal thickness, and the angles all at 90 degrees. In appearance it resembles the Swastika in flg. 0. Fig. 2D. imoXZE STATI E OP ΓΗ'ΠΟΙΙΛ. Japan. Kïglifc Swastika·* on podest'il. Cono tiiillunalmlum with six iimv:ililo riu work entitled Fa Ynen Chu Lin, on the original lîuddha, describes him as having this ~| I mark on his breast and sitting ou a high lily of innumerable petals. [PI. 1.] Empress ΛΥιι (084-704 A. I).), of the Tang Dj nasty, invented a number of new forms for characters already in existence, amongst which (r~H) wait the word for sun, (2) for moon, (~^\ for star, and so on. These characteia wore once very extensively used in ornamental writing, anil even now the word (pH) Sim may bo found in many of the famous stone inscriptions of that age, which have born preserved to HH up to the present day. [PI. 2. ] The history of the Tang Dynasty ((>20-90(i Λ. D.), by Lui Hau and others of the Tsin Dynasty, records a decree issued by Emperor Tui Tsung (7(53-779 A. D. ) forbid ding the use of the Swastika on silk fabrics manufactured for any purpose. [PI. 3.] Fling Tse, of tlio Tang Dynasty, records a practice among the people of Loh-yang > endeavor, 011 the 7th of the 7th month of each year, to obtain spiders to weave oho Swastika on their web. Kung I'ing-Chung, of the Sung Dynasty, says that the people of Loh-yaug believe it to be good luck to find the Swastika woven by spiders over fruits or melons. [PI. 4.] Sung Pai, of the Sung Dynasty, records an offering made to the Emperor by Li Yuen-sii, .a high ollicial of the Tang Dynasty, of a Imitalo with a Swastika on the forehead, in return for which offering he was given a horse by the Emperor. [PI. 5.] The Ts'ing-I-Jjiih, by Tao Kuh, of the Sung Dynasty, records that an Empress in Reportai National Museum, 1894. Wilson. PLATE 1. ORIQIN of BUDDHA ACCORDING TO TAO SHIH, WITH SWASTIKA SIGN. From a drawing by Λ1ι·. Li, presented ti> the U. S. National Museum by Mr. Yang Yu, Chinese Minister, Washington, D. C. Report of National Museum 1894 Wilson PLATE 2. a ja. 4/ -è- O t ± SWASTIKA DECREED BY EMPRE£S Wu (684 704 A. D.) AS A SIGN FOR SUN IN CHINA. i a drawing b^' Λ1ι·. Li, presentati to the U- S. National Museum hy Mr. VaiiK Vu, Chinese Miuistf.·!·. AVasliin^tmi. 1>. C. Report of Nat onal Muséum 1894.—Wilson PLATE 3. Ί ·&* ÓP\< fa. 4Ü SWASTIKA DESIGN ON SILK FABRICS. This use of the Swastika was forbidilen iu China by Emperor Tai Tsung (TfiS-TTi) \. D.J- From a diviwiu^ by Λ[ι·. Li, preseiiteil tu the U. S. Xatuinal Museum by Mr. Yaiij? Yü, Cbinese Minister Washiiiiitoii. D. C. ι:· Report of National Museum. 1894. Wilson. PLATE 4. l l /à- -l SWASTIKA IN SPIDER WEB OVER FRUIT. (A ^ooil omen in Cliiiia.) From a drauing \ty Mr.U, pre-sented t*i tue U. Ά. National Museum hy Mr. Yang Yü. Chinese Minister, YVasbiu£ton, D. C. Report of National Museum, 1894 — Wilson PLATE 5. 4 & ö i: Γ v v BUFFALO WITH SWASTIKA ON FOREHEAD. Presenteil to Emperor of Sung; Dynasty. From a drawing by Mr. Li, presented to the U. S. National Museum by Mi'. Yang Yu, Chinese Minister, Washington, U. C. Report of Nat onal Museum, 1894.—Wilson. ] . PLATE 6. **- 4k % J^ ìO INCENSE BURNER WITH SWASTIKA DECORATION. South Tans Dynasty. From a drawing l>\- 5lr. Li. μι-eseuteil to the U. S National Miiwiim bj Mr. Yaug Yii, r. Washington D. C1. Report of Nat onal Museum, 1 894 —W Ison. PLATE 7. HOUSE OF Wu TSUNG-CHIH OF SIN SHUI, WITH SWASTIKA IN RAILING From a (hawing by Mr. Li, presentili tu the U. S. National Museum by Mr. Yang Yii, Chinese Minister, Washington, D. C. Repoitof National Museum, 1894 Wilson PLATE 8. v MOUNTAIN OR WILD DATE.—FRUIT RESEMBLING THE SWASTIKA. From a draw iug by Mr. Li, presented to the TJ. S. National Museum by Mr. Van^ Yii, Cbinese Slinister, Washington, I). C. I! ΤΠΕ SWASTIKA. ' 801 the time of the South Tang Dynasty had an iuceuse burner the external decoration of which had the Swiistika design on it. |1'1. (>.] Chu I-Tsu, in his work entitled Ming Shih Taung, says Wu Tsung-Chih, .a learned man of Sin Shui, built a residence ontside of the uorth gate of that town, which he iiamed "\Van-Chai," from the Swastika decoration of the railings about the exterior of the house. [Γ1. 7.] An anonymous work, entitled the Tung Usi Yang K'ao, described a fruit railed shan-tsao-tso (mountain or wild dato), whose leaves resemble those of the plum. The seed resembles the lichee, and the fruit, which ripens in the ninth month of the year, suggests a resemblance to tlio Swastika. [PI. 8.] The Swastika is one of the symbolic marks of the Chinese porcelain. Prime1 shows what he calls a "tablet of honor," which represents a Swastika inclosed in a lozenge with loops at the corners (fig. 31). This mark on a piece of porcelain signifies that it is an imperial gift. Major-General Gordon, controller of the Koyal Arsenal at Woolwich, England, writes to Dr. Schliernanii:2 "The Swastika is Chinese. On the breech chasing of a large gun lying outside my office, captured in the Taku fort, you will find this same sign." But Dumontier3 says this sign is nothing· else than the ancient Chinese character o it e, which, according to D'Alviella,4 carries the idea of FIR. si. perfection or excellence, and signifies the r01™1« renewal aiid perpetuity of life. And again,2 ..-.,. T _ „ , j-i ·· / Tablet of honor, witli Swastika. "Dr. Lockyer. formerly medical missionary to ·/ 7 »/ " Prime, " Pottery anj Porcejam," p. 254. China, says the sign ^j-1 is thoroughly Chinese.1' The Swastika is fouud on Chinese musical instruments. The TI. S. National Museum possesses a Hu-Ch'iu, a violin with four strings, the body of which is a section of bamboo about .'i^ inches iu diameter. The septum of the joint has been cut away so as to leave a Swastika of normal form, the four arms of which are connected with the outer walls of the bamboo. Another, a Ti-Ch'iu, a two stringed violin, with a body of cocoanut, has a carving which is believed to have been a Swastika; but the central part has been broken out, so that the actual fi>rni is undetermined. Prof. George Frederick Wright, in an article entitled "Swastika,"5 quotes Rev. F. PI. Chalfont, missionary at Chanting, China, as saying: "Same symbol in Chinese characters Ouan,' or 'van,' and is a favorite ornament with the Chinese." 1 "Pottery and Porcelain," p. 254. 2"IlioB,"p. 352. •"'Le Swastika et la roue solaiii· en Chiuo," Revne d'Kthnographir, IV, pp. 319, 350. 4 "La Migration des Symboles," p. 5Γι. " New York Independent, Novumlter Ifi, 1SÌ13 ; Science, Afarch 23, 18Π4, p. Ifi2. H. Mis. 90, pt. 2 ——— 51 I China· 802 REPORT OF NATIONAL· MUSEUM, 1804. TIHET. Mr. William Wood vili«· liockhill,1 speaking of tlio fiiir at Kuuibum, says : I found there a number of Lh'asa Tibetana (they call them Gopa here) selling piilo, beads of various colors, saffron, medicines, poacoek featheis, incense sticks, etc. I had a talk with these traders, several of whom I had met here before in 1889. « * * One of them had a Swastika (yung-drung) tattooed 011 his hand, and I learned from this man that this is not an uncommon modo, of ornamentation in his country. Count D'Alviella says that the Swastika is continued among the Buddhists of Tibet; that the women ornament their petticoats with it, and that it is also placed upon the breasts of their dead.2 He also reports3 a Buddhist statue at the Musée Guhnet with Swastikasaboutthebase. lie does not state to what country it belongs, so the au thor lias no means of deter mining if it is the same statue as is represented in flg. 29. INDIA. Bnrnouf4 says approvingly of the Swastika: Christian archaeologists believe this was tho most ancient sign of the cross. * * * It was used among the Brahmins from all an tiquity. (Voyez mot "Swastika" dans notre dictionnaire sanskrit.) Swastika, or Swasta, in India cor responds to "benediction" among Christians. The same author, in his translation of the " Lotus de la Bonne Loi," one of the nine Dharmas or Canonical books of the Buddhists of the North, of 280 pages, adds an appendix of his own writing of 583 pages; and in one (No. 8) devoted to au enumeration and description of the sixty-five figures traced on the footprint of Oakya (fig. 32) commences as follows : 1. Svastikaya: This is tho familiar mystic figure of many Indian sects, represented 1 " Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891-92," p. 07. 2 " La Migration des Symboles," p. 55, citing note I, Jouru. Asiatique, 2f sirie, iv, p. 245, and Pallas, " Sammlungen historischer Nachrichten über die mongolischen Völkerschaften," i, p. 277. "Ibid., p. 55. 4 "Des Sciences et Religion,1' p. 250. Kg. 32. FOOTPRINT 01? BUDDHA WI1H SWASTIKA, FROM AMARAVATI TOPE. From Λ figure by Fergusma and Srhliemann. THE SWASTIKA. 803 thus, LP), and whose namo signifies, literally, "sign of benediction or of good augury." (Rgya teh'er rol pa, Vol. 11, p. 110.) « » » The sign of the Swastika was not loss known to tho Brahmins than to the Buddhists. "Ramayaua," Vol. II, p. 348, ed. Gor., Chap. XCVII, st. 17, tells of vessels ou the sea bearing this sign of fortune. This mark, of which the name and usage are certainly ancient, because it is found on the oldest Buddhist medals, may have been used as frequently among the Brahmins as among tho Buddhists. Most of the inscriptions 011 the Buddhist caverns in western India aro either preceded or fol lowed by the holy (sacramentelle) sign of the Swastika. It appears less common on tho Brahmin monuments. Mr. W. Crooke (Bengal Civil Service, director of Eth. Survey, North west Provinces and Oudh), says :l Tho mystical emblem of the Swastika, which appears to represent the sun in his journey through tho heavens, is of constant occurrence. Tho trader paints it on the flyleaf of his ledger, ho who has young children or animals liable to the evil eye makes a representation of it on the wall beside his doorpost. It holds first place among tho lucky marks of tho Jainas. It is drawn on the shaven heads of children on tho marriage day in Gujarat. A red circle with Swastika in the center is depicted on the place where the family gods are kept (Campbell, Notes, p. 70). In tho Meerut division the worshiper of tho village god Bhumiya constructs a rudo model of it in tho shrine by fixing up two crossed straws with a daub of plaster. It often occurs in folklore. In tho drama of tho Toy Cart the thief hesitates whether he shall make a hole in tho wall of Charudatta's houso in the form of a Swastika or of a water jar (Manning, Ancient India, 11, 100). Villaije shrines.—Tho outside (of the shrines) is often covered with rudo representa tions of the mystical Swastika. On page 250 he continues thus : Charms.—Tho bazar merchant writes tho words "Ram Rain" over his door, or makes an image of Geuosa, tho god of luck, or draws the mystical Swastika. Tho jand tree is reverenced as sacred by Khattris and Brahmins to avoid the evil eye in children. Tho child is brought at 3 years of age before a jand tree; a bough is cut with a sickle and planted at the foot of the tree. A Swastika symbol is made before it with tho rice Hour and sugar brought as an offering to tho tree. Threads of string, used by women to tie up thoir hair, aro cut in lengths and. some deposited on tho Swastika. Mr. Virchand K. Gandhi, a Ilindu and Jain disciple from Bombay, India, a delegate to the World's Parliament of lieligions at Chicago in 1893, remained for sometime in Washington, D. C., proselyting among the Christians. He is a cultivated gentleman, devoted to the spread of his religion. I asked his advice and assistance, which he kindly gave, supervising my manuscript for the Swastika in the extreme Orient, and furnishing me the following additional information relative to the Swastika in India, and especially among the Jains : The Swastika is misinterpreted by so-called Wostorn expounders of our ancient Jain philosophy. The original idea was very high, but later on some persons thought tho cross represented only the combination of the malo and the fumalo principles. While wo aro ou the physical piano and our propensities on the material line, wo think it necessary to unito these (sexual) principles for our spiritual growth. On 1 "Introduction to Popular Religion and Folk Lore of North India," p. 58. 804 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. L the higher plane the soul is sexless, aud those who wish to ris« higher than the physical plano must eliminate the idea of sex. I explain the J:iiu Swastika by the following illustration [fig. 33] : The horizontal ami vortical lines crossing each other at right angles form the Greek cross. They represent spirit and matter. We add fonr other lines by bending to the right each arm of the cross, then three circles and the crescent, and a circle within the crescent. The idea, thus symbolized is that there are four grades of existence of souls in the material universe. The first is the lowest state—Archaic or protoplasmic life. The soul evolves from that state to the next—the earth with its plant aud animal life. Then follows the third stage—the human; then the fourth stage—the celestial. The word ''celestial" is here held to mean life in other worlds than our own. All these graduations are combinations of matter and soul on differ ent scales. The spiritual plane is that in which the soul is entirely freed from the bonds of matter. In order to reach that plane, one must strive to possess the three jewels (represented by the three circles), right belief, right knowl edge, right conduct. When a person h) 14 17 19 5 1 1 7l fl / 7l Direction in wliirli nula aii· lient. To right. Do To left. To right. Do. Do. D.i. To left. To right. To loft. To rigbt. Du. Do. Do. Do. To loft. Do. Do. Do Do. Chantre2 says: I remind yon that the (East) Indians, Chinese, and Japanese employ the Swastika, not only as a religions emlilem but as a simple ornament in painting on pottery and elsewhere, the same as we employ the Greek frot, lozenges, and similar motifs in our ornamentation. Sistres [the staff with jingling bells, held in the hand of Unddha, on whoso base is engraved a row of Swastikas, fi». 29 of present paper] of similar form and style have been found in prehistoric .Swiss laico dwellings of the bronze age. Thus tho sistres and the Swastika aro brought into relation with each other. The sistres possibly relate to an ancient religion, as they did in the Orient; tho Swastika may havo had a similar distinction. De Mortillet and others hold the same opinion.3 CLASSICAL ORIENT. BABYLONIA, ASSYRIA, GHALDBA, AND PERSIA. Waring4 says, "In Babylonian and Assyrian remains we search for it [the Swastika] in vain." Max Müller and Count Goblet d'Alviella are of the same opinion.5 "Trubner & Co., London, 1883, pp. 140, pi. Γ>0. '"Age dn Bronze," pt. 1, p. 20(5. 3"Mus<78. 5 Dixii-jiio Cougri's, International d'Anthropologie L't d'Archeologie l'r^historiijue, Paris, 1889, p. 174, 810 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. relation to the Swastika thus: Eighty-two representing stars; 70 rep resenting suns; 42 representing branches of trees or palms ; 15 animals non-ferocious, deer, antelope, hare, swau, etc. ; total, 200 objects. Many of these were spindle whorls. Dr. Schliemann, in his works, " Troja" and " Ilios,'' describes at length his excavations of these cities and his discoveries of the Swastika on many objects. Ilis reports are grouped under titles of the various cities, first, second, third, etc., up to the seventh city, counting always from the bottom, the first being deepest and oldest. The same system will be here pursued. The first aud second cities wore 45 to 52 feet (13 to IG meters) deep; the third, 23 to 33 feet (7 to 10 meters) deep; the fourth city, 13 to 17.0 feet (4 to 5£ meters) deep; the fifth city, 7 to 13 feet (2 to 4 meters) deep; the sixth was the Lydiau city of Troy, and the seventh city, the Greek Ilium, approached the surface. First and Second Cities.—But few whorls were found in the first and second cities' and none of these bore the Swastika mark, while thousands were found in the third, fourth, and fifth cities, many of which bore the Swastika mark. Those of the first city, if imoriia- mented, have a uniform lustrous black color and are the shape of a cone (fig. 55) or of two cones joined at the base (figs. 52 and 71). Both kinds were found at 33 feet and deeper. Others from the saine city Avere ornamented by incised lines rubbed iu with white chalk, in which case they were llat.J In the second city the whorls were smaller than in the first. They were all of a black color aud their incised ornamentation was practically the same as those from the upper cities.3 Zmigrodzki congratulated himself on having discovered among Schliemann's finds what he believed to be the oldest representation of the Swastika of which we had reliable knowledge. It was a frag ment of a vase (fig. 42) of tho lustrous black pottery peculiar to the whorls of the first and second cities. But Zmigrodzki was compelled to recede, which he did regretfully, when Schliemann, in a later edi tion, inserted the footnote (p. 350) saying, that while he had found this (with a companion piece) at a great depth in his excavations, and had attributed them to the first city^ yet, on subsequent examination, ho had become convinced that they belonged to the third city. The Swastika, turned both ways Lpj aud r^j-J, was frequent in the third, fourth, aud fifth cities. The following specimens bearing the Swastika mark are chosen, out of the many specimens iu Schliemaun's great album, iu order to make a fair representation of the various kinds, both of whorls and of Swas- 1 " Iliob," pp. 220, 3.">0, noto 1. ' Ibid, fi};s. (Ì3-70, p. 229. 3 Ibid, p'. 303. Fig. 42. 1ÌLACK I'OTTEIfV*. Swastika, right. Dapth, 23 loot.. Schiumimi, "Iliua," lig. 247. THE SWASTIKA. 811 tikas. They aro arranged in the order of cities, the depth being indi cated iu feet. The Third, or Jiurnt, City ('23 to .">3 fi-et deep).—The spindle-whorl shown in fig. 4.'î contains two Swastikas and two crosses.' Of the one Tiff. 45. splxm.E-WHOIlL· WITH TWO SWASTIKAS. Dopth, 23 foot. Ν lihoininn, " Ihi«," f-n· I'M'I. Fis;. 43. Mg. 44. 3PINDI.E-WII,,BI. WITH TWO SWAMIKA.S AM. TWO srm.uc-WHOIU. WITH TWO SWASTIKAS. CROSSES. Depth, 23 feet. Depth, 23 foot. Si-hlleminn, "Ilirxi," fig. ls> 'Vliliemann, "Ilioi," fig. IM4. • Swastika, two arms are bont to the right at right angles, while the other two arc bent to the right in curves. Tho othor Swastika has but two bends, one at right angles, the other curved, both to the right. The specimen shown in fig. 44 has two Swastikas, in one of which the four arms are bent at right angles to the- left. The entire figure is traced in double lines, one heavy and one light, as though to ropresent edges or shad ows. The second Swastika has its ends bent at an obtuse angle to the loft, and at the extremities the lines taper to a point. The whorl shown in fig. 45 is nearly spher ical, with two Swas- tik as in the upper part. The ends of the four arms in both are bont at right angles, one to the right, the other to the left. Fig. 4G represents a spindle- whorl with two irregular Swastikas; but one arm is bent at right «angles and all the arms and points are uncertain and of un equal lengths. The rest of the field is covered with indefinite and inex plicable marks, of which the only ones noteworthy are points or dots, seven in number. In fig. 47 tho top is surrounded by a line of zigzag 'All spindle-whorls from tho hill of Ilissarllk .irò represented ono-h.ilf natural size. Fiir.46. SPINDLE-WHORL WITH TWO SWASTIK \S. Depth, 28 feet. Srhlieininn, " Ilios," fi(r. Iv.'u. Fig. 47. •-PI\nLE-WHORLWITHTImEEHWA8TIKA3. Depili, "3 feet. Srhl'emann, " Πιο ," lie. 1*51. 812 REPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUAI, ISfll. or dog-tooth ornaments. Within this lield, on the upper part and equidistant from the central hole, are three Swastikas, the ends of all of which turn to the left, and but one at right angles. All three have one or more ends bent, not at any an gle, but in a curve or hook, making an ogee. Fig. 4S shows a largo whorl with two or three Swas tikas on its upper surface in connection with several indefi nite marks appar ently without mean ing. The dots are interspersed over the field, the Swastikas all bent to the right, but with uncertain lines and at indefinite angles. Γη one of them the main line forming the cross is curved toward the central hole; in another, the ends arc both bent in the sanie «lircction—that is, pointing to the periphery of the whorl. Fig. 40 shows a sphere or globe (see figs. 7."», SS) divided by longitudinal lines into four segments, which are again divided by an equa torial line. These, segments contain marks or dots and circles, while one segment contains a normal Swastika turned to the left. This terra-cotta ball has figured in a peculiar degree in the symbolic representation of the Swastika. Greg says of it : ' Depth, 23 foot, iumann, " Ilio«," RK. 1I· Fi!;. 49. vioEn ι·\το I:KJMT ONE (IF WHICH CONTAINS- Λ S\\ \STIK V. hhreminn, "Him," I«. Ì· ">. \Vo sco on one hemisphere tho (—|^ standing for Zens Mil·» (=Iudra) tho sky god, and on tho other side a nido representation of n, sacied (somma) tree; a very interesting and curious western perpetuation of tho original idea and a strong indirect proof of the pIJ standing for tho emblem of the sky god. Fig. ."50 represents one of the bieonical spindle-whorls with various decorations on the two sides, longitudinal lines "interspersed with dots, arcs of .con centric circles ar ranged in three parallels, etc. On one of these sides is a normal Swastika, the arms crossing at right angles, the ends bent at right angles to the left. Fi·;. 5(1. niCON'ICAI. MMNDLE-WIIOIIL WITH SWASΙΙΚΛ. S ·Η1ϊ.·ιι^ηη, " Hits," (ν- 1-H'i. 1 .Archa-ologia, \Lvm, pt. 2, p. 322. TUE SWASTIKA. 813 The specimen shown in tig. 51 contains four perfect Swastikas and two inchoate and uncertain, lîutli of the latter have been damaged by breaking the surface. The four Swastikas all have their arms bent to the right: some are greater than at right angles, and one arm is curved. Several ends are tapered to a point. Fig. 52 shows a whorl of bieonical form. It contains two Swastikas, the main arms ot which are ogee Fig. 51. U1CONICAL SPIXDLE-WHOHI. WITH SIX sWASTlKAh. IX-ptll.Klfrct. Sflilifuiaiiii, " IPua," litf. l-iW. V\K. 52. vL si*i\m IL-WIIOHL \viTir TWO OUEE SW Υ&ΤΙΚΛ&. li, 33 fi-c-l. lll, "lliliS," Hli. 1*711. Tfig.S\. sriNULC- \\HOliI. forms, crossing ea«;h other at the center at nearly right angles, the ogee ends curving to the right. In fig. .">:} the entire field of the upper siuface is filled with, or occupied by, a Greek cross, in the center of which is the central hole of the whorl, while on each of the four arms is represented a Swastika, the main arms all crossing at right angles, the ends all bent to the right at a slightly obtuse angle. Each of these bent ends tapers to a point, some with slight curves and a small nour ish. (See figs. ;>;? and 54 for refer- eucetothisflonrish.) The specimen shown in fig. ."54 has a center lield in its upper part, of which the decora tion consists of incised parallel lines forming segments of circles, re peated in each one of the four «juar ters of the field. The center hole »i-iitii,aai™t. is surrounded by two concentric "·> ««UH«I, ··M» u e .•••IT I !· luriiiu,," liK. I'-MO. rings ot incised lines. In one of these spaces is a single Swastika; its main arms crossing at right angles, two of its ends bent to the left at right angles, the other t\vo in the same direction and curved. 27te Fourth City (13.2 to 17.0 feet deep).—Schliemann says:1 ΛΥβ ftnd among the successors of the burnt city tho same triangular idols ; tho same primitive bronze battle-axes ; the samo terra-cotta vsiscs, with or without tripod feet ; the same double-handled goblets (aertit ΑμφΐΜ.νπεΛ.λ(ΐ); the same battle-axes of jade, porphyry, and diorite; the same rude stone hammois, and saddle qncriis of trachyte. * * * The number of rude ί,ίοιιβ hammers and polished stone axus are fully thrice aa large as in the third city, while the masses of sheila and cockles '"Iiios,"pp. 518, 571. «ITI I .vs. Fi.u.54. sriVlll.l.-WHOUI, wriH IIXL. ΜΥΔΗΤΙΚ V. IJuiitli, 33 liii-t. IV Mortillet, " Mu ed Tre h ^tor'nue," h^. 12H- 814 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1894. Tig. 55. CODICIL· SP1HULE-WHOBL WITH THREE SWASTIKAS. DuptU. 13Ì feet. Sfhlitimann, " lili«," rt(f. IHM). accumulated ia tlio dóbria of tbo houaes aro so stupendous that they baffle all description. Tlio pottery is coaiser and of a ruder fabric than ili tlie third city. " * * There wero also found in tile fourth city iriauy needles of bono for female handiwork, boar tuaka, f>pit rests of mica, schist, whetatoLiea of blate, porphyry, etc., of the usual form, huudroda of amali silex sawa, aud sonic kuives of obsidian. Stono whorla, which are so abundant at Myoon;«·, aro but rarely found hero ; all of thoao which occur are, according to Mr. L>avie, of ateatitr. On tho other hand, terra-cotta whorla, with or without incised ornamentation, arc found l>y thonbaiids; their forms hardly vary from those in tho third (the burnt) city, and tho samo may lio generally aaid of their iuciaod ornamelitatiou. * » « τ]1θ 8aUie repré sentation of specimens of whorla are giveu as in tho third city, and the same oliserva- ticma apply. Fig. 55 shows a simple cone, the upper surface being flat and without other decoration, than three Swastikas equidistant from the, hole and from each other, all made by the two crossed ogee lines with ends curved to the right. This specimen is much like that of fig. 71 (Madam Schlie- mann collection in the U. S. National Museum, Gat. Xo. 140704). Pig. 5« shows a re markable spindle-whorl. Its marks greatly excited the in terest of Dr. Sclilieuiau.il, and he devoted much space to the discussion of these aud simi lar characters. The whorl is in the form of a cone. It bears upon its conical surface four Swastikas, tue euds of three of which bend to the right and one to the left. There are but two of these ends which bend at right angles. Most of them are at an obtuse angle, while the ends of two are curved. Some taper to a point and finish with a slight flourish. The other marks which so interested Dr. Schlie- maiiii were the chevron ornament (zigzag), drawn in parallel lines, which, he strongly argued, and fortified with many authorities, represented lightning. The -second series of marks he called a " burn ing altar." This assertion he also fortified with authorities and with Fig. 50. CONIC \L SPINDLE-W11O1ÌL WITH FOUR SWASTIKAS OF VARI- ODS KINDS.. Depth, 13J teat. Schlkm αα, " IlioV' fin. I1*''1· Fig. 57. CONICAL SPINDLE-WIIOKJ, WITH SWASPIKAS. Dopili, 131 faut. Schlïeiuami, "lì oa," (IR. 1041. THE SWASTIKA. 815 illustrations of a similar sign from different countries. (See fig. 101.) The third series of marks represented an animal, name and character unknown, with a head or tusks with two large branching horns or ears, a straight back, a stiffbut drooping tail, four legs, and two rows of the remarkable dots— seven in one, six in the other— placed over the back of the animal. (Sec figs. 99 and 100.) Fig. 57 M represents another cone-shaped BlfONIPAL SPINDLE-WHORL WITH ONE SWASTIKA WhOl'l, the flat ΚΠΙ^ίΙΡβ Of WlllCll IS Depth, lai fnet. engraved with one perfect Swas- s,.hikm,,nn, "H,™.·· «e. i M. tuta, the two arms crossing each other at right angles aud the, two ends bending at right angles to the right; the other two are curved, also to the right. Two of the other figures Dr. Schliemann calls Swastikas, al though they are uncertain in some of their arms audangles. The fourth character he imagined to be an inchoate or attempted Swas tika. Fig. 58 shows a, biconical whorl with curious and inexplicable, characters. One of them forms a crude Swastika, which, while the main arms cross at right angles tho ends are bent at uncertain angles, three to the left and one to the right. These characters are so unde termined that it, is doubtful if they could have had any sig nification, cither ornamental or otherwise. Fig. 59 is almost conical, the flat surface thereof being only slightly raised at the center. It is much the same Fig·60· form as the whorls shown in BICONICAL SPINDLE-WHORL WITH TWO SWASTIK VS. „ ^ and 71 Τΐΐβ IiearlV flat surface is the top, and ou it, equidistant from the center hole and from each other, are three ogee Swastikas of double lines, with their ends all curved to the right. In the alternate spaces are small incised circles, with dots in the centers. In fig. 00 a biconical Fig. 59. DICON1CAL SPINDLE·WHORL WITH THREE ΟΠΕΕ bWASTlKAB. Dopili, 13J feet. Srhlieimnn, "Ilioa," fi(·· ^1"· ., " Illos," fi". 1Ά1. 816 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. l THE SWASTIKA. 817 . 61. niUONlCAL SPINDLE- WHORL WITH FIVE Ol.KE SWASTIKAS. Depth, 18 feLt. S,-hli™nnn, " Him." flit. 11' S. whorl is shown. It has three of the circle segmeiits marked in equi lateral positions, with three or four parallel lines, after the style shown in flg. 54. lu the spaces are two Swastikas, in both of which the two main arms cross at right angles. Some of the ends bend at a right, and others ;»t an obtuse, angle. In one of the Swastikas the bent ends turn toward each other, forming a rude figure 8. The specimen shown in fig. 01 is bicon- ical, but much flattened; ifc contains five ogee Swastikas, of which the ends of four bend to the right and one to the left. lu an interval between them is one of the burning altars. Fig. 62 shows three Swastikas with double parallel lines. The main arms cross each other at right -angles ; the ends are bent at nearly right angles, one to the left, one to the right, and the other both ways. Fig. 03 represents a spindle-whorl with a cup- shaped depres sion around the central hole, which is sur rounded by three lines in concen tric circles, while on the field, at 00 degrees from each other, are four ogee Swastikas (tetraskelions), the arms all turn- in«· to the left and spirally each upon itself. The specimen shown in fig. 04 is bicouical, though, as usual, the upper cone is the smallest. There are parallel lines, three in Λ set, forming the seg ments of three cir cles, in one space of which appears a Swastika of a curious and unique form, similar t o that shown in fig. «0. The two main arms cross each other at very nearly right angles and the ends also bond at right angles toward and approaching each other, so Fig. 62. SPINULL-WHORI. WITH THRER SWASTIKAS. Dopili, 19.8 feet. , " Ili.«," tig. 1«5. . 83. SPINDLE-WHORL HAVING 1OUIKMÏEE SWAS TIKAS WITH SPIR VL VOLUTES. Depth, 18 feet. SihlitfiiiAim, "llini," fi^. 1M-«. Fig. 04. BicoNioAL SPINDLE-W uoitL WITH ONE sw \STIKA. Depili, 1:1.8 foot. Schliduanu, " lliDLF. WHORL Will! ONE .SWAS1IKV OiC 11IK ÖW flStlkll J t ΙΐβΙΙΠΙΙΠ aTIllS (ΟΙ riQi-nE-8 STYLE. double lines) cross at right Depth, 19.8 feet. angles, the ends all curving ^ihlwiiiaim, "1 Ì ±," ti£. 'S*>1. . ., , ... .^. τι, to the left with a slight ogee. The U. S. National Museum was, during 1893, the fortunate recipient of a collection of objects from Madame Sohliemann, which her husband, before his death, had signi fied should be given to the United States as a token of his remembrance of and regard for his adopted country. He never forgot that he was an American citizen, and, preparing for death, made his acknowl edgments iu the manner mentioned. The collection consisted of 178 objects, all from ancient Troy, and they made Λ fair representation of his general. finds. This collection is in the Department of Prehistoric Anthropol ogy. In this collection is a spin dle whorl, found at 13J feet (i meters) depth aud belonging to the fourth city. It had three Swastikas upon its face, and it. here shown as fig. 71.l TJie Fifth City.—Scliliemauii says :2 The rude stoiio hammers found ill enormous quantities in Ilio fourth city :ire no longer found in this stratum, nor «lid the stone axes, which are so very abundant there, occur again here. In- Tig. 70. JIM ONir\L*iFI-MiLE-WHOHHVirHONi:SWASTIKA, SUf.HTLVOCEE. Depth, 19.8 feet. SchliuDianD, " Ilios," ttg. lb*A. Fig. 71. CONICAL SPINDLE.WHOnLWITIl Τ1ΙΠΕΕ ΟΓ,ΕΕ SWAS HKAS. Depth, 13.3 feet. Gift of Mailimc Si hlieinaim. Cat. Net. 14ΊΤ14, U. S. V M. 1 "lhos,"fig. 1852. = lbid, p. 573. TU K SWASTIKA. 819 stead of the hundred.·, of axes I gathered in thofouith city, I collected in allouly two here. » * * Tbeformsof the terra-cott;i whorls, too, arc ill innumerable instances different here. These objects aie of a much inferior fabric, and become elongated and pointed. Forms of whorls like Xos. 1801, 1802, and 1803 [see figs. 72, 73, and 74], which were never luuiuL before, are here plentiful. The Sixth and Seventh Cities. — The sixth city is described in "Ilios," page 587, aud the seventh oil pages ύ'08 and GIS. lîoth cities contained OL-oasioual whorls of clay, all thoroughly baked, without incised or paiuted ornamentation, and shed no fur ther light on the Swastika. Fig. 75 represents the opposite hemis pheres of a, tcrri-cotta ball, found at a depth of 20 feet, divided by in cised lines into fifteen zones, of which two are ornamented with ι··ί s τ> 73 74 points and the middle zone, the FORMS OF «HORLS 1 ROTI T1IC ΓΙ11Η BLH1ED CITY OF Jai'gCSt Ot all, Wltll tllll'teCH SpCC- nissARLiK, FOU COM? viiisON. ÌUU'113 Of LA and r-]A pchlieinaan, " Iliit«," liga. IbOl. IbOi, lîiOJ. rr · ι ι · ι η , , Έ Zmigrodzki says' that there were found by Schliemann, at Ilissarlik, fifty-five specimens of the Swas tika "pure and simple" (pp. S09, Si'!»). It will be perceived by exami nation that the Swastika "pure and simple" comprised Swastikas of several forms; those in which the four arms of the cross were at other angles besides right angles, those iu which the ends bent at square and other angles to the right; then those to the left (Bnrnouf and Max Muller's Suavastika) ; those in which the bends were, some to the right and some to the left, in the same design ; where the points tapered off and turned outward with a flourish; where the arms bent at no angle, but Avere iu spirals each upon itself, and turned, some to tlie right, some to the left. We shall. see other related forms, as where the arms turn spirally upon each other instead of upon them selves. These will some times have three, five, six, or more arms, instead of four (p. 7(38). The cross and the circle will also appear in connection with the Swastika; and other designs, as zigzags (lightning), burning altars, men, animals, and similar representations will be found associ ated with the Swastika, and are only related to it by the association of similar objects from the same locality. A description of their pat terns will include those already figured, together with Schliemanu's 1 Tenth Congr. Inter, d' Îathrop. et d'ArchiRol. 1'rehist., Paris, 1ΗΗΠ, p. 474. o o_o o o o Tig, 75. TiSKRV COTTA Sl'HEffi: ttlTH THIHlhkN SWASTIKAS», Third cït\. iJi-ptli, 20 feet. Sctilien aim, " llios," fi^i. --J5, 241». 820 ΚΚΡΟΚΤ OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. comments as to signification and frequency. They beeouieuiore impor tant because these related forms will be found in distant countries and among distant peoples, notably among the prehistoric peoples of Amer- iea. Possiblythesedesignsliave Ά signification, possibly not. Dr. Schliemanu thought that in many cases they had. Professor Sayce supported him, strongly inclining toward an alphabetic or linguistic, perhaps ideo graphic, signification. Nn opin ion is advanced by the author on these theories, but the de signs are given in considerable numbers, to tha end that the evidence may be fully reported, and future investigators, radi cal and conservative, imaginative and unimaginative, theorists and agnostics, may have a fair knowledge of this mysterious sign, and an opportunity to indulge their respective talents at length. Possibly these associated designs may throw some light upon the origin or history of the Swastika, or of some of its related forms. The specimen represented in fig. 70 is not a spindle-whorl, as shown by the number and loca tion of the holes. It bears a good representation of a Swastika the form of which has been noticed several times. The two main arms cross each other at nearly right angles. The ends of the arms all bend to the right at a slightly obtuse angle and turn outward with a flourish somewhat after the style of the Jam Swastika (fig. 34e). Fig. 77 represents a spindle-whorl with a Swastika of the ogee style curved to the right. The center hole of the whorl forms the eeii- TERRA COITA DISK WIT1I OfE SWASUKA. Schiumami, " ll'oa," flg. 1341. Kg. 77. SPINDLE- WUOHL WITH OUEE SWASTIKA. Third city. Depth, 'Sleet. Schl'cmaan, "llioa," fig. Ι<ιΛ!. Kg. 78. BICONICAL SPINDLE-WHOHL WITH lltHEGLLAU SWAS TIKAS AND CROSSES. l'ouïUi citi. Depili, 13.0 feet. Schl em-mil, " llios," flg. ISTI. Fig. 79. BICONICAL SPINDLE-WHORL· WITH UNCEBTUN AND MAL1OR IED SWASTIKAS. Third city. Depili, 33 feet. aim, " Dio , ' fiy. 1ί>7ίι. ter of the sign. The figure, is of double lines, and in the interspaces are four dots, similar to those in ligs. 90-98, and others which L)r. Schliemaiin THE SWASTIKA. 821 BICOVICAL SPINDLE-WHORL WITH IHHEGUL VB Ρ VBTLV FOI1MKD SW Wl'IK.VS Η V\ ING LAHGE DOT IN CFNTEIt. Fourth city. Depth, 1Ά feet. Schiumanti, " n'en," fiK. 1S7Ì. reports as common, andto which he attributes some special but unknown meaning. Swastikas' and crosses of irregular shape and style are shown in the field of fig. 78. Two fairly well formed Swastikas appear, both of the ogee style, with the ends curved to the right. One is of the style resembling the figure 8 (see figs. CO and OT. Third city. Di-pili, 2\ì fort. Sc-liliemiiin, " ]])<«," %. liti. Fig. 85. SPHEIHOAL SPINDLE WHOI1L WITH FLATTENED TOP AND OGEE LINES WHICH DO NOT FOB-V1 SWASTIKAS. SoU'em-inn, " Illoï," fi,;. 1*W. Attention has been called to decorations comprising segments of the circles incised in these whorls, the periphery of which is tcnvard their centers (flgs. (»O, fi 1, 05, GO, 70, 82 and 83). Also to the mysterious dots (figs. 4<>, 5«, 75, 70, 77, 79,84, 92, 90 and 97). Pig. 87 shows a combination of the segments of three circles, the dots within each, and two Swastikas. Of the Swas tikas, one is normal, turning to the right; theother turns to the right, but at au Obtuse angle, '. ,. - . . - , - ,, with one end straight and the other irregularly curved. Fig. SS represents two sections of a terra cotta sphere divided similar to fig. 49. Each o*f these sections contains BicoMCAT.friNoi.E.WHoiiLwimooEKCrRVES WHICH ΛΠΕ NOT «.BOSSED TO FOI« SWASTIKA-. Sfhliemnnn, '· Ilios," h„'. 1V-9. THE SWASTIKA. 823 Fig. 87. bPHERIC\L Sl'lXOLE-WHORI, FLATTENED. 1 H u Swalikaa coniliiiird w illi segments and dots. Schlle 1 1 n, " Ilio ," fig. W*. a figure like unto a Swastika and which may be related to it. It is a circle with arms springing from the periphery, which arms turn all to the left, as they do in the ogee Swastika. One has seven, the other nino, arms. One has regular, the other irregular, lines and intervals. Eig. 89 represents a spindle-whorl of terra cotta nearly spherical, with decora tion of a large central dot and lines springing thereout, almost like the spokes of a wheel, then all turning to the left as volutes. In some countries this has been called the sun symbol, but there is nothing to indicate that it had any signification at Hissarlik. One of the marks resembles the long-backed, four-legged animal (figs. 99 and 100).1 Figs. 90, 91, 9l>, and 9o show a further adaptation of the ogee curve developed into a Swastika, in which many arms start from the center circle around the central hole in the whorl, finally taking a spiral form. The relation of this to a sun symbol is only mentioned and not specified or declared. The inexplicable and constantly re curring dots are seen in fig. 90. It is not contended that these are necessarily evolutions of the Swas tika. AV'e will see farther on many lines and forms of decoration by incised lines on these Trojan whorls, which may have had no relation to the Swastika, but are inserted here because per-, sons rich in theories and brii-* liant in imagination have dc-· dared that they could see a resemblance, a relation, in this or some other decoration. As objects belonging to the same culture, from the same locality, and intimately associated with unmistakable Swastikas, they were part of the res gestir, and as such entitled to admission as evi dence in the case. The^eflect of their evidence is a legitimate subject for discussion and argument. To refuse these figures admission would Tig. St. SECTIONS OF TERRA-COTTA Central rirrles with extended arms turnin» (o Ilio k'ft, uge<· and zigzag. Schlußmann, "Ilios," fig. lq. 780 824 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. Tig. 90. SPINDLE-WHORL. Central dot willi o/jeearma radi'iting therefrom io different directions, lint in the form of a Swastika. Third city. Depth, 29 feet. Schl· rnnnn, " HÌOH," fig. IHjH. is lost in antiquity. Tig. 91. SPINDLE-WHORL WlIlT CENTlt\L HOLE AND ItADIVTING ARMS. Third city. Depth, 23 feet. , " Ilioe," fig. 184J. be to decide the case against this contention without giving the oppos ing partj· an opportunity to see the evidence or to lie heard in argu ment. Therefore the objects are inserted. Specimens of other crosses are presented because the Swastika is considered to be a form of the cross. There may have been no evolution or rela tionship between them; but no person is competent to decide from a mere inspection or by rea son of dissimilarity that there was not. We have to plead ig noramus as to the growth and evolution of both cross and Swas tika, because the origin of both But all are fair subjects for discussion. There certainly-is nothing improbable in the relationship and evolution between the Swastika and the cross. It may be almost assumed. Evidence leading to conviction may be found in associated contem poraneous specimens. M. Moiitelius, au archaeologist of repute in the National Museum at Stockholm, discovered eight stages of culture in the bronze age of that country, which discovery was based solely upon the foregoing principle applied to the fibul:e found in prehistoric graves. In assorting his stock of fibula1, he was enabled to lay ont a series of eight stj'les, each different, but with many presentations. He arranged them seriatim, according to certain differences in size, style, elegance of workmanship, etc., No. 1 being the smallest, and No. 8 the largest and most elaborate. They were then classified according to locality and association, and he dis covered that Nos. 1 and '2 belonged together, on the same body or in the same grave, and the same with Nos. 2 and o, 3 and 4, and so on to No. 8, but that there was no general or indefinite intermix ture; Nos. 1 and 3 or 2 and 4 were not found together and were not associated, and so ou. Nos. 7 and 8 were associated, but not G and 8, nor 5 and 7, nor was there any association beyond ad joining numbers in the series. Thus Moutelius was able to deter mine that each one or each two of the series formed a stage in the culture of these peoples. While the numbers of the series separated Fig.')2. SPINDLE-WHORL W ITII CEATIiAL CIRCLE AKD M INY 4H1IS. Fourth city. Depth, 19.8 feet. Schliemann, " llios," S0·. 1V7. SPIXDLE-WHORIj WITH CEN TRAL· HOLE, LARGE CIRCLE, AND MANY CURVED ARMS. Third city. Si.'bliemann, Depth, ·>9 feet. "Ilios,"fig. 1S13. THE SWASTIKA. 825 from each other, as 1, 5, 8, were never found associated, yet it was conclusively shown that they were related, were the same object, all served a similar purpose, and together formed an evolutionary series showing their common origin, derivative growth and continuous im provement in art, always by com munication be tween their makers or owners. Thus it may be with the other forms of crosses, and thus it ap pears to be with the circle and spiral Swastikas and those with ends bent in Op- HH<ÎE BICONIOAL SPINDLE-WHORL. llOSÌte and differ- Four 17. Kg. 97. SPIN1ILE-W1IDHI.. Greek croaa- Tapering arnia with dota. Third city. Depth, "3 feet. SJilienia.rn, " III«," fig. 1613. ways, thus forming a foliated cross similar to the Maya cross, the " Tree of life." Figs. 0.~>, !)(>, and 97 show Greek crosses. The centers of the crosses are occupied by the central hole of the whorl, while the arms extend to the periphery. In the centers of the respective arms are the ubiquitous dots. The question might here be asked whether these holes, which represented circles, stood for the sun symbol or solar disk. The REPORT OF NATION VL MUSEUM, question carries its own answer and is a refutation of those who fancy they can see mythology in everything. Fig. 98 is the same style of figure with the same dots, save that it lias three instead of four arms. Figs. 90 and 100 each show four of the curious animals heretofore represented (fig. ."ΊΟ) in connec tion with the Swastika. They are here inserted for comparison. They are all of the same form, and one description will serve. Back straight, Fi«. 98. MMNDLE-WHORL. Ccnlr.il hole Hid tliree ai ma with dots. tail drooping, four Fig. 9!). BICONICAL SPINDLE-WHORL. Fimr animals are shown nimilar to Lho.-,θ found associated with the Swastika. Third lity. Depth, 33 feet. ilio*," rig. ΙαΤΪ. legs, round head show ing eye on one side, Timdciij. Depth, 23 fe,-t. aml lulljv cai'S rCSCUl- srhiien «ι«, -ir,»,"nc. un. ijjiiio· those of a rabbit or hare, which, in fig. 5(5, are called horns. The general remarks in respect to the propriety of inserting crosses and burn ing altars (p. 824) apply with equal perli- nency to these animals and to the unexplained dots seen on so many specimens. Fig. 101 shows both ends of Ά spindle-whorl, and is here in serted because it represents one of the " burning altars " of Dr. Schlie- mauu, associated with a Swastika, as in flgs. Gl, GO, and G8, and even those of figure-8 style (figs, (it and GO). Dr. Schliemanu found, during his ex cavations on the hill of Ilissarlik, no less than 1,800 spindle-whorls. A few were from the first and second cities; they were of somewhat peculiar form (tigs. 72 and 74), but the greatest number were from the third city, thence upward in decreasing numbers. The Swastika pure and simple was found ou ÛV5 specimens, while its related or suggested forms were on 420 (pp. 800,810). Many of the other whorls were decorated with almost every imaginable form of dot, dash, circle, star, lozenge, zigzag, with many indefinite and imdescribablc forms. In presenting the claims of the Swastika as an intentional sign, with intentional, though perhaps different, meanings, it might be unsatisfactory to the student to omit descriptions of these associated decorative forms. This description is impossible in words; therefore the author lias deemed it wiser to insert Fig. 100. BICO.NICAL SPINDLE-WHORL. Four animals aro shown similar to thoso fuunil associated with tho Swastika. Fourth city. Depth, 19.0 feet. S hllemann, " Ilio*:," fig· l*j(il. Fiç. 101. SI'INULF-WIIOKL WITH FlfiUliR-8 SWASTIK\( 0 SIX "m'IIMV'jr ALTAIIS." Fourth city. Depth, 19.B feet. Schlkman I, " llios," flg. 1M.34. THE SWASTIKA. 827 figures of these decorations as they appeared on the spindle-whorls found at Troy, and associated with those heretofore given with the Swastika. It is not decided, however, that these have any relation to the Swastika, or that they had any connection with its manufacture or existence, cither by evolution or otherwise, but they are here inserted to the end that the student and reader may take due account of the associa tion and make such comparison as will satisfy him. (Figs. 102 to 124.) 102. 103. 101. 10«. 107. 10!··. 109. 110. 111. 112. Fig«. 103-113. TROJAN SPINDLE-WHORLS. Sfhreitiann, " Ilioa." 113. Si'8 REPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. 114. JJ5. 118. 117. 120. 131. 123. Figs. 11-U2Î. TROJAN SPINDLE-WHORLS. Schreinaim, " Ihus." THE SWASTIKA. 829 Leaden idol of Hissarlil·.—ur. Schlieuiauu, in his explorations on the hill of Hissarlik, at a depth of 23 feet, in the third, the burnt city, found a metal idol (flg. 125), which was determined on an analysis to be lead.1 It was submitted to Professor Sayce who made the follow ing report:2 It ibthe Artemis Naua of Ghaldea, who became the cbief deity of Carclieinisb, the Hittite capital, aud passed through Asia Minor to tho shores and islauds of tho ^Egeaii Sea. Characteristic figures of the goddess have been discovered at Myeenai as well as in Cyprus. In "Troja" Professor Sayce says: Precisely the same figure, with ringlets 011 either side of the head, but with a different ornament (doth instead of (Swastika) sculptjred ou a piece of serpentine was recently found in M;eoiiia, and published by M. Salmon lieinach in lievuo Arch:cologiaby- louian sjmbols that surround them is the representation of one of the feria-cotta whorls, of which Dr. Sehlie- mauii found such multitudes at Troy. The chief interest to us of Ur. Schlieuiauii's description of the idol lies in the last paragraph :3 Tho vulva is represented by :i largo triangle, in the upper sido of which wo see three globular dots ; we also see two lines of dots to the right and left of the vulva. The most curious ornament of the figuro is a Swastika, which we see in the middle of the vulva. * * * So far as we know, the only ligures to which the idol before us has any resemblance aro the female figures of white marble found in tombs in Attica and in tho Cyclades. Six of them, which are in the museum at Athens, * * * represent naked women. * » * The vulva is repre sented on the six ligures by a largo triangle. * * * Similar white Parian marble figures, found in the Cy- elades, whereon the vulva ie represented by a decorated triangle, are preserved in tho British Museum. Leuor- meut, in "Lea Antiquités de la Troade" (p. 46), says: "The statuettes of tho Cyclados, in the form of a naked woman, appear to be rude copies inado by the natives, at the dawn of their civilization, from the images of tho Asiatic goddess which had been brought liy Phoenician merchants. They were found in tho most ancient sepul- chers of the Cyclades, in company with stone weapons, principally arrowheads of obsidian from Milo, and with polished pottery without paintings. Wo recognize in them the figures of tho Asiatic Yeuns found in such largo numbers from the banks of the Tigris to tho island of Cyprus, through the whole exteut of the Chaldeo-Assyriau, Aramipan, and Phoenician world. Their pro totype is tuo Babyloniau Zarpanit, or Zirbanit, so frequently represented on the cylinders and by terra-cotta, idols, the fabrication of which begins ill the most primitivo time of Chaldea and continues among tho Assyrians. Fig. 125. LEADEN' IDOL OF ARTEMIS NANA OF CIIALDE V, WITH SW ibTIKA.4 Third city. Depth, 23 feet. Schliemann, " Ihos." flg. 126 1 Lj natural sizo. ».ι«.., lig. '2'2(t, p. 337. "Ibid, p. 094. "Ibid, p. 338. 4 See p. 793. 830 KEPOIiT 9I. It is to be remarked that this mark is not on the vulva, as declared by Schliemann, but rather ou. a triangle shield which covers the ηιυηχ renerix. Professor Sayee is of the opinion, from the evidence of this leaden idol, that the Swastika was, among the Trojans, a symbol of the generative power of man. An added interest centers in these specimens from the fact that terra cotta shields of similar triangular form, fitted to the curvature of the body, were worn in the same way in prehistoric times by the aboriginal women of lira/il. These pieces have small holes at the angles, appar ently for suspension by cords. The U. S. National Museum has some of these, and they will be figured in the chapter relating to Brazil. The similarity between these distant objects is remarkable, whether they were related or not, aud whether the knowledge or custom came over by migration or not. Old ithujied rasrs.—It is also remarkable to note in this connec tion the series of owl-shaped terra-cotta vases of the ruined cities of Hissarlik and their relation, to the Swas tika as a possiblesy in· bol of the generative power. These vases have rouuded bot toms, wide bellies, high shoulders (the height of which is emphasized by the form and position of the handles), the mouth narrow aud somewhat bottle shaped, but not en tirely so. What would bo the neck is much larger than usual for a bottle, and more like the neck of a human figure, which the object in its entirety represents ÌLI a rude, but, nevertheless, definite, manner. At the top of the vase are the eyes, eyebrows, and the nose. It is true that the round eyes, the arched eyebrows, and the pointed nose give it somewhat an owlish face, but if we look at fig. 127, the human appearance of which is emphasized by the cover of the vase, which serves as a cap for the head and-has the effect of enlarging it to respectable dimensions, we will see how nearly it represents a human beiug. The U. S. National Museum possesses one of these vases in the Schliemanu collectio.ii (fig. 12G). It has the face as described, while the other human organs are only indicated by small knobs. It and the three figures, 127, 12S, and 12!», form a series of which the one in the Museum would be the first, the others followiug in the order named. Fis. ASE ΛΜΤΙΙ M VIIELON. Fourth rit} . Dciilli, 1β.Γ> fret. Pit. No. 14Γ678, U.S. X. At. *3 uatiiral s ze. EÎe. 127. FL'RR \-COTI1 V V 4SE WITH CIBCLL OR RING. Foul til city. Depth, I'D led. SMiemam , " Iliiw,'' lij*. Oda. 11 natural bize. THE SWASTIKA. 831 No. 2 in the series has the female attributes indefinitely and rudely indicated, the lower organ being represented by a concentric ring. In No. .3 the mamma· are well shown, while the other organ has the con centric ring, the center of which is filled with a Greek cross with four dots, one in each angle, the CroLe smisticele of Zmigrodzki (fig. 12). ;NO. 4 of the series is more perfect as a human, for the mouth is repre sented by a circle, the mamniic are present, while iu the other locality appears a well-defined Swastika. The first three of these were found in the fourth city at 20 to 22 feet depth, respectively; the last WAS found in the fifth city at a depth of 10 feet. The leaden idol (fig. 125), with its Swastika mark on the triangle covering the private parts, may properly be considered as part of the series. When to this series is added the folium ritus of Jìrazil (pi. 18), the similarity becomes signifi cant, if not mysterious. Eut, with all this significance and mystery, it Pig.128. TEHKA COT! I V V^E WITH CIRCLE OK KIWI ΑΧΟ CROIX SWASTICALE. Stliliemann, " II as," fig. IM;. £ natural size. Fig. TERRA-COTTA VA«", Μ ΠΉ CIRCLE OR RINO MCLOSINO. SWASTIKA. ftMiemann, " Troji," Λ0·. ΙΟΙ. 3 uatnral size. appears to the author that this sign, in its peculiar position, has an equal claim as a symbol of blessing, happiness, good fortune, as that it represents the generative power. From the earliest time of which MO have knowledge of the thoughts or desires of man we know that the raising up "heirs of his body" constituted his greatest blessing and happiness, and their failure his greatest misery. The first and greatest command of God to man, as set forth in the Holy Jîible, is to "lie fruitful, and multiply, and replen ish the earth."1 This was repeated after the Deluge.2 and when He pronounced the curse in the Garden, that upon the woman3 was, "In sorrow thon slialt bring forth children." God's greatest blessing to Abraham, when He gave to him aud his seed the land as far as he could see, was that his seed should be as the dust of the earth, "so that if a 1 (ìencsis i, 28. 2Geucsia viii, 17; ix, 7. 3 Genesis iii, 1C. 832 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy seed also be numbered."1 "Tell the stars, if thon be able to number them * * * so shall thy seed be. * * * As the father of many nations," etc. We all know the story of Sarai, how, when she and Abraham had all riches and power on earth, it was as naught while they were childless, and how their greatest blessing was the Divine promise of an heir, and that their greatest happiness was over the birth of Isaac. This may be no proof of the symbolism of the Swastika, but it shows how, in high antiquity, man's happiness in his children was such as makes the Swastika mark, in the position indicated, equally a symbol of good fortune and blessing as it was when put on the spindle-whorls of Hissarlik, the vases of Greece, or the fibnl:e of Etrnria. The a/je of the Trojan cities.—It may be well to consider for a moment the age or epoch, of these prehistoric Trojan cities on the hill of Ilis- sarlik. Professor Virchow was appealed to by Schlieniann for his opinion. He says :2 Other scholars have been inclined to ascribe the oldest cities of Hissnrlik to the Neolithic age, because remarkable weapons and utensils of polished stone are found in them. * * * This conception is unjustified and inadmissible. To the third century A. T>. belongs the surface of the fortress hill of Hissarlik, which still lies above the Macedonian Avail; and the oldest "cities"—although not only polished stones but also chipped ilakes of chalcedony and obsidian occur in them—neverthe less fall within the age of metals, for even in the first city utensils of copper, gold, and even silver wore dug up. No stone people, properly so called, dwelt upon the fortress hill of Hissarlik, so far as it has been uncovered. Yirchow's opinion that none of the cities of Hissarlik were in the stune age may be correct, but the reason he gave is certainly doubtful. He says they come within the age of metals, for, or because, "iiteimilft of eoppcr, gobi, find eren stirer were dity iq> among the ruins of the ßrst city." That the metals, gold, silver, or copper, were used by the abo rigines, is no evidence that they were in :i metal age, as it has been assigned and understood by prehistoric archa-ologists. The great prin ciple upon which the names of the respective prehistoric ages—stone, bronze, and iron—were given, was that these materials Avere used for cutting and similar implements. The use of gold and silver or any metal for ornamental purposes has never been considered by archaeol ogists as synchronous with a metal age. Indeed, in the United States there are great numbers of aboriginal cutting implements of copper, of which the U. S. National Museum possesses a'collection of five or six hundred; yet they were not in sufficient number to, and they did uot, supersede the use of stone as the principal material for cutting implements, and ao do not establish a copper age in America. In Paleolithic times bone was largely used as material for utensils and ornaments. Bone was habitually in use for one purpose or another, yet no one ever pretended that this establishes a bone age. In coun tries and localities where stone is scarce and shell abundant, cutting 1 Genesis xiii, 16; xv, 5. 2 "Ilios," preface, p. xi. THE SWASTIKA. 833 implements were, in prehistoric times, made of shell; and chisels or hatchets of shell, corresponding to the polished stone hatchet, Avere prevalent wherever the conditions were favorable, yet nobody ever called it an age of shell. So, in the ruined cities of Hissarlik, the first five of them abounded in stone implements peculiar to the Xeolithic age, and while there may have been large numbers of implements and utensils of other materials, yet this did not change it from the polished stone age. In any event, the reason giA-en by Virchow—i. e., that the use, undisputed, of copper, gold, and silver by the inhabitants of these cities—is not evidence to change their culture status from that denominated as the polished stone age or period. Professor Virchow subsequently does sufficient justice to the antiquity of Schliemaim's discoveries and says1 while "it is impossible to assign these strata to the stone age, yet they are indications of Avhat is the oldest known settlement in Asia Elinor of a people of prehistoric times of some advance in civilization,5' and2 that "no place in Europe is known which could be put in direct connection with any one of the six lower cities of Hissarlik.1' Professor Sayce also gives his opinion on the age of these ruins:n The antiquities, therefore, unearthed liy Dr. Schlieiiiann at Troy, acquire for us a double interest. They carry us back to the later stone ages of the Arj nu race. AFRICA. EGYPT. A consensus of the opinions of antiquarians is that the Swastika had no foothold among the Egyptians. Prof, Max Müller is of this opinion, as is also Count Goblet d'Alviella.4 Waring5 says: The only sign approaching the fylfot in "Egyptian hieroglyphics that we have met ia shown in fig. 3, pi. 41, where it forms cum of the hieroglyphs of Isis, but is not very similar to our fj Ifot. Mr. Greg says:0 "In Egypt the fylfot does not occur." Many other authors say the same. Yet many specimens of the Swastika have been found in Egypt (figs. 130 to 13<>). Professor Goodyear,7 says: The earliest diitert Swastikas are of the third milleiiinni B. C., and occur on the for eign C'ypriiin and Cariali (?) pottery fragments of the time ot" the twelfth dynasty (in Egypt), discovered by Mr. Flindcis 1'otrio in 18S9. (Kahuu, Guroli, and Ilawara, pi. 27, Nos. 162 and 173.) ' " Ilios," app. 1, p. «85. '•"'Ibirt./'app. 6, p. 379. 3"Troja,''p. xii. 4 "La Misrratiou des Symboles," pp. 51, 52. " « "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,"' p. to. " Archeologia, ΧΙΛΊΙ, pt. 1, p. 159. ' " Grammar of the Lotus.'1 pi. 30, figs. 2 and 10, p. 330. II. Mis. «JO, pt. '2———5.", 834 RETORT Ol·1 NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1804. Xaukrutis.—Figs. 130 to loö, made after illustrations in Mr. W. Flinders Petrie's Third Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund (Pt. 1), found by him in Xaukratis, all show unmistakable Swas tikas. It should be explained that these are said to bo Greek vases which have been imported into Egypt. So that,while found in Egypt and so classed geograph ically, they me not Egyptian, but ( !reek. Goj>tos (Adi ut i m - I'uHopolix). — Within the past few years Jflg.130. GIlKhK \ ASE SHO\\IN(« DLLI·, (il F>h. AND SWASTIKAS. Naiikratig, Yucicut K^ypt. Sixlh and tilth centuries, Γ». l Espii rat on inaj, ] arti,pi.4, Iitf. 3, lud (Joodjear, "Or un il ir of Ihe T ot is," pi. 01, fig. 1. - . great discoveries have been made in Up]»er Egypt, in Sakkarah, Fayum, and Achmim, the last of which was the ancient city of Pauopolis. Tlie inhabit ants of Coptos and the surrounding or neigh boring cities were Christian Greeks, who mi grated from their country during the first centuries of our era and settled in this land of Egypt. Strabo mentions these people and their ability as weavers and embroiderers. Discoveries have been made of their cemeteries, winding sheets, and grave clothes. These clothes have been subjected to analytic in vestigation, and it is the conclusion of M. Gerspach, the administrator of the national manufactory of the Gobelin tapestry, Paris,1 that they were woven in the same way as the Gobelins, and that, except being smaller, they did not differ essentially from them, lie adds : These Egyptian tapestries and those of the fiobelius are the result of work which is identical except in some secondary details, so that I have been able, without difficulty, to reproduce these Coptic, tapestries iu the Gobelin manufactory. On one of these Coptic cloths, made of linen, reproduced in '-Die Gräber- und Textilfunde von Achinini-Panopolis,"' by B. Forrer, occurs 130α. IlETilL OP VASE SHOWN IN ΊΗΕ PRECEDIVI. MGUKE. 1 "L.U3 Tapisserie^ Coptes," MM·. 4, pp. .1, ti. THE SWASTIKA. 835 a, normal Swastika embroidered or \voveii, tapestry fashion, with woolen thread (Jig. loC). It belongs to the first epoch, which includes Fig. 131. I'OirCItY FR VdMKNT* WITH TWO Mt VVIIKJE MVAM1K Vs. Isiiitki.ttis, Auciciit Egypt. IVIric, Third \t.moir i£ Uu. E^vpi KM.lurMion fund, part 1, pi. s, li„>.. 1,, :i. portions of the first and second centuries A. 1). There were on these cloths au enormous amount of decoration, representing many figures, Fi-. 132. tRAO-JENT Ob' (jREMv VASE WIIH L1OM ANI1 HIRE!; ΛΟΑΜΙΚΙ: s\VA»IIKAS. Naukratis, Ancient Egypt. I'etrV, Sixtli Memoir of the F/V]tt Kxplur ili, li Fuad, jirt ', fi0'. 7, imi üooilye·«·, " < r unni r «f the I ouïs," j.l. Λ1, Iig 2. both natural and geometric. Among them was the Swastika variously applied and in different si/es, sometimes inserted in borders, and 836 liEPORT OF NVTIONAL MUSEUM, 189 Κ FRAGMENT OF «REEK VASE 1»ECORATFD WITH FIGURES O6 oAt'R: L» ΑΝΠΑΙΛ ANU MV'AbTIK Vt>, ASSOCIATELI WITH (.REEK 1-RU.T. Naiikmtiu, Aiirit jit Tijiipt. IMrii, Sixth Memuir of the Γ"ΐιιϊ Evjikr itioii Fun«], I ^rt ', pi. fi, tig. 1. ψ - - -ν_ ?'- - — —:^~ u»t Eïjiloritinii Γαιιιΐ, j art 1, j-1. 5, fi,;. 1. ί-ig. 136. ΠΙίΚΕΚ TVPESTItV. Copto», Esypt. First anil secolili euntiiries, Λ -11- F« ΓΓΟΓ, " I»ìe «r ib^r- unj Ti iMIfnnil*· ^ m Achniìn Γιπιφί»! Η." 838 REPORT OF ΝΑΤΓΟΝΥΓ, MUSEUAI, 1804. sometimes adorning the corners of the tunics and togas as a large medallion, as shown in the figure.1 ΛΤΛΗΪΙίΙΑ. Waring, in his "Ceramic Art in Ileinote Ages," discoursing upon the Swastika, which lie calls fylfot, shows in pi. 4.",. iìg. lì ((piloting from Dela- mare), the base of a col umn from a ruined Ilo- man building in Algeria (fig. 1,°>7), on the torus of which are engraved two Swastikas, the arms crossing at right angles, all ends bent at right angles to the left. There are other figures (five and six on the same plate) of Swastikas from a Eoinan mosaic pave- mentinAlgcria. Instead ofbeingsquarejiowever, or at right angles, as might ordinarily be ex pected from mosaic, they are ogee. In one of the. specimens the ogee ends finish in a point; in the other they finish in a spiral volute turning upon itself. The Swastika has been found on a tombstone in Algeria.2 Wiring, '· ( Fig. 137. TOIU'h OF /OLUMN WITH .20. aHiill. Soo. Française Ac miiriism. ct d'arclirnl., n, i>l. .Ί, p. it. ii. 353. L THE SWASTIKA. 839 CLASSICAL OCCIDENT—MEDITERRANEAN. GIÎEKCJ·: AND T1IK ISLANDS Ol·' ΓΥΓΙίΓΜ, 1Î1IODKS, ÌIKLOS, AND THE11A. The Swastika has been discovered in Greece and in the islands of the Archipelago on objects of bronze and gold, but the priucipal vehicle was pottery; and of these the. greatest number were the painted vases. It is remarkable that the vases on which the Swastika appears in the L, Fig. 1Ü9. VARIATION (IF THE I.IIEEK KULT. Continuous linea crossali^ eat h other iit ri^lifc anales forming heures resemltliiij; ilio Swas tikas. Fig. 140. (jiiKi'Kf.EOMEimc'VASP; i.v THE LHYDEVUITSEUAI, WITH UGLllKS OF GEkSK AND SWASIIK * IX 1'AVEl .' Suiyrni. < ι nzf, 'ΆιιΙ "in«*·,'1 » I ·., \ ι«ιιπ ι, 1N7«, inJ < 'irotlj >· ir, " Gramm ir nf Ihe Iolus("nl. ,rlÌ, fi^. 4. largest proportion, should be the oldest, those belonging to the Archaic period. Those already shown as having been found at Naukratis, in Egypt, are assigned by Mr. Flinders Pétrie to the sixth and fifth cen turies 15. C., and their presence is accounted for by migrations from Greece. The (ìrcel; frettila ΕαιιμζΜΐι mcanilcr not the nit mean tfic^irtmtikn. — Pro fessor Goodyear says : 2 "There is no proposition in arch;uology which can be so easily demon strated as the assertion that the Swastika, is originally a fragment of the Egyptian meander, provided Greek geo- metiie· vases are called in evidence." Egyptian meander here means the Greek fret. Despite the ease with which, he says it can be demonstrated Fig.141. f.KEEK VASE WITH KIC.UKFh OF HOKSEh, (.EOMLriiKJ ORNAMENT'S AND SWASTIKAS IV ρ \NEI S. Vthens. Helm's "Unirli," Ι, τ·. t MIL Fig. 142. K VASE WITH SWAVT1KA3 IN PANELS. " \nr;,i,.e," *·(»., inilCiKKly ar, iitmnr of the Lot ,4," pi. 611, that the Swastika was originally a fragment of the Egyptian meander, and with all respect for the opinion of so profound a student of classic ornament, doubts must arise as to the. existence of the evidence neces sary to prove his proposition. •'"(iraiiimar ut' tho imitili,.'1 π. ΓΓ>2. 840 lÎEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. THE SWASTIKA. 841 DLTAIL OS· ARCHAIC t-UEEK VASI] WITH ΚΙΙ.ΓΚΓ OP SOUR fiOOfE AND SWASTIKA;, IV PtNELS. lìritisll Husflllll. \\ iiriag, " Ceramic Art in Remote A^ a," |il. -Il, fur. l'i. Professor Goodyear, and possibly others, ascribe the origin of the Swastika to the Greek fret; but this is doubtful and surely has not beeu proved. It is dilliuult, if not impos sible, to procure direct evidence oil the proposition. Comparisons may be made between the two signs; but this is secondary or indirect evidence, and depends largely on argument. No man is so poor in expedients that he may not argue. Goldsmith's schoolmaster ·' e'en tho' vanquished, he could argue still." The Greek fret, once established, might easily be doubled or crossed in some of its members, thus forming a ligure simi lar to the Swastika (iig. 109), which would serve as au ornament, but is without any of the characteristics of the Swastika as a symbol. The crossed lines in the ___ Greek fret seem to have been altogether fortuitous. They gave it no symbolic charac ter. It was simply a variation of the fret, and ac best was rarely used, and like it, was employed only for or nament and uot with any signification—not a sign of benediction, blessing, or good luck, as was the Swastika. The foundation principle of the Greek fret, so far as we can see its use, is its adaptability to form an extended orna mental band, consisting of doubled, bent, and sometimes crossed or in terlaced lines, always con tinuous and never ending, and running between two parallel boi der lines. Two interlacing lines can be used, crossing each other at certain places, both making continuous meanders and together forming the ornamental band (fig. l.TJ). lu the Greek fret the two lines meandered between the two borders back and forth, lip and down, but always forming a continuous line. This seems to be the foundation principle of the Greek fret. In all this Fig. 144. Cl'PHI VN POTTERY PLAO.OE WITH SWASTIKA IN PANEL. Metropolitan ΛΙηβοιιιιι nf Art, Xew York City. Ct*uol·», "Cj|.r is, ila AitieutCiti s, T. mtw, and 1 empi a," pi. 41, t\K.W. Fig.143. liETYlL OF CYPHIAN VASE \VITH BVf YSTIKAS IN TRIAXQLES. Gooil}t;ir,"Griiuiiiaro£Utf Ixln^,"].I.I,iiK. 11. Fig. 148. IIB.TAIL (IF ATTIC V YSE WITH FIULItE OF ANTE- LOPEf?) AXD SWASTIKA. British Muaeuui. llohlau, J ihrbucli, 1^5, p. 50, tnd foodyear, " i.r imuiar of the Lotus," pi. 37, tig. 9. /Li iit Cïtïei, Ttimhs, tini Temples," i\pendile liy irriiy, p. 4II4, tìff. 15. requirement or foundation principle the Swastika fails. A row or band of Swastikas can not bo made by continuous liues; each one is and must be separated from its . _ fellows. The Swastika has four arms, each made by a single line which comes to an end in each quarter. This is more imperative with the meander Swastika than with the normal. If the lines be doubled ou each other to be car ried along to form another Swastika adjoining, in the at- Fig.w. teillpt to cnPUIAV VASE WITH MV iSTIKAb. m a k e a band, it will be found impossible. The four liues from each of the four arms can be projected, but each will be in a different direction, and no band can bo made. It is somewhat dinicult to describe this, and possibly not of TERKACOTÏ"™,™,™ »reat ueed- An attempt to carry out the project of WITH SWASHKAB ix making a band of Swastikas, to PANELS. ^ο connected with each other) (Vsuola, "Cjpriw, ila \acient citi»,T,,mi.s.ndTmpie," orto make them travel in any |i. JUII. and Ohurf<] th-Rii-h- . - . . . i,r, Dun. s«. d'*aihr«p., given direction with continuous ρ^,^,ρ.65ι. lines, will be found impossible. Professor Goodyear attempts to show how this is done by his figure on page Oß, in connection with pi. 10, fig. !), also figs. 173 and 174 (pp. .T(3 and 304). These fig ures are given in this paper and are, respec tively, Xos. 21, 23, 2<>, and 27. Exception is taken to tlia pretended line of evolution in these figures : (1) There Fig. 149. TEItltA COTTA VASE \V ITII SWA&- TIKA AXD FI1.URE OF HOIlhE.1 Tig. 150. BBONZF. FIBPI.A WITH SWASTIKA AND REPRESENTATIONS OF A GOOSE AND A FIMI. Greece. De Mortillet, " Musie Pnfci* i"c|ue," fi,;. 1· ( is nothing to show any actual relationship between them. There is no evidence that they agreed either in locality or time, or that there was any unity of thought or design in ' Goodyear, "Gnuiiiiiar of the Lotus," jil. Gl, fig. 1. 842 RKPOKT 0l·' NATIONAL· ML OK UM, 1894. THF. SWASTIKA. 843 the minds of their respective artists. (2) Single specimens are no evidence of custom. This is a principle of the common law which has Fig. 151. 1IKTAIL OF OHEEK AASE WITH SW 1STIK VS AND MUUHES OF HIHOS. Λναπιικ. " tVr^mic Art IB Renmlu Vii*!.," ρ], ^.t, il,;. Ί. and I oojyear, " Criiiuii tr of ihr l-i.tiis," pi. -1ΙΊ, (ig. 5. still a good foundation, and was as applicable in those days as it is now. The transition from the spiral to the Greek fret and from the Fig. 152. IILTAIL 01? CYPRIAN VASE. Sunliauk, lulus, sular disk, iiiiil Swastikas. Riihlau, J ihrlnivh, Ι·**·«, pi. =: ; Riimch Re\ne Arch.tiMVyitpie, I^ì, II, p. .W ; Pirn t and C'hipifz, " Hi tory of Art in Phen'ria lud Cyprus," II ; tïuodyear, " Grammar uf the LoiuV p). 45, fig. Λ. Greek fret to the Swastika can be shown only by the existence of the custom or habit of the artist to make them both in the same or adjoiu- Fig. 153. DEI41L OF OKÜI.K (ίΕίΠΙΠΙΚΙΟ VASE ΛνίΤΙΙ SWASTIKAS A!\D FH.UHI'S OF HOUSES. Tlu-ra. LojiU'Q "Museum. I ouilvpar, " IJraiiiuiar i>f tlm ΙΛ lilt," !>'· >l, ι>!ΐ. -1· ing epochs of timo, and this is not proved by showing· a single speci men. (3) If a greater number of specimens were produced, the chain of Ι ι If evidence would still be incomplete, for the meander of the Greek fret will, as has just been said, be found impossible of transition into the mean der Swastika. It (the Swastika) does not extend itself into a baud, but if spread at all, it spreads in each of the four directions (figs. 21 and 2.5). The transition will be found much easier from the Greek meander fret to the normal Swastika and from that to the meander Swastika than lo proceed in the oppo site direction. Anyone who doubts this has HRON/E UBI I.A ΛΥΙΤΙΙ LARGG SWASTIKA OW SHIELD. Grtece. Musi e St. Uermaiu. I»« Mortillft, " .AlliedPivhisEiriiuJe," fig. l.V-1. Η mlur il si»?. Fig. 155. r.REEK VASE, OÏÎÎOCHOÉ, WITH 7 WO PAJMED SWASTIKAS. l>e Al.rtillel, "Alisie Pnhi l..n.|ne," Hg. 1«J. ^ natural aize. but to try to make the Swastika in a continuous or extended band or line (fig. 20), similar to the Greek fret. Pigs. Ì33 and 134, from Xaukratis, afford palpable evidence of the different origin of the .Swastika and the Greek fret. Evidently Gre cian vases, though found in Egypt, these specimens bear side by side examples of the· fret and the Swastika used contemporaneously, and ^ Λί. Tig. ISO. rrpRIAN VASE WITH SWASTIKAS ANII FIGUUt. OF ANIMAL.1 te nub, "Cj [inibita Auuent CÎIÎCT, T..nil% in.l Trmnks," pi. 45. UK. 36. Fig. 157. UlCHAIC ΠΠΕΕΚ POTTEHV ΡΙΪΛΟΛΙΕ.ΝΤ. Saiiliirin, Ancii'iit Them. M'itln«. "Cm-unii: \,tm li.-ιιι.,ι,· \»ei,"pl.4', fig.". bolli of them complete and perfect. If one had beeu parent of the other, they would have belonged to different generations and would not have appeared .simultaneously on the same specimen. Another illustration of simultaneous use is in fig. 194, which represents an Etruscan vase3 ornameuted with bron/e nail heads in the form of 1 See p. 7D5. 2Matériaux jioiir l'Histoire Primitivi· et Naturelle de l'IIoiiiuie. xviir, p. ]4. 844 liEPOUT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 189-1. Swastikas, but associated with ic is the design of the Greek fret, shoe ing them to be of contemporaneous use, and theretore not, as Professor Fig. 158. CYPBIAN VASE WITH LOTUS AND SWASTIKAS AND FIGURE Off BIRD. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Grtodyeir, " Grammar of IKe L< tua, t.l. fii», fitf. 15. Goodyear believes, an evolution of one from the other. The specimen is iu the Museum at Este, Italy. Fi«. 159. CYPRIAN VASE WITH TWO SW \STIKAS. Ceanolu Collection, Metropoli hin Museum of Art, Au Gnndy ar, " fìrimin ir of the Lotus," fig. lai. York City. The Greek fret has been iu common use in all ages and all countries adopting the Grecian civilization. Equally in all ages and countries has THE SWASTIKA. 845 FRAGMENT OF TERR Λ. COTTA \ ASE WnHSW\SriKAS, FRUM RUINS OP TEMPLE AT PALEO-PAPHOS. Depth, 40 feet. t · noia, "Cjpriis, itsAnckut Citi*? , Intuii, and Tempi -.," p. 210. appeared the crossed lines which have been employed by every architect and decorator, most or many of whom had no knowledge of the Swastika, either as an ornament or as a symbol.1 SicastiÌM in panels.—Professor Goodyear, in another place,2 argues in a m aim er wh ich tacitly admits the foregoing proposition, where, in his endeavor to establish the true home of the Swastika to be in the Greek geometric style, lie says we should seek it where it ap pears in "the largest dimension'' and in '' the most prominent way." In verification of this declaration, he says that in this style the Swastika systematically ap pears iu panels ex clusively assigned to it. Tînt he gives only two illustrations of the Swastika in panels. These have been copied, and are shown in figs. HO and 142. The author has added other speci mens, figs. 141 to 148, from Dennis's "Etra- ria," from "VVaring's "Ceramic Art," and from (Jesnola and Ohnefalsch-liichter. It might be too much to say that these are the only Swastikas in Greece appearing in panels, but it is certain that the great majority of them do not thus appear. There fore, Professor Good- year's theory is not sus tained, for no one will pretend that four speci mens found in panels will form a rule for the great number which did not thus appear. This argument of Professor Goodyear is destructive of his other proposition that the Swastika sign originated by evolution from the meander or Greek fret, for we have seen that the latter was always used in a baud 'Atheuic vases painted by Audokidcs, aliout 525 Ji. C., represent the dress of the goddess, ornamented with Swastika and Croi r awasticaJe. Am. Jonru. Arehiuol., January-March, 189(i, XI, No. 1, (igs. II, 11. =" Grammar of the Lotus," pp. 348, 353. Fig. 181. WOODEN BUTTON, CL\SP, ORFI1ÎULA CO\KIiED WITH I'LVTES ÜE?' GOLD. Ogee Swastika, tetraskelioii iu center. bt'hlleiii uiii, "Alyetn L," fu;. JS5. Fijj. 162. DETAIL OB1 GREEK VASE WITH FIGURE OF GOOSE, HONEYSUCKLE (\NTHEMIU\), AND SPIRAL SWASTIKA. Thera. " Mimumuati lue lite," j >. v, p. 2, anil Tooilye ir, " (.ruminar οι the Lotus," pi. 46, fig. 7. 846 REPORT Of NYTIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. aud never in panels. Although the Swastika and the Greek fi-efc havo a eertaiu similarity of appearance in that they consist of straight lines beut at right angles, and this continued many times, yet the similarity Fi·;. 163. DETAIL Of (IREE.K VASE. vHli sphal scrolls, and two meandri· Swastikas (right). i, Jihrl Mi-li, l^ì. Ml, anil <„m dji ir, the LiiluV' |»1. ,11, (iff. *.. IILTAII. Ob' αΐΙΕΕΚ VVSt. Ibex, scroll, and meander SuaaiiK.i ( "Melns. B-lilnu, Tilirlnch, lv.7, Mi.p.UI, unli!i»l}i ir, of tile 11 lus," fi .>!, fig. >. is more apparent than real; for an analysis of the motifs of both show them to have been essentially different in their use, aiid so in their foundation and origin. — ---——————————————————" ^7"- — · · · ^-~ --JTTIJTJ·— _J •"TTSiïtl'T'J Fig.165. DETAIL OK A (.REEK VASE I\ Tllfc BUI'lIMt Ml'SEUM. 1ί:ιηι, meander Swastika, (left), circlrs, ΛυΚ, aud croaboa. Stlzmum, " Vetropule il Caiiiir«," LI, imi («cutlymr, "(.raniniir tit thr Loi li," pi. '.Ν, tip. 7. ds irithftìin· arms, crossing at right inif/h'x, with cmlx bait to tin· right.—The author has called this the normal Swastika. ICe has been at soin« trouble to gather such Swastikas from Greek va.ses as was THE SWASTIKA. 847 possible, and has divided them according to forms and peculiarities. The first group (figs. 140, 143, lui, 1-17, 118, and 150) shows the normal Swastika, Avith four arms, all bent at right angles and to the light. In the aforesaid division no distinction has been made between specimens from different parts of Greeee aii I the islands of the Greeian Archi- Perntinil rlii[iez, Tig. lOfl. CyPUIAP. VAS6. WITH SWASTIKAS AMD FKiUUEb OF I1IIÌDS. ,"1T liryi-f Art in ΡΙκ an 11 imi C\proh." 11, p. "ι il, li^. '.7; ( iwiJv*"«·, " t rimmir «if Hit· Li lilt,·' 11.4H, f^s. I., 1.; (Vmtila, "Cyprus it« XnrientCitie , T» lull , and Tfinpli-i,''Api nidi < liy ΛϊιίΓην, p. ·!!,>, pi.-M, fi*. '-'I. pelago, and these, with such specimens as have been found in Smyrna, have for this purpose all been treated as Greek. tìitastiktts with four units crns&iny (if riyht angle», ends ln'Ht to the left.— Eigs. 141, 112, 144, 140, 151, 152, 15:5, 154, 150, and 157 represent the normal Swastika with four arms, all bending at righe angles, but to the leff. The vases on which they have been found are. not de scribed as to color or form. It would be dillicnlt to do so cor rectly; besides, these descrip tions are not important in onr study of the Swastika. Ing. 155 represents a vase or pitcher (oinochoë, Greek—orvo;} wine, and χί&>, to pour) with painted Swastika, ends turned to the left. It is in the Museum of St. Geminili, and is figured by 51. DeMortilletin '-Musée Tré- historiqiie.'1' Fig. 150represents a Cyprian vase from Ormidia, <.«.ιΐ™,··<-«ηιη,.Γο£ΐ'«ιπιΐ!1,··ρΐ.4·.,(ΐΒ..ι. in the New York Museum. It is described by Gesuola' and by Perrot and Chipie/.2 Fig. 157 is taken from a fragment of archaie Greek pottery found in Santorin (Ancient Them), an island in the 1 "Cyprus, its Ancient Cities, Tomlis, and Temples,"pi.40, fig. 3o. ··"' History of Art in I'liejiirm «ml Cyprus," ji, p. 302, fig. 230. Fig. 1G7. V Λ'ΑΚΙ. Λ\ΊΤΗ LOIT.S, lìOSSCb, HLTItS, Si:PALs, ΑΝΙί DIFFERENT SWVSTIKAS. ii C«lle<'tion, Aletrojiolitau Aliisenm itl'Art, ΝΟΛΛΓ Vork (Jily. 848 Greek REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1H91. ciaiis, afterwards Archipelago. This island was first inhabited by the Pheni- by the (! recks, a colony of whom founded Gyrene in Africa. This specimen is cited by Eochette and figured by Waring.1 Micastikas with four arms crossing at other than, ri(jht angles, the ends ogee anrl to the left.—Figs. 158, 15!), and 1(50 show Swastikas with four __ ______ arms crossing at other than right angles, many of them Fig. ICS. CYPRIAN V \SE WITH BOSSES, LOTUS BUDS, AND l»IFFr,HE>T Cesimi«, CollLrtion, "Metropolitan Museum uf \rt, New York Citv. ogee, but turned to the left. Fig. 101 is a representation of a wooden button or clasp, much resembling the later gold brooch of Sweden, class ified by Montelins (p. 8P>7), covered with plates of gold, from Sepulcher IY, Mycen:e (Schliemaim, Myeeiia·, fig.3S5, p. 259). The ornament in its center is one of the ogee Swastikas witli four arms (tetraskelion) curved to the I-ooJj •u-.-l.rinmiirofttK.LoU, ," |,1.4x, flu. 1,. left, "ft SllOWS adotîll C.aell of the four angles of the cross similar to the Suavastika of Max ^liiller and the Croie xìrtistìeale of Zuiigrodzki, whic.h Jîurnonf attrib uted to the four nails which fastened the cross Arani (the female principle), while the Prunumlhn (the male), produced, by rotation, the holy lire from the sacred cross. An almost exact reproduction of this Swastika will be found on the shield of the Pirna Indians of Xew "\Iexico (fig. 258). Dr. Schliemauii reports that the Swastika in its spiral form is rep resented innumerable times in the sculptured ceiling of the Thalamos in the treasury at Orchomeuos. (See figs. 21 and 25.) Ilo also reports2 that Swastikas (turned both ways) may be seen in theBoyalAInseum at Beri i n incised on a balustrade relief of the hall which surrounded the temple of Athene at Pergamos. Fig. 1(52 repre sents a spiral Swastika with four arms crossing at right angles, the ends all turned to the left and each one forming a spiral. 1 " Cer:iniic Art in Keuiote Ages," jil. Ί2, fig. 2. - "Troja,"' p. 123. Kg. 1G9. DETAIL· OF EARLY BOEOTIAN ΛΆ*Έ. iguro of Iiorsr, sol;ir diagram, Artemis with geeae, ami Swastikas (normal and meaiiiler, right -lud left). iîrainmar of tile ] ηΙιη,'Ί,Ι. Γ·1, tìg. li. y u THE SWASTIKA. 849 Waring1 figures and describes a Grecian oinochoe from Gamirus, Rhodes, dating, as he says, from 700 to 500 B. G., ou which is a baud of decoration similar to fig. 130. It is about 10 inches high, of cream color, with ornamentation of dark brown. Two ibexes follow each other with an ogee spiral Swastika between the forelegs of one. Meander pattern, tritìi ends bent to rit/ht and left.—Figs. 1(!3, 104, and l(!5 show the Swastika in meander pattern. Fig. 103 shows two Swas tikas, the arms of both bent to the light, one six, the other nine times. The Swastika shown in fig. 1C4 is bent to the right eight times. That shown in fig. 105 bends to the left eight times. Kicuxtikas of different kinds on 1he mime object.— The next group (figs. 107 to 170) is of importance ' * r.viti.sh Sliiseum. in that it represents ob- v™„ff,"~>1), ou which is repre sented an arrowhead, stemmed, barbed, and suspended by its points between the Swastika.3 Ur. Max Ohnefalsch-Kichter presented il paper before the Société : \nother 1'hodian vase, similar iu style-, with Swastikas, is shown in the "firammar of the Lotus," pi. 37, fig. 4. -Matériaux pour l'Histoiro l'rimitive ut Naturelle de l'Homme, 1881, χνι,ρ. 416 THE SWASTIKA. 851 d'Anthropologie in Taris, December fi, 188S, reported in the lînlletin of that year (pp. G(JS-(j81). It was entitled "La Croix gammée et hi Croix cantonnée en Chypre." (The Croie gammée is the Swastika, while the Croir cantonnée ih the cross with dots, the Groi.r sii-asticale of Zmigrod/ki.) In tli i s paper the author descri bes his Unding the Swastika dur ing his excavations into pre historic Cyprus. On the first page of his paper the follow ing statement appears : The Swastika, comes from India as an oruaiiicnt in form of a, cono (conique) of metal, gold, silver, or bronzo gilt, worn on the ears (BOO G. I-errot: "Histoire de l'Art," ni, p. 56^ et fig. 384), andnose-ringa (see S. lïeinach : '·' Chronique d'Orient," 3L' série, t. IV, 1886). I was the flrst to make known tho nose-ring -worn l>y the god dess Aphrodite-Aatarte, even at Cyprus. In the Indies the women still wear these ornaments in their nostril» und ears,. The felhthia of Egypt also wear similar jewelry ; but as Egyptian art gives us no example of the usage of these ornamentali! Fig. 17Ü. IJKTAIL OF GREKK VVSL. LVrr, solar diagrams, and tliieo Swastikas (single, duuble, and meaudi-r, right). Sit-ins. i-iiz^1, " Melios<:W Thongf Fi ι·," -mil Ttxidye Γ, " (ir^uioiar of thtì Lf Ills," pi. m, Ά·. s. Fig. 171. ARCHAIC UltEEK V*SE WITH FIVK SWASTIK*S OF Fora DIFFERENT lOttMS. Atbens. liin-h, "Hi (oryof Aai'ent Poltery," quoU^ l.y Wariug iu " Cjram'c Art m Rt-mot« Αίί»-ΐ,"μ|.41, fig. 15; ] feuii'n, " 1 he fitto aod Cemeteri a of Etruria," r, p. αϊ. antiquity, it ia only from the Indies that tlio Pheniciaus could h:ivo borrowed them. The nose-ring is unknown in tho iiiitiqnity <>f all t-oiintries whioli surrounded the island of Cyprus. The first pages of his memoir are employed iu demonstrating that 852 JiEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. the specimens of the Swastika found in Cyprus, the most of which are set forth in this paper (figs. J.77-182), show a Phenician influence; and according to his theory demonstrate their mi gration or importation. He does not specify the evidence on which ho bases his assertion of Phenician influence iu Cyprus, except in one or two par ticulars. Speak ing of the spec imen shown in fig. 177 of the p resent paper, It represents the sacred palm under which Apollo, the god of light, was horn. " * * At Cyprus tho palm did not appear Serpent^ cro^es^and Swastikas ouly wltu the pbo. nicianti ; it was not known prior to th:it time (p. ύ'71). The design shown in fig. 178 he de scribes as representing two birds in the attitude of adoration before a Swastika, all being figured ou a Greek cup of the style Bipylou.1 Dr. Ohuefalseh-liichter adds: Fig. 175. DETAIL Of ARCHAIC I1ŒOTIAV TASF. (normal, right, lel't, rmd mean der). trondy -»r, " (Grammar of the Lolita/ ' jil. · i·, fi-. 9. Fig J7G 5ICAI.E A".D TWO JfOJflS OF SW VBTIKAS. Olmefalsch R chkr, Jìull. Soc. d'Aolhrop., Pana, 1SM, p. 67.!, flg. 4. L On tho vases of Uipjloii the Swastikas are generally transformed into other oruii- meuts, mostly meanders. But this is not the rulo in Cyprus. Tho Swastika/ disappeared from there as it came, iu its sacred form, with the Hiciiician influence, with the Fhenician inscriptions on the vases, with tho coucontric cireles without centrili points or tangents. lie says2 that the Swastika as well as the ''Croix eantouuce" (with points or dots), while possibly not always the equivalent of the solar disk, zigzag lightning, or the double hatchet, yet are employed together and are given the same signification, and frequently replace each other. It is his opinion3 that the Swastika in Cyprus had nearly Fig.177. DETUL OF CYPRIAN VVSE. Swiatikag Λ\ itli palm tree, sacred to Apollo. Ciiium, Cyprus. OhneEtLlKh R clil r, Boll. Soc. d'Authniii., ΓΙΓ" , iw. ,,. 673, fig. 3. "G. Hirsehfield, "Vasi arehaici Ateniesi," Annali dell' Institute di eorrispondeuza archieologica, 1872, Tav. rt'Ag. K. fi, Γ>2. 2 Bull. Soc. d'Authrop., Paris, 1»S8, i>p. G74-(i7.~i. 3 Ibid., p. 615. SAVASTIKA. 8Γ)3 Pig. 178. CYPRIAN VAriE ΛΥΊΤΗ riGlORES OF tlIRDr> \ND SWASTIKA IN Γ XNF.L. Alust-e St. Germain. Ohi .·ίιΚ·1ι Rii-hti r. Bill. Soc. d'\ nthrn[.., Tir', 1^6S, II. Ü74, fig. ö. always a signification more or less religions, although it may have been used as an ornament to fill empty spaces. His interpretation of the Swastika in Cyprus is that it will signify tour à tour the storm, the light ning, the sun, the light, the seasons— sometimes one, sometimes another of these significations—and that its form lends itself easily (finalement) to the solar disk, to the fire wheel, and to the sun chariot. In. support of this, he cites a figure (fig. 179) taken from Gesnola,1 in which the wheels of the chariot are decorated with four Swas tikas displayed in each of the four quarters. The chief personage on the car he identifies as tho god of Apollo-liesef, and the decoration on his shield represents the solar disk. He is at once the god of war and also the god of light, which identifies him with Helios. The other personage is Herakles- Meeqiiars, the righthand of Apollo, both of them heroes of the sun. The su preme god dess of the Isle of Cyprus was Aphrod ite-Astarte,2 whose presence with a prepon derating Phenician in fluence can be traced back to the period of the age of iron, her images bearing signs of the Swastika, being, accord ing to Dr. Ohucfalseh- Bichter, foun d i n Cyprus. In fig. ISO the statue of this goddess is shown, which he says was fomwl by himself in ISSI at Curium. It bears four Swastikas, two 011 the shoulders and two on the forearms. Fig. 181 represents a centaur found by him at the same time, on the right arm of which is a Swastika painted in black, as in the foregoing statue. Fig. 170. CHAHTOT OF APOI.LO-RESEF. Snn fljmbol(?) on iliield and four Swastikas (two right and two left) on qnadranta of eliiriot wheels. (•«mill i, " Siliminio," p. «0, fig. 2"«, and Olmehlich-Ri.-hCer, unii. Sue. d'Anthrop-, Tiri», 1VW, p. (,75, fig. 7. Fig.180. TEBRA-COTTA STATUE OF THE r.ilTtDCiS APHRODITE- \ST VR FU ΛΛ Π1Ι FOUR &WAS1IKA8. 3 Curium, Cyprus. O'liif fal-wh-Richtcr, Boll. S«·. d'Antlirtip., Par'3, l^s, p. G7G, fig. 8. Fig. 181. CVPR1VN CENTAUR WITH ONE SWASTIKA. CVsnoli, " Saliminia," p. 243, fig. 231); OhtiLf ilach-Richter, Bull. S«·. d'An- Ihrop-, Par'a, 1838, p. b7fi, fi", t. 1 "Palaiiiiiiia," p. 240, lig. 2ÜU. 2 Aphrodite I'lienieian Ashtorctli, At>t:irte Babylonian Ishtar. 3 See p. 773. M54 REPORT Ob1 NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. THE SWASTIKA. 855 Λ\ν, lia vu found, in the course of this paper, many statues of human figures bearing th<· mark of the Swastika ou some portion of their gar ments. Λ1. Ohnefalsch-lîiehter, ou page 077, gives the following expla nation thereof: It appears to mo that the priests aud priestesses, also the boys wbo performed the services in the sacred places, were iu the habit of burning or tattooiug Swastikas iipou their arms. * " * In 1883, among thp votive offerings found in one of thn sacred places dedicated to Aphrodite-Astoret, near Idalium, vas a stone statuette, representing the young Adonis Kinyras in a, squatting posture, with tlie Swastika tattooed or painted iu red color upon his naked .arm. And, says Jïichter, when, later on, the custom of tattooing had disappeared, they placed the Swastika on the sacerdotal garments. lie has found in n Greek tomb in 1885, near Polistis Chrysokon, two statuettes representing female dancers iu tho service of Aphrodite-Ariadne, one of which (flg. 1S2) bore six or more Swastikas. In other cases, says he (p. 678), the Croi.r cuntonnec (the Groija sicnsticitie of Zmigrodzki) replaced the Swastika on the gar ments, and he cites the statue of Hercules strangling the lion iu the presence of Athena, whose robe is ornamented with the Croix cantonnée. ]Ie repeats that the two signs of the cross represent the idea of light, smi, sacrifice, rain, storm, and the seasons. EUROPE. Fig. 182. OltEKK STVTUE OF APH RODITE- AR1ADXE. Six Sn-a.stikils (four right »nil tfl o It-It). Pnlistis Clirysukou. Ohnefila h Richly·, R ill. S.*·, d'\nthrop-, l'-irn, Issa, |i. n", (i0·. in. 1ÎRON/E A« 15. Prehistoric archaeologists claim that bronze was introduced into Europe in prehistoric times from the extreme Orient. The tin mines of the peninsula of Burma and Siam, with their extension into China on the north, Malacca- and the islands of the archipelago on the south, are known to have been worked iu extremely ancient times and are believed to have furnished the tin for the first making of bronze. The latter may not be susceptible of proof, but everything is consistent therewith. After it became known that copper and tin would make bronze, the discovery of tin would be greatly extended, aud in the course of time the tin mines of Spain, Britain, and Germany might be opened. A hundred and more prehistoric bronze foundries have been discovered in western Europe and tens of thousands of prehistoric bronze implements. If bronze came originally from the extreme Orient, and the Swastika belonged there also, and as objects of bronze belonging to prehistoric times aud showing connection with the Orient, like the tiutinuabulum (ûg. 29) have been found in the Swiss lake dwellings of prehistoric times, it is a fair inference that the Swastika mark found on the same objects came also from the Orient. This inference is strengthened by the manufacture and continuous use of the Swastika on both bronze and pottery, until it practically covered, and is to be found over, all Europe wherever the culture of bronze pre vailed. Nearly all varieties of the Swastika came into use during the lîronze Age. The objects on which it was placed may have been different in different localities, and so also another variety of form may have prevailed in a given locality; but, subject to these exceptions, the Swastika came into general use throughout the countries wherein the Bronze Age prevailed. As we have seen, on the hill of Hissarlik the Swastika is found principally on the spindle-whorl; in Greece and Cyprus, on the pottery vases; in Germany, on the ceintures of bronze; in Scandinavia, on weapons and on toilet and dress ornaments. In Scotland and Ireland it was mostly on sculptured stones, which are many times themselves ancient Celtic crosses. In England, France, ai.d Etruria, the Swastika appears on small bronze ornaments, piinci- pally fibuhe. Different forms of the Swastika, i. e., those to the right, left, square, ogee, curved, spiral and meander, triskelion and tetraske- liou, have been found on the same object, thereby showing their inter relationship. ISTo distinction is apparent between the arms bent to the right or to the left. This difference, noted by Prof. Max Müller, seems to fail altogether. Greg says :1 About 500 to 600 lì. C., the fylfot, (Swastika) curiously enough begins to dis appear as a favorite device of early (îreek art, and is rarely, if ever, seen im the regular Etruscan vase. This indicates that the period of the use of the Swastika during the Bronze Age in Europe lay back of the period of its disappearance iu the time of early Greek art, and that it was of higher antiquity than would otherwise be suspected. Dr. Max Ohnefalsch-liichter says :2 The Swastika makes absolute default in Cyprus during all the age of bronze ;md in all its separate divisions according a& the vases were decorated with intaglio or relief, or were painted. FA-rurla and Italy.—The Etruscans were a prehistoric people. The country was occupied during the two ages of stone, Paleolithic and Keolithic, and during the Bronze Age. The Etruscans were probably the descendants of the Bronze Age people. Tho longest continued geographical discussion the world has heard was as to icho icere the Etruscans, and whence or by iriirit route did they come to their country ? It was opened by Herodotus and Dionysius Halicarnassns in the fourth century B. C.; while Dr. Brinton and the late President AVelling have made the latest contributions thereto. The culture of the Etruscans 1 Vrchaîologia, χι,νιπ, pt. 2, p. 305. 2 Bull. Soc. d'Anthvop., Paris, 1888, p. 07!·. 856 lìEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. was somewhat similar to that of the Bronze Age peoples, aud many of the implements had great resemblance, but Avith sufficient divergence to mark the difference between them. There Avere different stages of culture among the Etruscans, as can be easily and certainly determined from their tombs, modes of burial, pottery, etc. The SAvastika appears to have been employed in all these epochs or stages. It was undoubtedly used during the Bronze Age, and in Italy it continued throughout the Etruscan and into the Roman and Christian periods. While it may be doubtful if any specimen of Swastika can be identi fied as having belonged to the Xeolithic Age, in Europe, there can be no doubt that it was in common use during the Bronze Age. Professor Goodyear gives it as his opinion, and in this he may be correct, that the earliest specimens of Swastika of which identification can be made are 011 the hut urns of central Italy. These have been considered as belonging definitely to the Bronze Age in that country. Fig. 1S,3 is a representation of .one of these hut urns. It shows upon its roof several specimens of Swastika, as will be apparent from examina tion. There are other figures, . incised aud in relief. One of f/: '-''ti'· them is the celebrated "burn ing altar·'' mark of Dr. Schlie- maun. This specimen was found in the Via Appia near Boine, and is exhibited in the Vatican Museum. Similar specimens have been found in other parts of Etrnria. The author saw in the Municipal Museum at C'ornerò many of them, which had been exca vated from the neighboring cemeteiy of the prehistoric city of Corneto-Tarquinii. They were of pottery, but made as if to represent rude huts of skin, stretched on cross poles, in general appear ance not unlike the cane and rush conical cabins used to this day by the peasants around liome. They belonged to the Bronze Age, and ante dated the Etruscan civilization. This was demonstrated by the finds at Corneto-Tarquinii. Tombs to the number of about .">00, containing them, Avere found, mostly in 1880-81, at a lower level than, and were superseded by, the Etruscan tombs. They contained the Aveapons, tools, and ornaments peculiar to the Bronze Age—swords, hatchets, pins, fibulte, bronze and pottery vases, etc., the characteristics of which Kg. 183. HIT UÜ.M IN 1I1K VATICAN MUSEI T. "Burning iillnr" mark aasuciati.il with Swastika«. Klruria (liionzt Age). TI1K SWASTIKA. 857 were different from Etruscan objects of similar purpose, so they could be satisfactorily identified and segregated. The hut urns Avere recep tacles for the ashes of the cremated dead, which, undisturbed, are to be seen in the museum. The vases forming part of this grave furni ture bore the Swastika mark ; three have two Swastikas, one three, one four, and another no less than eight. Dennis figures a hut urn from Alba, Longa,1 and another from the Alban Mount.2 He says (note 1) : Tlioso reinark:il)lo urns vero fiist fouiul in 1ΚΓ7 at Moutocucuo, near Marino, and at Monte C'reseenzio, near the Lago «lo Castello, beneath a stratum of pipcriiio (tufa) 18 inches tliirk. They (vero embedded in a yellowish voleauii· iisli and rested ou a lower and earlier stratum of peptrino.* Curiously enough, the three or four pronged mark, called " burning altar" by Dr. Schliemann, is on both hut urns in Dennis's "Cities and Cemeteries of Etrnria." J>r. Schliemann argues strongly iu favor of the relationship between Swastika and the "burning altar'1 sign, but assigns no other reason than the similarity of the marks on the two objects. He appears unable, in "Ilios," to cite any instance of the Swastika being found on the hut urns in connection with the " burning altar" sign, but he mentions the Swastika five times repeated on one of the hut urns in the Etruscan collection in the museum of the Vati can at Itome.4 The photograph of the hut urn from tho Vatican (fig. 183) supplies the missing link in Schliemann's evidence. The roof of the hut urn bears the " burning· altar" mark (if it be a burning altar, as claimed), which is in high relief (as it is in the Dennis specimens), and was Avrought in the clay by the mokier when the hut was made. Such of the other portions of the roof as are in sight shoAV sundry incised lines Avhich, being deciphered, are found to be Swastikas or parts of them. The parallelogram in the front contains a cross and has the appearance of a labyrinth, but it is not. The other signs or marks, however, represent Swastikas, either in whole or in parr. This speci men completes the proof cited by Schliemann, and associates the Swastika with the "burning altar" sign in the Etruscan country, as well as on the hill of ITissarlik and in other localities. .Dennis supposes the earliest Etruscan vases, called by many different names, to date from the twelfth century B. C. to 540 1'.. G.,s the latter being the epoch of Theodores of Samos, Avhose improvements marked au epoch in the culture of the country. He says: These vases -were adorned with annular bauds, zigzag, waves, meanders, con- eentrie circles, hatched linea, Swastikas, and other geometric patterns. "'Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria," i, p. 09. 2Ibid., u, p. 457. 3 Annali dell' Institute, Koine, 1871, pp. 239-27!); Linlletiuo Institnto, Koine, 1S71, pp. 31-5:2; Pigorhii ami Sir John Lubboi-k, "îsotes ou Hut Urns and other objects from AFarino," London, 1SGλ; Vin-how, "Dio Iliitteunnu-ii \ou Marino," Berlin, 1!«83. <"Tro.ja,"p. 122. 5"Cities and Cemeteries of Ktrnria,'' I, p. Ixxxix. 858 HJiPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18'Ji. Kg. 184. OP ARL'HAIÜ GHEKK ΙΌΊ 1 KIEV WITH ΤΗ HEB S\V \bTIKAS. Cuma·, Itily. " ferainiu Art in Remote A(Fe-i," ill. 4·', htf. 1. A fragment of Archaic Greek pottery is reported by Rochette from the necropolis of C n in a;, in the campagna of Italy, and is shown in fig. 184. liochette reports it as an exam ple of a very early period, believed by him to have been Phenician. When we consider the rarity of Phenician pottery in Italy compai'ed with the great amouut ot Greek pottery found there, and that the Phcuicians are not known to liave employed the Swas tika, this, combined with the difficulty of determining tlio place of origin of such a fragment, renders it more likely to have been Greek than Phenician. A reason apparently moving liochette to this decision was the zigzag orna mentation, which he translated to be a Pheniciau sigu for water; but this pattern was used many times and in many places without having any such meaning, and is no proof of his proposition. Figs. 18.1 and ISO represent the oiie- handled cinerary urns peculiar to the Brou/e Age in Italy. They are be lieved to have been contemporaneous with or immediately succeeding the hut urns just shown. T h e cinerary urn shown in fig. ISj was fouud at Marino, near Albaiio, iu the same lo cality and un der the same condition a s the hut urns. The original is in the Vatican Museum and was figured by Pigoriui iu "Archœologia/' 1SGÎ). Fig. ISfi shows a oue-handled urn of pottery cervi-tri, itaiy. with swastika (left) in intaglio, placed in a "Conef-tabiia due Dischi in Itronzo," t.l. 5, \ ' Oil %- 2- baud of incised squares around the body of the vessel below the shoulder. A small though good example of Etruscan work is shown in the gold fibula (fig. 187). It is ornamented on the outside with the fine gold filigree work peculiar Fig. 186. CINEU 1ΚΓ URK WIT H SWASTIKAS INC'LOSED J1Ï INCISED LIXKB IV LMAGLIO. Fig. 185. ' UKN WITH M\ AS11KAS Ili PANELS. Sau Marino, near Albaiio, Italy. Vatu'iii Museum. THE SWASTIKA. 859 Fig. 137. <.UI.I> FIBLLAWTTH SWASTIKAS (LEFT). Ktrusrin Museum, Yaticau. Cat ilo^ue «if the rtruacau Mu euiii,[irt l.jil. > ,fi '.Γ,, % naturili aiztt. Fig. 188. Vi HOLD 1ΙΓΓ.Ι.Α WITH SWASTIKA ON BOTTO'1. Wiring, " Ceramic Art ία Re mote Agei," pi. 4Ϊ, fi_'. 4,t. to the best Etruscan art. On the inside are two Swastikas. It is iu the Vatican Museum of Etruscan antiquities. Fig. 188 represents another specimen of Etruscan gold filigree work with a circle and Swastika. It is a "bulla," an ornament said to indicate the rank of the wearer among the Etruscan people. It is deco rated with a circle and Swastika inside. Thefigurei.staken from "L'Art pour Tous," and is reproduced by Waring. An ornamental Swastika (fig. IS») is found on a silver bowl from Cervetri (Giere), Etruria. It is furnished by Grifi, and reproduced by Waring. This specimen is to be remarked as having a small outward llourish from the extreme end of each arm, somewhat similar to that made by the Jains (ûg. 33), or on the ''Tablet of honor"' of Chinese porcelain (fig. 31). Fig. 390 shows an Etruscan bronze fibula with two Swastikas and two Maltese crosses iu the pin shield. It is in the Museum of Copen hagen, and is taken from the report of the Congrès Internationale d'Anthropo logie et d'Archa-ologie Pré historique, C o p e n h a gen, IST."», page 4S(i. This speci men, by its rays or crotch ets around the junction of the pin with the shield, fur nishes the basis of the argument by Goblet d'Al- viella1 that the, Swastika was evolved from the circle and was a symbol of the sun or sun-god. (See p. 785.) Bologna was the site of the lioman city Bououia. and is supposed to have been that of Etruscan Felsina. Its Etruscan cemetery is extensive. Different names have been given to the excava tions, sometimes from the owner of the laud and at other times from the names of excavators. The first cemetery opened was called Villanova. The culture was dînèrent from that of the other parts of Etrnria. By some it is believed to be older, by others younger, than the rest of Etruria. The Swastika is found throughout the entire 1 "La Migration dos Symboles," p. 07. α See p. 78β. Fig.189. ORNAMENTAL SVVAbTIKA ON ETKUSfiAN SILVER BOWL. Cervatri (Cair«), Etruria. Waring, " Ceramic Art in Remale Ag s," pi. 41, fig. Π. Fig. 190. HROX7E rmt'LV WITH TWO SWASTIKAS AND SUPPOSED R\ïs Of SIN.2 Etruria. C'upeiilia^en Museum. Rollet d'Alviella, fis. 11α, De Mc.rlillet, " Μι see Préhistorique," h«. 12b3. ]j natural size. 860 RF.PORT OP NATIONAL MUSTCUM, 1801. Villanova epoch. Fig. 191 shows a pottery vase from the excavation Arnoakli. It is peculiar in shape and decoration, but is typical of tha't epoch. The decoration was by stamps in the clay (intaglio) of a, given subject repeated in the narrow bauds around the body of the vase. Two of these bands were of small Swastikas with the ends all turned to the right. Fig. 19H shows a fragment of pottery from the Felsina necropolis, lîologua, orna mented with a row of Swastikas stamped into the clay in a manner peculiar to the locality. Fig. 193 shows the end view of one of the bobbins from I'ologna, Italy, in the posses sion of Count Goz/adini by whom it was collected. The decoration on the end, as shown by the figure, is the Swastika. The main arms are made up of three parallel lines, which intersect each other at right angles, and which all turn to the right at right angles. The lines are not incised, as is usual, but, like much of the decoration belong ing to this culture, are made by little I'ig. 191. POTTERY ITRN ORNAAIENTED ΛΛ irn suc- CE.<4SHE BANDS IN 1ÄTAGLIO, TWO OK ΛΜ1ΙΓΗ ARK CO ΙΡΟ^ΕΠ OP SWAS TIKAS. JCeoropolia Arnoildi, Jïologiia. Mnaeiun of lìnlogii.i. " ^-AVi Arch iolo,;"i i," vl ., jil. A, fig. "Ï. points consecutively placed, so as to give the appearance of a continuous line. Swastikas turning both ways are on one or both extremities of many terra-cotta cyl inders found in Mie terramare at Coazze, province of Yerona, de posited in the National (Kircheriano) Museum at liome. (See figs. 3SO and .'581 for similar bobbins.) The museum at Este, Italy, contains an elegant pottery vase of large dimensions, represented in fig. 191, the decoration of which is the Greek fret around the neck and the Swastika around the body, done with small nail heads or similar disks inserted in the clay in the forms indicated. This associ.itioii of the Swastika, and the Greek fret on the same object is satisfactory evidence of their contemporaneous existence, and is thus far evidence that the oue was not derived from the other, espe cially as the authorities who claim this derivatiou are at variance as to which was parent and which, child. (See flg. 133.) Λ Swastika of the curious half-spiral form turned to the left, such Fig.192. FR \OMEVT OF POTTERY WITH HOW OF SW VSTIKAS IN INTAGLIO Xecropolc Felsme.i, Italy. Museo Bologna. Kcuzft.]iiii, "Due S^prtleri," eu·., ]·. 7. f. naturi! fare. Fi^. 193. S« V-rlK I =ilfiN ON CLVY BOBB1Ü. Ty]ie Villjtnova, linlogna. Dr Moilillet, " Musée Prihi to- ni|u.," fi^. 1 39. THE SWASTIK4. 861 Fig.194. POTTERY VASÏ3 ORNAMENTED Λ* 1ΪΗ BRONZE NAIL HEADS IN FOE'1 OF «WASTIK V. Eatu, Italy. MaU-riaux pour 1'Hu.toire Pruuiii\e et N>- hirelle de l'Homme, ISSI, p. 1-1. as has been found in Scandinavia and also among the Pueblo Indians of the United States, is in the museum at Este. When in the early ceuturics of the Christian era the Huns made their irruption into Europe, they apparently possessed a knowledge of the Swastika. They settled in certain towns of uortlie.ru Italy, drove off the inhabitants, and occupied the territory for themselves. On the death of Attila and the repulse of the linns and their general return to their native country, many small tribes remained and gradually became assim ilated with the population. They have re mained in northern Italy under the title of Longobards. In this Loiigobardiau civiliza tion or barbarism, whichever we may call it, and in their style of architecture and orna ment, the Swastika found a prominent place, aud is spoken of as Loiigobardian. Itisneedless to multiply citations of the Swas tika in liomaii and Christian times. Ifc would would appear as though the sign had descended from the Etruscans and Samnites aloug the coast a ud h ad continued i 11 use during Roman times. Schliemaun says ' that i fc is found frequently in the wall paintings at Pompeii; even more than a hun dred times in a house in the receutly excavated street of Vesuvius. It may have contested with the Latin cross for the honor of being the Christian cross, for we know that the St. Andrew's cross in couuection with the Greek letter P (flg. ö) did so, and for a 1 mg time stood as the monogram of Christ and M'as the Labarum of Coustautine. All three of these are on the base of the Archi épiscopal chair in the cathedral at Alilan.2 8iciss /a/re duellings.—Figs. 195 and 19G are interesting as giving au insight into the method of making the sign of the Swastika. Fig. 195 shows a fragment of pottery bearing a, stamped intaglio Swastika (right), while fig. 19(» repre sents the stamp, also in pottery, with which the imprint was made. They are figured by Keller,3 and are described on page 339, and by Chantre.4 They were found in the Swiss lake dwelling of Bourget (Savoy) by the Due de Cliaulues, and are credited to his Museum of Chambéry. . i"IUos,"i). 352. 2Thero ίΐΓβ bronze hatcheta from Italy, with Swastikas in intaglio anil in relief, in Mnsce St. (ierniiiin. De Mortillet, "Mnsre I'reliistoriqne," ii»a· 1153, 1154. J" Lake Dwellings," pi. llîl, figa. 3, I. •"'Age du Bronze," pt. '2, tigs. 53-5Γ), p. 195. Fig. 195. FRAGMENT OF POTTERY WITH SWASTIKA bTA"\IPED IN RE LIEF. Fig.190. STA II· FOR "Ί VKINCÌ SWASTIKA SIGN tJN POTTERY. Swiss Like dwelling of Bimrgut, Savoy. Mubt-o do Clianibery. Chaulre, " \ge du Broii7e," figh. M, S5, and Keller, "L-,ke Dwelling* at Eu rope," pi. 161, fig. 3. 862 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. Fig. 197. FRAGMENT OF CEINTURE FROM A TUMULUS IN ALSACE. Thin broTi/e repouaai· witli S\\ a.stikiu) of varioua kiuda. Bronze A^e, Halatattien epoch. De Murlillet, " M is'e Préhistorique/' (ÎR. 115*. (iermany anil Aiiatria.—Fig. 11)7 represents a fragment of ti cein ture of thin bronze of the Ilalstattieii epoch of the P.ronze Age from a tumulus in Alsace. It is made after the style common to that period; the work is repousse ami the design is laid off by diagonal lines which divide the field into loz- euges, wherein the Swas tika is represented in va rious forms, some turned square to the right, others to the left, while oue is in spiral and is turned to the left. Other forms of the cross also appear with dots in or about the corners, which Burnouf associates with the myth of Agni and fire making, aud which Zmigrod/ki calls the Croix sw«s- th-ulc. This specimen is in the collec tion Xessel at Ilagnenan. Another ceinture was found at the same place and is displayed with it. It bears representations of the cross of different forms, one of which might be a Swastika with dotted cross lines, with the arms turned spirally to the left. Fig. 198 represents another fragment of a bronze ceinture from the same country aud belonging to the same epoch. It is from the tumulus of Metzstetten, Wurtemberg, and is in the Museum of Stuttgart. It is not re poussé, but is cut in open work of intricate pattern in which the Swastika is the principal motif. A bronze fibula (fig. 199) is in the museum at Mayence, the body of which has the form of the normal Swastika. The arms are turned to the right and the lower one is broken off. The hinge for the pin was attached at one side or arm of the Swastika and the retaining clasp for the point at the other. Fig. 200 represents a prehistoric sepulchral uni with a large Swastika, the arms being indicated by three parallel lines, after the same manner as the Swastika on the clay bobbin from Fig.198. FRAGMENT OF A CEINTLRE FRO~l THE TUMU- Li S Off ME1ZSTETTEN, Λ\ ÜIITEMBERG. Îliin bronzo open work with intricato Swas tikas. ITalatattieii epoch. Ite MurUllet, " Ml sie Préhistorique," (ig. ΊΛ1, «nil Chinlre, " Le Cauta!»·," li, f. SO, fig. 25. Fig.189. IIROXZE FIBULA, THfc. IIOHY OF WHICH FORMt, A SU' IhTIKA. Alubäum of May- enee. lie Mi rtillit, ' Préhi torique, net. •Mui Fig. 200. SEPULCHRAL· OHN WITH MVibTIKA. North Germany. nay, "Ceramii; Art in Remote Ag ," pi. 1, fig. 94. THE SWASTIKA. 863 Bologna (fig. 10Γ!). It is reported by Lisch and Schröter, though the locality is not given. It is figured by Waring. The form, appearance, and decoration are of the type Villanova, thus identifying it with northern Italy. The Swastika sign is on one of the three pottery vases found on Bishops Island, near Königswalde, on the light bank of the Oder, and on a vase from Reichersdorf, near Guben ; ' on a vase in the county of Lipto, Hungary,2 and on pottery from the Cavern of Barathegy, 11 ungary.3 Fig. 201 represents a spearhead of iron from Brandenburg, North Germany. It bears the mark of the Swastika with the ends turned to the 'left, all being at right angles, the ends ornamented with three dots recalling Zmigrodzki's Croi.e nwasticaìe (figs. 12 and 13). By the side of this Swastika is a triskclion, or three-armed ogee sign, with its ends also dec orated with the same three dots. What relation there is between all these marks or signs and others similar to them, but separated by great distances of both time and space, it would be mere speculation to divine. AI. E. Ghautre reports his investigations in certain Halstattieu cemeteries in Italy and Austria.4 At San Margarethen, on the road between liudolfswerth and Kronan, Ba Fig. 201. SPEARHEAD WITH SÌVASTIKA (CROIK MVAbTIClLE) AMI TRISKEL1ON. Brandenburg, Germany. Wiring, " CYramfc Art in Remote Ae V ]tl. •14, fig. 21, and " Viking \ge,' i, %. 33« . varia, he encountered a group of tumuli. Many objects of the " bel age du bronze" were found; among other«, a bronze p i n (fig.202) with a short stem, but large, square, flat head, was found, with a normal Swastika engraved with small dots, pointillé, such as has been seen in Italy, Austria, and Armenia. llelyium.—The Museum of Xaimir, Belgium, possesses a small object of bone, both points of which have 1 Zeitschrift für Ethnographie, Berlin, 1871 and 1876. 2Coll. Majliitli Bela: Hampcl, "Antiquités Préhistoriques de la Hongrie;" Er/ter- goni, 1877, pi. 20, \o. 3. 3Hainpel, "Catalogue de l'Exposition des Musées des Provinces," Bndapi-.st. 1870, IL 17; tichliemaiin, "Ilios,''p. 352. J Matériaux pour l'Histoire Primitive et \atiuelle de l'Homme, 1S84, pp. 14,120. Fig. 202. BROXZE ΓΙΝ WITH SWASTIKA, POINTILLi:, FROM ÛIOUND IN BAVARIA. Chintre, Matèria is pour l'Ili toire Primitive et Nat urelle le l'Homme, ιφνί, pp. 14, ]oo. 864 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. been broken; its lise is somewhat indeterminable, but it is believed by the curator of that museum and others to have been an arrowhead or spearhead. In form it belongs to Glass A of stemmed implements, is lozenge-shaped, without shoulder or barb. It is a. little more than two inches long, five-eighths of an inch Avide, is flat and thin. On one side it bears two oblique or St. Andrew's crosses scratched in the bone; on the other, a, figure resembling the Swastika. It is not the normal Swas tika, but a, variation therefrom. It is a cross about three-eighths of an inch square. The main stem lines cross each other at right angles; the ends of each of these arms are joined by two incised lines, which gives it the appearance of two turns to the right, but the junction is not well made, for the lines of the, cross extend in every case slightly farther than the bent end. The variation from the normal Swastika consists of the, variation produced by this second line. This object was lately found by M. Dupont, of Brussels, in the prehistoric cavern of Sinsin, near Namnr. Most, or many, of these caverns belong to 1'aleo- lithic times, and one, the Grotte de Spy, has furnished the most cele brated specimens of the skeletons of Paleolithic man. lint the cavern of Sinsiu was determined, from the objects found therein, to belong to the Bronze Age. f!canf7hiarii(.—The. evidences of prehistoric culture have great re semblance throughout Denmark, Sweden, and Norway; so it is believed that during the prehistoric ages their peoples had the same culture, and the countries have been classed together as Scandinavia. A bronze sword is reported by Mr. ( reorge, Stephens ' as having been found at Sa'bo, Norway, with runes and a Swastika inlaid with silver. This specimen (fig. 203) wa^ the subject of discussion before the Inter M THOU H o Fig. 203. ItlTNIO INSCRIPTION CONTAINING A SWASTIKA. Inlaid willi silver nil ίι bronze «word. Saebo, Nnrway. national Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology,2 at Budapest, 187(5. Its runes Avere translated by Stephens, and being read from right to left, "OH ÎHURMUTII," or "owns me Thurmuth." But on the same page he gives another sign for Tim and renders L-p| as Odin or (W)oden. In the discussion before the congress it seems to have been agreed that the sign Ι~Ρ| stood for "blessing," "good luck," or some beneficent charm or benediction. A spearhead has been for 1 "Old Northern Krniie Monuments/' pt. 3, p. 407. 21'roceudinga of the Eighth Session, i, jip. 4Γ>7—IGO. TUP: SWASTIKA. Sfift years displayed in the museum at Toreello, near Venice, Italy, with a Swastika sign (fig. 201«) prominent as an engraved sign.1 Associated with it, but not a part of it, was an inscription (fig. 201 ύ), which has always been attrib uted to the Etrus cans. Mr. I. Undset, an archaeologist in the museum of Chris tiania, made an ex- Kg.»,«.' AK '" BFIg.M6 '"' tended A'isit through SWASTIKA WITH DOTS. RUN«; iNscnirao-i ov SI-BAIIIIEÌU. Italv Ìli 18S3, and Oll Turwllo, Italj. Tum-llo. Iluly. .* ,- . , , Duf hiill i, "Viking A,;,·," I, fig. 3),. seeing th is spearhead recognized the inscription as runic and belonging to Scandinavia. The arms of the Swastika turned to the left, and the ends Avere finished with three dots of the same style as those described employed in the Croixsicnsticale(fig. 12). Figs.205and20G represent articles of dress or toilet, and bear the Swastika. The first shows a red ding comb, the Swastika on which turns to the right. It Avas probably of bone or horn, as are those of modern times. Fig. 20(! shows a brooch, the interior decora tion of which is a combination of Hwan- ' tikas more or less interlaced. It is of bronze and was used as a dress ornament. Fig. 207 shows a large brooch, the. bodies and bar of which are almost covered with the tetraskelion style of Swastika. There are six of the four armed Swas tikas, four of Avhich turn to the left and ÎAVO to the right. Another is a triskeliou, the arms of Avhich turn to the right. Ktf.205. ΗΕηπι\·ι: ΓΟΛΙΒ WITH SWASTIKA. Scamliuaviii. Fig.20«. BRONZB BROOCH OR FIBULV WITH ΟΟΛΙΙΪΙΝΑΤΙΟΝ OF SWASTIKAS. ScaudiDavia. In Scandinavia, more than in other countries the Swastika took the form of a rectangular Ixnl·/ with arms projecting from each corner and bendiug in a spiral form, sometimes to the right, sometimes to the left. 1 Pn Chailln. '·'Viking Age," i, «g. 333. li. M is. 90, pt. 2——.V) 866 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. These are found more frequently on tibnhr or brooches and on swords and scabbards. In fig. 208 is shown a piacque for a ceinture or belt, with a buckle to receive the thong. It contains two ogee Swastikas (tetraskelions). In this and fig. 207 the border and accessory decoration con sist largely of ogee curves, which, here repre sented separate, would, if placed together as a cross, form the same style of Swastika as those mentioned. Figs. 209 and 210 show sword scabbards, with Swastikas turned both ways. Fig. 211 shows two triskelious. Fig. 212 repre sents a gold brooch from a grave at Fyen, re ported by Worsaae and figured by Waring.1 The brooch with ogee Swastika bears inter nal evidence of Scan dinavian workman ship. There are other Swastikas of the same general form and style in distant localities, and this specimen serves to emphasize the extent of possible communication be tween distant peoples in prehistoric times. Fig. 213 represents a piece of horse-gear of bronze, silver plated and ornamented with Swastikas. Two of these are normal, the ends bent at right angles to the left, while the other is faucitully made, the ouly specimen yet fouud of that pattern.'2 It is not seen that these fanciful ad ditions serve any purpose otherthan decoration. They do not appear to have changed the Fig. 207. BHONZÜ. BROOCH WITH SW'AS- lIKAb. Tetraskelious (right and lei I), triakeliim (left). ' Scandinavia. Fig. 208. n,4Cyca tore CEIVTURB., WIIH BUCKLE. Twr»ogeeSwa3tikaa(tetraakelioiisj. Fig. "09. SCANDINAVIAN 1WORD SCAB BARD. Fig.211. SCANDINAVIAN SWOIID SCABBARD. symbolic meaning TwutriakeiioiM,right of the Swastika. and left. -r-i- Λ. , Fig. 21 i represents a sword scabbard belonging to the Viinose find, with a normal Swas tika. Ludwig Müller reproduces a Swastika cross from a runic stone Two ugee Swastikas (tetra- skelione), right ami left. Fig. 210. SCANDINAVIAN SWORD SC\B. BARD. Ogeo Swaatiki. ""Ceramic Art in Remote \ges," pi. 43, fi;*. Π ; "Viking A.ge," ir. lig. 1311; Kngle- hardt, "I/Aueieii Age <1ι· Fer." fig. 28. - On Chaillu, " Vikiug Age," I, tig. 379. THE SWASTIKA. 867 Jaliuil of Fyeii. Warinjr, " Ceramic Art in R mote \RC ," pi, 4Ί, flg. 11. in Sweden. In an ancient church in Denmark, the baptismal font is decorated with Swastikas, showing its use in early Christian times. (See p. S78 for continuation of Swastika on Scandinavian or Danish gold bracteates.) Mr. Paul du Chaillu, in his "Vikiug Age," uieutious many specimens of Scandinavian and Norse antiquities bearing Swastika marks of divers styles: Bronze vessels (vol. 1, p. 100, note 1) ; iron spear point with runes and Swastika inlaid with silver, discovered iu a tumulus with burnt bones, "Muucheburg, fig. 33(5; another of the same, Volhynia, Enssia, fig. 337; pottery vessel containing Fig.212. burnt bones, pointed iron knife, bronze nnw BROOCH WITH OGEE SWASTIKA. needle, and melted glass beads, Bornholm, fig. 210; iron spearhead, Yirnose bog find, (p. 207); border of finely woven silk cloth with gold and silver threads, from a mound (vol. 2, p. 280, fig. 1150). Scotland und Ireland.—Specimens of the Swastika, have been fonnd on the Ogam stones in Scotland and Ireland (p. 797). In the churchyard of Aglish, comity Kerry, Ireland, stand two stones bearing Ogam inscriptions. At the top of one is an ancient Celtic cross inclosed in a circle similar to lig. 7; immediately under it are two Swastika marks of four arms crossing at right angles, each arm bent to the right also at right angles. On two corners of the stone are inscrip tions of the usual Ogam characters. The translation may be given, but seems to be nuimportant and without apparent bearing upon this question. They are somewhat obliterated and their reading difficult. So far as made out, they are as follows: Maqiiuaqa and Apiloggo. Fig. 213. SCANDINAVIAN HORSE-GEAR. Silver plated on bronze. Waring, " CeramV Art in Remate Vge ," pi. 44, fig. Ih ; Du Chaillu, " Viking Age," i, fift. 373. 3-C Fig. 2U. SCANDINAVIAN 3VVOKD SCABBARD WITH NORMAL SWASTIKA. Vimose Ting fimi. In Scotland, the Newton stone, in the grounds of the Newton House, bears au Ogam inscription, the meaning of which has no bearing ιψυιι 868 KEl'OliT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18£!4. Fig. 215. SfULPTVRCU hlONtt. Greek erosa in oiiele, normal Swaatik:i in square, and ogee Swastika in <|uatrefuil. Ireland. THIN the subject, lint on the. upper part of one of its faces appears an inscription, boldly and deeply iueised, of forty-four characters arranged horizontally in six lines. These are of so remarkable a type as to have puzzled every philologist and paleographer who has attempted their decipher ment. The late Alexander Thomson, esq., of 1 ianchory, Scotland, circulated a pho tograph and description of this monument among antiquarians with a re quest for their decipher ment of it. Various readings have been given by the learned gentle men, who have reported it to bo Hebrew, Phenician, Greek, Latin, Aryan, Irish, and Anglo Saxon respectively. Brash1 gives his opinion that the inscription is in debased Koniaii letters of a type frequently fouud iu ancient inscriptions, its peculiarities being much influenced by the hardness of tue stone at the time of cutting and of the sub sequent weather wear of ages. The interest of this monument to us is that the third character in the fourth line is a Swastika. It is iudiaereutly made, the lines do not cross at right an gles, two of the ends are curved, and the two others bent at a wider than right angle. There are four characters in the line closely following each other, (dee p. 797.) The Logic stone, in Aberdeenshire, Scot land, bearing Ogam characters, contains a ligure or mark reported by George M. Atkiuson as a Swastika.3 On the Celtic crosses of Scotland certain marks appear which are elsewhere fouud asso ciated with Swastika, and consequently have some relation therewith. Thu " Animili Stone" bears the mark of a Swastika (left) within three concentric circles, around the outside of which is a circle of dots.3 1 " Ogam Inscribed Monuments," p. 359, pi. xlix. 2lbid., p. 358, pi. xlviii. •'Grog, Archeologia, ΧΙΛ ni, pt. 2, pi. 19, tig. 27. Fig. 21«. fENT BRONZE ] Ogee Swastika. Ireland. Muuro, " Lake D vellmgaoC Europe, 20-11. pi. 1 il, ùge. Fig. 217. FRAGMENT OF T1IIN BRONZE. Triakelion. Inil.mil. Mulini, ·' Lake D veilings of Europe," 3 in an Anglo-Saxon ceme tery at Sleafors, England, excavated by George W. Thomas and sold at Boston; bought by A. W. Franks and given to the British Museum. Grave 1Ί3 had a large cruciform fibula of bronze, partly gilt, similar to those from Scandinavia, with a Swastika on the central ornament thus JV'. The slight curve or flourish on the outer end of the bent arm of this specimen resembles the Jain Swas tika (fig. 33), though this bends to the left, while the Jain Swastikas bend to the right. Fig. 222 shows an Anglo-Saxon bronze gilfc fibula with a peculiar form of Swastika leaving a square with dot and circle in its center. It was found in Long Wittenham, Beikshire, was reported in Archeologia,6 and is figured 1 "L'Autel de Saintes et les triades gauloises," lîevne Arcluuol., 1880, xxxix, p. 313. institut Arrhir-ologiinie Liégeois, x, 1870, p. 10(3, pi. 13. 2t'La Migration des Sjmbolcs," p. 47, lig. 13. 4 Archeologia, L, pr. 2, p. 106, pi. L'3, fig. 7. 6 See lì g. 238. "Arelia-ologia, xxvi. Tig. 222. ANGLO-SAXON BRONZE GILT FIBULA.5 Simulation of Swastika. Long M'ittenhaui, lierk- shire, England. -1 \ by Waring.1 A figure having great similarity to tlite, even in its pe culiarities and called a Swastika, was found ou a shell in Toco Mound, Tennessee (fig. 238). Fig. 223 represents an Anglo-Saxon urn from Shropham, Norfolk. Its decorations consist; of isolated figures like crosses, etc., arranged in horizontal bands around the vessel, and separated by moldings. The lower row consists of Swastikas of small size stamped into the clay and arranged in isolated squares. There are twenty Swastikas in the band; though they all turn to the right, they are not repetitions. They were made by hand and not with tlie stamp. They are white ou a blackish ground. The original, which is in the British Museum, is cited by Kemble and figured by AVariug.3 THE SWASTIKA ON ANOIKNT COINS. Fig. 223. POTTERY t RN. Shropham, Xorfolk, England, lîritiali Musoum. ii!^ "Ceramic \rt in Keimte V ," pi. J, fig. 5H. There has been much ink and imagination used, most of which has been wasted, in the discussion of this branch of this subject. Tho opinion has been expressed by many persons that the triskelion which formed the armorial emblem of the island of Sicily, and also of the Isle of Man, is but an evolu tion from or modification of the Swastika. In the judgment of the author this is based rather upon the similarity of the designs than upon any likeness in their origin and history. The accept ance by modern writers of this theory as a fact Triskelion with three anus IS Only justified flOlU its lepresenting cocks· heads ]Ong-contmued repetition. audncefca. . .· Zrtskehoit, Lycta.—Tho triskelion on ancient coins first appears on the coins of Lycia, in Asia Minor, about B. C/. 480. It was adopted for Sicily by Agathocles, B. 0. 317 to 307. The coins of Lycia were first three cocks' heads and necks joined together equidis tant in the center of the field, as shown in fig. 224, while figs. 225 and 220 bear a center dot and circle. This forms a hub and »axle. Out of this hub spring three arms or rays, practically equidistant, the outer ends being bent to the left. They increase in size as they progress 1 " Ceramic Art in lìomoto Ages," pi. 43, iig. 10. 3Iliid., pi. 3, Iig. 50. 3 See p. 787. Figs. 21!> and ÌÌ20.3 LYCI \N coixs. Trihkeliona with central dots aud circles. \\ iriiig, " Ceranl'u Art m Remote Ages," pi. 4i, figs. 12, 1.1. 872 KEPOItT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1X91. THE SWASTIKA. 873 outward and tire largest at tho outer ends. In fig. 220 there is a mint mark or counter mark of the same design as the triskeliou, except that it has but two arms or rays (diskelion). Pcrrot aud Chipie/.1 speaking of Lycia, say: The device of many of her coins ii the " triskelib " or so-called "triqueira," (liter ally, three-cornered, triangular), a, name derived from three serpents' heads, which usually ligure iu tho field, mui-h sifter the fashion of those supporting tuo famous tripod at Delphi,2 consecrated by the Greeks to Apollo after tho battle of I'lata-a. Tho number of heads is not constant, some eoius having as many as four, " tetras- kelis," while others have but two, "diskelis.'''1 The Greeks connected the symbol with the cult of Apollo, which they represented as very popular and of hoary antiquity in Lycia. The three-rayed design appears to have gained the victory over the others, and came into commoner use. It is found on Assyrian coins, ami also as a countermark on coins of Alexander, B. C. 333 to 323. A comparison of these designs with the Swastika will, it is believed, show their dissimilarity, and the non-existence of relationship. In the Lycian designs, whether with two, three, or four rays, there is a central hub out of which the spokes spring. In the center of the hub is the small circle and dot which might represent the axle on which the machine revolved. In fact, the Lycian design is a fair representation of the modern screw propeller, and gives the idea of a whirling motion. Compare these peculiarities with the Swastika. The Swastika is almost always square, is always a cross at right angles or near it, and whatever may become of the ends or arms of the cross, whether they be left straight, bent at right angles, or in a curve, it still gives the idea of a cross. There is no center except such ns is made by the crossing of the two arms. There is not, as in these triskelions, a central hub. There is no dot or point around which the design or machine could be made to revolve, as in these. Lyciau triskelious; nothing of the central boss, cup, or uave, which forms what the Germans call the "liad- Krcuz,'' wheel cross, as distinguished from the square cross. In this regard («reg says: 1 f ){. ΙΪΓΟΛΛ ii's lunar and Semitic· or Asiatic origin of the triqnetra, however, should be established, then the entire argument of the triquetra being derived from the fylfot, or vice versa, falls to the ground. "* * ** That the device arose out of tho triskele and triquotra I do not think can be proved. It is clear the L-C. was a far older and more v idolj spread symbol than the triskole, as well as a more purely Iryau. one. Waring, explaining the tetraskelion (four-armed), declares it to have preceded the triskelion (three-armed), and he explains its meaning,4 citing Sir Charles Fellows, as being a harpago, a grappling iron, a cant ing sign for Ilarpagus, who conquered Lycia for Cyrus, circa, SCI I!. G. '"History of Vrt in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria, aud Lycia," p.3!)l. - AJI unique cast of this tripod is in the U. 0. National Alusonni, Department of Oriental Antiquities. 3The number of heads may have beon regulated by tho .size of tho coins in ques tion, probably answering to different \ allies. 4 " Ceramic Art in Jicmote \gfs," p. 85. Fig. 227. SICILIAN COIN WITH QUADRIGA AND TElSKb.LION. Britiuh Museum. Barclay II . . »This, with the statement of Perrot and Chipie/ (p. 872 of this paper), is a step in explanation of the adoption of the triskelion, and together they suggest strongly that it had no relation to the Swastika. At the date of the appearance of the triskelion on the Lyciau coins the Swas tika was well known throughout the Trojan peninsula and the Sea, and the difference be tween them was so well rec ognized that one could not possibly have been mistaken for the other. Triskelion, Sicily.—X o w Ì? we pass to the consideration 1 ' of tho triskelion of Sicily. Fig. 227 represents a coin of Sicily. On the obverse the head of Persephone, on Ihe reverse the quadriga, and above, the triskeliou. Other specimens of the same kind, bearing the same triskeliou, are seen in Barclay Head's work on tho " Coinage of Syracuse" and his " Guide to the Ancient Coins iti the British Museum." They belong to the early part of the reign of Agathocles, B. 0.317 to 310. In these specimens the triskelion is quite small; but as the coins belong to the pt riod of the finest engraving and die-sinking of Greece, the representation, however minute, is capable of * decipherment. Fig. 228 is taken from the shield of a warrior on a Greek vase representing Achilles and Hector, in which the armorial emblem of Sicily, the triskelion, occupies the entire field,1 and represents plainly that it is thiee human legs, conjoined at the thigh, bent sharply at the knee, with the foot and toes turned out. Some of these have been represented covered with mail armor aud the foot and leg booted aud spurred. It is evident that these are human legs, aud so were not taken from the screw propeller of Lycia, while they have no possible relation to the crossed arms of the Swastika, and all this despite their simi larity of appearance. This is rendered clearer by Waring,3 where the armorial emblem on a warrior's shield is a single human leg, bent iu the same manner, instead of three. Apropos of Swastikas on warriors' shields, refer ence is made to figs. 257 aud 258, which represent two shields of l'ima Indians, New Mexico, both of which have been in battle and both have the four-armed Swastika or tetraskelion. There is not in the Swastika, nor was there ever, any central part, any hub, any axis, any revolution. It is asserted that originally the triskelion of Sicily, pos- 1 " Ceramic Art in lîenioto Ages," pi. 13, fig. 24. Ibid., pi. 13, lig. 21. Fig. 228. WiRRIOR'S SHIELD. Fruiti a Greek vase, represent ing Auliilles ilud Heetor. Agrigentmn, Sicily. Waring " Cenmic Art ill Remote 4gea," pi. -12, fiK. »1. 874 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 189-t. sibly of Lycia, was n symbol of the sun, morning, midday, and afternoon, respectively. Hut this was purely theoretical and without other foun dation than the imagination of man, and it accordingly gave way in due course. Pliny denies this theory and attributes the origin of the tris kelion of Sicily to the triangular form of the island, ancient Trinacria, which consisted of three large capes equidistant from each other, pointing in their respective directions, the names of which were Pelorus, Pachynus, and Lilyba-ani. This statement, dating to so early a period, accounting for the triskelion emblem of Sicily, is much more reasonable and ought to receive greater credit than that of its devolution from the Swastika, which theory is of later date and has none of these corrobo- rations in its favor. "We should not forget in this argument that the Swastika, in its normal form had been for a long time known in Greece and in the islands and countries about Sicilj-. Among hundreds of patterns of the Swastika belonging to both hemispheres and to all ages, none of them have sought to represent anything else than just what they appear to be, plain marks or lines. There is no likeness between tho plain lines of the Swastika and the bent form of the human leg, with the foot turned outward, incased in chain armor and armed with spurs. Whenever or however the triskelion occurred, by whom it was in vented, what it represented, how it comes to have been perpetuated, is all lost in antiquity and may never be known; but there does not seem to be any reason for believing it to have been an evolution from thu Swastika. Triskelion, Tale of Mnn.—The triskelion of Sicily is also the armorial emblem of the ]sle of Man, and the same contention has been made for it, i. e., that it was a modification of the Swastika. But its migra tion direct from Sicily to the Isle of Man can be traced through the pages of history, and Mr. John Newton,1 citing the Manx Note Book for January, ISSO, has given this history at length, of which the follow ing is a résumé : Prior to the thirteenth century the Isle of Man was under dominion of the Norse Vikings, and its armorial emblems were theirs; usually a ship under full sail. Two charters of Karold, King of Man (1245,124G in the Cotton MSS.), bear seals with this device. Twenty years later, after the conquest of the island by, and its cession to, Alexander III of Scotland, A. D. 120(5, the Norse emblems disappeared entirely, and are replaced by the symbol of the three legs covered with chain armor and without spurs. "It appears then," says Newton, "almost certain, though we possess no literary document recording the fact, that to Alexander ITI of Scotland is due the introduction of the ' Tre Cassyn' as the. distinguishing arms of the Isle of Man." lie then explains how this probably came about: Frederick II (A. 1). 1197-1250), the Norman King of Sicily, married Isabella, the daughter of Henry III of England. 'Athi-iin-iini, No. .Ί385, .Srptrnilier 10, 1892, p. 353. THK SWASTIKA. 875 A quarrel between the King of Sicily and the Pope led the latter to offer the crown to Henry lit of England, who accepted it for his son Edmund (the Hunchback), who thereupon took the title of King of Sicily and quartered the Sicilian arms with the Royal arms of England. The negotiations between Henry and the Pope progressed for several years (1255 to 1259), when Henry, finding that he could no longer make it an excuse· for raising money, allowed it to pass into the limbo of forgotten objects. Alexander III of Scotland had married Margaret, the youngest daughter of Henry III, and thus was brother-in-law to Edmund as well as to Frederick. In 125G, and while these negotiations between Henry and the Pope concerning Sicily were in progress. Alexander visited, at London, his royal fatlier-in-law, the King of England, and his royal brother-in-law, the King of Sicily, and Λ as received with great honors. About that time Haco, the Norse king of tho Isle of Alan, was defeated by Alexander III of Scotland, and killed, soon after which event (12GÜ) the Isle of Man was ceded to the latter. The Norse coat of arms disap peared from the escutcheon of the Isle of Man, and, being replaced by the three legs of Sicily, Mr. Newton inquires: What more likely than that tha King (Alexander III), wheu he struck the Norwe gian flag, should replace it by one bearing tho picturesque and striking devico of Sicily, an island having so many pointa of resemblance with that of Alan, and over which his sister ruled as Queen and her brother had been appointed as King* However little we may know concerning the method of transfer of the coat of arms from Sicily to the Jsle of Man, we are not left at all in doubt as to the fact of its accomplishment; and the triskelion of Sicily became then and has been ever since, and is now, the armorial emblem of the Isle of Man. The Duke of Atkol, the last proprietary of the Isle of Alan, and who, in 1705, sold his rights to the Grown of England, still bears the arms of Man as the fifth quartering, "The three human legs in armor, con joined at the upper part of the thigh and Hexed in triangle, proper garnished," being a perpetuation of the triskelion or triquetmm of The arms of the Islo of Man atford an excellent illustration of the migration of symbols as maintained in the work of Count Goblet d'Alviella: but the attempt made by others to show it to be an evolu tion from and migration of the Swastika is a failure. Punt-h marJcs on Gorintltinn coins mistaken for Swastikas.—But is the Swastika really found on ancient coins.' The use of precious metals as money dates to an unknown time in antiquity. Gold was used in early Bible times (1500 B. G.) among nearly every people as money, but it was by weight as a talent, and not as minted coin. The coinage of money began about 700 B. C. in Lydia. Lydia was a province on the western side of the peninsula of Asia Minor looking out toward Greece, 'Delirett'a " Complote 1'eeriigo of thu United Kingdom of Great liritaiiiiiuil Ireland." 87G REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSKTTM, while Lycia, its neighbor, was a province on the southern side looking toward the island of Rhodes. The Lydians began coinage by stumping •with a punch each ingot or nugget of gold or silver, or a mixture of them called "Electrum." In the beginning these ingots were marked upon but one side, the reverse showing plainly the tiber of the anvil on which the ingot was laid when struck with the punch. But in a short time, it may have been two hundred years, this system ΛΥΠΗ changed so as to use a die which would be reproduced on the coin when it was struck with a punch. The lion, bull, boar, dolphin, and many other figures were employed ah designs for these, dies. Athens used an owl; Corinth, Pegasus; Metapontine, a sheaf of wheat; Naples, a human-headed bull. The head and, occasionally, the entire form of the gods were employed. Daring almost the entire first period of nigh three hundred years the punch was used, and the punch marks show on the reverse side of the coins. These punch marks were as various as the dies for the obverse of the coins, but most of them took a variety of the square, as it would present the greatest surface of resistance to the punch. Even the triskeliou of the Lycian coins is within an indented square (flgs. 225 and 22<>). A series of these punch marks is given for demonstration on pi. 9. A favorite design vas a square punch with a cross of two arms passing through the center, di viding the field into four quar ters. ]\Iost of the punch marks on the coins of that period were of this kind. These punch marks and the method, and machinery with which they were made are described in standard numismatic works.1 It is believed by the author that the assertions as to the presence of the Swastika on these ancient coins is based upon an erroneous inter pretation of these punch marks. Fig. 22i) shows the obverse and reverse of a coin from Corinth. It belonged to the first halt' of the sixth century B. 0. The obverse represents a Pegasus standing, while the reverse is a punch mark, said to have been a Swastika ; bnt, exam ining closely, we will find there is no Swastika, in this punch mark. The arms of the normal Swastika consist of straight lines crossing each other. In this case they do not cross. The design consists of four gam mas, and each gauima is separated from its fellows, all forming together very nearly the same design as hundreds of other punch marks of the same period. If each outer arm of this mark is made slightly longer, the Swastika form disappears and the entire design resolves 1 Snowrten, ""Mint Manual of Coins oi' all dations," Introduci inn, ]ΐυ. ix-xiv; Ack- erman, "Roman Coins," pi. 14. Fig. 229. COIÎINT1IIAX COINS. Oltvorso ami reverse. i mark resembling Swastika. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 9. L 4 7 lü 0 5 8 11 3 (j 9 IS PUNCH MARKS ON REVERSE OF ANCIENT COINS- Fig. 1. COIN OF LYDI\. Electrum. Oblong sinking between two squares. Babylonian stater. The earliest known coinage. Circa 700 B. C. 2. PHKNICI\N~ HALB' STA.TER. Electruni. Incuse .square with cruciform ornament. 3. SILVER COIN op TEOS. Incnsi· square. Circa 544 B. C. 4. SILVER COIN OF ACANTHUS. Incuse square. 5. SILVER Coix OF MENDE. Incu.se triangles. 6. SILVER COIN OF TKHONE. Incuse square. 7. COIN OK ΒΚΛ-LT.E.1 Incuse square. Octadraclnu. 8. SILVER COIN OF OKKFSCUI.' Incuse square. Octadrachm. 9. CORINTHI\N SIL·ΛTER COIN. Incuse square divided into eight triangular compartments. The earliest coin of Corinth, dating B. C. 025 to 585. 10. SILVER COIN OF ABUERA. Incuse square. 11. SILVEK COIN OF BYZANTIUM. Incuse square, granulated. 12. SILVER Coix OF THRÌSOS (THRACE). Incuse square. 1 The Bisalta· anil Orreseii were Turacian tribes who dwelt in the valleys of tlia Stryirrai and the Angite^, to tho north of the Panga?an Range. Report of Natonal Museum, 1894.-Wilson. PLATE 9. PUNCH MARKS ON REVERSE OF ANCIENT CO,NS. THE SWASTIKA. 877 itself into the square habitually employed for that purpose. If the punch mark 011 this Corinthian coin be a Swastika, it depends upou the failure to make the extreme end of the bent arm an eighth of an inch longer. This is too fine a point to be relied upon. If this punch mark had these arms lengthened an eighth of an inch, it would confessedly become a square. titcastiJca on (indent Hindu coins.—It is not to be inferred from this opposition that the Swastika never appeared on ancient coins. It did appear, but seems to have been of a later date and to have belonged farther east among the Iliudns. Fig. 230 shows an ancient (Hindu?) coin reported by Waring, who cites Cuuningham as authority for its having been found at Ujaiu. The design consists of a cross with inde pendent circles on the outer end of each of the four arms, the circles being large enough to intersect each other. The Hold of each of these circles bears a Swastika of normal form. Other coins are cited of the same style, with small center dots and concentric circles in the stead of the Swastika. What meaning the Swastika has here, beyond the possible one of being a lucky penny, ib not suggested. Other ancient Hindu coins bearing the Swastika (figs. 231-234) are attributed to Cimniiigham by Waring.2 These are said by Waring to be Buddhist coins found at Behat near Scharanpur. Mr. E. Thomas, in his article on the "Earliest Indian Coinage,''3 ascribes them to the rig.°no. VNCIFNT IIIVUU COIN IN THE luIOI ΟΓ Λ CKOSS WIIH ASWASTIKl ON THU Ι,ΚΤΚΕΛΙΓΙΥ Of EACH ΑΚΗ.' AVariii,;, "Cerumi«, \rt in IÌL- tnolt: \gea," pi. 41, fi^. 1 . Fig. 232. Fig. yti. Fig- 231. ANCIKNT HINDU COINb WITH ÌsWWTIKVS, NO11MAL· VN1> OI.FE. Wiring, " fer min· \rt lu IVmole XKB ," 11. 41, fiss. ia-'-i. reign of Knuiaiida, a Buddhist Indian king contemporary with or prior to Alexander, about 330 J5. C. The coins of Krauanda,4 contemporary of Alexander the Great,5 bear the Swastika mark, associateli with tho principal Buddhist marks, the trisula, the stupha, sacred tree, sacred cone, etc. Waring says'1 that according to Trinsep's " Engravings of Hindu Coins,'' the Swastika seems to disappear from, them about 200 B. C., nor is it found on the 1 See p. 788. 2 '· Ceramic Arb iu Reunite Ages,'' pi. 41, ligh. 20-23. "Numismatic C'lirou.(now series),iv. 1 "La Migratiou des Symboles," ûgs. 17, 123. "Edward Thomas, Jourii. Royal Vsiatic Soc.(uuw series), ι, ρ. 175. β"Ceramic Art iu Koiiiote Ages,'' ρ. 83. 878 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. THE SWASTIKA. 879 Fig. 235, ΛΝΟΙΕΚΤ COIN WITH eWAbTIKA. Ga/a, Palc&lim·. Waring, "Cerami« \rt in Remote Agfi," pi. 42, fig. fi. IndoBactrian, the Indo-Sassanian, or the later Hindu or subsequent Mohammedan, and lie gives in a note the approximate dates of these dynasties: Early native Buddhist mon arc! is from about 500 B. 0. to the conquest of Alexander, about 330 B. G.; the Indo-Bactriau or Greek .successors of Alexander from about 300 to 12G B. G. ; the Indo-Parthian or Seythic from about 120 B. G. ; the second Hindu dynasty from about 50 B. G.; the Indo-Sassaiiian from A. D. 200 to G3(i, and subsequent to that the Indo-Mohaimnedan from the eleventh to the close of the thirteenth ceutury; the Afghan dynasty from A. D. 1290 to 152G, and the Mongol dynasty to the eighteenth century, when it was destroyed by Nadir Shah. (See p. 772.) Sicaxtika on coin* inMesembria and Gaza.—Mr. Percy Gardner, in his article, "Ares as a Sun-god,"1 finds the Swastika on a coin of Mesembria in Thrace. He ex plains that "Mesembria is simply the Greek word for noon, midday (μεσημβρία)." The coins of this city bear the inscription MES^f^, which Greg2 believes refers by a kind of pun to the name of the city, and so to noon, or the sun or solar light. The answer to this is the same given throughout this paper, that it may be true, but there is 110 evi dence in support of it. Max Müllers argues that this specimen is decisive of the meaning of the sign Swastika. Both these gentlemen place great stress upon the position which the Swastika held in the field relative to other objects, and so deter mine it to have represented the sun or sunlight; but all this seems non sequitur. A coin from Gaza, Palestine, ancient, but date not given, is attrib uted to It. llofhette, and by him to Munter (flg. 235). The Swastika· sign is not perfect, only two anus of the cross being turned, and not all four. Sicfistil'tt on Danish gold bracteates.—Fig. 23(5 represents a Danish gold bracteate with a portrait head, two serpents, and a Swastika with the outer ends finished with a curve or flourish similar to that of the Jains \&g. 33). There are other bracteates with the Swastika marle, which belong to the Scandinavian countries.4 Some of them bear signs referring to Christian civilization, such as raising hands in prayer; and from a determination of the dates afforded by the coins and other objects the Swastika can be identified as having continued into the Christian era. The coinage of the ancient world is not a prolific field for the dis- 1 "\umiijiiatk1 Chron.," pt. i, 188H. Sea p. 78Sof this paper. "Archeologia, xr.viu, pt. n. 1885, p. 30fi. 3Atheii!i-iiin, Aii.mnst20, 1892. J '· Viking Agi·," li, 1\gs. 1307, 1309. Fig. 236. OOLIJ HllACTEATE WITH JAIN SWASTIKA. Denmark. \Vnriii£, "Ceramic Art in R*-mtitd Ag ,"pl. lf fig. 9. covery of the Swastika. Other specimens may possibly be found than those here given. This search is not intended to be exhaustive. Their negative information is, however, valuable. It shows, first, that some of the early stamps or designs on coins which have been claimed as Swastikas were naught but the usual punch marks; secoud, it shows a limited use of the Swastika on the coinage aud that it came to an end in very early times. Numismatics afford great aid to archaeology from the facility and certainty with which it fixes dates. Using the dates furnished by the coinage of antiquity, it is gravely to be questioned whether the prolific uso of the Swastika in Asia· Minor (of which we have such notable examples 011 specimens of pottery from the hill of J lis- sarlik, in Greece) did not terminato before coinage began, or before 480 B. C., when the period of finer engraving began, and it became the custom to employ on coins the figures of gods, of tutelary deities, and of sacred animals. Thus the use of the Swastika became relegated to objects of commoner use, or those having greater relation to supersti tion aud folklore wherein, the possible value of the Swastika as an amulet or sign with power to bring good luck could be better employed ; or, as suggested by Mr. Greg, that the great gods which, according to him, had the Swastika for a symbol, fell into disrepute aud it became changed to represent something else. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. PRE-OOLtniBIAN TIMES. Fains Island and Toco Mounds, Tennessee.—That the Swastika found its way to the Western Hemisphere in prehistoric times can not be doubted. A specimen (fig. 237) was taken by Dr. Edward Palmer in the year 1881 from an ancient mound opened by him on Fains Island, 3 miles from Baiubridge, Jefferson County, Tenu. It is figured and described in the Third Annual Eeport of the Bureau of Ethnology,1 as follows : A shell ornament, ou the convex surface of which a very curious ornamentili design has been engraved. The design, inclosed by a circle, represents a cross such :ia would be formed by two rectangular tablets or slips slit longitudinally :md inter laced at right angles to each other. The lines are neatly and deeply incised. The edge of Iho ornament has been broken away nearly :tll around. The incised lines of this design (fig. 237) represent the Swastika turned to the left (though the description does not recogni/e it as such). It has small circles with dots in the center, a style of -\\ork that may become of peculiar value on further investigation, but not to be con founded with the dots or points in what M. Zmigrodzki calls tlie Croix sicastieale. The mound from which this specimen came, and the objects associated with it, show its antiquity and its manufacture by the abo rigines untainted by contact with the whites. The mound is on the 1 Tagu 430, fig. 110. J, 880 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSKUM, 1894. Fig. 237. SHELL CJOUOET WITH ENOIIAVE1I SWASTIKA, CIRCLES, pottery vase, with a figure of a, frog ; three rude axes from four to east end of Kains Island. It was 10 feet in height and about 100 feet in circumference at tlie base. In the bed of clay 4 feet beneath the surface were found the remains of 32 human skeletons; of these, only 17 skulls could be preserved. There had been no regularity in placing the bodies. The peculiar form of this Swas tika is duplicated by a. JUnuic Swastika in Sweden, cited by Ludwig Müller and by Count d'Alviella.1 Thefollowingobjeetswere found in the mound on Fains Island as sociated with the Swastika shell (fig. 237) and described, and many of them figured :2 A gorget of the same Fulyiir shell (fig. 230); a second gorget of Fultjur shell with an engraved spider (fig. 278); a A.M> DOTS. Fains laliiml, Teimogse«· (··>[. No. 6Î118 U. S. N. V. ~ ' . , ... ., „ ,. seven inches in length, ot diorite and qnartzite; a pierced tablet of slate; a disk of translucent quart/ lj} inches in diameter and three-quarters of an inch in thickness; a mass of pottery, much of it in fragments, and a number of bono implements, including needles and paddle-shaped ob jects. The shell objects (in addition to the disks and gorgets mentioned) were pins made from the coluincllie of Fulgur (lìitsycoit pcrcerxnm?) of the usual form and about four inches in length. There were also found shell beads, cylindrical in form, an inch in length and upward of an inch in diameter, with other beads of various sizes and shapes made from marino shells, and natural specimens of To pinosa, Unioprobalus. The specimen represented in fig. 238 is ENQKAVLD a small shell from the P>ig Toco mound, Monroe County, Tenn., found by Mr. Eminert with skeleton Xo. 49 and is fig. 202, Twelfth Annual lÌeport of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1800-01, page 383, although it is not described. This is a circular disk of Fulijur 'Proc. lîoyal Daui&li Aeail. Soi., .">th ser., Hi, p. 91, fig. a; "La Migration «leb Sym- holes," IL 50, fig. 16. "Third Auu. Kep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1881-82, ]>. 404 et seq., tigs. 139-111. Fj ,.J8 AND DOTS. Tooo Moiniil, Monnto f'ouiity, Tenu. Cat. v«. iirsej, r. s. N. M. Report of National Museum, 1894.—Wiison. PLATE 10. \ ENGRAVED FULGUR (?) SHELL, RESEMBLING STATUE OF BUDDHA. Toco ΛΙουηιΙ. Teniiesst-e. Cat. No. 115560, U. S. N. 31. THB SWASTIKA. 881 shell, much damaged around the edge, li inches in diameter, on which has been engraved a, Swastika. It has a small circle and a dot in the center, around which circle the arms of the Swastika are inter laced. There are also circles and central dots at each turn ι f the four arms. The hatch work in the arc identifies this work with that of other crosses and a triskelion from the same general locality— tigs. 30-', 305, and 306, the former being part of the same find by Mr. Emmert. Fig. 222, a bronze gilt fibula from Berkshire, England, bears a Swastika of the same style as fig. 238 from Tennessee. The circles and central dots of fig. 238 have a similarity to Peruvian ornamenta tion. The form and style, the broad arms, the circles and central dots, the lines of engravings, show such similarity of form and work as mark this specimen as a congener of the Swastika from Fains Island (fig. 237). The other objects found in the mound associated with this Swas tika will be described farther on. There can be no doubt of these figures being the genuine Swastika, and that they were of aboriginal workmanship. Their discovery immediately suggests investigation as to evidences of communication with the Eastern Hemisphere, and naturally the first question would be, Are there any evidences of Buddhism in the Western Hemisphere? When I found, a few days ago, the two before-described representa tions of Swastikas, it was my belief that no reliable trace of Buddha or ilio Buddhist religion had ever been found among the aboriginal or prehistoric Americans. This statement was made, as almost all other statements concerning prehistoric man shmdd be, with reserve, and subject to future discoveries, but without idea that a discovery of evi dence on the subject was so near. In searching the U. S. National Museum for the objects described in the Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology under the title of "Art in Shell among the Ancient Americans," the writer discovered a neglected specimen of a mutilated and damaged shell (pi. 10), marked as shown ou the back, found by Mr. Emmert, au employé of the Bureau of Ethnology, in the year 13S2. Its original field number wati 2(57, Professor Thomas's (5542, the Museum number 115562, and it was found in the Big Toco mound, Mouroe County, Tenu. It is not figured nor mentioned in any of the Bureau reports. It is greatly to be regretted that this shell is so mutilated. In its present condition no one can say positively what it is, whether a statue of Buddha or not; but to all appearances it represents one of the Buddhist divinities. Its material, similar to the hundred others found i» the neighborhood, shows it to have been indigenous, yet parts of its style are different from other aboriginal Sortii American images. Atten tion is called to the slim waist, the winged arms, the crossed legs, the long feet, breadth of toes, the many dots and circles shown over the body, with triple lines of garters or anklets. All these show a, different dress from the ancient Xorth American. The girdle about the waist, and the triangular dress which, with its decorations and arrangement II. Mis. 90, pt. 2——56 882 REP01ÌT OF NATIONAL &1USKUM, 1894. THE SWASTIKA. 883 of dots and circles, cover tlie lower part of the body, are to be remarked. While there are several specimens of aboriginal art from this part of tlie country wliii-h bear these peculiarities of costumes, positions, appear ance, and manner of work, showing them to liavo been in use among a portion of the people, yet they are riot part of the usual art products. There is a manifest difference between this and the ordinary statue of the Indian or of the mound builder Of that neighborhood or epoch. It is not claimed that this shell proves the migration of Buddhism from Asia, nor its presence among North American Indians. " One swallow does not make a summer." Cut this ligure, taken in connec tion with the Swastika, presents a set of circumstances corresponding with that possibility which goes a long distance in forming circum stantial evidence in its favor. M. Gustave d'Eichthal wrote a series of essays in the Eevue Arché ologique, 18l)Jr-(J,">, in which lie collated the evidence and favored the theory oi lìuddhist influence in ancient America. Other writers have taken the same or similar views and have attributed all manner of foreign influence, like the Lost Tribes of Israel, etc., to the Xoith American Indian,1 but all these theories have properly had but slight influence in turning public opinion in their direction. Mr. V. li. Gandhi, in a recent letter to the author, says of this specimen (pi. 10) : While Swastika technically means the cross with the arms bent to the right, later oil it came to signify anything which h:id the form of a cross; for instance, the posture in which a persons sits with his legs crossed is called the Swastika pasture ;J also when a person keeps his arms crosswise over his chest, or a woman covers her breast with her arms crossed, that particular attitude is called the Swastika atti- (ude, which has no connection, however, with tho symbolic meaning of the Swastika with four arms. Tho ligure [pi. 10], a photograph of which you gave me the other day, has tho same Swastika posture. In matters of concentration aud meditation, Swastika posture is oftentimes prescribed, which is also called Sukhasana, mean ing a posture of ease aud comfort. In higher forms of concentration, the posture is changed from Sukhasaua to I'admasana, the posture which is generally found in Jain and Buddhist images. The baud around the waist, which goes from the navel lower on till it reaches the back part, has a peculiar significance in the Jain phi losophy. The Shvetamber division of the Jain community have always this kind of band in their images. The object it, twofold: The first is that tho generative parts ought not to bo visible; the second is that this band is considered a symbol of perfect chastity. There can be no doubt of the authenticity of these objects, nor any suspicion against their having been found as stated in the labels attached. They are in the Ahiseum collection, as are other specimens. They come unheralded and with their peculiar character unknown. They were obtained by excavations made by a competent and reliable investigator who had been engaged iu mound exploration, a regular employé of the Bureau of Ethnology, under the direction of Prof. 'This theory was first announced by Antonio do Alontezinos and published by MVXA^SEH ben ISRAEL· iu Amsterdam, 1636. In Leser Library, Phil., and Cohen Library, lialto. Catalogued by Dr. Cyrus Adler. First English J'.d. by Moses Wall, London : 1051, republisbed by Dr. Grossmaun, Am. Jews' Annual, 1X89, p.H3. 2 Max Müller aud Olinofalsch-lÌichter agree with this. See pp. 772, 773 of this paper. Cyrus Thomas during several years, and always of good reputation aud unblemished integrity. They come with other objects, labeled in the same way aud forming one of a series of numbers among thousands. Its resemblance to Buddhist statues was apparently undiscovered or unrecognized, at least unmentioned, by all those having charge of it, aud in its mutilated condition it was laid away among a score of other specimens of insufficient value to justify notice or publication, and is now brought to light through accident, no one having charge of it recognizing it as being different from any other of the half hundred engraved shells theretofore described. The excavation of Toco mound is described by Professor Thomas in the Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pages 379-384:. We can now be governed only by the record as to tho objects asso ciated with this shell (pi. 10), which shows it .to have been found with skeleton NO. 8, in Big Toco mound, Monroe County, Tenu., while the Swastika of figure 238 was found with skeleton Ko. 49. Toco mound contained flfty-two skeletons, or, rather, it contained buried objects reported as from that many skeletons. .Those reported as with skele ton No. 8 were, iu addition to this gorget: One polished stone hatchet, one stone pipe, aud one bowl with scalloped rim. Toco mound seems to liave been exceedingly rich, having furuished 198 objects of consid erable importance. Association of discovered objects is one of the important means of furnishing evidence in prehistoric archeology. It is deemed of sufficient importance in the present case to note objects from Toco mound associated with the Buddha statue. They are given in list form, segregated by skeletons: Skeleton Ko. 4. Two polished atone hatchets, one discoidal stoni. 5. One polished stone hatchet. 7. Two large seashells. 8. One stone pipe, one polished stone hatchet, one ornamented shell gorget (the Buddha statue, pi. 10), one ornamented bowl, with scalloped rim. !). Two polished stone hatchets. 12. A lot of small shell beads. 13. Four bone implements (one ornamented), one stone pipe, two shell gorgets (one ornamented), one bear tooth. 17. One polished stone hatchet. 18. Two polished stone hatchets, one stone pipe, one boat-shaped bowl (Orna mented), one shell gorget (ornamented), one shell mask, one shell pin, one shell gorget, one bear tooth, lot of shell beads. 22. Two polished stone chisels, one stone disk. 24. One polished stone hatchet. 26. Two polished stone hatchets, one waterworn stone, two hammer stones. 27. One polished stone hatchet. 28. Two polished stoiie hatchets, one ornamented bowl. 31. One polished stone hatchet, one polished stone chisel. 33. Two polished stone hatchets, one two-eared pot, on« small shell gorget, three shell pins, fragments of pottery. 34. Three polished stone hatchets. 36. Une discoidal storie. 884 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. THE SWASTIKA. 885" Skeleton No. 37. One polished stone chisel, one stone pipe, ono shell mask (ornamented). 41. One polished stone hatchet, one stono pipe, pottery vase with ears (orna mented), one shell mask, one shell pin, four arrowheads (two with seriated edgesj, two stone perforators. 43. Lot of shell heads. 49. ( >iie polished stone hatchet, one spade-shaped stone ornament (perforated), one spear-Uead, ono stone pipe, one pottery howl with two hiindles, two shell masks (ornamented), twenty-seven hone needles, two beaver teeth, ono hone implement (raccoon), piece of mica, lot of red paint, two shell gorgets (one ornamented with Swastika, fig. 238), thirty-sis arrow-heads, lot of Hint ehips, fragment of animal jaw and bones, lot of largo shells, one image pot. 51. One shell pin, one shell mask, one arrow-head, two small shell beads. 52. One shell mask, one shell gorget, one shell ornament. These objects are now in the U. S. National Museum and in my department. The list is taken from the oflitnal catalogue, and they number from 11550/5 to 115084. I have had the opportunity of compar ing the. objects with this description and find their general agreement. Dr. Palmer, the finder, was au employé of the Bureau of Ethnology, is a man of the highest character, of great zeal as an archaeologist and naturalist, and has been for many years, and is now, in the employ of the Bureau or Museum, always with satisfaction and confidence. Mr. Euunert was also an employé of the Bureau for many years, and equally reliable. The specimens of shell iu this and several other mouuds, some of which are herein figured, were iu an advanced stage of decay, pitted, discolored, and crumbling, requiring to be handled with the utmost care to prevent disintegration. They were dried by the collector, immersed in a weak solution of glue, and forwarded immediately (in 1885), with other relies from the neighborhood, to the Bureau of Ethnology and National Museum at Washington, where they have remained ever since. There is not the slightest suspicion concerning the genuineness or antiquity of this specimen or of those bearing the Swastika as belong ing to the mound-building epoch in the valley of the Tennessee. Other figures of sufficient similarity to the Swastika have been found among the aborigines of North America to show that these do not stand alone; and there are also other human figures which show a style of work so similar and such resemblance in detail of desigu as to estab lish the practical identity of their art. One of these was a remarkable specimen of engraved shell fomid in the same mound, Fains Island, which contained the first Swastika (fig. 1*37). It i* described in the Second Annual "Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, page 301, under the name of MeMahou's mound. It is a large polished Eulgur shell disk which, when entire, has been nearly 5 inches in diameter (tig. 2'M). A little more than one-third has crumbled away, and the remaining portion has been preserved only by careful handling and immediate immersion in a solution of glue. It had been engraved on the concave side. The design represents two humau figures plumed and winged, armed with eagles1 talons and engaged in mortal combat. The design apparently covered the entire shell, leaving no space for encircling lines. The two figures are in profile and face each other in a fierce onset. Of the right-hand figure, only the body, one arm, and one leg remain. The left-hand figure is almost complete. The outline of the face, one arm, and one foot is all that is alfected. The right hand is raised above the head in the act of brandishing a long knife pointed at both ends. The other combatant, clutching in his right hand a savage-looking Fig. 239. SHELL GOROET. Two nglitm·; figures willi i riangnlar lircecli-clout, garters and anklets, and dots and circi™. Faina Island, Tennessee. Third Annual Rtfport o£ the Bureau o£ Ethnology, p. 452, fig. 1°8. Cal. No. 6«930, U. S. N. M. blade with its point curved, seems delivering a blow in the face of his antagonist. Of the visible portions of the figures, the hands are vigor ously drawn, the thumbs press down upon the outside of the forefingers in a natural effort to tighten the grasp. The body, arms, and legs are well defined and in proper proportion, the joints are correctly placed, the left knee is bent forward, and the foot planted firmly on the ground, while the right is thrown gracefully back against the rim at the left, and the legs terminate iu well-drawn eagles' feet armed with curved 88Π REPORT OK NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. THE SWASTIKA. 887 talons. The head is decorated with a single plume which springs from a, circular ornament placed over the ear; au angular ûgnre extends forward from the base of this plume, and probably represents what is left of the headdress proper. In front of this—on the very edge of the crumbling shell—is one-half of the lozenge-shaped eye, the dot representing the pu pil being almost obliterated. The ankles and legs just be low the knee and the \vrists each have three lines repre senting bracelets or anklets. It is uncertain whether the leg is covered or naked; but between the waistband and the leggings, over the abdo men, is represented ou both figures a highly decorated triangular garment, or, pos sibly coat of mail, to which particular attention is called.1 In the center, at the top, just under the waistband, are four circles with dots in the cen ter arranged in a square; out side of this, still at the top, are two triangular pieces, and outside of them are two more circles and dots ; while the lower part of the trian gle, with certain decorations of incised lines, completes the garment. This decora tion is the sanie on both'flg- ures, and corresponds exactly with the Buddha figure. An ornament is suspended on the breast which shows three more of Ilie circles and dots. The earring is still another. The riglit-hand figure, so far asitcaiibeseeiijisaduplieate of the left, and in the drawing it has, where destroyed, been indicated by dotted lines. It is remarkable that tho peculiar clothiug or decoration of these two figures should be almost an exact reproduction of the Buddha figure (pi. 10). Another 11'f. Chaudi, p. 8H2, of this paper. Fig. 240. COPPER PLATb. Eiitowah Muuud, Georgia. Fif'h A muti Import o£ U H B ireiu of Elhaolosj, fi«. - Cat. fia. 91113, U.S. VÌI. interesting feature of the design is the highly conventionalized wing which fills the space beneath the uplifted arm. This wing is unlike the usual specimens of aboriginal art which have been found in such profusion in that neighborhood. But it is again remarkable that this conventionalized wing and the bracelets, anklets, and garters should correspond in all their peculiarities of construction and design witli the Fig. 241. COPPEIl PLM'b. Iieiiuus-ίΓ· work. Eutownli Moumi, (ieorj;i;[. Cit. "tn.91117, U. s. 'S. ΛΙ. wings on the copper and shell figures from the Etowah mound, Georgia (figs. 240, L'41, and 242)'. Behind the left-hand figure is an ornament resembling the spreading tail of an eagle which, with its feather arrange ment and the detail of their mechanism, correspond to a, high degree with the eagle effigies in repoussé copper (fig. 1Ì4.S) from the monnd in 1 rifth Λ un. Rep. ISnrcaii of EHiuolojtj , 188Ü-81, pp. ί><3-10Γ>, 1'igs. 12,43,45. 88S REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. Report of National Museum, 1894. Wilson. PLATE 11. Union County, 111., shown in the Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (p. 10Γ») and in the Twelfth Annual lieport (p. 309). Jtapctrcll Monuii, C'hillicothe, Ross County, Ohio.—A lutei1 discovery of the Swastika, belonging to the same period and the same general locality—that is, to the ( Hiio Valley—was that of Prof. "\Varren K. Moore- liead, in tlie fall and winter of 1891-92, in his excavations of the Hope- well mound, seven miles northwest of Chillirothc, lioss County, Ohio.1 The locality of this mound is well shown iu Squicr and Da vis's work on the " Monuments of the Mississippi Valley" (pi. 10, p. :.'<>), under the name of "dark's "Works,'' here reproduced as pi. 11. It is the large irregular unnumbered triple mound just within the arc of the circle shown in the center of the plan. The excava tion contemplated the de struction of the moniid by cutting it down to the sur rounding level and scat tering the earth of which, it was made over the sur face; and this was done. Preparatory to this, a. sur vey and ground plan was made (pi. IL'). I assisted at this survey and can vouch for the general cor rectness. The mound was surrounded by parallel lines laid out at right an gles and marked by stakes 50 feet apart. The mound was found to be 530 feet long and ÎÎ50 feet wide. Hquier and Davis reported its height at 3'2 feet, but the excavation of tlie trenches required but 18 and lo feet to the original surface on which the mound was built. It was too large to be cut down as a whole, and for convenience it was decided by Mr. Aloorchead to cut it, down in trenches, commencing on the north east. Xothing was found until, in opening trench 3, about five feet above the base of the mound, they struck a mass of thin worked copper objects, laid flat one atop the other, in a. rectangular space, say three by four feet square. These objects are unique iu American prehistoric arelueology. Some of them bore a resemblance in form to the scalloped mica pieces found by Squier and Davis, and described by them in Fig. 2J2. ENGRAVED SHELL. lar breerli-elout with ilota ;ιπ<1 cire lea. Entow.ih ΛΓοιπκΙ, Georgi!». Cui. V«. 11443, I'. S. N. M. it -i ί ïï 3 I τ° I S Si * ls O. ϋ l 'Tlioso explorations wero mado for the Department of Ethnology ut the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 18U3. i Report of National Museum, 1894 Wi son. .4 PLATE 12, PLAN OF HOPEWELL MOUND, IN WHICH ABORIGINAL COPPER SWASTIKAS WERE FOUND. Robs Couuty, Ohio. Alooreliead. " Primitive Man in Oliio, " PI. xxxiv. ll ΤΗ C SWASTIR V. 889 Fig. 241. SWVSTIKA CRO-g Of THIN' COPPEK. llopewell Mound, JiosH County, Ohio. 'ι Daturil eiw. Fig. 24H. ΡΙΑΓΚ SHOWIN'fï Fir.URH OB' FAULE. liOpOUhSU Λ\ Orli. Union County, 111. fat. No. 91507, IT. S. Ν. Μ. their "Ancient Momiments of the Mississippi Valley" (p. -40), and also those of the same material found by Professor Piituam in the Turner group of mounds in the valley of the Little Miami. They had been apparently laid between two layers of bark, whether for preservation or mere convenience of deposit, can only bo guessed. The following list of objects is given, to the end that the reader may see what Avsih associated with these newly found copper Swastikas: l'ivo Swastika crosses (flg. 244) ; a long mass of copper covered with wood 011 one side and with squares and uve similar designs traceable on the re verse; smaller mass of copper; eighteen single copper rings; a num ber of double copper rings, one set of three and one set of two; five pan lids or hat-shaped rings; ten circular disks with holes in center, represented in fig. 243, orig inally placed in a pile and now oxidized together; also large circular, stencil-like orna ments, one (fig. 240) 7£ inches in diameter; another (flg. 247) somewhat in the shape of a, St. Andrew's cross, theextreme length over the arms being 85 inches. About flve feet below the deposit of sheet copper and 10 or 12 feet to the west, two skeletons lay together. They were covered with copper plates and fragments, copper hatchets, and pearl beads, shown in the list below, laid in rectangular form about seven feec in length and five feet in width, and so close as to frequently overlap. Fi·;. 245. FLAT HIN« OP THIV fOPPEB. llupcwell Mouiul, lïosa County, Ohio. i natural biae. Fig. 240. STENCIL ORNAMENT OF THIN COPPER. Hope well Mound, uosa ( Omit;», Ohio. fi naturai sire. 890 REPOUT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. Report of National Museum, 1894.—Wilson. PLATE 13. Fi;;. 213. FIMI cmNASIENT ΟΓ THIN ΓΟΡΡΕΙί. Hupewell ΛΓυιιικΙ, lïossCmmtv, Ohio. J nil irai size. There were also found, sixty-six copper hatchets, ranging from ~H to 22A inches in length; twenty-three copper plates and fragments; one copper eagle ; eleven semicircles, bars, etc. ; two spool -shaped objects; four comb-shapod effigies; one wheel with peculiar circles and bars of copper; three long plates of copper; pearl and shell beads and teeth; a lot of extra fine pearls; a lot of wood, beads, and an unknown metal; a lot of bones; a hu man jaw, very large; Ά fragmentary flsL· resein- lïg.247. b]jng, a snoker (ng_ 043). STANTII, ORVAMEN1 OF , , ^ ..-. THINCOPPEII. 01)e stoo] of copper with Hope» ell ΛΙοηηιΙ. Jiuss tWO legs ; broken Copper county, Ohio. plates ; one broken shell; 14"""""'^· bear and panther tusks; mica plates ; forty fragmentary nnd entire copper stencils of squares, circles, diamonds, hearts, etc.; copper objects, saw-shaped; twenty ceremonial objects, rusted or oxidized copper: two diamond- shaped stencils, copper (tig. 249); four peculiar spool- shaped copper ornaments, perforated, showing re pousse work (fig. 200). I made sketches of two or three of the bone carvings, for the purpose of showing the art of the people who constructed thismonument, so that by comparison with that of other known peoples some knowledge may be ob- taiue'd, or theory advanced, concerning the race or tribe to which they belonged and the epoch in which they lived. Fig. 251 shows an exquisite bone carving of a paroquet whicli belongs much farther south, and not found in that locality in modern times. The design shown in fig. 253 suggests a Mississippi Kite, but the zoologists of the IMuseum, while unable to determine with exactitude, its intended representation, chiefly from the mutilated condition of the fragment, leporfc it more likely to be the Tig. 24!>. LU/ENdESHM't.» MEXC1L· OH1 THIN COPl'm Hoiwwell Alound, linss Cinuit^, Oliio. 3| naturi! si/e. HUMAN SKULL WITH COPPER-COVERED HORNS. Hopewell Mound, Ross County, Ohio. ΛΙοοι-elieail. " Primitive Man in Ohio, " frontispiece. Report of National Museum, 1894.—Wilson. PLATE 14, ώ e . e !?.£* I I Ξ| £ 3 3 = α. ? a = is 3 = - 53 π I a ; THE SWASTIKA. 891 head of the ''leather back"1 turtle. Fig. 25.'î probably represents an otter with a 1'ish in his mouth. In trench Xo. o, 15 skeletons (numbered 2G-I to 278, inclusive), were found on the base line, all extended. Objects of coal, boue, shell, or stone, had been placed with nearly all of them. Nos. 2G5 and 2GG were laid ou blocks of burnt earth 3 inches higher than the base of the mound. One of the skeletons in this mound (No. 1548) is shown in pi. 13. It was a most remarkable specimen, and forma the frontispiece of Prof. W. K. Moorehead's volume "Primitive Man iu Ohio," where it is described (p. 190) as follows : At his head were imitation elk horns, neatly made of wood and covered with sheet copper rolled into cylindrical forms over the prongs. The antlers were 22 inches Fig. 250. SL'OOL-SIIAPKQ OBJECT OF COPPER. Rtuioiiiiae ind intaglio decoration Kopewell Monml, Itoss County, Ohio. Xalural size. high and 19 inehes across from prong to prong. They fitted into a crown of copper bent to üt the head from occipital to upper jaw. Copper platea were upon the breast and stomach, also on the back. The copper preserved the bones and a few of the sinews. It also preserved traces of c-loth similar to coffee sacking in texture, inter woven among the threads of which were 900 beautiful pearl beads, bear teeth split and cut, and hundreds of other beads, both pearl and shell. Copper spool-shaped objects and other implements covered the remains. A pipe of granite and a spear head of agate were near the right shoulder. The pipe was of very fine workman ship and highly polished. \Vhile digging out skeletons 280 to 284, Professor Moorehead. says they touched the edge of an altar (pi. 14). It was ou the base line and 15 feet north of the copper flnd before described. On the 5th of Janu ary, 181)2, the altar was uncovered, and the earth, charcoal, and objects within it put into five soap boxes and transported to headquarters, 892 KEPOliT OF NATIONAL· MUSEUM, 1891. where the material was assorted in my presence and with my aid. The mass on the altar had been charred throughout. It contained, in part, mica ornaments, beads, spool-shaped objects, whale, bear, and panther teeth, flint knives, carved effigies of bone and stone, some of which were broken, while others were whole. There were stone tablets, slate orna ments, copper balls, frag ments of cloth, rings of chlorite, quartz crystals perforated and grooved, and a few pieces of flint and obsidian, with several thousand pearls drilled for suspension. These objects were heaped in the cavity of the altar without any regularity. All were af fected by heat, the copper being fused in many cases. The teeth and tusks were charred, split, and cal cined. There were no ashes. All the fuel was charcoal, and from the ap pearance of the debris, es pecially the wood, earth, and bone, one might suppose that after the iire had started it had not been allowed to burn to ashes as if in the open air, but had been covered with earth, and so had smoldered out as in a charcoal pit. Evidence was found of an extended commerce with distant localities, so that if the Swastika existed in America it might be expected here. The principal objects were as follows: A number of large seashells (Fulgur) native to the southern Atlan tic Coast 000 miles distant, many of them carved; several thousand pieces of mica from the mountains of Virginia or iiorth Carolina, 200 or more miles distant; a thousand large blades of beautifully chipped objects in obsid ian, which could not have been found nearer than theEocky Mountains, 1,000 or 1,200 miles distant; four hundred pieces of wrought copper, believed to be from the Lake Superior region, 150 miles distant; fifty-three skeletons, the copper headdress (pi. 13) made in semblance of elk horns, 10 inches high, and other wonderful things. Those not described have no relation to the Swastika. Fisc. 251. FRAGMENT OF ENGRAVED BONL· HErBEStMTINU A PAIIOQUET. Hope-well Around, Ros<* County, Ohio. ISatur il size. Fig. °02. FRAGMENT OF ΕΝΟΗΑΛ EI> BONE PROBABLY REP RESENTING A MISSISSIPPI KITE OH LFATIIER RACK TURTLE. Itopewell Mound, lioaa County, Ohio. THE SAVASTIKA. 893 These objects were all prehistoric. None of them bore the slightest evidence of contact with white civilization. The commoner objects would compare favorably with those found i n other mounds by the same and other investigators. Much of it, may be undeter mined. It is strange to find so many objects brought such long distances, and we may not be able to explain the problem presented; but there is no authority for injecting any modern or European influ ence into it. By what people were these made? In what epoch? For what purpose.' What did they represent? How did this ancient, curious, and widespread sign, a recognized symbol of religion of the Orient, und its way to the bot- Fig. 253. FUAf, 1LNT OF ENGK VVEU lillNfc PROUAlil.r HEPRFSENTING AN OTTEB WITH A FISH IN ITS MOUTH. Pi.it irïl sïz*î. ! ill Fig. 251. WATER JUG WITH FIGDKE OF SWASTIKA. Decoration, red on 3 ellow ground. Foinsett County, Ark. C«l. %u. 91 >30, U.S. V.M. torn of one of the mounds of antiquity in the Seioto Valley? These are questions easy to ask but difficult to answer. They form some of the riddles of tho science of prehistoric anthropology. Mounds in Arkansas.—A water jug in the collection of the U. S. National Museum (ûg. ÎÎ54) was obtained in 1SS3 by P. W. Xorris, of 894 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1804. the Bureau of Ethnology, from a mound in Poiusett County, Ark. It is of yellow ground, natural color of clay, and decorated with light red paint. Tlu· paint is represented in the cut by the darkened sur faces. The four quarters of the jug are decorated alike, one side of which is shown iu the cut. The center of the design is the Swastika with the arm crossing at right angles, the ends turned to the right, the effect being produced by an enlargement on the right side of each arm until they all join the circle. A similar water jug with a Swastika mark of the same type as the foregoing decorates Major Powell's desk in the Bureau of Ethnology. Marquis Nadaillae1 describes and figures a grooved ax from Pember- ton, N. .!., on which some persous have recognized a Swastika, but which the Marquis doubts, while Dr. Abbott2 denounces the inscrip tion as a fraud. ΝΟΚΊ.Ή VMBBIGAN INDIANS. The KniUHis. — The lìev. J. Owen Dorsey3 describes the mourning customs of the Kansas Indians. In the course of his description he tells of a council of ceremony held among these Indians to decide if they should go on the warpath. Certain sacred songs were sung which had been arranged according to a chart, which Mr. Dorsey introduces as pi. HO, page tì7(ì. The outside edge of this chart 'bore twenty-seven ideographs, which suggest or determine the song or speech required. No. 1 was the sacred pipe; jSTo. 2, the maker of all songs ; Xo. 3, song Λ of another old man who gives success to the * | ^ hunters; No. ± (fig. 253 in the present paper) C j is the Swastika sign, consisting of two ogee ^ lines intersecting each other, the ends curved to the left. Of it, Mr. Dorsey says only the following: Fig. 235. KANSA I\DIAX WAR CHAK'I. Swastika sign l'or winda and wind eongs. J. Οίίτι Jior ey, American Λ »turali t, July, ISM, p. 370. Fig. 4. Tadje wayim, wind songs. The winds :, i>. 07«. .:: J '^..5 ' ' ·"' ^ A » f " "* " * * * y ' <:·ί& ".Mfi ·ί ' '*· ' -.v* '..h' . »r ·.-»·?.*- ÏÎS* 'Λ. *·* *** *«·*. .;*'- ^.>î» AÌ · • V.V IT' ^ ::î'"' H -a., -ï «.&V -i ir" ^" ':ί·!·:'· '·' Tr ·' " . ·,*. 3-i:" ;ÎÎ:L ,1i-V: 3-. '-, » · · »:,:. .i <· >«·· — „ Υ·· «» · : · · < ·* ; ::::·:·: ' '^vl/f-^Sil^^ " ^ * J '*;.»'..;.' Π t mm. ·ί·κί :'Ì'".'.· 9 w « .«· **^. 1. .' ·- f -.:. "ώάΐί· '« M ν •a?' ^Jî--gF .„".fi •\., ^v .-· AT «SS, -. f -fe- i; CEREMONIAL BEAD NECKLACE WITH SWASTIKA ORNAMENTATION. Sac Indian», Cook Cuunty (Kansas) Keservatiou. THE SWASTIKA. 895 who had official charge of it aud who copied it from one he had inher ited from his father and his "father's fathers"; and Mr. Uorsey assured me that there can be no mistake or misapprehension about this Indian's intention to make the sign as there represented. Asked if the sign was common and to be seen in other cases or places, Mr. Dorsey replied that the Osage have, a similar chart with the same and many other signs or pictographs—over a hundred—but except these, he knows of no similar signs. They are not in common use, but the chart and all it contains are sacred objects, the property of the two Kansas gentes, Black Eagle and Chicken Hawk, and not to be talked of nor shown outside of the geutes of the council lodge.1 The Sac Indians.—Miss Mary A. Owen, of St. Joseph, Mo., sending soma specimens of beadwork of the Indians (pi. 15) from the Kansas Reservation, two of which wore garters and the third a necklace 13 inches long and Ì inch wide, in which the Swastikas represented are au inch square, writes, February li, 1895, as follows: The Indians call it [the Swastika] the "luck," or ''good luck." It is used in necklaces aud garters i,y the sun worshippers among the Kiekapoos, Saes, Pottiivrat- omies, lowaa, and (I have beeu told) by the Winnebagwes. I have never seen it on a \Vinnebago. The women use the real Swastika and the Greek key pattern, in the silk patchwork of which tbey make sashes and skirt trimmings. As for their think ing it an emblem of iire or deity, I do not believe they eutertaiii any such ideas, as some Swastika hunters have suggested to me. They call it "luck," and say it is the same thing as two other patterns which I send in the mail wilh this. They say they "always"' made that pattern. They must have made it ior a long time, for you can not get sueh beads as compose it, in the stores of a city or in the supplies of the traders who import French beads for the red folk. Vnother thing. Beadwork in vory strong, and this is beginning to look tattered, a sure sign that it has seen long service. These sun worshippers—or, if you please, Swastika wearers—believe in the Great Spirit, who liv£S in the sun, who creates all things, and is the source of all power aud beneficeuce. The ancestors are a sort of company of animal saints, who inter cedo for the people. There are many malicious little demons who thwart the ances tors aud lead away the people at times and fill them with diseases, but no head devil, lîlaek Wolf and certain ghosts of the unburied are the worst. Everybody has a secret fetish or "medicine," besides such general "lucks'1 as Swastikas, bear skins, and otter aud squirrel tails. Of the other cult of the peoples I have mentioned, those who worship the sun as the deity and not the habitation, I know nothing. They are secret, suspicions, aud gloomy, and do not wear the "lurk." I have never seen old people wear the "luck." Now, I have told you all I know, except that it [the Swastika] used in ancient times to bp made in quill embroidery ou herb bags. Miss Owen spoke of other garters with Swastikas on them, but she said they were sacred, Avere used only during certain ceremonies, and she knew not if she could be able to get or even see them. Dur ing the prolongation of the preparation of this payer she wrote two or three times, telling of the promises made to her by the two Sac women who were the owners of these sacred garters, and how each time they 'This waathe last timo I ever saw Mr. Dorsey. and regretted by all who kuew him. lie died within a month, beloved 896 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. had failed. Yet she did not give up hope. Accordingly, in the winter of 18!)(i, the little box containing the sacred garters arrived. Miss Owen says the husbands of these two Sac women, are Potttiwatomies on the Cook County (Kans.) Reservation. They are sun worshippers. These garters have been sketched and figured in pi. 10. The PueWos.—The Pueblo country in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona, as is well known, is inhabited by various tribes of Indians speaking different languages, separated from one another and from all other tribes by differences of language, customs, and habit, but some what akin to each other in culture, and many things different from other tribes are peculiar to them. These have been called the "Pueblo Indians" because they live in pueblos or towns. Their present country includes the regions of the ancient cliff dwellers, of whom they are supposed to be the descendants. In those manifestations of culture a wherein they are peculiar and different from other tribes they have come to be considered something superior. Any search for the Swastika in America which omitted these Indians would be fatally defective, and so here it is found. Without spec ulating how the knowledge of the Swastika came to them, whether by independent invention or brought from distant lands, it will be enough to show its knowledge among and its use by the peoples of this country. In the Annual Jieport of the Bureau of Eth nology for the year 1880-81 (p. 304, fig. 5G2) is described a dance rattle made from a small gourd, ornamented in black, white, and red (fig. 250). IN BUCK, WHITE, AND RED. The gourd has a Swastika on each side, with the ends bent, not square, but ogee (the tetraskelion). The U. S. National Museum possesses Ά large number of these dance rattles with Swastikas on their sides, obtained from the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Ari zona. Some of them have the natural neck for a handle, as shown in the cut; others are without neck, and have a wooden stick inserted and passed through for a handle. Beans, pebbles, or similar objects are inside, and the shaking of the machine makes a rattling noise which marks time for the dance. The Museum possesses a large series of pottery from the various pueblos of the Southwest; these are of the painted and decorated kind coniinoli to that civilization and country. Some of these pieces bear the Swastika mark; occasionally it is found outside, occasion ally inside. It is more frequently of the ogee form, similar to that on the rattle from the same country (fig. 2."»f>). The larger proportion of these specimens comes from the pueblos of Santa Clara and St. Ilde- fonso. Fig. °δβ. DiNCE RATTLE MADE OF A SMALL GOURD DEI'llRArED Ogee Swastika on Second Annuii Report of thi Tim ,. N,,4SMJ, u. s. N. M. Report of National Museum, 1894.—Wilson .jod'oaooi» jjLOCJaojoa __ooooa JOOÛOCOOû I/C m PLATE 16. «S I < Ì si -J t/f « £ z ± ο "Ξ THK SWASTIKA. 897 Dr. Sclilieuiaiiii reports:1 We also see a Swastika (turned to the left) scratched on two terra, cotta, bowls of tbe 1'neblo Indians of New Mexico, preserved ili the ethuological section of the Royal Museum at Berlin. G. Xordenskiold,2 in the report of his excavations among the ruined pueblos of the. Mesa Verde, made iu .southwestern folorada during the summer of 3891, tells of the iindiug of numerous specimens of the Swastika. In pi. 23, fig. 1, he represents a large, shallow bowl in the refuse heap at the ''Step House." It was 5u centimeters in diameter, of rough execution, gray in color, and different in form and design from other vessels from the cliff houses. The Swastika sign (to tlie right) was in its center, and made by lines ot small dots. His pi. 27, fig. G, represents a bowl found in a grave ( USED BY lilt. PIMi INUHNb. Ogee Swiiatikn (tetraskelion) in three colors: (1) bin«.·, (2) reel, (3) white. dt. f. o. «8.1, I', b. Λ.Μ. Fig. ''SS. WAR SHIELD WITH UGEE SWAbllKA IN CENTER. Piina Indians. Tlie liulu near thu lower arm of Ilio Swastika was mide by an arrow. Prop rty of ΛΙΓ. F. Λ\ . Ilodgtf. kuownot whether it is intended a-i a religious symbol, α charm of bless ing, or good luck, or whether it is only an ornament. Wo do not know whether it lias any hidden, mysterious, or symbolic meaning; but there it is, a prehistoric or Oriental Swastika in all its purity and simplicity, appearing in one of the mystic, ceremonies of the aborigines in the great American desert in the interior of the- North American Continent. The Piment.—The T. S. National Museum possesses a shield (Cat. Xo. 27829) of bull hide, made by the Pima Indians. It is about 20 inches in diameter, and bears upon its face an ogee Swastika (tetraskeliou), the ends bent to the right. The body and each arm is divided longitudi nally into three stripes or bands indicated by colors, blue, red, and white, arranged alternately. The exterior part of the shield has a white ground, while the interior or center has a blue ground. This shield (fig. 237) is almost an exact reproduction of the Swastika from Mycenre (fig. loi), from Ireland (fig. 210), and from Scandinavia (figs. 209 and 210). Fig. 258 shows another l'ima shield of the same type. Its Swastika is, however, painted with a single color or possibly a mixture of two, red and white. It is ogee, and tho ends bend to the left. This shield is the property of Mr. F. VV. IIodge,of the Bureau of Ethnology. He obtained ifc from a l'ima Indian in Arizona, who assured him that the hole at the end of the lower arm of the Swastika was made by an arrow shot at him by an Indian enemj. COLONIAL· PATCHWORK. In Scribuer's Magazine for September, ISiM, under the title of "Tap estry in the New World/' one of our popular writers has described, with many illustrations, the bedquilt patterns of our grandmothers' time. One of these she interprets as the Swastika. This is, however, believed to be forced. The pattern in question is made of patches in the form of rhomboids and right-angled triangles sewed and grouped somewhat in the form of the Swastika (fig. 259). It is an in vented combination of patch work which formed a new pat tern, and while it bears a slight resemblance to the Swastika, lacks its essential elements. It was not a symbol, and rep resents no idea beyond that of a pretty pattern. It stood for nothing sacred, nor for benediction, blessing, nor good luck. It was but an ornamental pattern which fortuitously had the resem blance of Swastika. It was not even in the form of a cross. The difference between it and the Swastika is about the same there would be between the idle and thoughtless boy who sporadically draws the Fig. 259. COLLINIAL· PATCHWORK WITH FIGURES SWASTIKAS. Serilmer'fl Magazine, Sfptellil «r, 1^14 Ί, 902 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1801. cross on his slate, meaning· nothing by it, or at most only to make an ornament, and the devout Christian who makes the same sign on entering the church, or the Indian who thus represents the four winds of heaven. He who made the Swastika recognizes an occult power for good and against evil, and he thereby invokes the power to secure prosperity. She who made the quilt pattern apparently knew nothing of the old-time Swastika, and was not endeavoring to reproduce it or anythiu'g like it. She only sought to make such an arrangement of rhomboidal and triangular quilt patches as would produce a new orna mental pattern. CENTRAL AMERICA. NICARAGUA. The specimen shown in tig. 2(iO (Cat. No. 237-50, U.S.N.M.) is a frag" ment, the foot of a large stone metate from Zapatero, Granada. Nica ragua. The metate was chiseled or pecked out of the solid. A sunken panel is surrounded by moldings, in the center of which appears, from its outline, also by raised moldings, a figure, the outline of which is a Greek cross, but whose exterior is a Swastika. Its form as such is perfect, except that one bent arm is separated from its stem by a shallow groove. ^,- T^ · .-« ·· -----sj—-ρ- ,~ .^τ, "TheCrosSjAncieutandMod- /l ''j^S·' »^tó-»i»'r·."ΐ _«·""-* ·**.-",,/* ern,'' by ΥΓ. "W. Blake, shows, - .„,. -^ * _ .-..Λ ju jte ^ ^ a Swastika pure and simple, and is cited by its author as representing a cross found by Sqnier in Central America. The Mexican enthu siast, Orozco y Perra, claims at first glance that it shows Buddhist origin, but I have not been able as yet to verify the ({notation. P- Fig. 2fu. FttAGllRNI OF THE FOOT ΟΓ A STONE METATE WITH FliirilE OF SWASTIKA. YUCATAN. Nicaragua. Cai. Xo. '»,.7.6, V. S. Ν. ΛΙ. Dr. Sehliemann reports, in the Ethnological Museum at Berlin, a pottery bowl from Yucatan ornamented with a Swastika, the two main arms crossing at right angles, and he adds,1 citing Le Plon geon, "Fouilles au Yucatan," that "during the last excavations "in Yucatan this sijfn was found several times on ancient pottery." Le Plongeon discovered a fragment of a stone slab in the ancient Maya city of Mayapan, of which he published a description in the Pro- ' " Trojìi," p. THE SWASTIKA. 903 Fig. 261. PIIVIIMKNT Of STO\E SLAn FI1OM HIE ANCIENT 1IAYV CITY OF MAYXPVN. Ogee Swastika (tetraskelioii). Γη ircilin^ uf [tie Anwrkan Aiitii]iiiri April ·Λ, ISSI. ceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. It contains au ogee Swastika (tetraskelion), with ends curved to the left and an inverted L' with a wheel (flg. 2öl). Le Plongeon believed it to be an Egyptian inscription, which he translated thus: The character, inverted U, stood for Ch or 7Γ; the wheel for the sun, Aa or Jfri, and the Swastika for Git or JA, making the whole to be Cimeli or K ok, which, he says, is the word fire in the Maya language.1 COSTA JÌIGA. A fragment of a metate (Gat. No. ίΜϊί)3, U. S. N. M.) found ou Lempa River, Costa Rica, by Capt. J. M. Dow, has on its bot tom a Swastika similar to that on the metate from Nicaragua. Specimen No. f>!)lS2,F. S. M. N., is a fragment of a pot tery vase from Las Huacas, Costa Rica, collected by Dr. J. F. Bransford. It is natural maroon body color, decorated with, black paint. A band two inches wide is around the belly of the vase divided into panels of solid black alternated with fanciful geometric figures, crosses, circles, etc. One of these panels contains a partial Swastika figure. The two main arms cross at right angles in Greek form. It is a partial Swastika iu that, while the two perpendicular arms bend at right angles, turning- six times to the right; the two horizontal arms are solid black in coloi-, as though the lines and spaces had run together. SOUTH AMERICA. URAZ1L. Theleadeuidol (tìg. 125) (Artemis Nana2 of Ghaldea, Sayce; statuettes of the Oyclades, Lenormant1! found by Dr. Schliemanii in the third, the burnt city of Hissarlik, Troy, was described (p. Si'9) with its Swastika on the triangular shield covering the pudendum, with the statement that it would be recalled iu the chapter on Brazil. The aboriginal women of Brazil wore a triangular shield or plaque over their private parts. These shields are made of terra cotta, quite thin, the edges rounded, and the whole piece rubbed smooth and pol ished. It is supported iu place by cords around the body, which arc attached by small holes in each angle of the triangle. The U. S. National Museum possesses several of these plaques from Brazil, and several were shown at the Chicago Exposition. 'The presence of tlio Swastika is the only purpose «if this citation. The correct ness of the translation is not involved and is not vouched for. ^Equivalent to Istar of Assyria and Babylon, Astarto of I'hcnicia, to the Cri-ok Aphrodite, and the 1,'oniaii Venus. 904 liËPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 189t. The consideration of the leaden idol of Ilissarlik, with a »Swastika, as though for good luck, recalled to the, author similar plaqiies in his department from Brazil. Some are of common yellow ware, others were fluer, were colored red and nibbed smooth and hard, but were without decoration. The specimen shown in pi. IS (upper figure) was from Marajo, Brazil, collected by Mr. 1ί. M. Brigliam. It is of light gray, slip washed, and decorated with pale red or yellow paint in bands, lines, parallels, geometric figures. The specimen shown in the lower figure of the same plate, from the Caneotires Hiver, Brazil, was col lected by Prof. J. 15. Steere. The body color, clay, and the decoration paint are much the same as the former. The ornamentation is princi pally by two light lines laid parallel and close so as to form a single line, and is of the same geometric character as the incised decoratiou ornament on other pieces from Marajo Island. Midway from top to bottom, near the outside edges, are two Swastikas. They are about five-eighths of an inch in size, are turned at right angles, oiieto the right and the other to the left. These may have beeu a charm signifying good fortune in bearing children. (See pp. 830-831'.) These specimens were submitted by the author to the Brazilian min ister, Sefior Meudonca, himself an archa-ologist and philologist of no small capacity, who recognized these objects as in use in ancient times among the aborigines of his country. The name by which they are known iu the aboriginal language is Tambcao or Tumatiatany, accord ing to the dialects of different provinces. The later dialect name for apron is reported as lunga, and. the minister makes two remarks hav ing a possible bearing on the migration of the race: (1) The similarity of tuny« with the last syllable of the longer word, atany, and (2) that tnngn is essentially an African word from the west coast. Whether this piece of dress so thoroughly savage, with a possible ceremonial meaning relating to sex or condition, with its wonderful similarity of names, might not have migrated in time of antiquity from the west coast of Africa to the promontory of Brazil on the, east coast of America where the passage is narrowest, is one of those conundrums which the prehistoric anthropologist is constantly encountering and which he is usually unable to solve. The purpose of these objects, beyond covering the private parts of the female sex, is not known. They may have been ceremonial, relat ing, under certain circumstances, to particular conditions of the sex, or they may have been only variations of the somewhat similar covers used by the male aborigine. They bear some resemblance to the Cein ture* rie CìuwMé, specimens of which are privately shown at the Musée de Cluny at Paris. These are said to have been invented by Françoise de Garara, viguier imperial (provost) of Padua, Italy, near the end of the fourteenth century. He applied it to all the women of his seraglio. He was beheaded A. I). 1405, by a decree of the Senate of Venice, for his many acts of cruelty. The palace of St. Aiark contained for a long time a box or case of these ceintures with their locks Report of National Museum. 1894._Wilson. PLATE 18. , * A •v .,. *S—— t I' FOLIUM ViTusC'FiG LEAVES"). Terra-cotta coverà, ''tuuga." Aborigines of Brazil. Cat. Nob. 59U8Ü and aä.Vlä, U. S. N. M. MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SWASTIKA. THE SWASTIKA. 905 attached, which were represented as (less piecex de conviction of this monster.1 Voltaire describes his hero "qui tient sous iti clef, In vertu,de sa, femme.n PARAGUAY. Dr. Schliemann reports that a traveler of the Berlin Ethnological Museum obtained a pumpkin bottle from the tribe of Leuguas iu Para guay which bore the imprint of the Swastika scratched upon its sur face, and that he had recently sent it to the Royal Museum at Berlin. III.—FOKMS ALLIED TO THE SWASTIKA. MEANDERS, OGEES, AND SPIRALS, BENT TO THE LEFT AS WELL AS TO THE RIGHT. There are certain forms related to the normal Swastika and greatly resembling it—meanders, ogees, the triskeliou, tetraskeliou, and five and six armed spirals or volutes. This has been mentioned above (page 70S), and some of the varieties are shown in fig. 13. These related forms have been found in considerable numbers in America, and this investi gation would be incomplete if they were omitted. It has been argued (p. 830) that the Swastika was not evolved from the meander, and this need not be reargued. The cross with the arms bent or twisted in a spiral is one of these related forms. It is certain that in ancient, if not prehistoric, times the cross with extended spiral arms was. frequently employed. This form appeared in intimate asso ciation with the square |—— |— —| ——| j— (7) Swastikas which were turned indifferently to the right and left. This asso ciation of different yet related forms was so inti mate, and they were used so indiscriminately as to justify the contention that the maker or designer recognized or admitted no perceptible or substantial difference between the square and spiral forms, whether they turned to the right or left, or whether they made a single or many turns, and that he classed them as the same sign or its equivalent. A Greek vase (fig. 174) shows five Swastikas, four of which are of dif ferent form (fig. 202). Curiously enough, the design of this Greek vase is painted maroon on a yellow ground, the style generally adopted in the· vases from the mounds of Missouri and Arkansas, which mostly represent the spiral Swastika. In Ireland a standing stone (flg. 215) has two forms of Swastika side by side. In one the arms are bent square at the corners, the other has curved or spiral arms, both turned to the right. These examples are so numerous that they would seem convincing in the absence of any other evidence (figs. 10G to 17(5). 'Giteti in "Alissoii Voyage d'Italie," tome 1, p. 217; Oiilanre, "Histoire ties Dif- fereus Cultes,"n ; lîrautône, " l)iiiiius Galantes"; Kabelais, '-Pantagruel,"3, chap. 35. η α (9 Fig.262. DIFFERENT FOttMs OF SWASTIKA FOB COMPARISON. 906 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 189Î. AUOKIGINAL ΑΛΓΚΒΙΟΑΝ ENGRAVINGS AND PAINTINGS. Tliese allied forms of Swastika appear on prehistoric objects from mounds and Indian graves in different parts of the country and in times of high antiquity as well as among modern tribes. This paper contains the results of the investigations in this direction. BKSIGNS 0>T SHKr.r.. The Department of Prehistoric Anthropology in the IT. S. National Museum, contains a considerable number of large shells of aboriginal t THE SWASTIKA. 907 Fig. 283. SHELL PORGET. Groaa, circle, aun'a iaya(?), anil lieatla of four ivory-billed woodiieukera(i) arranged to form a Swastika. AEiaaiaaippi. workmanship. The shell most employed was that of the genus Fuiyur, a marine shell found on the coast from Florida to the capes. The PHI« was employed, as well as others. These marine shells were transported long distances inland. They have been found in mounds and Indian Figa.284. SHELL GORGET FROM ΤΞΝΝΕΪώΚΕ. Square figuro with ornamental cornei s ami lieada of ivory- liilled woodpecker arranged to forni a figure reaemlilingthe Swaatika. graves a thousand miles from their original habitat. They served as utensils as well as ornaments. In many specimens the whorl was cut out, the shells otherwise left entire, and they served as vesselsfor hold ing or carrying liquids. When intended for or naments, they were cut into the desired form and engraved with the design; if to be used as gorgets, holes were drilled for suspension. Frequently they were smoothed on the outside and the design engraved thereon. The prefer ence of the aborigines for the Fulfjur shell may have been by reason of its larger size. Among the patterns employed for the decoration of these shells, the Swastika, in the form of spirals, volutes, or otherwise, appeared, although many others, such as the rattlesnake, birds, spiders, and human masks Avere em ployed. ΪΓο detailed descrip tion of the patterns of this shellwork will be attempted, because ligures» will be re quired to give the needed in formation for the interpreta tion of the Swastika. Many of the cuts and some of the descriptions are taken from the annual reports of the Bureau of Ethnology and, so far as relates to shell, mostly from Mr. Holmes's paper on "Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans." I desire to ex press my thanks for all cuts obtained from the Bureau pub lications. Ivory-Wiled icoodpecker.—A series of gorgets in shell have been found ornamented with designs resembling the Swastika, which should be noticed. They combine Fig. 265. SHELL (ïORfïET ΡΙΙΟΛΙ TENNESSEE. Sojnre figure with ornamental conierà ind Ucada ol" ivory-billed ΛΧoodperker arranged to fumi a figure rebemlilin^ tlio Swaatiki. 908 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1994. the square and the cross, while the head and bill of the bird form the yammu indicative of the Swastika. Fig. 2G.°>, taken from the Sec ond Annual lòeport of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1S80-81 (pi. 58), shows one of these shell gorgets from Mississippi, whieh "was, in all probability, obtained from one of the multitude of ancient sepulchres that abound in the State of Mississippi." The design is engraved on the convex side, the perforations are placed near the margin, and show- much wear by the cord of suspension. In the center is a nearly sym metrical Greek cross inclosed in a circle of 1J inches. The spaces between the arms are emblazoned with radiating lines. Outside this circle are twelve small pointed or pyramidal rays. A square framework of four continuous parallel lines looped at the corners incloses this sym bol; projecting from the center of each side of this square, opposite the arms of the cross, are fonr lieatls of birds repre- seuting the ivory-billed wood pecker, the heron, or the swan. The long, slender, and straight mandibles give the Swastika form to the object. Mr. Holmes says (p. 282) that he has been able to find six of these speci mens, all of the type described, varying only in detail, work manship, and finish/ Figs. 204, 203, and 200,' rep resent three of these shell gor- Fig. ° SHELL IÎUROF.T FKOM T ENNE&SEE. . Square flgur« with onruuent:,! comer, and l,e,Js of get». The first WaS obtained by ivory-billed woodpecker arranged to tonn a ngnre resembling the Swastika. Professor Putnam from a stone grave, Cumberland River, Ten nessee. It is about 2i inches in diameter and, like the former, it has a Greek cross in the center. The second was obtained by Mr. Cross from a stone grave near Nashville, Tenu. The third is from a stone grave near Oldtown, Tenn. All these have been drilled for suspension and are ranch worn. The triskclc, trlxl-elton, or triquetrum.—These are Greek and Latin terms for the spiral volute with three branches or arms. The coins of Lycia were in this form, made originally by the junction of three cocks' heads and necks. The armorial bearings of the island of Sicily, in ancient times, consisted of three human legs joined at the thigh and flexed, sometimes booted and spurred (p. 873). Aboriginal shell gorgets have been found in the mounds of Tennes see and the adjoining country, whieh were engraved with this design, though always in spiral form. There seems to have been no distinction 1 Second Ann. Hep. linreau of Ethnology, p. 50. THE SWASTIKA. 909 in the direction of the volutes, they turning iudiflerently to the right or to the left. Because of their possible relation to the Swastika it has been deemed proper to introduce them. Fig. 207 ' shows a fuh/ur shell specimen obtained by Major 1'owell from a mound near ÌTashville, Tenn. It was found near the head of a skeleton. Its substance is well preserved; the surface was once highly polished, but now is pitted by erosion and discolored by age. The design is engraved on the concave .surface as usual, and the lines are ''erf' Pig. 207. SCALLOPED SHELL DIaK (FCLGUR) FHOII A MOUVU NEAR NASHVILLE, TENS. Three spiral volutes (trigkelion). accurately drawn and clearly cut. The cential circle is three-eighths of an inch in diameter and is surrounded by a zone one-half an inch in width, which contains a triskeliou or triquetnim of three voluted lines beginning near the center of the shell on the circumference of the inner circle of three small equidistant perforations, and sweeping outward spi rally to the left as shown in the figure, making upward of half a revolu tion. These lines are somewhat wider and more deeply engraved than 1 Second Aim. Kep. Hureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, p. 27:ì, pi. 54. 910 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1804. the other lines of the design. In some specimens they are so deeply cut as to penetrate the disk, producing crescent-shaped perforations. Two medium-si zed perforations for suspension have been made near the inner margin of one of the bosses next the dotted zone; these show- abrasion by the cord of suspension. These perforations, as well as the three near the center, have been bored maiuly from the convex side of the disk. Fig. L'OS * represents a well-preserved disk with four volute arms form ing the tetraskeliou. ami thus allied to the Swastika. The volutes (to Fig. 288. SCALLOPED »H|:I,L UlbK t ROM i MOUND NEAR NAbHVlLLE ΊΕΙ.Ν. C'irclcs :nid dufcs and four tq»Jral volutes (tötraskelimi). the riglit) are deeply cut and for about one-third their length pene trate the shell, producing four crescent-shaped perforations which show on the opposite side. This specimen is from a stone grave near Nash ville, Tenu., and the original is in the Peabody Museum. Fig. 209' shows a specimen from the lìrakebill mound, near Knoxville, Tenu. It has a dot in the center, with a circle five-eighths of an inch in diame ter. There arc four volute arms which start from the opposite sides of Acromi Ann. Kop. liiireau of Ethnology, 1880-81, pi. 55, lig. 1. 2 Ibid., pi. .">.">, üg. -Ì. THE SWASTIKA. 911 Fig. 269. SHELL 1·Ιί.Κ FRO-1 I'.IHKEUII.I. MUUNÜ, NEAR KNOXMLLE, ΓΕΝΧ. Dot and circlr in renter and ogee Swastika (tetraskeliim) in-irked lint out completed. Figa. 270 and 271. ENGRAVED SHELL DISK. Obverse and reverse. Throe-armed voluto (triskelion). 912 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. Fig. 272. IÎW.HAVËD SHELL 1>1SK. Tennessee. Three-armed volute (triakelion). this circle, and in their spiral form extend to the right across the field, increasing in si/e as they approach the periphery. This is an inter esting specimen of the tetra sk el ion or spiral Swastika, in that it is unfinished, the outline having been cut in the shell sufficient to indicate the form, but not per fected. Figs. 270 and 271 show obverse and reverse sides of the same shell. It conies from one of the stonegravesof Tennessee, and ;s thus described by Dr. Joseph Jones, of Xew Orleans,1 as a spec imen of the deposit and original condition of these objects: Tn a carefully constructed stone sar cophagus in which the face of the, skel eton was looking toward the setting sun, a beautiful shell ornament was found resting upon the breastbone of the skeleton. This shell oruauient is 4.4 inches in diameter, and it is orna mented on its concave surface with a small circle in the center and four concentric hands, differently figured, in relief. The first band is filled up by a triple volute; the second is plain, while the third is doited and has nine small round bosses carved at unequal distances upou it. The outer band is made up of fourteen small elliptical liosses, the outer edges of which give to the object a scalloped rim. This ornament, on its concave figured surface, has been covered with red paint, much of which is still visible. The convex smooth surface is highly polished and plain, with the exception of the three concentric marks. The mate rial out of which it is formed was evidently derived from a large flat seashell. * / * The form of the circles or "suns" carved upon the concave surface is similar to that of the paintings on the high rocky cliffs on tho banks of the Cumberland and Harpeth rivers. * * * This or nament when found lay upon the breastbone with the concave surface uppermost, as if it had been worn in this position suspended around the neck, as the two holes for the thong or string were in that portion of the border which pointed directly to the chin or cen tral portion of the jaw of the skeleton. The marks of the thong by which it was suspended are manifest upon both the anterior and posterior surfaces, and, in addition to this, the paint is worn off from the circular space bounded below by the two holes. 'Second Ann. Kep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, p. 276, pi. 56, figs. 1,2. I.I THE SWASTIKA. 913 Fig.273. ENUllAVEU SHELL DISK. Tennessee. Three-anned volnte (lri*kelion). Fig. 271 represents the bacjk or convex side of the disk shown in flg. 270. The long curved lines indicate the laminations of the shell, and the three, crescent-shaped figures near the center are perforations resulting from the deep en graving of the three lines of the volute on the concave side. The stone grave in which this ornament was found occupied the summit of a mound on the bauksof the Cumberland l'i ver, opposite Xashville, Tenu. Figs. 272, 273, and 274 are other representations of shell carved in spirals, and may have greater or less relation to the Swastika.1 They are inserted for comparison and without any expression of opin ion. They are drawn in out line, and the spiral form is thus more easily seen. Mr. Holmes2 makes some ob servations upon these designs and gives his theory concerning their use: :..'.-·.' ^ ' - '. I do not assume to interpret these designs; they are not to lie· interpreted. \ All I desire is to elei ate these works from the category of triukets_to what I believe is their rightful place—the serious art of a people with great capaci t j for lo/ticr works. What the gorgets themselves were, or of what partic ular value to their possessor, aside from simple ornaments, must be, in a measure, a matter of conjecture. They were hardly less than tho to tems of clans, the insignia of rulers, or tho potent charms of tho priesthood. The&p'ulcr.—The spider was represented on the shell gor gets. ' Figs. 275 to 27l. LVIX. Fisa. "82 mill 283. EKC-RAVEl) SHELLS ΛνίΤΗ KEfHESEM \TION3 OF THE HUMAN (ACE. Teuuussee. Ssoinii \umial Reitort of th« B im ι of Elhnoli>(rj, pi. ι \ ι\ sou with the shell designs aud work showu in the Buddha ligure (pi. 10) and its associates. Slight inspection will show two styles, differing materially. To decide which was foreign and which domestic, THE SWASTIKA.' 917 l'iga. 281 ami "35. EN(, Ι1ΑΛΕ1» SHELLS ΛΙΊ1ΙΓ IfEPltESENTATIOXS OF THE 11ΓΜ \PJ FACE. Virginia Semini Annn il Report of the Jìuraau of Etìmokigy, pi. LXIV. νχΧ " ~-^.~^Ci > _ "»- "^tr- i" v '^i ^?·'-·*= Fig,286; ENllRAVri» SHELL· ΛΥΙΤ1Ι IIEPRESENTATIOJÏ OF Α - · - - Meilalion Alonntl, Tennessee. - -, Stìconil A n α iial Report of Ihe Bureau of Elhuoloicy, pi. L-*XI. 920 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. garters or bracelets as thè Kuddha, the hand is the same as in the fighting figures (fig. £i3!>), and the implement ho holds resembles closely those in thé copper .ligures (lìgs.-240'and 241). ' ' . DESIGNS OX POTTERY. Spiral-volute designs resembling the Swastika in general effect are found on aboriginal mound pottery from the Mississippi Valley. The Fourth Annual -lieport of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18S2-83,1 shows Fig. <>89. POTTERY VSSSEL. Four-'irmed volute, ogee Swastika (letraake Him). Aikauaas. .'5 naturai eizf. Fig. 290. POTTERY VESSEL. Fuurvulutea le-sembling Swastika TV-can Point, Ark. 'j nalirril ni7ri. \ many of these. Fig. 28!) represents a teapot-shaped vessel fmin Ar kansas, on the side of which, in incised lines, is shown the small circle which we saw on the shell disks, and springing from the four opposite sides are three incised lines, twisting spi rally to the right, forming the f o in volutes of the Swas tika (tetraskelion) andcoveringtheen- tire side of the ves sel. Thesamespiral form of the Swas tika is given in tig. 290, a vessel of ec centric shape from Pecan Point, Ark. The decoration is in the form of two lines crossjng each other and each arm then twisting to the right, forming, volutes, the incised lines of which, though drawn close • · -, ( FiS.L>91, . , . rÉliy'lESSEL BIVDK IN Till: FORM OF AN ANIMAL. ι Ι Λ Spiral voliitai, nino ariiia. j · reo.nl Poiiij,.Arli. 'Figs. 402,413, 413,410. THE SWASTIKA. 921 Fig. 292. Γ01ΤΕ11Υ BOWL ORNAMENTED WITH MANY-ARMED VOLUTES. Arkinaaa. Lj nilural siz<. together and at equal distances, gradually expand until the ornament covers the entire side of the .vase. It is questionable whether this or any of its kindred were ever intended to represent either the Swastika or any other, specific form of the cross. One evidence of this is that these orna ments shade off indefinitely until they ar rive at a form which was surely not intended to represent any form of tho cross, whether Swastika or not. The line of separation is not now suggested by the author. An elaboration of the preceding forms, both of the vessel and its ornamentation, is shown by the vessel represented in fig. 291, which is fashioned to represent some grotesque beast with horns, expanding nostrils, and grinning mouth, yet which might serve as a teapot as well as the former two vessels. The decoration upon its side has six incised lines crossing each other in the center and expanding in volutes until they cover the entire side of the vessel, as in the other specimens. Fig. 202 shows a pot from Arkansas. Its body is decorated with incised lines arranged in much the same form as fig. 291, except that the lines make no attempt to form a cross. There are nine arms which spring from the central point and twist spi rally about as volutes until they cover tho" *-' field, which is one- third the body of the bowl. Two other de signs of the same kind complete the, circuit of tho pot and form the decoration all around. Fig. 293' represents these volutes in incised lines of considerable fineness, close to gether, and in great 'numbers, forming a decoration on each of fhc sides of the vase, sepa rated by three nearly perpendicular lines. Fig. 293,. POTTERY V\"-E ORVAMENTE.!) WITH VOLUTES. 1 Third Ami. Ko]t. JSuroaii of Ethnology, lig. 1.ΤΓ. 918 REPORT OP NATIONAL· MUSEUM, 1894. which was imported timi which indigenous, would lie to decide the entire question of migration, and if done off-hand, would lie presumptuous. To make a satisfactory decision will require a marshaling and consid eration of evidence which belongs to the future. The specimens shown 4 ', '· l % ^ ι ΓΛ '- Fig. 287. EKUHAVKD SHELL WITH BEPRE3E.NTATION OP A III'MAW Tennessee . Se orni \iiimnl Repirtof tlie Itwreau ni 1 Ihnology, |il. IXMI. in figs. 280 to 28.~> an· from Tennessee and Virginia. They ave all masks, bearing representations of the human face. The iirst two are from the McMahon mound, Tennessee; that in fig. 283 from Brakebill mound, Tennessee, and that represented in fig. 2So from Lick Greek mound, Tennessee. The shell shown in fig. 28 1 is from Aquia Creek, Virginia, THE SWASTIKA. 919 and that in fig. 285 is from a mound in Ely County, Va. The work manship on these has no resemblance to that on the Buddha ligure (pi. 10), nor does its style compare in any manner therewith. On the contrary, figs. 28G to 288, representing sketches (unfinished) of the human figure, from mounds in Tennessee and Missouri, have some resemblance in style of work, though not in design, to that of the Buddha and Swastika figures. The first step in execution, after the drawing by incised lines, seems to have been to drill holes through Fig. 288. ENdKAVED hllELL (jORGET ΛΜΤΗ REPRESENTATION OF A HT MAN FHIL'RE. •Missouri. Setoliti Annual Report of (he Bureau of Ethnology, pi. LVMII. the shell at each corner and intersection. The work on the specimen shown in fig. 280 has progressed further than that on the specimens shown in figs. 287 and 288. It has twenty-eight holes drilled, all at corners or intersections. This is similar to the procedure in the Buddha statue (pi. 10). In fig. 2S7 the holes have not been drilled, but each member of the tigure has been marked out and indicated by dots in the center, and circles or half circles iiieised around them in precisely the same manner as in both Swastikas (figs. 237 and 238), while fig. 288 continues the resemblance in style of drawing. It has the same peculiar 922 UEI'OHT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. The spirili Swastika, form appears painted upon the pottery from Arkansas. The specimen shown in fig. 294 ' is a tripod bottle. The decoration npoii the side of the body consists of two lines forming tho cross, and the four arms expand in volutes until the ornament covers one-third of the vessel, which, with the other two similar ornaments, extend around the circumference. This decoration is painted in red and white colors on a gray or yellowish ground. Fig. 295 shows a bowl from mound !X~o. 2, Thorn's farm, Taylor Shanty group, Mark Tree, ~ —— ~1 ~ ί Fig. I'M. ntlPOU POTTEKY V Abb. Four-illiiifd ^nlιιtcs making spiiiil Siv:istiHa. Arkansas. 1, imt ini size. Poinsett County, Ark. It is ten inches wide and six inches high. The clay of which it is made forms the body color—light gray. It has been painted red or maroon on the outside without any decoration, while on the inside is painted with the same color a. five-armed cross, spirally arranged in volntes turning to the right. The center of the cross is at the bottom of the bowl, and the painted spiral lines extend over the bottom aii'l up the sides to the rim of the bowl, the interior being, Tonrtli Alili. Ro]i. J!nro:ni of Ethnology, 1*82-83, iig. 411'. THF, SWASTIKA. 923 entirely covered with the design. Another example of the same style of decoration is seen on the upper surface of an ancient vase from the provinco of Gibola.1 The specimen shown in ûg. 29G is from the mound at Arkansas Post, in the county and State of Arkansas.2 It represents a vase of black ware, painted a yellowish ground, with a red spiral scroll. Its diam- Fi;;. 29:.. ΡΟΊTKRÌ HOWL W ΙΤΙΓ ΓΙΛΕ-AïfUED SPIRVL SWASTIKA , fig. 105. »Ibid., pp. 502, 503, iigs. 180, 1HO. 924 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1804. THE SWASTIKA. 925 forming the square in the bird gorgets already iioted (ligs. 203-2(57). Fig. 297 shows a bowl nineinehesin diameter; its rim is ornamented with the head and tail of a conventional bird, which probably served as handles. On the out side, just below the riui, are the four incised par allel lines mentioned. In the center of the side is represented a rolling under or twisting of the lines, as though it repre- > * seuted a ribbon. There <. are three on each quar ter of tnebowl, tliatuext --Vf i the head being plain. Fig. 29S represents a bottle Ci inches in di ameter, with parallel incised lines, three in number, with the same twisting or folding of the ribbon like decora tion. This twists to the left, while that of fig. 297 twists in the oppo site direction. Both specimens are from the virinityof Gharleston, Mo. — '~=~^ KESIGN'S OX BASIvETHV. The volute form is particularly adapted to the deeoratioii of basketry, of λνίποΐι fig. 200 is » Fig. 296. VFSSEL OF BLACK WARK. .Spiral scroll. Vrkanais. Fiç. 298. I'OTTEItY BOWL·. TUroo }»ar:tl]t-l incised linea ΛνΐΠι ribliun Charleston, Mu. Fig. 297. BIRD-SHAPED POTTEKY BOWL. ]iarallel incised linea with rililion fold. specimen. These motifs were favorites with the Pueblo Indians of Ne\v Mexico and Arizona. Fig. 299. Β VSKfc/TWOKK WITH aiAVY-ARMKD A'tlLUTES. Fourth Aiiaual Hei* rt of the Bur au ofc Uthnulogy, fig. 4S5. 92G REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. IV.—Tur, GROSS Λ-MONfr THE ΛΛΓΕΙΪΙΟΛΝ INDIANS. DIFFERENT FORMS. The foregoing specimens are sufficient evidence of the existence of the Swastika among the aboriginal North Americans during the mound- building period, and although tliere may be otlier specimens of the Swastika to be reported, yet we might properly continue this investi gation for the purpose of determining if there be any related forms of the cross among the same peoples. This is done without any argument Fig. 300. ENCiRAVLL» SHELL aORQET. iiieekrrohs \\ilh iurised linea r< semblin^ :i S\\:i^liLa. T'niou County, III. as to the use of tlieso designs beyond that attributed to them. The illustrations and descriptions are mainly collected from objects in and reports of the U. S. National Museum and the Bureau of Ethnology. TUE C'EOSS ON OBJECTS OF SHELL AND COPPE1Ì. The shell gorget presented in üg. 300 belongs to the collection of AEr. F. M. Peri-ine, and was obtained from ti mound in Union County, 111. It is a little more than three inches in d'ameter and has been ground to ft uniform thickness of about one-twelfth of an inch. The surfaces are smooth and the margin carefully rounded and polished. TUB SWASTIKA. 927 Near the upper edge are two perforations, both well worn with cord- marks indicating suspension. The cross in the center of the concave face of the disk is quite simple and is made by four triangular perfora tions which separate the arms. The face of tlie cross is ornamented with six carelessly drawn incised lines interlacing in the center as shown in the figure, three extending along the arm to the right and three passing down the lower arni to the inclosing line. Nothing has been learned of the character of the interments with which this spoci- EVGRA^ED SHELL OOHf,FT. Creek rroas. Charleston, ilo. S ι Olid Annuii l'e| ι it of th* Hlirelii (if Ftlnioln^j , jil. ι.ι, fin- «. •men was associated.1 The incised lines of the specimen indicate I in· possible intention of the artist to make the Swastika. The design i- evidently a cross and apparently unfinished. The National Museum possesses a large shell cross (fig. 301) which, while quite plain as a, cross, has beeu much damaged, the rim that formerly encircled it, as in the foregoing figure, having been broken away and lost. The perforations are still in evidence. The specimen 1 Second Aim. Kep. Unrcuu of Ethnology. 1880-81, p. 271, pi. 31, fig. 1. 928 REPORT OP-NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. is much decayed and caino to tho National Museum with a, skull from a. grave at Charleston, Mo.; beyond this there is no record. The speci men shown in lig. 3013 is quoted • as a. "typical example of the cross of the- mound-builder." It was obtained from a menimi υΐι Lick Creel:, Tennessee, and is in 'the 'Pcabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass. While au elaborate description is given of it and figures are mentioned as "devices probably signifi cant,'' and "elementary or un finished, "and more of the same, yet nowhere is suggested any relationship to the Swastika, nor even tho possibility of its existence in America. A large copper disk from an Ohio mound is represented in fig. .">0.">. It is in the Natural History Museum of Xew York. It is eight inches in diameter, is very thin, and had suffered greatly from corro sion. A symmetrical cross, the arms of which arc five inches in length, has been cut out of the center. Two concentric lines have been impressed in the plate, one near the margin and the other touching t he ends of 302. RHEI.I, GORGET WITH E.VGRAVINO ΟΓ GREEK CROhS AND 1VCHOÌTE SVVAbTlKA.. Set ίιηιΐ Alimi cl Re[»orL ff Llie Bureau »ί Elhnolt 'y, ul. ι ιτ, fi,;. 3. the cross. Tig. 30i shows a shell gorget from a mound on Lick Creek, Tennessee. It is much corroded and broken, yet it shows the cross plainly. Thero aro sundry pits or dots made irregularly over the surface, some of which have perfor ated the shell. PI. 10 rep resents a recapitulation of specimens of crosses, thir teen in number, '-most of which have been obtained from the mounds or from ancient graves within the district occupied In the mound-builders. Eight are engraved upon shell gorgets, one is cut in stone, three are painted upon pottery, >'ig. 303. KRVfiilFNT ΟΓroPl'Ell DISK WITH nREEKPHOSS IN INNER rim I.E. Ohio. Amcriran Alusonrii of Xaf ural History, Xew York City. Se -onj Vnnu il Report . SWASTIKA ox Po CTERY. Report af National Museum, 1894.—Wilson. PLATE 19. 11 VARIOUS FORMS OF CROSSES IN USE AMONO NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS, FROM GREEK CROSS TO SWASTIKA. Sec-ouil \uunal Reimrt nf the Bureau of Ktbnology, I'-'tiO-'fl, PI. Mil. THE SWASTIKA. 929 and four are executed upon copper. With two exceptions, they are inclosed in circles, sind, hence arc symmetrical Greek crosses, the ends being ' rounded to con form to a circle."1 Figs. 7 and 9 of pi. 10 represent forms of the Latin cross, and are modern, having doubtless been introduced by European priests. Figs. 10 to 13 are representatives of the Swas tika in some of its forms. ThelJ. S. National Museum possesses a small shell orna ment (fig. SO.")) in the form of a cross, from Lenoir's burial place, Fort Defiance, Gald- well County, N. C., collected by Dr. Spainhour and Mr. Rogan, the. latter being an employé of the Bureau of Fig. a«. Ethnology. It is in the form of a (îreek cross, the four arms crossing at right angles and being of equal length. The arms are of the plaiu shell, while they are brought to view by the field being cross-hatched. The speci men has, unfortunately, been broken, and being fragile has been secured in a, bed of plaster. This and the foregoing specimens have been introduced into this paper that the facts of their existence may be pre sented for con sideration, and to aid in the determination whether the cross had any peculiar or par- ENIrRAVEH SHELL DISK GORI.RT. linde cross ΛνίΜι jii'iuj dots. Lick * 'reek, Tenu. JIUHI R«l« rt iif Hie Bureau of KthnoloKJ , I'l- W, fig. ° Fig. 303. EM.HVVED SHELL Λ\ 1ΤΗ KH1URE OF GREEK CROSS. Caldwoll Connt^, X. C. CiL>o.31161,U.S. J\. M. involuntarily arise, Was it a symbol with a hid den meaning, religious or otherwise: was it the _ .„. 306. ticular meaning. E.VOUA,E„&HEI.LWITIITHIIEE. The questions ARMED rnoeMTnisKEUON). Lick Creek, Tenu. C«t. Ιίο. 83ΠΟ, U. S. IT. M. 1 Second Aim. lîep. Bureau of r,thuology, 1880-81, pp. 272, 273. ΙΓ. 3fis. 90, pt. li———50 930 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. Fig. 307. DRILLED AN1> Λ CD "liUNTEE.11 Dotted (Ircele cross anil ciivli·. -Ari/onn. totem of «i clan, the insignia of a ruler, the charm of a priesthood, or did it, with all the associated shell engravings, belong to the category of trinkets? These questions maybe partially answered in the section on the meanings given to the cross by the North American Indians (p. 933). There is also introduced, as bearing on the question, another shell ornament (fig. 300), the sryle; design, and workmanship of which has such resemblance to the foregoing that if they had not been (as they were) found together we would be compelled to admit their identity of origin, yet the latter specimen has but three arms _ instead of four. This might take it out of the cat egory of crosses as a symbol of any religion of which we have knowledge. Many of the art objects in shell heretofore cited were more or less closely associated; they came from the same neighborhood and were the results of the same excavations, conducted by the same excava tors. In determining the culture status of their makers, they must be taken together. AVhcn we consider the variety of the designs which Avere apparently Avithont mean ing except for orna/mentatiou, like the circles, meanders, zigzags, chev rons, herringbones, ogees, frets, etc., and the representations of animals such as Avere used to decorate the pipes of the aborigines, not alone the bear, wolf, eagle, and others which might be a totem and represent a given clan, but others which, according to our knowledge and imagination, havenever served for such a purpose, as the man atee, beaver, wildcat, heron, finch, sparrow, crow, raven, cormorant, duck, toucan, goose, turkey, buzzard, cardinal, parroquet, conies, lizard; when AVC further consider that the. cross, whether Greek, Latin, or Swastika form, is utterly unlike any known or possible totem of clan, insignia of ruler, or potent chaim of priesthood; when we consider . 30S. V\D EN'1 UAVELt SHELL OR "ΚΓΝΤΕΕ." rïiii;s forming circle and Greek uro.su. Ohio. Fig. 309. DRILLED AND ENGRAVED MIEI.I.Olt "itUSTl.E." Dots anil rings forming oirclo ami (îreolc eiosiï. Xew York. THK .SWASTIKA. 931 these things, why should we feel ourselves compelled to accept those signs as symbols of a hidden meaning, simply because religious sects in di Heren t parts of the world and at diüercnt epochs of history have chosen them or some of them to represent thoir peculiar religious ideas? This question coA'ers much space in geography and in time, as well as on paper. It is not answered here, because no answer can be. given which would be accepted as satisfactory, but it may serve as a track or indication along which students and thinkers might pursue their investigations. The U. S. National Museum possesses a necklace consisting of three shell ornaments, interspersed at regular intervals with about fifty small porcelain beads (fig.307).' It AVUS obtained by Capt. ( reorge M. Whipple from the Indians of New Mexico. These shell oruameuts are similar to objects described by Beverly in his work on the "History of Virginia," page 145, as "mutées" and "made of the conch shell; only the shape is flat as a cheese and drilled edgewise." It is to be remarked that ou its face as well as on figs. 308 and 309l appears a cross of the Greek form indicated by these peculiar indentations or drillings inclosed in a small circle. The specimen shown , · - . - ~ - in fig. 30S is from an ancient grave ^—' · - _~ - , '. — in Upper Saudusky, Ohio, and that -^-·--·*·*.- -^ shown in fig. 309 from an Indian ^^ "=--__ - ^ cemetery at Onoudaga, N.Y. Hiniilar - ~ _ „.- "~ specimens have been, found in the =-_^. . " same localities. POT Fig. 310. .I\l£ WITH CKObSEb, BSC1RCLINQ U>D SCALLOPS. Thinl \iimikl R«i ..rl of the Blllvwut EHiaulngy, hj. 1 Tim CliOSS ON TOTTERY. Fig. 310 shows a small globular cup of dark ware from the vicinity of Charleston, Mo.; height, -i inches; width, :>i inches. It has four largo nodes or projections, and between them, painted red, are four orna mental circles, the outside one of Avhich is scalloped or rayed, while the inside one bears the figure of a Greek cross. The specimen shown in flg. 311 (Gat. No. 17197, U.S.N.M.) is a medium-sized decorated olla with scalloped margin, from New Mexico, collected by Colonel SteA'enson. It has two crosses—one Greek, the other Maltese—both inclosed in circles and forming centers of an elaborate, fanciful, shield-like decora tion. In flg. 312 (Cat. No. 39518, U.S.N.M.) is shown a Codiiti painted water vessel, same collection, showing a Maltese cross. Dozens of other specimens are in the collections of the V. S. National Museum which would serve to illustrate the extended and extensive 'Sohooloraft, "Ifiston of the Tiidiiiu Tribes,'' in, jil. 25; Secoinl Ann. of lïthnolosy, 1880-Hl, pi. 3(i. . Jîurcan 932 RÜPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. Fii;. 311. OLLA DKIORATED WITH r.ltHEIv ANI! MALTESE fROSSEb. Second Annuii RejHirt »if tliu Bure tu of Ethnology, hg. Ils. Pig.312. Y WATEli \ESSEL. alteho cru-sa. nf the Itiireau «.£ Klhnolngy, fig. Report of National Muséum, 1894.—Wilson. PLATE 20. PALENQUE CROSS, FOLIATED. Smitlisoiiiau Contributions tu Knowledge, Vol. xxii, flg. 7. THE SWASTIKA. 933 use of the cro.ss in great variety of forms, so that no argument as to either the meaning or the extent of the cross can bo based on tuo sup position that these are the only specimens. Fig. 313 (Gat. No. 132975, U.S.X.M.) shows a vaso from. Mexico, about 8 inches high, of flue led ware, highly polished, with an elaborate decoration. Its interest here is the Maltese cross represented on each side, with a point and concen tric circles, from tho outside of which are projecting rays. This may be the fiymbol of the sun, and if so, is shown in connection with the cross. This stylo of cross, with or without the sun symbol, is found in great numbers in Mexico—as, for example, the great cross, pi. ίίΟ, from the temple, at I'aleuque.1 SYMBOLIC MEANINGS OF THE CROSS- It would be an excellent thing to dissect and analyze the Swastika material we have found ; to generalize and deduce from it a possible theory as to the origin, spread, and meaning of the Swastika and its re lated forms, and endeavor, by examination of its associated works, to discover if these were religions symbols or charms or mere decorations; and, following this, determine if possible whether the spread of these objects, whatever their meaning, was the result of migration, contact, or communi cation. AVere they the result of similar, but independent, operations of the human mind, or were they but duplicate inven tions, the result of parallelism in human thought? This investigai ion must neces sarily be theoretical and speculative. The most that the author proposes is to sug- gest probabilities and point the way for further investigation. He may theorize and speculate, but recogui/es what many persons seem not able to do—that speculation and theory are not to be substituted for cold facts. He may do no more than propound questions from which other men, by study, experience, philosophy, or psychology, may possibly evolve some general principle, or a theory pointing to a general principle, con cerning the mode of extension and spread of culture among separate and independent peoples. "When the facts shall have been gathered, marshaled, arranged side by side, and each aggregation of facts shall have been weighed, pro and con, and its fair value given "without Fig. 313. rOTIERY VASE FINELY DECORATED IN KKI1 AND WI1ITC OLA7E. MaHfrtf eniHM with snii ajntliol (?). Oit. Vi». l.VKVil, V. S. V. ΛΙ. 1 Smitlisoniaii Contributions to Knowledge, p. "lì, pi. It, lig. 7. 934 REPORT OP NATIOVAL MUSEUM, 1894. f prejudice or preconceived opinion," then will be time enough to an nounce the anal conclusion, and even then not dogmatically, but tenta tively and subject to future discoveries. Throughout this paper the author has sought but little more than to prepare material on the Swastika which can be utilized by those who come after him in the determination of the difficult and abstruse prob lems presented. It is rare in the studj' of archeology and, indeed, in any science, that a person is able to assert a negative and say what does not exist. The present investigations are rendered much more comprehensive by the appearance of the extensive and valuable work of Col. Garriek Mallery in the Tenth Annual Tieport of the Bureau of Ethnology, on the subject of " Picture Writing of the American ludians." It is a work of about 800 pages, with 1,300 illustra tions, and is the result of many years of laborious study. It purports to be a history, more or less complete, of the picture writing, signs, symbols, totems, marks, and messages of the American In dian, whether pictographs or petroglyphs. A large portion of his work is devoted to ideography, con ventional signs, syllabaries and alphabets, homo- rophs and syinmorophs, and their respective means of interpretation. Among these he deals, not spe cifically with the Swastika, but in general terms with the cross. Therefore, by looking at Colonel Mallery's work upon this chapter (p. 724), one is able to say negatively what has not been found. Aj>roj>o>i of the meanings of the cross among the North American Indians Count Goblet d'Alviella says:1 It is nevertheless incontestable that the pre-Columbian ero.ss of America is a "rose tics rents," representing the four directions wheuco comes the rain, or the cardi nal points of the compass, etc., etc. Colonel Mallery's volume shows that it meant many other things as well. Th<; four id mis.—The Greek cross is the form found by Colonel Mallery to be most common among the North American aborigines, possibly because ib is the simplest. In this the four arms are equal in length, and the sign placed upright so that ib stands on one foot and not on two, as does the Sb. Andrew's cross. The Greek cross (flg. 314) represents, among the Dakotas, the four winds issuing out of the four caverns in which souls of men existed before tlie incarnation of the human body. All the medicine men—that is, conjurors and magi cians—recollect their previous dreamy life in these places, and the instructions then received from the gods, demons, and sages; they recol lect and describe their préexistent life, bub only dream and speculate as to the future life beyond the grave. The top of the cross is the cold, "'la Alioratioii ili-s Symboles," p. 18. Fig.314. GREEK CRO^S REPRESENTING TV1NDS FROM CARDINAL POaTh. D;ikot:i Indiana. Tenth \nniiil Itiport of Lire Hurt-til of Flhiiolo^y, fi^. I'J'i'i. THE SWASTIKA. 93Γ) all-conquering giant, the North Wind, most powerful of all. It is w on ι on the body nearest the head, the seat of intelligence and conquering devices. The left aim covers the heart; it is the Kast Wind, coining from the seat of life and love. The foot is the melting, burning South e . .f g Fig. 310. THE CKO-'M IN CONNECTION ΛνίΓΗ ΊΗΕ CIRCLE. Sun aymbola(?). Tenth Alimi.»! liti urti fine Pure-ill of I'thnology, fi "i. I IH, Π HI, 11Ü.. Wind, indicating, as ib is worn, the seat of flery passion. The right arm is the gentle West Wind, blowing from the spirit land, covering the lungs, from which the breath at last goes out gently, but into unknown night. The center of the cross is the earth and man, moved by the conflicting influences of gods and winds. f a h i Te Fig. 316. FIQIKB.S OF C-IBCL& AND BITS PHOD4.BLY REPRESENT 1NU SUS SV IHOLS. Tenth Ann III Hi| oil ot the Pure-ill uf Flllnol,Kv, fijs. Ills-1121, 112.,. Eev. John McLaiii, in his work on the ''Blackfoot Sun-dance,'' says: On the sacred pole of the sun lod»e «f the lilooil Indian Κ :ι bundle of small bnisln\ood taken from the birch tree, whirli is placed in the form of a cross. This •was an ancient symbol evideucly referring to the four Aviuds. 93G REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 189J. Sun and xtar symbols.—Great speculation has been made, both in Europe aud America, over the relation between the Swastika and the suii, because the two signs have been associated by primitive peoples. a 4- +X l-'ig. 317. » OK CltOSS-ES \NI» CIRCLES IIKPRESCNTI V SQl'AHliS REPRESENTING UHKiKS Dakota Indians. Tenth Λι,,ι,,,,Ι K.-I.H, of 111,· Bure lu f Society of 31 idi"·' or Shamans and has special reference InuBureiuofEthuolagy, ^ A "ϋ·'-ιηΐΐ· to the fourth degree. The building in which the iuitia- Clt vT.s.5v A;"5""'"' tiou is curried on has its open ing toward the four cardinal points. The cioss is made of saplings, the upright poles approaching the height of four to six feet, the transverse arms being some what shorter, each being of the same length as the top; the upper parts are paiuted white or besmeared with white clay, over which are spread small spots of red, the latter suggest ing the sacred shell of Midi"·', the symbol of the order. The lower arm of the pole is square, the side toward the east being painted white to denote the source of light and warmth; the face on the south is greeu, de noting the source of the thunder bird which brings the rains and vegetation; the surface toward the west is covered with vermilion, relating to the laud of the setting sun,' the abode of the dead; the north is painted black, as the direction from which comes afilietiou, cold, and hunger. Flocks of binili.—Groups of »mall crosses ou the sides of Eskimo bow Fig. 323. Ρϋ,ΤΙίΟΓ.ΙΛΡΗ FROM TUHltE VAL- L.RV, rALIFUHNIY. Large wliitc Greek rruss. leiith Annuii Report of I he Burei ι ,jf I Ih- 938 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. Tig. 324. PKTHOdLYPHa FROM OWKXS V VLLEY, CALIFORNIA. (a, 6) Greek crosses, (c) double Latin cross, ((/-/) Latin crosses representing human figures. Ti.nlh Annuii Rtqiurt «f the Bürgin of K hnolopy, fig. I".«'. drills represent flocks of birds (Cat. Kos. 45020 and 14211, U.S.N.M.). They are reproduced in fig. 322. Colonel Mallery's fig. 28, page 07, represents a· cross copied from the Najowe Valley group of colored pic- tographs, 40 miles west of Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, Cal. The cross measured 20 inches in length, the inte- £l| | rior being painted black ^ßr | while the border is of a dark red tint. This design, as well as others in close con nection, is painted on the Avails of a shallow cave or rock shelter in the lime stone formation. Fourteen miles west of Santa Bar bara, on the summit of the • Santa Ynez Mountains, is a cavern having a large open ing west and north, in which are crosses of the Greek type, the interior portion being painted a dull earthy red, while the outside line is a faded-black tint. The cross measures nearly a foot in extent. At the Tulare Indian Agency, Cal., is an immense bowlder of granite. It has been split, and one of the lower quarters has been moved sufficiently to leave a passageway six feet wide and nearly ten feet high. The interior walls arc well covered with large painted figures, while upon the ceilings are numerous forms of animals, birds, and insects. Among this latter group is a white cross about 18 inches in length (fig. 323), present ing a unique appearance, for the reason that it is the only petroglyph in that region to which the white coloring matter has been applied. An interesting example of rock sculpturing in groups is in Owens Valley, south of Beuton, Cal. Among them are various forms of crosses, and circles containing crosses of simple and complex types. The most interesting in this connection are the groups in fig. 324, a and b. The larger one, «, occurs upon a large bowlder of tracitc 10 miles south of Beuton, at the "Chalk grave." The circle is a depression about one inch in depth, the cross being in high relief. The small cross b, found three miles north from this is almost identical, the arms of the cross, however, extending to the rim of the circle. In this locality occurs also the cross, e, same figure, and some examples having more than two cross arms. Human forma.—Other simple crosses represent the human form. * •"^^^^-/fl^wy^j Fig. 325. CROSS IN /IGZAQ LI\ES REPRESENT ING THE HUMAN FORM. Xavajn Indians. THE SWASTIKA. 939 Fig. 320. MALTESE CROS,S( «) REPRESENTING A WOMAN. tended to indi cate the breath. Some of these are engraved or cut ou the rocks of Owens Valley and are similar to those above described (fig. 324), but they have been eroded, so that beyond the mere cross they show slight relation to the human body (fig. 324, d, e, /). Col. James Stevenson, describing the Ilasjelti ceremony of the Navajoes,1 shows the form of a man drawn in the sand (fig. 325). Describing the character shown in fig. 320, Keam says: "The figure represents a woman. The breath is displayed in the interior."2 Maidenhood.—Concerning fig. 327 Keam, in his manu script, says the Maltese cross was the emblem of a virgin, and is still so recognized by the Moki. It is a conven tional development of the common emblem of maiden hood, wherein the maidens wear their hair arranged as in a disk three or four inches in diameter on each side „,t JLhe figuro in the of the head (fig. 327 b). This discoidal arrangement of center is in the hair is typical of the emblem of fructification worn by the virgin in the Muingwa festival. Sometimes the hair, instead of being worn in the complete discoidal form, is dressed upon two curving twigs, and presents the form of two semicircles upon each side of the head. The partition of these is sometimes horizontal, sometimes vertical. The combination of these styles (fig. 327rt and b) present the forms from which the Maltese cross was conventionalized.3 Shaman's spirit.—Among the Kiatéxamut and Innuit tribes, a cross placed on the head, as in fig. 328, signified a shaman's evil spirit or demon. This is an imaginary being under the control of the shaman to execute his wishes.4 Divers significations.—The fig ure of the cross among the North American Indians, says Colonel Mallery,5 has many differing sig nifications. It appears "as the tribal sign for Cheyenne" (p. 383); "as Dakota lodges" (p. 582); "as a symbol for trade or exchange" (p. 013); "as a conventional sign for 1j^?J)£tJ„ prisoners" (p. 227); "for personal exploits while elsewhere it is used in simple enumeration " (p. 348). Although this device is used for a variety of meanings when it is employed ceremonially or in elaborate pictographs of the Indians both of North and South America, it represents the four winds. This view long ago was suggested as being the signification of many Mexican crosses, and it is 1 Eighth Ann. liep. Bnreiiii of Ethnology, p. 283. •J Tenth Ann. Rep. Hurcaii of Ethnology, 1888-89, fig. 1105. 3 Ibid., tig. 1232. "Ibid., fig. 1231. 6 Ibid., p. 729. Fig.327. MALTESE AND S1INT ANDREW'S CROSSES. Emblems of maidenhood. Moki Indians. Fian- delier thinks that the cross so frequently used by the aborigines of Mexico and Central America were merely ornaments and not objects of worship, while the so-called crucifixes, like that on the 1'alencpie tablet, were only the symbol of the "new fire," or the close of the period of fifty-two years. He believes them to be representations of the fire drills more or less ornamented. Zamacois3 says that the cross was used in the religion of various tribes of the peninsula of Yucatan, and that it represented the god of rain. It is a favorite theory with Major Powcll, Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, that the cross was an original inven tion of the North American Indian, possibly a sign com mon to all savages; that it represented, first, the four cardinal points, north, south, east, and west; and after wards by accretion, seven points, north, south, east, west, zenith, nadir, and here. Capt. John Gr. Bourke, in his paper on the "Medicine Men of the Apache"4 discourses on their symbolism of the cross. He says it is related to the cardinal points, to the four winds, and is painted by warriors on their moccasins wnen going through Ά strange district to keep them from getting on a wrong trail. He notes how he saw, in October, 1884, a procession of Apache men and women bearing two crosses, 4 feet 10 inches long, appropriately decorated '-in honor of (incanutii to induce her to send rain." Dr. Brinton5 tells of the rain maker of the Lenni Lenape who first drew on the earth the figure of a cross. Captain Bourke quotes from Father Le Clerq0 as to the veneration in which the cross was held by the (raspesiau Indians, also from Herrara to the same effect. Profes sor Holmes7 makes some pertinent observations with regard to the meanings of the cross given by the American Indians: Some very ingenious theories have been elaborated in attempting to account for tho cross among American symbols. Rriuton believes that the great importance attached to the points of the compass—the four quarters of the heavens—by savage 1 Second Aim. Ιίβρ. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 61. 2 Contrib. North American Ethnology, v, p. 144. 3 " Historia de Mexico," I, p. 2:>8. 4Niuth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Kthuology, 1H87-88, p. 479. * "Myths of the New World," p. 9(3. '•Gaspesi," London, 1601, pp. 170,172,199. ' Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1S80-81, p. 270. ST. ANDREW'S CROSSES, USED AS A SYMBOL FOB WOOD. Tenth Anuiial Re port of (he B irean of Ethnology, fig. 12J3. THE SWASTIKA. 941 Fig. 330. GRAPHIC UEUNEÌTIOX OF ALLIGAI OR. From a Λ a-to of tlio lo-st color group. Chiriqiii. Sixth Annual Riiiurtof Ih* l'invaii of Flhutili^j, /1K.ÎÎ57. peoples, has given rise to the sign of the cross. With others, the cross is a phallic sjmbol derived, by some obscure process of evolution, from the veneration accorded to the procreative principle in nature. It is al«· frequently associated with san wor ship, and is leeogni/ed aa a symbol of the sun—tho four arms being remaining rays after a gradual process of elimination. Whatever is filially determined in reference to tho origin of tho cross as a religious symbol in America will probably result from exhaustive study of the history, language, and i1 »·**"·" ,- " art of the ancient peoples, ^ * .^-^ *·· * ·"" *.- combined with Λ thorough · ^^ » *"-' " *"· • · knowledge of the religious ;·: ' " conceptions of modern * ··'' tribes, and when these '-' * sources of information are all exhausted it is probable that tho writer who asserts more than a probability Λ\ΓϊΗ overreach his proofs. * * * A study of the de signs associated with the cross in these gorgets [figs. 302-301] is instructive, but does not lead to any definite result; in one case the cross is inscribed on the back of a great spider [figs. 27S-278] ; in another it is surrounded by a rectangular frame work of linos, looped at the corners and guarded by four mysterious bird.s [figs. 263- 266], while in others it is without attendant characters, but the workmanship is purely aboriginal. I have not seen a single example of engraving upon the shell that suggested a foreign hand, or a design, with tho exception of this one [a cross], that could claim a European derivation. * * * Such delineations of the cross as we lind embodied in ancient aboriginal art, represent only the final stages of its evolution, and it is not to be expected that its origin can be traced through them. Continuing in his "Ancient Art in t'liiriqui,"1 presenting his " Series showing stages in the simplification of animal characters," and "deri vation of the alligator," Professor Holmes elaborates tho theory how the alligator was the original, and out of it, by evolution, grew the cross. His language and accompanying figures are quoted: Of all the animal r-t forms utilized by the |* · Ghiriqiiians, thealli- β gator is the best • suited to the purpose ^* of this .study, as it is 0 · presented most fre quently and in the most varied forms. In figs. 257 and 258 [figs. 3ÜO and 3'ii in the present paper] I reproduce drawings from the outer .surface of a tripod bowl of the lost color group. Simple and formal as these figures are, the characteristic features of the creature—the sinuous body, the strong jaws, the upturned snout, the feet, and tho scales—are forcibly expressed. It is not to bo assumed that these examples represent the best delinea- tivo skill of the Chiriqnian artist. The native painter must have executed very Fig. 331. GEAPHIC DELINK illOV OF ALLIGATOR. From il i aso «if the liiat color group. Chiriqni. Sixth Allunai Ri|x rL of lau Bure-io of Lthuulogy, fi ·. i 1 Sixth \un. Rep. Bureau of Ktlmology, p. 173 et seq., figs. 237-278. 942 ΙίΕΙΌΙίΤ OP NATIONAL· MUSK UM, If-DJ. Fig. Sii. CONVENTION \L FlflUUn Of ALLIGATOR. From a \ eisrl (if tho lost color group. Cliiriqui. Sixth Aiiuual Relmrt of the Bure m of Ethnology, fig. 1 much superior work upon tho moro usual delineating surfaces, such as bark and skins. Tho examples hero shown have already experienced decided changes through the constraints of the ceramic art, but are tho most graphic delineations preserved to UH. They are free-hand products, executed by mere decorators, perhaps by women, who were servile copyists of the forms employed by those skilled in sacred art. • A third illustra tion from the same group of ware, given in fig. 250 [lig. 332 of the present paper] shows, in some re spects, a higher degree of conven tion. * » « I shall now call attention to some important individ ualized or well- defined agencies of convention. First, and most potent, may be mentioned the enforced limits of the s-paces to be decorated, which spaces take shape independently of the subject to be inserted. When the figures must occupy a narrow zone, they are elongated ; when they must occupy a square, they are restricted longitudinally, aud when they occupy a circle, they are of necessity coiled up. Fig. 2(55 [fig. 333 of the present paper] illustrates the effect produced by crowding the oblong fig- . _ lire into a short rectangular space. Tho head is turned back over the body and the tail is thrown down along the side of the space. In flg. 26G [fig. 33J of the present paper] the figure occupies a circle and is, in consequence, closely coiled np, giving the effect of a serpent rather than an alli gator. * * * I present five series of figures designed to illus trate the stages through which life forms pass in de scending from the realistic to highly specialized conven tional shapes. In the first series (fig. 277) [fig. 335 of the present paper] we begin with a, a meager bui, graphic sketch of the alligator; tho second figure, b, is baldly less characteristic, but is much simplified; iu the third, c, we have still three leading features of the creature— the body line, the spots, and the stroke at the back of the head; aud in the fourth, d, nothing remains but a compound yoke-like curve, standing for the body of the creature, and a single dot. The figures of the second series (fig. 278) [fig. 330 of the present paper] are nearly all painted upon low, round nodes placed about the body of the alligator vases, and hence are inclosed in circles. The animal figure iu the first example is coiled np like a serpent [fig. 334], but still preserves some of the well-known chamcteis of the alligator. In the second example [fig. 336 6] we have a double hook near the center of the space which takes the place of the body, but the dotted triangles are placed sepa rately against the encircling line. In the next ligure the body symbol is omitted and Fig.333. CONVEMIOXAL PU. L HE OF ALI.K, A I OR CROWDED 1N10 Λ SMALL GEOJILrulC \L F1QI HE. Cliiriijui. .Sivui \anu il He|M»rt rf lite Bure in of Ftlii nUyi, UK Fig.334. CONVENTIONAL FN.UHE OP ALLIQ Υ Τ OR CROWDED IMO A CIR CLE. Chiriqui. bivlh Auuual I:t]>ort of lie Bure-in uf Ethanlogj, fig. ΤΠΕ SWASTIKA. 943 the three triangles remain to represent the animal. In tho fourth there are four trian gles, ami the body device being restored in red takes tho form of a cross. In tho fifth two of the inclosing triangles arc omitted aud the idea is preserved by the simple dots. In the sixth the dots are placed within the bars of the cross, tho triangles becoming mere interspaces, and in tho seventh the dots form a line between the two encircling lines. This series could bo filled up by other examples, thus showing by Fig. 335. SERIPh OK FICIITRES OF ALLIGATORS SIIOWINCÏ STAGES OP SIMPLIFICATION. f'hiriiiui. Slitti Amnia] Repnrt ni tilt Bur nil nf Fllinnlosy, ÛK. 9ÎÎ. what infinitesimal stops the transformations take place. * * * ΛΥθ learn by the series of steps illustrated in the annexed cuts that the, alligator radical, under peculiar restraints and iniliiences, assumes conventional forms that merge imperceptibly into these classic devices. Professor Holmes's theory of the evolution of the cross from the alli gator and its location in Chiriqni is opposed to that of Professor Good- o f 9 Fig. 338. -ERIFS SHOWIN-0 STAGES l"ï T1IL SIMPLIFICATION OF AXP.IAL CHARACTERS, nFlilNNINn WITH THE ALLI GATOR AXD ENIIINd WITH THE O1ÎEFK CROSS. Cliiriqui. Sizll) Annuii Re|M rl nf the Bur 11 ηΐ FUmult^ , n>. 1~.*. year, who, iu his "Grammar of tue Lotus,'1 ascribes the origin of the cross to the lotus and locates it in Egypt. I file what in law would he au "interpleader1"—I aduiic my want of knowledge of tho subject under discussion, aud leave the question to these gentlemen. 944 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. INTRODUCTION OF THE CROSS INTO AMERICA. Professor Holmes is, in the judgment of the author, correct -when ho insists upon the aboriginal character of the cross in America. We all understand how it is stated that tlie Spanish missionaries sought to deny this and to connect the apparition of St. Thomas with tho appear ance of the cross. Professor Holmes1 says: The first explorers were accompanied by Christian zealots who spared no effort to root out the native superstition und introduce a foreign religion of which the cross was the all-important symbol. This emblem was generally accepted by the savages as the only tangible feature of a new system of belief that was filled with subtleties too profound for their comprehension. As a, result, the cross was at oneo introduced into the regalia of the natives, at iir.st probably in a European form and material, attached to a string of beads in precisely the manner they had been accustomed to suspend their own trinkets and gorgets; but soon, no doubt, delineated or carved by their own hands upon tablets of stone and copper and shell in tho place of their owu peculiar conceptions. There is sufficient evidence, and to spare, of the aboriginal use of the cross in some of its forms, without resorting to the uncertain and forced explanation of its introduction by Christian missionaries. It is possi ble that the priests and explorers were, like Colonel Mallery's mission ary, mistaken as to the interpretation given to the cross by the Indians. Dr. Huffman, in his paper on the "Midê'wiwin or Grand Medicine Society of the Ojibwa,1'2 states the myth of the re creation of the world "as thrown together in a. mangled form by Hemiepin." Dr. Hoffman observes : It is e\ideut that the nanator has sufficiently distoited the traditions to mako them conform as mnch as practicable to the ]!iblical story of tho birth of Christ. And on the same page he quotes from Père Marquette, who says: " I was very glad to see a great cross sot up in the middle of the village, adorned with several white skins, red girdles, bows, and arrows, whieh that good people offered to the Great Manitou to return him their thanks for tho care he had taken of them during tho winter, and that he had granted them a prosperous bunting." Marquette [comments Dr. Hoffman] was, without doubt, ignorant of the fact that the cross is the sacred post, and the symbol of the fourth degree of the Alide wiwiii, as is fully explained in connection \viththatgradeof society. Tho erroneous conclu sion that tho cross was erected as an evidence of the adoption of Christianity and, possibly as a compliment to the visitor was a natural one on the part of the priest, but this same symbol of the Mide' society had probably been erected and bedecked with barbaric emblems and weapons mouths before anything was known of him. Most aboriginal objects bearing crosses are from localities along the Ohio River and through Kentucky and Tennessee, a locality which the early Christian missionaries never visited, and where the cross of Christ was rarely, if ever, displayed until after that territory became part of the United States. Per contra, the localities among the Indians in which the early missionaries most conducted their labors—that is to say, along the ttreat Lakes and throughout northern 1 Second Ann. I?ep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 260. -Ses eut h Ann. ]ίι·ρ. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 155. THE SWASTIKA. Ü45 Illinois—produce the fewest number of aboriginal crosses. This was the country explored by Fathers Marquette, Lasalle, and Hennepin, and it was the scene of most of the Catholic missionary labors. Pro fessor Holmes seems to have recognized this fact, for he says:1 The cross was undoubtedly used as a symbol by the prehistoric nations of the South, and, consequently, that it was probably also known in i he North. A great majority of the relics associated with it in tho ancient mounds and burial places are undoubtedly aboriginal. In the case of the shell gorgets, the tablets them selves belong to an American type, and are highly characteristic of the ait of the Mississippi Valley. A majority of the designs engraved upon them :ire also charac teristic of the same district. The author agrees heartily with Professor Holmes's argument in this matter, and his conclusion, when he says of these objects (p. 270) : The workmanship is purely aboriginal. I have not seen a Mugle example of engraving upon shell that suggested a foreign hand or :i design, with the exception of one (cross), that could claim a European derivation. There have been numerous European or Catholic crosses, as well as many other objects of European manufacture or objects of civilized types, found among the Indians. There have been silver crosses found with images of the Virgin thereon, with Latin inscriptions, or of lÎoman letters; there have been glass beads, iron arrowheads, and divers other objects found in Indian graves which bore indubitable evidence of con tact with the, whites, and no one with any archieological experience need be deceived into the belief that these were aboriginal or pre- Columbian manufacture. As a general rule, the line of demarkation between objects of Indian manufacture and those made by the whites is definite, and no practiced eye will mistake the one for the other. There may be exceptions, as where the Indian has lived with the whites or a white man with the Indians, or where an object is made with intent to deceive. In such cases one may have more trouble in determining the origin of the object. There were many Indians who died and were buried within a century past, whose graves might contain many objects of white man's work. Black Hawk and I\ed Jacket are examples, and, possibly, King Philip. Indian graves have been opened in ÎTew England and New York con taining the gun or firelock of the occupant of the grave buried with him, and that this was evidence of European contact there can be no doubt. So there have been hundreds, possibly thousands, of Indians buried since the Columbian discovery down to within the last decade whose graves contain white man's tools or implements. But no person with any areha'ological experience need be deceived by these things. The theory that the Latin or (5reek crosses or Swastikas shown on these gorgets, disks, and pottery furnish evidence of contact by the aborigines with Europeans in post-Columbian times is without foun dation and inadmissible. 1 Second Ann. lien, linreaii of Ethnology, p. 2(59. H. Mis. 90, pt. 2- -00 liEI'ORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. DECORATIVE FORMS NOT OF THE CROSS, BUT ALLIED TO THE SWASTIKA. COLOR, STAMP« FROM MEXICO AND YKNE2UELA. The aborigines of Mexico and Central :md South America employed terra cotta color stamps, which, being made into the proper pattern in Fig. 341. Fig. 342. TERRA-COTTA rOLOB STA'IPS WITH DESIGNS SIMILAR TO THE SWASTIKA. Ateiico. Cat. Xoa. MIM, 90127. 'is-7, 99115,11111. «1"2, U. S. Χ. ΛΙ. the soft clay, were burned hard; then, being first coated with color, the stamp was pressed upon the object to be decorated, and so transferred THE SWASTIKA. 947 its color, as in the mechanical operation of printing, thus giving the intended decoration. Patterns of these stamps are inserted in this paper in connection with the Swastika because of the resemblance—not in form, but in style. They are of geometric form, crosses, dots, circles (concentric and otherwise), lozenges, chevrons, fret, and labyrinth or meander. The style of this decoration lends itself easily to the Swas tika; and yet, with the variety of patterns contained in the series of stamps belonging to the U. S. National Aluseum, shown in figs. 337 to 342, no Swastika appears; nor in the similar stamps belonging to other collections, notably that of Mr. A. E. Douglass, in the Metropolitan Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New York, are any Swas tikas shown. Of the foregoing figures, all are from Tlaltelolco, Mexico (Blake collec tion), except fig. 33!), which is from the Val ley of Mexico, and was received from the Mu seo Nacional of Mexico. Marcano says : ' The present Püiroas of Venezuela are in the habit of paiiitiug their bodies by a process different from that of the Xorth American Indian. They make stampa of wood, which, being col ored (as types are with ink), they apply to their bodies. 11g. 9iö shows examples of theoe stamps. [See lig. 343 of the present paper.] The desagnb are substantially the same ab some petroglyphs. They either copied the models they found carved on the rocks by peoples who preceded them, or they linew the meaning and preserved the tradition. The former is the only tenable hypothesis. Painting is to the Piaroas both ornamentation and necessity. It berves, not only as a garment to protect them agaiubt insects, but beeomeb !i fancy cobtnme to grace their feasts and mectingb. These designs are not presented as Swastikas nor of any evolution or derivation from one. They show a style common enough to Central and South America, to the Antilles and the Canary Islands,- which might easily produce a Swastika. The aboriginal designer of these might, if we depend upon the theory of psychological similarity of cul ture among all peoples, at his next attempt make a Swastika. Yet, with the hundreds of similar patterns made during the centuries of aboriginal occupation and extending throughout the countries named, none of these seem ever to have produced a Swastika. 'Mem. Soc. d'Anthrop., Paris, 1890, p. 200. 2l)e Quatrofages, "Histoire Generale du Kaocs Humaines," Introduction, p. 23'J, figs. 185-1'Jl, 1-J3-1Ü1. ^ - ^^^-, -- - - '•i:~ .;.^.'"±i- · " ·' ~ " J" '" " ~ " .': - τ· ϊ^Ι ·--- ------ "~~ ΤΕΙΙΒΑ -COTTA COLOK faTAMPS Λ\ ITI! DESIGNS SIMILAR TO THE bWASTlKA. Piaroa Indiali«, Venezuela. Tenth Annuii Reiwrt »f the Bureau of Ethnology, fig. 1vi. !)48 KKl'OîiT OF NATIONAL MUSlîUM, 1«94. V.—SIGNIFICANCE OF THK SWASTIKA. The origin and early history of the Swastika are lost in antiquity. All the author has been able to lind on these subjects is set forth in the preceding ehapters. It is proposed to examine the possible nse.s of the Swastika in an endeavor to discover something of its signilieauce. The Swastika might have served: I. As a symbol— 1. of a religion, 2. of a nation or people, 3. of a sect with peculiar tenets; II. As an amulet or charm— 1. of good liic'k, or 1'ortiino, or lim<; li fu, 2. of benediction, or bit· ssiiif;, 3. against the ovil oye; III. As au ornament or decoration. It may have been (1) originally discovered or invented by a given people iu a given country, and transmitted from one generation, to the uext, passing by migration from one country to another, and it may have been transmitted by communication to widely separated countries and among differently cultured peoples; or (2) it may have appeared in these latter countries by duplicate invention, or by accident, and without con taut or communication. Positive evidence concerning its origin and earliest migration is not obtainable, and in its absence we are driven to secondary and circum stantial evidence. This will consist (1) of comparison of known facts directly concerning the subject; (2) of facts indirectly concerning it, and (3) reason, induced by argument, applied to these facts, presenting each truly, and giving to each its proper weight. The possible migrations of the Swastika, and its appearance iu widely separated countries and among differently cultured peoples, afford the principal interest in this subject to archa-ologists and anthropologists. The present or modern scientific interest in and investigation of the Swastika as a symbol or a charm alone are subsidiary to the greater question of the cause and manner of its appearance in different coun tries, whether it was by migration and contact or by independent inven tion. In arguing this question, we must keep continually in mind the rules of reason and of logic, and neither force the facts nor seek to explain them by unknown, imaginary, or impossible methods. There must be no dogmatic assertions nor fanciful theories. If we assume certain migrations of the Swastika, we must consider those things which might have (or must have) migrated with it; and we must admit the means necessary to the assumed end. The history of the beginning and first appearance of any of the forms of the cross is also lost in antiquity, and it would be hazardous for any person to announce positively their origin, either as to locality THE SWASTIKA. 919 or time. The Swastika was certainly prehistoric in its origin. It was in extensive use during the existence of the third, fourth, and fifth cities of tlie site of ancient Troy, of the hill of Hissarlik; so also in the Bronze Age, apparently during its entire existence, throughout western Europe from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Ocean. It continued iu use in Europe during the Iron Age, and also among the Etruscans, Greeks, and Trojans. The name " Swastika," by which it is recognized to-day in all literature, is a Sanscrit word, and was in com mon use among the Sanscrit peoples so long ago that it had a peculiar or individual pronunciation in Pfmini's grammar prior to the fourth century I>. C. Some authorities are of the opinion that it was an Aryan symbol and used by the Aryan peoples before their dispersion through Asia and Europe. This is a fair subject for inquiry and might serve as an explanation how, either as a sacred symbol or charm, an suim- let, or token of good wishes or good fortune, Ilie Swastika might have been carried to the different peoples and countries in -which we now find it by tue splitting up of the Aryan peoples and their migrations and establishment in the various parts of Europe. Professor Sayce is of the opinion that the Swastika was a Hittite symbol and passed by communication to the Aryans or some of their important branches before their final dispersion took place, but he agrees that it was unknown in Assyria, Babylonia, Phenicia, or among the Egyptians. Whether the Swastika was in use among the Chaldeans, Hittites, or the Aryans before or during their dispersion, or whether it was used by the Brahmins before the Buddhists came to India is, after all, but a matter of detail of its migrations; for it may be fairly contended that the Swastika was iu use, more or less common among the people of the Bron/e Age anterior to either the Chaldeans, Hittites, or the Aryans. The additional facts iu this regard have been set forth in the chapter on this subject, and need not be repeated here. The questioii should, so far as possible, be divested of speculation, and the evidence accepted in its ordinary meaning ''without prejudice or preconceived opinion." A consideration of the subject iu the light of the material here col lected develops the following questions: (1) Was the Swastika, in any of its forms, the symbol of an ancient religion or philosophy, or was it only the sign of a particular sect, tenet, faith, or idea; or was it both .' (2) Was it a charm or amulet to be used by anyone which derived its value from the signification given to it.' (3) What lesson can be gathered from it concerning the early migra tions of the races of man? Examples illustrating these questions are to lie found in history as well as in everyday life. The Scarab;eus of Kgypt and Etruria was a symbol <>f eternity. The golden hoop on t'ie lady's finger represent ing a snake swallowing its tail, is also a symbol of eternity. These 950 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. represent a, sentiment, and are symbols of that sentiment without regard to sect or organized body. On the other hand, the Maltese cross was the symbol of the Knights of Malta, and has become, in later years, that of the Masonic fraternity ; while the three links is tho symbol of the Order of Odd Fellows. The Latin cross is a symbol of the Christian religion and, to a certain extent, of a Christian denomination. Upon the evidence submitted, we must accept the Swastika first as a symbol of that sect of Jains within the, Buddhist Church originally in Tibet, which spread itself in the Asiatic country under the names of Tao-sse, Tirthankara, Ter, Mnsteg, and Pon or Pou-po, the last signifying purity (ante, p. 774). This sect, or these sects, adopted tho Swastika as their symbol, giving it the translation .tu ''well,'' asti, "it is%" the whole word meaning "it is well," or "so be it,'' implying resignation under all circumstances, the sect holding, in accordance with the inean- iug given to their symbol, that contentment and peace of mind were the chief objects of human life. In so far as it concerns this sect, the Swastika, was a symbol of both kinds. It represented a religious or at least a moral aud philosophic idea, and also the sect which held to this idea. Among the Buddhists proper, the Swastika seems to have been employed as a holy or sacred symbol; its occurrence as one of the signs in the footprint of Buddha, their founder, with some relation either to the mystery of his appearance as a leader, a missionary, or of the holy and sacred, object of his mission, causes this to be inferred. Their use of it on the bronze statues of Bnddha, and associating it with solemn inscriptions in the caves of India, leaves uo doubt as to its use as a symbol more or less of this character. Again, the use in the early Christian times of different forms of the cross, coupled with the extensive use by the Christians of the "mono gram of Christ" (fig. 0), shows how naturally there may have been a conflict of opinion in the selection of a cross which should, be a repre sentative, while we know from history that there was such discussion, and that different forms of the cross were suggested. Among other forms was the Swastika, but to what extent or with what idea the author is not informed. The Swastika was used, Burnouf says, a thousand times on Christians' tombs in the catacombs at Rome. This is evidence of its use to a certain extent in a sacred or solemn and funereal character, which would signify its use as the symbol of a religious idea. Beyond these instances the author is unable to find evidence of the Swastika having served as a symbol of any religious or philosophic idea, or of any sect or organization. Whether among the Bronze Age people of western Europe—among the Trojans, Greeks, or Etruscans—whether among the semicivilized peoples of South or Central America, or among the savages (mound- THE SWASTIKA. 951 builders) of North America, there is apparently no instance of the Swastika having been regarded as holy or used ou a. sacred object— that is, holy and sacred in the light of godliness, piety, or morality. It may have been or may yet be discovered that some of these wild men used the Swastika upon objects serving at ceremonies or festivals of their religion, or which had, in their eyes, a semi-sacred character. But it does not seem that it was used as a representative of a holy idea or of any god or supernatural being who stood for such an idea. The meal used in the Zufii ceremony may have been regarded as sacred, and it may, indeed must, have been made on a stone nictate, yet neither the metate nor the stone thereby obtained any holy or sacred character. So, also, it may have been decorated with a fret, chevron, herringbone, or any of the numerous styles, none of which would receive any sacred character from such use. So it is believed to have been with the Swastika found ou these objects; it was not holy or sacred because of this use. The author declines to discuss the possible relation of the Swastika to the sun or sun god, to the rain or raiu god, the lightning, to Dyans, Zeus or Agni, to Phebus or Apollo, or other of the mythological dei ties. This question would be interesting if it could be determined with certainty, or if the determination would be accepted by any considera ble number of persons. But this is left for some one more competent aud more interested than the author. The most probable use of the Swastika among prehistoric peoples, or among Orientals other than the Buddhists, was as a charm or amulet signifying gooil fortune, good luck, long life, or benediction and bless ing.1 (See p. 780.) Looking over the entire prehistoric world, we find the Swastika used on small and comparatively insignificant objects, those in com mon use, such as vases, pots, jugs, implements, tools, household goods and utensils, objects of the toilet, ornaments, etc., aud infrequently on statues, altars, and the like. In Armenia it was found on bronze pins and buttons; in the Trojan cities on spindle-whorls; iu Greece on pot tery, on gold aud bronze ornaments, aud fibula·. In the Bronze Age in western Europe, including Etruria, it is found on the common objects of life, such as pottery, the bronze flbuhe, ceintures, spindle-whorls, etc. In addition to the foregoing, there were peculiar uses of the Swastika in certain localities: In Italy on the hut urus in which the ashes of the dead arc buried; in the Swiss lakes stamped in the pottery; in Scandi navia on the weapons, swords, etc., and in Scotland and Ireland on the brooches and pins; in America on the inetates for grinding corn; the Brazilian women wore it on the pottery lig leaf; the Pueblo Indian painted it on his dance rattle, while the North American Indian, at the epoch of the mound building in Arkansas and Missouri, painted it in spiral form 011 his pottery ; in Tennessee he engraved it on the shell, and 1 (iohlot rt'Alviella, " IM Migration de.s Symboles," pp. 56, 57. 952 liKPOliï Ob' NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. in Ohio cut it in its plainest normal form out of sheets of copper. So also among the modern Indians we find it employed on occasions of ceremony, as in the mountain ehant by the Navajoes, and the warchant of the Kansas, on the necklace and ceremonial garters of the Sao woman, and on the war shields of the Pimas. As we do not find it represented in America, on aboriginal religions monuments, on ancient gods, idols, or other sacred or holy objects, we are justified in claiming that it was not here used as a religious symbol; while, as it is found only on trinkets, shells, copper plaques, spindle- whorls, metates, pottery bowls, jugs, bottles, or vases; as we find it sometimes square, sometimes spiral, now outside, now inside, of bowls and jars, etc.; at one time a, small rectangular figure and at another of extensive convolutions covering the side of the vase; as we find it on the tools of the workmen, the objects in everyday use, whether in the house or the shop, used indiscriminately by men and women, or on gaming implements or dance rattles, the contention seems justifiable that it was used sis an ornament or as a charm for good luck and not as ii religious symbol. Yet we know it was used on certain ceremonial occasions which may themselves have had more or less a sacred char acter. Thus, after the fullest examination, we find the Swastika was confined to the commoner uses, implements, household utensils, and objects for the toilet and personal decoration. The specimens of this kind number a hundred to one of a sacred kind. With this preponderance in favor of the common use, it would seem that, except among the lîuddhists and early Christians, and the more or less sacred ceremonies of the North American Indians, all pretense of the holy or sacred character of the Swastika should be given up, and it should (still with these exceptions) be considered as a charm, amulet, token of good luck or good fortune, or as an ornament and for decoration. VI.—THE MIGRATION OF SYMBOLS. MIGRATION OF THE SWASTIKA. The question of the migration of the Swastika and of the objects on which it was marked, which furnished its only means of transportation, remains to be considered. It is proposed to examine, in a cursory manner perhaps, not only the migration of the Swastika itself, but some of these objects, spindle whorls especially, with a view to dis cover by similarity or peculiarity of form or decoration any relationship they may have had with each other when found in distant countries and used by different peoples. Thus, we may be able to open the way to a consideration of the question whether this similarity of Swastikas or other decorations, or of the objects on which they were placed, resulted from the migration of or contact or communication between THE SWASTIKA. 953 distant peoples, or wsis it accidental and the result of independent dis coveries and duplicate inventions—an evidence of the parallelism of human thought? Dr. lìrintoii, in a communication before the American Philosophical Society,1 starts out with n polemical discussion upon the subject of the migration of the Swastika and its possible American migration, as follows : My intention is to combat the opinion of those writers who, like Dr. Haniy, M. Bran voit), and many others, assert tliat because certain well-known Oriental sym bols, as thci Ta Ivi, tlio Triskeles, the Svastika, and the cross, are found among the American aborigines*, they are evidence of Mongolian, Buddhistic, Christian, or Aryan immigrations previous to the discovery by Colnmbns, and I shall also try to show tbat the position is erroneous of thoso wlio, like AYilliaiu H. Holmes, of the Bureau of Ethnology, maintain "tliat it ia impossible to give a satisfactory expla nation of the religions significance of the cross as a religions symbol in America." In opposition to both these views., I propose to show that the primary significance of all these widely extended symbols is quite clear, and that they can be shown to have arisen from certain fixed relations of man to his environment, the same every where, and hence suggesting the same graphic representations among tribes most divergent in location and race, and, therefore, tbat such symbols are of little value in tracing ethnic affinities or the currents of civilization. I am sorry to be compelled to differ with Dr. liriuton in these views. I may not attempt much argument upon this branch of the subject, but whatever argument is presented will be in opposition to this view, as not being borne out by the evidence. Of course, the largest portion of the discussion of this subject must consist of theory and argu ment, but such facts as are known, when subjected to an analysis of reason, seem to produce a· result contrary to that announced by Dr. Uriuton. It is conceded that the duplication of the cross by different or distant peoples is no evidence of migrations of or contact between these peoples, however close their relations might have been. The sign of the cross itself was so simple, consisting of only two marks or pieces intersecting each other at a right or other angle, that we may easily suppose it to have been the result of independent invention. The same conclusion has been argued with regard to the Swastika. But this is a non scquitur. First, I dispute the proposition of fact that the Swastika is, like the. cross, a simple design—one which would come to the mind of any person and would be easy to make. For evidence of this, I cite the fact that it is not in common use, that it is almost unknown among Christian peoples, that it is not included in any of the designs for, nor mentioned in any of the modern European or American works on, decoration, nor is it known to or practiced by artists or decorators of either country.2 For the truth of this, I appeal to the experience of artists and decora- 1 Proc. Am. Philosoph. Soe., xxvi, p. 177. *For general lack of knowledge of Swastika in modern times,, SQQ Preface, γ. 703, 954 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. tors, and would put the question whether, of their own knowledge, by their own inventions, they have ever discovered or made Swastikas, or whether their brother artists have doue so, and if they answer in the affirmative, I would ask whether those eases were not rare. It may be granted that when the Swastika lias been seen by an artist or decorator it is easily understood and not difficult to execute, but, nevertheless, I insist that its invention and use among artists and decorators during the centuries since the Eeunaissance is rare. It is argued by Zmigrod/ki that the Swastika on so many specimens, especially the Trojan spindle-whorls, having been made regularly, some times turning one way, sometimes another, sometimes square, other times curved, goes to show the rapidity with which the sign was made, that it did not require an artist, that its use was so common that it had become a habit and was executed in a rapid and sketchy manner, as evi denced by the appearance of the marks themselves upon the whorls. He likens this to the easy and unconsidered way which men have of signing their names, which they are able to do without attention. He likens it also to the sign of the cross made by Roman Catholics so rapidly as to be unnoticed by those who are unaware of its significance. With this Hue of argument, Zmigrodzki reasons that the Swastika was in its time confined to common use and thus he accounts for the num ber of ill-formed specimens. This only accounts for the comparatively few ill-formed specimens, but not for the great number, the inn as of those well formed and well drawn. Instead of the Swastika being a sign easily made, the experience of the writer is the contrary. A simple cross like the. Latin, Greek, St. Andrew's, and other common forms may be very easy to make, but a really good specimen of the Swastika is difficult to make. Any one who doubts this has only to make the experiment for himself, and make correctly such a specimen as fig. 9. While it may be easy enough to make the (Ircele cross with two lines of equal length intersecting each other at right angles, and while this forms a large proportion of the Swastikas, it is at its conclusion that the trouble of making a perfect Swastika begins. It will be found difficult, requiring care and attention, to make the pro jecting arms of equal length, to see that they are all at the same angle; and if it is bent again and again, two or three turns upon each other, the difficulty increases. If a person thinks that the Swastika, either in the square or the ogee curves or the spiral volutes, is easy to make, be has but to try it with paper and pencil, anil, if that is his first attempt, he will soon be convinced of his error. The artist who drew the spirals for this paper pronounces them to be the most difficult of all; the curves are parabolic, no two portions of any one are in the same circle, the circle continually widens, and no two circles nor any two portions of the same circle have the same center. To keep these lines true and parallel, the curve regular, the distances the same, and at the same time sweeping outward in the spiral form, the artist pro- THE SWASTIKA. 955 nounces a most difficult work, requiring care, time, and attention (fig. -95). liven the square and meander Swastikas (figs. 10, 11) require a rule and angle to make them exact. All this goes to show the intention of the artist to have been more or less deliberate; and that the object he made was for a special purpose, with a particular idea, either as a symbol, charm, or ornament, and not a meaningless figure to fill a vacant space. Yet it is practically this difficult form of the cross which appears to have spread itself through the widest culture areas, extending almost to the uttermost parts of the earth. All this is foundation for the suggestion that the Swastika was not the result of duplicate invention or independent discovery, that it is not an illustration of parallelism in human thought, but that it was transmitted from person to person, or passed from one country to another, either by the migration of its people, by their contact or communication, or by the migration and transmission of the symbol and the sign itself. Pushing the argument of the difficulty of its making, to account for the rarity of the design, it is alleged that in modem times the Swastika is practically unknown among Christian peoples. It passed out of use among them nigh a thousand years ago and has been supplanted by every other imaginable geometric form. The fret, chevron, herringbone, crosses, and circles of every kind, spirals, volutes, ogees, moldings, etc., have all remained in use since neolithic times, but no Swastika. The latest use men tioned in the literature upon this subject appears to have been in the arch-Episcopal chair in the cathedral at Milan, which bears the three ancient Christian crosses, the Latin cross, the monogram of Christ, and the Swastika, of which the first and last are carved in alternates around the pedestal of the chair. Yet the knowledge of the Swastika has been perpetuated in some countries and its use has not died out all over the world ; therefore, examples of its use in modern times should be noted in order to prevent misapprehension and contradiction. The double Greek fret made with two continuous lines (fig. 139) forms a psuedo Swastika at each intersection, although we have seen that this is not a real but only an apparent Swastika (p. 783). This is used in modern times by carpet and linen weavers as borders for carpets and tablecloths, and by tile makers in similar decoiation. The Swastika mark has continued in use among the Orientals; the Theosophists have adopted it as a seal or insignia; the Japanese (fig. 30), the Koreans (p. 799), the Chinese (fig. 31), the Jains (figs. 33, 34), and, among the North American Indians, the Navajo (pi. 17), and those of the Kansas Reservation (pis. 15 and 16). It is not used by European peoples in modern times, except in Lapland and Finland. The National Museum has lately received a collection of modern household and domestic utensils from Lapland, some of which bear the marks of the cross and one a churn, the lid of which bears a possible Swastika mark. Through the kindness of Professor Mason and Mr. dishing, I have received a 95ÎÎ REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. drawing of this (fig. 341). Theodor Schvindt, iu " Suomalaisia koris- teita,1" a book of standard national Finnish patterns for the embroid eries of the country, gives the Swastika among others; but it is classed among "oblique designs" and no mention is made of it as a Swastika or of any character corresponding to it. Its lines are always at angles of 45 degrees, and are continually referred to as 'Oblique designs.'' The Swastika ornaments Danish baptismal fonts, and according to Mr. J. A. lljal- tiilin it "was used [in Iceland] n few years since as a magic sign, Imt with an obscured or corrupted meaning." It arrived in that island in the ninth century A. D.2 The Swastika mark appears both in its normal and ogee form iu the Persian carpets and rugs.1 While writing this memoir, I have found in the Persian rng in my own bedchamber sixteen figures of the Swas tika. In the large rng in the chief clerk's office of the National Museum there are no less than twenty-seven figures of the Swastika. Ou a piece of imitation Persian carpet, with a heavy pile, made probably in London, I found also figures of the Swastika. All the foregoing figures have been of the normal Swastika, the arms crossing each other and the ends turning at right angles, the lines being of equal thickness throughout. Some of them were bent to the right and some to the left. At the entrance of the (irand Opera House in Washing ton I saw a large India rug containing a number of ogee Swastikas; while the arms crossed each Fi.r a44 other at right angles, they curved, some to the MODEiii cm-UN LUI WITH DE- right sìiìCL some to the left, but all the lines in- ΜΠΝ KESKMiiuxci SWASTIKA, creased in size, swelling in the middle of the Lapi.-md. curve, but finishing in a point. The modern ι-. s. N,, ,,„,! M,, ,,„„. Japanese wisteria workbaskets for ladies have one or more Swastikas woven in their sides or covers. Thus, it appears that the use of the Swastika in modern times is con- lined principally to Oriental and Scandinavian countries, countries which hold close relations to antiquity; that, in western Europe, where in ancient times the Swastika was most frequent, it lias, during the last one or two thousand years, become extinct. And this in the coun tries which have led the world in culture. If the Swastika was a symbol of a religion in India and migrated as such in times of antiquity to America, it was necessarily by human aid. The individuals who carried and taught it should have carried with it the religious idea it represented. To do this required a certain use of language, at least the name of the symbol. If the sign bore among the 'Finnische. Ornamente. 1. Stielinninmento. Heft l—i. Sonmalaison Ivirjallis- nudeii Senra HeLsingiseii, 1SD4. 'Karl lilind, "Discovery of Odiine songs in Shetland," Nineteenth Century, June, 1S70, p. 10'IH, cited by Alfred C. I faddon in " Evolution in Art." .London, 18Ü5, p. 285. 3AIiss Fanny IX llergou, iu Seribnar's Magazine, September, 18!)4. THE SWASTIKA. 957 aborigines iu America the name it bore in India, Swastika, theevidence of contact and communication would bo greatly strengthened. If the religion it represented in India should be found in America, the chain of evidence might be considered complete. But in order to make it so it will be necessary to show the existence of these names and this religion iu the same locality or among the same people 01 their descendants as is found the sign. To find traces of the ISuddhist religion associated with the sign of the Swastika among the Eskimo iu Alaska might be no evidence of its prehistoric migration, for this might have occurred iu modern times, as we know has happened witli the lìussian religion and the Christian cross. While to find the Buddhist religion and the Swastika symbol together in America, at a locality beyond the possi bility of modern lOuropeau or Asiatic contact, would be evidence of lire- historic migration yet it would seem to fix it at a period w hen, and from a country where, the two had been used together. If the Swastika and Buddhism migrated to America together it must have been since the establishment of the Buddhist religion, which is approximately fixed in the sixth century lì. G. But there has not been as yet in America, certainly not in the localities where the Swastika has been found, any trace discovered of the Buddhist religion, nor of its concomitants of language, art, or custom. Adopting the theory of migration of the Swastika, we may therefore conclude that if the Swastika came from India or Eastern Asia, it came earlier than the sixth century B. C. If a given religion with a given symbol, both belonging to the Old "World, should both be found associated in the New World, it would be strong evidence in favor of Old World migration—certainly of contact and communication. Is it not equally strong evidence of contact to find the same sign used in both countries as a charm, with the same significance in both countries? The argument has been made, and it has proved satisfactory, at least to the author, that throughout Asia and Europe, with the exception of the Buddhists and early Christians, the Swastika was used habitually as a sign or mark or charm, implying good luck, good fortune, long life, much pleasure, great success, or something similar. The. makers and users of the Swastika in South and Central America, and among the mound builders of the savages of Xorth America, having all passed away before the advent of history, it is not now, and never has been, possible for us to obtain from them a description of the meaning, use, or purpose for which the Swastika was employed by them. But, by the same line of reasoning that the proposition has been treated in the pre historic countries of Europe and Asia, and which brought us to the conclusion that the Swastika was there used as a charm or token of good luck, or good fortune, or against the evil eye, we may surmise that the Swastika sign was used in America for much the same purpose. It was placed upon the same style of object in America as in Europe and Asia. It is not found on any of the ancient gods of America, nor 958 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. THE SWASTIKA. 959 on any of the statues, monuments, or altars, nor upon any sacred place or object, but rather upon siu;li objects us indicate the common and everyday use, and on which the Swastika, as a charm for good luck, would be most appropriate, while for a sacred character it would be singularly inappropriate. The theory of independent invention has been invoked to account for the appearance of the Swastika in widely separated countries, but the author is more inclined to rely upon migration and imitation as the explanation. When signs or symbols, myths or fables, habits or customs, utensils, implements or weapons, industries, tools or machinery, have been found in countries widely separated from each other, both in countries bearing characteristics so much alike as to make them practically the same objects or industries, and which are made in the same way, they present a question to which there are only two possible solutions: Either they are independent discoveries or inventions which, though analogous, have been separately conceived, or else they have been invented or discovered in one of the countries, and passed to the other by migration of the object or .communication of the knowledge neces sary to form it, or by contact between the two peoples. Of these inventions or discoveries said to have been made in duplicate, each of which is alleged to have sprung up in its own country as a character istic of humanity and by virtue of a law of physics or psychology, it is but fair to say that in the opinion of the author the presumption is all against this. Duplicate inventions have been made and will be made again, but they are uncommon. They are not the rule, but rather the exception. The human intellect is formed on such unknown bases, is so uncertain in its methods, is swayed by such slight consid erations, and arrives at so many different conclusions, that, with the manifold diversities of human needs and desires, the chances of dupli cato invention by different persons in distant countries, without con tact or communication between them, are almost as one to infinity. The old adage or proverb says, Olany men of many minds," and it only emphasizes the differences between men in regard to the various phenomena mentioned. There are some things sure to happen, yet it is entirely uncertain as to the way they will happen. Nothing is more uncertain than the sex of a child yet to be born, yet every person has one chance out of two to foretell the result correctly. But of certain other premises, the chances of producing the same result are as one to infinity. Not only does the human intellect not produce the same con clusion from the same premises in different persons, but it docs not in the same person at different times. It is unnecessary to multiply words over this, but illustrations can be given that are satisfactory. A battle, a street tight, any event happening in the presence of many witnesses, will never be seen in the same way by all of them; it will be reported differently by each one; each witness will have a different M story. The jurors in our country are chosen because of the absence of prejudice or bias. Their intellect or reason are intended to be subjected to precisely the same evidence and argument, and yet how many jurors disagree as to their verdict? We have but to consider the dissensions and differences developed in the jury room which are settled, sometimes by argument, by change of conviction, or by com promise. What would be the resources of obtaining justice if we were to insist upon unanimity of decision of the jury upon their first ballot or the first expression of their opinion and without opportunity of change Î Yet these jurors have been charged, tried, and sworn a true verdict to render according to the law and evidence as submitted to them. There is no doubt but that they are endeavoring to fui (ill their duty in this regard, and while the same evidence as to fact, and charge as to law, are presented to all of them at the same time, what different impressions are made and what different conclusions are pro duced in .the minds of the different jurors. Illustrations of this exist in the decisions of our Supreme Court, wherein, after full argument and fair investigation, with ample opportunity for comparison of views, explanations, and arguments, all based upon the same state of facts, the same witnesses; yet, in how many cases do we find differences of opinion among the members of the court, and questions of the gravest import and of the most vital character settled for the whole nation by votes of 8 to 7 and 5 to 4? The author has examined, and in other places shown, the fallacy of the rule that like produces like. Like causes produce like effects is a law of nature, but when the decision rests upon the judgment of man and depends upon his reason and his intellect, our common knowledge testifies that this law has no applica tion. "\Vheii the proposition to be determined has to be submitted to individuals of widely separated and distinct countries between whom there has been neither communication nor contact, and who have received no suggestion as to their respective ideas or needs, or the means of satisfying them, it seems to the author that no rule can be predicated upon the similarity of humau condition, of human reason, or of human intellect, certainly none which can be depended on to produce the same conclusion. Consideration of the facility with which symbols, signs, myths, fables, stories, history, etc., are transmitted from one people to another and from one country to another, should not be omitted in this discus sion. It may have slight relation to the Swastika to mention the migrations of the present time, but it will give an idea of the possibil ity of past times. In this regard we have but to consider the immense number of articles or objects in museums and collections, public and private, representing almost every country and people. We there find objects from all quarters of the globe, from the five continents, and all the islands of the sea. Some of them are of great antiquity, and it is a matter of wonderment how they should have made such long pas- 9GO HKPOliT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1801. sages and have been preserved from destruction by the vicissitudes of time and spaee. We have but to consider how money passes from hand to hand and is always preserved to be passed on to the next. Every collection of importance throughout the world possesses a greater or less number of Greek and Roman coins antedating the Christian era. We have an excellent illustration of those possibilities in the word 'halloo," commonly rendered as " hello." A few years ago this word, was peculiar to the English language, yet an incident lately occurred in the city of Washington, within sight of my own residence, by which this word, "hello," has traveled tho world around, has spread itself over land and sea, has attached itself to and become part of most every spoken language of civilization, and without much consideration as to its meaning; but being on the proerustean bed of imitation, there are people, foreigners, who believe that the telephone can be only made to respond when the demand is made "hello!'' MIGRATION OF CLASSIC SYMBOLS. (Jount Goblet d'Alviella, in "La Migration des Symboles," traces many ancient symbols from what he believes to be their place of origin to their modern habitat. The idea he elucidates in his book is indi cated in its title. The sacred tree of the Assyrians.—This he holds to be one of the old est historic symbols; that it had its origin in Mesopotamia, one of the earliest civilized centers of the world. Beginning with its simplest form, the sacred tree grew into an ornate and highly complex pattern, invariably associated with religious subjects. Two living creatures always stand on either side, facing it and each other. First they were monsters, like winged bulls or griffins, and after became human or semihuma.li personages—priests or kings, usually in the attitude of devotion. The Count says the migration of both these types can be readily traced. The tree between the two monsters or animals passed from Mesopotamia to India, where it was employed by the Buddhists and Brahmins, and has continued in use in that country to the present time. It passed to tho Pht-nicians, and from Asia Minor to Greece. From the Persians it was introduced to the Byzantines, and during the early ages, into Christian symbolism in Sicily and Italy, and even penetrated to the west of France. The other type—that is, the tree between two semi-human personages—followed the same route into India, China, and eastern Asia, and, being found in the ancient Mexi can and Maya codices, it forms part of the evidence cited by the Count as a pre-Columbian communication between the Old World and the New. He argues this out by similarity of the details of attitude and expression of the human iignre, the arrangement of the branches of the sacred tree, etc. The sacred cone nfJintojiHtamiH.—This was worshipped by the western Semites as their great goddess, under the image of a conical stone. ΤΠΕ SWASTIKA. .'01 Its figurative representation is found alike on monuments, amulets, and coins. On some Thenician monuments there is to be seen, super- added to the cone, a horizontal crossbar on the middle of which rests a handle. This shape· bears a striking resemblance to the Crtuc ansata (fig. 4), and, like it, was a symbol of life in its widest and most abstract meaning. The resemblance between them is supposed to have caused them to have been mistaken and employed one for the other in the same character of symbol and talisman. It is alleged that the Eplicsian Artemis was but. the sacred cone of Mesopotamia anthropomorphized, although, with tho halo added to Artemis, the allegation of relationship has been made in respect of the Crux annata. The Cntjr ansata, the key of life.—This is probably more widely known in modern times tlian any other Egyptian symbol. Its hieroglyphic name is Anklt, and its signification is "to live." As an emblem of life, representing the male and female principle united, it is always borne in the hands of the gods, it is poured from a jar over tho head of the king in a species of baptism, and it is laid symbolically on the lips of tho mummy to revive it. From Egypt the Cru.r annata spread first among the riienicians, and then throughout tho whole Semitic world, from Sardinia, to Snsiana. The winged ylolic.—This was a widely spread and highly venerated Egyptian symbol. From Egypt it spread, under various modifica tions, throughout the Old World. It is formed by a combination of the representations of tho sun that have prevailed in different locali ties in Egypt, the mythology of which ended by becoming a solar drama. Two nrajus snakes or asps, with heads erect, are twisted round a globe-shaped disk, behind which are the outstretched wings of ii hawk, and on its top the horns of a. goat. It commemorates the victory of the principle of light and good over that of darkness and evil. It spread readily among the Phenicians, where it is found sus pended over the sacred tree and the sacred cone, and was carried wheresoever their art was introduced—westward to Garth:>ge, Sicily. Sardinia, and Cyprus, eastward to Western Asia. Very early it pene trated on the north to the Hittites, and when it reached Mesopotamia, in the time of Sargonida>, the winged circle assumed the shape of the whcol or rosette, surmounted by a scroll with upcnrled extremities and with a feathered tail opening out like a fan, or a human figure in an attitude sometimes of benediction, sometimes warlike, was inscribed within the disk. Then it was no longer exclusively a solar emblem, but served to express the general idea of divinity. From Mesopotamia it passed to Persia, principally in the anthropoid typo. It was, however, never adopted by Greece, and it is nowhere mot with in Europe, except, as before stated, in the Mediterranean islands. When Greece took over from Asia symbolic combinations in which it was originally repre sented, she replaced it by the thunderbolt. But the aureole, or halo, II. Mis. 90, pt. -2——01 964 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1*94. which is the present coat of arms of the King of Belgium. The story is thus told in Burke's " Peerage" (1895) : Agnes de Percy married Joce- liiie of Louvaiu, brother of Queen Adeliza, second wife of Henry I, aud son of Godfrey Barbalus, Duke of Lower Braban t and Count of Brabant, who was descended from the Emperor Charlemagne. Her ladyship, it is stated,"would only consent, however, to this great alliance upon con dition that Joeeliue should adopt either the surname or arms of I'ercy, the former of which, says the old family tradition, he accordingly assumed, and retained his own paternal coat in order to perpetuate his claim to the principality of his father, should the elder line of the reigning duke become extinct. The matter is thus stated in the old pedigree at Siou House: "The ancient arms of ILainault this lord Jocelyii retained, and gave his children the surname of Percy." The migration of this lion rampant is interesting. It was in the twelltb century the coat of arms of the King of Albania. I'hillippe d'Alsace, the eldest sou of Thierry d' \lsace, was Count of Flanders, sixteenth in succession, tracing his ancestry back to GUI A. D. The original and ancient coat of arms of the Counts of Flauders consisted ot a small shield in the center of a larger one, with a sunburst of six rays. Phillippe d'Alsace reigned as Count of Flanders and Brabant from llfiS to 1190 A. D. He held an important coinn.and in two cru sades to the Holy Land. During a battle in one of these crusades, he killed the King of Albania in a hand-to-hand conflict, and carried off his shield with its escutcheon of the lion rampant, which Phillippe transferred to his own shield, took as his own coat of arms, and it has been since that time the coat of arms of the Counts of Flanders aud Brabant, aud is now that of Belgium. The lion in the escutcheon can thus be traced by direct historic evidence through Northumberland, Flauders aud Louvaiii back to its original owner, the King of Albania, in the twelfth century. Thus is the migration of the symbol traced by communication and contact, and thus are shown the possibilities in this regard which go far toward invalidating, if they do not destroy, the presumption of separate invention in those cases wherein, because of our ignorance of the facts, we have invoked the rule of separate invention. Greek art anil tircidlecturf.—It has come to be almost a proverb in sci entific investigation that we argue from the known to the unknown. We might argue from this proverb in favor of the migration of the Swastika symbol and its passage from one people to another by the illustration of the Greek fret, which is in appearance closely related to the Swastika; and, indeed, we might" extend the illustration to all Greek architecture. It is a well-known fact, established by number less historic evidences, that the Greek architecture of ancient times migrated—that is, passed by communication and contact of peoples, aud by transfer of knowledge from one man to another, aud from one generation to the succeeding generation, until it became known through- THE SWASTIKA. 90T) out all western countries. The architects of Borne, Vicenza, Paris, London, Philadelphia, Washington, Chicago, and San Francisco derive their knowledge of Grecian architecture in its details of Doric, Ionic, aud Corinthian styles by direct communication, either spoken, written or graphic, from the Greek architects who practiced, if they did not invent, these styles. The ora?/,· /ret.—This has migrated in the same manner. As to its invention or origin, we, have little to do in the present argument. Whether the fret was tho ancestor or the descendant of the Swastika is of no moment to onr present question. It has been demonstrated in the early part of this paper that both it and the Swastika had a com mon existence in early if not prehistoric Greece, and that both were employed in perfected form on the same specimen of Archaic Greek pottery. Figs. 13.'5 and 13J= demonstrate that these two signs migrated together from Greece to Egypt, for the particular specimen mentioned was found at Naukratis, Bg37pt. From this high antiquity the Greek fret has migrated to practically every country in the world, and has been employed during all historic time by the peoples of every civiliza tion. The fret is known historically to have passed by means of teachers, either through speaking, writiug, or drawing, and never yet a sugges tion that its existence or appearance in distant countries depended upon separate invention or independent discovery. Why strain at the gnat of independent invention of the Swastika when we are compelled to swallow the camel of migration when applied to the Greek fret and architecture? The same proposition of migra tion applies to Greek art, whether of sculpture, engraving, or gem carving. These ancient Grecian arts are as well known in all quarters of the civilized globe at the present day as they were in their own country, and this was all done by communication between peoples either through speaking, writing, or drawing. So far from being separate'' inventions, the modern sculptor or engraver, with full historic knowl edge of the origin or, at least, antiquity of these arts, and with an opportunity for inspection and study of the specimens, is sti'll unable to reproduce them or to invent original works of so high an order. The imaginary and newly invented theory that culture is the result of the psychologic nature of man manifesting itself in all epochs aud coun tries, and amoug all peoples, by the evolution of some new discovery made to fit a human need—that as all human needs in a given stage are the same, therefore all human culture mnst, per fte, pass through the same phases or stages—is a theory to which I refuse adhesion. It receives a hard blow when we take down the bars to the modern sculp tor, requiring of him neither original invention nor independent discov ery, but permitting him to use, study, adapt, aud even servilely copy the great Greek art works, and we know that with all these opportuni ties ihid advantages ho can not attain to their excellence, nor reach their stage of art culture. 962 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. THE SWASTIKA. 9G3 which encircles the heads of her divinities, and which Christian art has borrowed from the classic, was directly derived from it. The caduceus.—This is oue of the interesting symbols of antiquity. It appears in many phases and is an excellent illustration of the migra tion of symbols. Its classic type held in the hand of Mercury and used to-day as a symbol of the healing art—a winged rod round which two serpents are symmetrically entwined—is due to the mythogiaphers of later times, and is very remote from its primitive form. In the Homeric hymn it is called "the golden rod, three-petal ed of happiness and wealth," which Phœbus gave to tho youthful Hermes, but on early Greek monuments the three leaves are represented by a disk sur mounted by an incomplete circle. In this shape it constantly appears on Phenician monuments; and at Carthage, where it seems to have been essentially a solar emblem, it is nearly always associated with the sacred cone. It is found on Hittite monuments, where it assumes the form of a globe surmounted by horns. Numerous origins and manifold antecedents have been attributed to it, such as an equivalent of the thunderbolt, a form of the sacred tree, or a combination of the solar globe with the lunar crescent. Some examples seem to indicate a transition from the sacred tree, surmounted by tho solar disk, to the form of the caduceus of the Hittites. Our author believes it was employed originally as a religious or military standard or flag, and that it was gradually modified by coming in contact with other symbols. Some Assyrian bas-reliefs display a military standard, sometimes con sisting of a large ring placed upon a staff with two loose bandelets attached, sometimes of a winged globe similarly disposed. This Assyr- iaii military standard may be the prototype of the labaram, which Constantine, after his conversion to Christianity, chose for his own standard, and which might equally well have been claimed by the sun worshipers. Under its latest transformation in Greece, a winged rod with two serpents twined round it, it has come down to our own times representing two of the functions of Hermes, more than ever in vogue among men, industry and commerce. It has survived in India under the form of two serpents entwined, probably introduced in the track of Alexander the Great. It was also met with in that country in earlier times in its simpler form, a disk surmounted by a crescent, resembling our astronomical sign for the planet Mercury. This earliest type of the caduceus, a disk surmounted by a crescent, appears at a remote date in India, and seems to have been confounded with the trisula. Tiie trixula.—This form of the trident peculiar to the Buddhists was of great importance in the symbolism of the Hindus; but whether it was an imitation of the type .of thunderbolt seen on Assyrian sculptures, or was devised by them spontaneously, is uncertain. Its simplest form, which is, however, rarely met with, is an omicron (o) surmounted by an omega (ω). Nearly always the upper portion is flanked by two small circles, or by two horizontal strokes which often take the appearance of Γ leaves or small wings. The points of the omega are generally changed into small circles, leaves, or trefoil; and the disk itself is placed on a pedestal. From its lower arc there fall two spires like serpents' tails with the ends curving, sometimes up and sometimes down. This is a very complex symbol. None of the Buddhist texts give any positive information in regard to its origin or meaning, and few symbols have given rise to more varied explanations. The upper part of the figure is frequently found separated from the lower; sometimes this is plainly a trident superposed upon a disk-shaped nucleus. The trident may possibly have symbolized the Hash of lightning, as did Neptune's trident among the Greeks, but more probably it is the image of the solar radia tion. Among the northern Buddhists it personifies the heaven of pure flame superposed upon the heaven of the sun. Though undoubtedly a Hindu emblem, its primitive shape seems to have early felt the influence of the caduceus, while its more complex forms exhibit a likeness to certain types of the winged globe. Still later the trisula was converted by Brahmanisni into an anthropoid figure, and became the image of Jagenath. The vegetable kingdom was also laid under contribution, and the trisula came into a resemblance of the tree of knowledge. Although we have learned the probable signification of its factors in the creeds that preceded Buddhism, we know very little about its meaning in the religion that used it most, but it is a symbol before which mil lions have bowed in reverence. The plastic development of the trisula shows with what facility emblems of the most dissimilar origin may merge into each other when the opportunity of propinquity is given, and there is sufficient similarity in form and meaning. The double-headed eagle on the escutcheon of Austria and Russia.— Count D'Alviella tells the history of the migration of the symbol of the double-headed eagle on the escutcheon of Austria and Russia. It was originally the type of the Garuda bird of southern India, found on temple sculptures, in carved wood, on embroideries, printed and woven cloths, and on amulets. It first appears on the so-called Hittite sculp tures at Eyuk, the ancient Pteria in Phrygia. lu 1217 it appea.red on the coins and standards of the Turkoman conquerors of Asia Minor. In 1227-28 the Emperor Frederick n undertook the si;xth crusade, landing at Acre in the hitter year, and being crowned King of Jerusa lem in 1229. Within thirty years from these dates the symbol appeared on the coins of certain Flemish princes, and in 1345 it replaced the single-headed eagle on the armorial bearing of the holy Eoman Empire. Thus, the historic evidence of the migration of this symbol, from the far east to the nations of the west by direct contact, would seem complete. The lion rampant of lielyium.—This lion was incorporated into the Percy or Northumberland escutcheon by the marriage of Joccliue of Louvain, the second sou of Godfrey, the Duke of Brabant, to Agnes, the sister and heir of all the Percys. The Counts of Flanders, Brabant, and Louvaiu bore as their coat of arms the lion rampant facing to the left, 966 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. VII.—PREHISTORIC OB.TEOTS ASSOCIATED WITH TUE SWASTIKA, FOUND IN BOTH HEMISPHERES, AND BELIEVED TO HAVE PASSED BY MIGRATION. SPINDLK-WHORLS. Spindle-whorls are first to be considered. These are essentially pre historic utensils, and are to be found in every part of the world where the inhabitants were sufficiently cultured to make twisted threads or cords, whefher for hunting or fishing, games, textile fabrics, or cover ings, either for themselves, their tents, or other purposes. In western Asia, nil of Europe, in the pueblos of North America, and among the aborigines—by whatever name they are called—of Mexico, Central America, and the north and west coast of South America, wherever the aborigines employed cord, cloth, or liber, the spindle-whorl is found. Where they used skins for the coverings of themselves or their tents, the spindle-whorl may not be found. Thus, in the Eskimo laud, and among certain of the North American savages, spindle-whorls are rarely if ever found. The spin die-whorl was equally in use in Europe and Asia during the Neolithic Age as in the Bronze Age. It continued in use among the peasants in remote and outlying districts into modern times. During the Neolithic Age its materials were stone and terra cotta; during the Bronze Age they were almost exclusively terra cotta. They are found of both materials. Kecently a Gallo-Koman tomb was opened at Cler mont-Ferrand and found to contain the skeleton of a young woman, and with it her spindles and whorls.1 The existence of spindle-whorls in distant and widely separated countries affords a certain amount of presumptive evidence of migra tions of peoples from one country to another, or of contact or com munication between them. If the people did not themselves migrate and settle the new country, taking the spindle-whorls and other objects with them, then the spindle-whorl itself, or the knowledge of how to make and use it, must in some other way have gotten over to the new country. This argument of migration, contact, or communication does not rest solely on the similarity of the whorls in the distant countries, but equally on the fact of spinning thread from the fiber; and this argument is reenforced by the similarity of the operation and of the tool or machine with which it was done. It has been said elsewhere that the probability of communication between widely separated peoples by migration or contact depended for its value as evidence, iu some degree, upon the correspondence or similarity of the object con sidered, and that this value increased with the number of items of corre spondence, the closeness of similarity, the extent of the occurrence, and the difficulty of its performance. So we pass to the similarity in size, appearance, mode of manufacture, and, finally, the use of the whorls of the two continents. 1 Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop., Paris, October, 1893, p. GOO. THE SWASTIKA. 967 EUROPE. Switzerland—Laice dicellmijis.—Figs. 345 and 34(5 show «tone spindle- whorls from prehistoric Swiss lake dwellings. These are in the U. S. National Museum, and with them are dozens of others of the same kind Figs. 315 aud 34(i. STOND SPINDLE-WHORLS. Neolithic. Swiss lake dwellings. U. S. National Museum. and style from all other parts of Europe. Fig. 347 shows a stone spindle- whorl from Lnud, Sweden. It is in the U. S. National Museum and was contributed by Professor Jillson. Figs. 348, 340, and 350 represent terra-cotta spindle-whorls from the Swiss lakes. These specimens were Fig. 317. bTONE SPINDLE-WHOKL. Xculithic. Lumi, Swedüii. C*L Ne,. 5-Sl, U. S. ,N. I. TEIIKVl'OTTA SPINDLE.-« HDltL. Xk-olïtliic or Eroiiy.ti A^e. Swiss lako dwellings. C t. No. 1(ICM·-', U. S. Λ. Μ. selected to show the different patterns, to illustrate their unlikeuess instead of their likeness, to give an understanding of the various kinds of whorls rather than that they were all one kind, a fad which should be kept m mind during this argument. REPORT OF1 NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. Itali/.—Figs. .'»51, 352, and 353 show terra-cotta spindle-whorls from Orvieto, Ϊtiily, 7