The source of this uncorrected OCR text may be viewed in the DjVu format at: http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA6519xM3xB8/ or http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/ugafax/PA6519xM3xB8/ P. OVIDIUS NASO. II Il THE METAMORPHOSES PÜBLIÜS OVIDIÜS NASO; ELUCIDATED BY QUtalnsis ani» (Explanation of tlje fables, TOGETHER WITH ENGLISH NOTES, HISTORICAL, MYTHOLOGICAL, AND CRITICAL, AMD ILLUSTRATED BT PICTORIAL EMBELLISHIViJilNTS: A DICTIONARY, GIVING THE MEANING OF ALL THE WORDS WITH CRITICAL EXACTNESS. BY NATHAN COV1NGTON BROOKS, A.M. rSOFESSOU OF THE GREEK AND LATIN LASGUAUKS. LATE PRINCIPAL OF THE BALTIlIOBll HIGH SCHOOL, PRESIDENT OF '1HF BALTIMORE FEMALE COLLEGE FI F Τ Η Κ ]) Ι ΤΙ ON. NEW YOKK: A. S. BAENES & BUEE, 51 & 53 JOHN STREET. SOLD BY BOOKSELLERS, GENERALLY, THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. ,...··. Ï86,0'.·. .·., Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1Θ47, bjr KATHAN COVINGTON BROOKS, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Maryland. TO THE EEV. CHARLES P. KRAUTH, D.D. PRESIDENT O» ÌENK8TLTAKI A COH.EQS, AS Λ TESTIMONIAL OF RKGAKD FOB BIS PIETY AND TALENTS, ARD FOB TUE WITH WHICH HE HAS DEVOTED THEM TO THE CAUSE OF VIRTUE AND SOUND LEABKIN6, Efjla ifflsrfc I· »SCRIBZC, BT HIS TIEB EDITOR. II PREFACE. To the student of the Classics, an early acquaintance with My thology is indispensable. This is more readily secured by the direct study of the fables themselves, than by any other method. As the Metamorphoses of Ovid present the mythological fictions of Greece and Rome in a connected and attractive form, their study has always appeared to me to be of the first importance. That their use may be extensive, I have therefore prepared an edition of the work, in which I have omitted the fables that were gross in tlicir character, and have expurgated from others any lines that were objectionable on account of indelicacy. This, however, does not break the chain of connection between the stories, nor mar the narrative of the fables introduced. To render the study of the Metamorphoses profitable and pleas ing, I have prefixed to each fable an analysis and explanation, which will be found of service to the student. Since many of the fables are corrupt traditions of Scriptural truths, I have traced them back to the great fount of purity, the Biblical record, and have given in the notes the parallel passages from the sacred volume. The extracts from modern authors, aliile they illustrate the text, will give the student a taste for general reading. The questions which accompany each fable, are a summary of the text and the notes thereon, and ΛΥΪ!! insure a thorough understanding of the spirit of the fable. The Metamorphoses are intended to be read after Cœsar's Com mentaries ; hence, in many instances, the partial Ordo which I have A2 5 6 PREFACE. given of the text, will be found necessary to the young student. It is tolerably full in the First Book, and is gradually shortened there after. The Scanning Table will aid him in his first efforts to obtain a knowledge of Latin metre. The pictorial embellishments of the work contribute to the illus tration of the fables, and impress them more fully upon the memory of the student, while they tend to excite a taste for drawing. They reflect much credit upon the artists who executed them. They were designed by J. H. Manning, of New York, and engraved by Neville Johnson, of Baltimore, and Lossing and Barrett, of New York. N. C. BROOKS. BALTIMORE HIGH SCHOOL, May Bth, 1848 LIFE AND WRITINGS OF OVID. PUBLIUS Ovimus NASO, one of the most celebrated poets of the Augustan era, was horn at Sulmo, a town on the river Pescare, in thp territory of the Peligni, about 90 miles east from Rome, and 32 miles from the Gulf of Venice. His birth occurred during the celebration of the Qninquatria, games in honor of Minerva, A. U. C. 711, and B. C. 42, the memorable year in which Cicero was murdered, and the very day that the two consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, were slain in the battle of Mutina, against Antony : * Hœc est nrmiferœ de fesiis qiiinque Minervae, Quœ fieri pugna prima cruento soient. Ed i ms lune ego sum, née non, ui tempora nôris, Cum cecidit fato consul utcrque pori.—TRIST. Lib. iv. Ovid was descended from an ancient and distinguished family of the eques trian order, and enjoyed all the advantages of mental cultivation which rank and wealth could afford. At an early age, he was brought to Rome with an elder brother, for the purpose of being instructed in the arts, learning, and accomplish ments of the capital, and was for some time under the care of Plotius Grippus. HP soon discovered a fondness for poetry, and through love of the Muses, often relaxed his application to other literary studies in which he was engaged. But his father, who appears to have had but little relish for belles-lettres, and was anxious that his son should become an accomplished orator and patron, and by eminence in judicial affairs, arrive at civic distinction, induced him to devote himself for a time to the study of eloquence and Roman law. The masters of Ovid in oratory were Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro, who were the most eminent teachers of their time ; and under their instructions, vrith the readiness of conception which was natural to him, and his felicity and fluency of expression, he was fitted for distinction as an accomplished advocate. His declamations were distinguished for their ingenuity and enthusiasm, tlieir exube rance of f.mcy, and richness of language, but were somewhat deficient in solidity and method, and abounded in digressions, which, however beautiful in them selves, were but little in accordance with the si:iiple and severe laws of unity. In his rhetorical exercises he generally chose etliical subjects, and preferred those persuasive hanngues which are c.illril Suasoria, as they were particularly suited to his ardent and enthusiastic temperament. At seventeen ye.irs of age, Ovid put on the tu^a virilis, and shortly after was honored by Augustus with the laluì clavus, an ornament worn only by persons of quality. On the occasion of reviewing as censor the whole body of Roman knights, the emperor further distinguished the young poet by the present of a magnificent steed. When he had completed his rhetorical studies at Rome, he accompanied Varrò in his military expedition to Asia; but without remaining with him long enough to see any service, ho dejnrted for Athens, with the view of completing his studies. Here he devoted himself for some time to the study of philosophy, especially physics and ethics, and in the latter, adopted the tenets of Epicurus. Leaving Athens in company with the poet jSmilius Macer, he 8 LIFE AND WRITINGS OF OVID. visited some of the cities of Asia, and, on his way to Rome, passed into Sicily. He and his companion spent nearly a year in the island, during which time they visited almost every part that promised either amusement or pleasure. On his return to Rome, Ovid became a professed advocate, and often harangued with great force and elegance in the centumvir's court. He was appointed to several minor judicial offices of the state, which he filled with success ; and often acted as arbiter in private causes, in which his decisions were judicious, and made in so conciliating a manner that they were satisfactory to the litigants. He was at length made one of the triumvirs, who were magistrates of great authority, intrusted with the administration of justice in criminal causes. In this position also he discharged the functions of his office with ability, and to the satisfaction of the state : Nee male commissa est nobis fortuna reorum, Usque decem decies inspicicnda viris. Res quoque privates statui sine crimine judex. Deque viris quondam pars tribus unr. mi.—TRIST. Lib. ii. But all these efforts, however successful, were but a struggle against his natural inclination to literature : and as Horace and Virgil had now risen to court-favor and opulence through poetry, he entertained the idea of relinquishing the engagements of the forum for pursuits more congenial to his taste, and still affording considerable chances of distinction. The death of his brother at this time left him sole licir to an ample fortune, so that he could bestow his time and attention in a manner perfectly agreeable to his literary predilections. He be came, therefore, a professed votary of the Muses ; hut mingled with their jjure worship the grosser pleasures of sensuality, by indulging in the fashionable vices of the capital. Though now possessed of ari extensive farm and villa at Sulmo, lie preferred to reside in Rome. He had a beautiful house on the Capitoline hill, and another between the Claudian and Flaminian Ways, with beautiful gardens adjacent. His affectionate disposition, brilliant wit and elegant manners ren dered him an agreeable companion, and his genius, wealth, and rank, gave him access to the best society, and secured to him a grateful reception by the em peror. At the court of Augustus, he was treated with consideration by the most polite and influential of the courtiers, among whom were Messala, Sextus Pom- peius, and Fabiiis Maximus ; while he enjoyed the familiar friendship of tho poets Tibullus, Horace, Sabinus, Macer, Severus, and Propertius. The versatile genius of the young bard seemed adapted to every kind of poetry ; but his love of ease and pleasure, joined with affluence of fortune, and his fondness for company, both of his own and the fair sex, indisposed him to attempt any labored efforts. In compliance with this temper, he first composed light articles, elegies, epigrams, and amatory verses, to which he was incited by his natural propensities and tho fashionable vices in which he was engaged. Non ego, Phœbe, datas a te mulinar artes ; Nee nos aerioe voce moncniur avis. Nee mibi sunt visa; Clio, Clmsque sorores: Vera canarn. Cœptis, mater ainoris, ades.—ARS AMATOH. Lib. i. Besides tliese, he composed some other poems of a more serious character. His jî/norm, Jìrs Amatoria, Remédia Jìinarh, Heroldes, Medea, HaKeiilica, Giçanloma- chia, Phxnomena, a poem against bad poets, and one on the triumphs of Augus tus, were the fruits of this early period. The five last-named productions are lost. - Of his Medea and Ifalieulica, the former of which was highly praised by Qnintili.in, and the latter copied by Oppian, but a few fragments remain. His Jimures, Lib. 111., have all the freshness of feeling and the exuberant fancy of youth, and abound with ingenious thoughts and agreeable images. The Jlrs Minatoria, Lib. in., and the Jtf medium dinari', Lib. i., Jiave for the most part the sprightlinuss of our author, but the sensual inculcations and the glowing lan guage drr calculated to inflame the pjssions, and corrupt the heart OvicI, like LIFE AND WRITINGS OF OVID. 9 the author of Don Juan, is supposed, in this production, to have drawn largely upon his own vicious experience. His lleroides, Epist. xxi., are amorous epis tles from distinguished ladies of the Heroic age, abounding in passion and pathos, and are the most polished of his productions. The next work in order, and on which Ovid intended to rest his chances of immortality, was the Melmnurphoses, Lib. xv. These are a sérias of agreeahlo transformations, founded upon the fictions of the Greeks, with some few Latin, Oriental and Etruscan fables. Tiie introductory \· irt of the work, describing Chaos, the Creation, the deterioration of morals, and the Flood, are in strikinu accordance with the Biblical record, so that we can hardly persuade ourselves that the author was unacquainted with the sacred writings of the Hebrews. The work is of the cyclic kind, and the different parts are connected together in the most ingenious manner, like the interfacings of network, so that the poet pro ceeds in uninterrupted recital of the successive stories, lifting link· by link in the golden chain of fiction. In some, few cases where no imagination could connect the fables in a regular order, he gives the poem a dramatic form, and the inter locutors narrate them as separate stories. In the fahles of the Metamorphoses', there is an endless variety of character and incident, the gay and the grave, the amusing and the pathetic, the familiar and the wonderful, the simple and the sublime, the human and th divine, over which the poet, with a versatility of style suited to every character and passion, in all the exuberance of thought and expression, has supervised the glory of his own immortal genius. No poetic work of ancient times was so varied in the character of its subjects as the Metamorphoses, and no Greek or Latin poet, of whom we have any knowledge, could, in treating of them, have succeeded so well. The idea of the work was prohably suggested to the poet by the mythic poem of Partheniiis the Greek, which is now lost. The Metamorphoses of Ovid were highly esteemed by the Greeks, and were translated into their language by their countryman Planudcs. The Métamorphoses may be regarded as the propijlxum to the great temple of Grecian mythology ; and though that temple is now in ruins, from its majestic gateway we may form some idea of the mag nificence of the mighty structure to which it led, and of the sublime splendors of its ceremonial pomp. In explaining the Fables of the Metamorphoses of Ovid, different theories have been adopted. Some persons, having discovered that allegory is sometimes employed by the poet, have attempted to reduce every thing to a moral allegory; some, who have found history obscured under the veil of fiction, have referred all the fables to occurrences in ancient history; while others, finding occasional coincidences with the Scriptures, profess to see in every thing mutilated and corrupt traditions of events that are. contained in the Biblical record. Thus, whilo each interpreter has blindly followed his favorite theory, and sought to accommodate every thing to that theory, though correct in particular instances, he has erred in the generality of his interpretations. In the elucidation of the Metamorphoses, the principles of interpretation must ever vary according to the character of the fable. As the Greeks were distinguished by their fondness for allegory, moral and physical truths, and etymological resemblances, often sup plied subjects for ingenious allegorical narrative. Hieroglyphics, which by pic torial representations recorded occurrences and thoughts anterior to the invention of letters, were also fruitful sources of fabulons imagining, and as they were liable to diversified interpretations, have caused much confusion in mythology. Events of ancient history, too, have furnished aiiiplc materials for fictitious nar rative; \\hile many traditions of the events and personages, and imitations of ceremonies, mentioned in the Bible, obscured and confused by the lapse of time, and altered, abridged, or amplified by circumstances, are presented to us, clothed in the particolored, and oftentimes f.mtistic garb of mythic story. "VVhilr engaged in the revision of the Metamorphoses, and while still enjoying the confidence and favor of the emperor, Ovid committed some fault, or became wilness of some trjnsaction which deeply wounded the honor of Augustus, who 2 10 LIFE AND WRITINGS OF OVID. banished him, in consequence, to a wild and distant part of the empire. Circum stances render the conjecture probable, that Ovid, with profane eyes, may have invaded the privacies of the empress while bathing, or may have witnessed and disclosed some great moral turpitude, either of Augustus or one of the imperial family, possibly Julia, the grand-daughter of the emperor. Cur aliquid vidi, cur conscia lumina feci? Cur imprudenti cognita culpa mihi i—EPIST. E PONTO. Herein lies a great mystery of the court of Augustus. The fault of the poet, whatever it was, though doubtless known to many at the time, has not been stated by any writer, and still remains a great literary problem, like the impri sonment of Tasso. Under the pretext of the licentiousness of his amatory works, which, however, had been freely circulated and read for years, the emperor, under a sentence of relegation, somewhat milder than banishment, as it did not involve confiscation of his estate, removed him to Tomi, now Temiswar, a town in Pontus, in a gloomy and inhospitable region lying on the Euxine sea. When the poet received the order to depart, in a transport of grief he burned the copy of the Metamorphoses which he was engaged in correcting, so that this inimi table work would have been lost to the woild, had it not been preserved by means of a copy which he had given to a friend some time before. While in his exile, the poet learned its preservation ; but as he never had a chance of revising it, we must regard it with the allowance due to a work which has not received the finishing touches of its author. As an apology for its imperfections. Ovid proposed the following lines as a prefix to the Metamorphoses : Orba parente suo quicumque Volumina tangis ; His saltern vestra detur in urbe locus: Quòque magis faveas, non hsec sunt edita ab ipso, Sed quasi de domini funere rapta sui. Quicquid in his igiiur yitii rude carmen habebit, Emendaturus, si licuisset, erat. Recommending his wife to the protection of his friend Fabius Maximus, he bade adieu to Rome, and the scenes and associates of his former pleasures, and went into his lonely and melancholy exile. Some time before this calamity, he had commenced his Fasti, Lib. xn., which may be regarded as a supplement to the Metamorphoses. The Fasti give an accouu't of the origin and observance of the different festivals, dedications, and other ceremonies of the Roman Calendar, arranged in chronological order. A book is devoted to each month, and the holy- days are associated with the sun's place in the zodiac, and with the rising and setting of the stars. The work euds with June ; the six latter books having been lost. C. Hemina and Claudius Quadrigarius had attempted this work be fore in prose, with indifferent success. On his voyage to Pontus, Ovid commenced his Trislia, Lib. v., of which he wrote the first book, containing ten elegies while at sea. The Triitia, and the Epistuhe e Ponto, Lib. iv., which he wrote in his lonely exile, are the melancholy outpourings of a breaking heart. They are filled with complaints of the hardness of his lot, the miseries of his old age, and the mortifications and sorrows to which he was exposed. In these productions he sought, alike by flattery and the most moving appeals, to mitigate the severity of the emperor, and induce him to recai him from exile, or remove him to a milder residence. The transi tion in the circumstances of the poet from his former condition, were distressing to one of his sensitive feelings. Around him a bleak and barren region, snows and fogs alternately deforming the sky, and the storms ever chafing the black Kuxine into fury,—with no companions but barbarians clad in skins, he sighed for the» vine-clad hills, the sun and sky of Italy—for the fragrance of the Collis Hortulorum, and the flowers of his own fair garden by the Flaminian Way—for the gay companions, the baths, the theatres, and the gushing fountains of impe- ri.il Koine. Like ihe unhappy Uyron in his selt-imnosed exile, he could exclaim with him: LIFE AND WRITINGS OF OVID. H "My days are in the yellow leaf, The fruits and flowers of love are gone; The worm, the canker, and the grief Are mine alone." But nothing could move the obduracy of Augustus ; and although Ovid re garded his memory with idolatry, and consecrated a chapel to him after death, neither this, nor like flatteries lavished upon his successor Tiberius, ever pro cured the recall of the unfortunate poet. While in exile, the feelings of Ovid were deeply wounded by the conduct of a former friend, supposed to be the poet Cornificius by some, but with more reason, the mythograph Hyginus, who soli cited his wife Perula, whom Ovid tenderly loved, to forget her exiled husband and accept of another. He endeavored also to induce the emperor to bestow upon him the patrimony of Ovid. Full of indignation, the unhappy poet dipped his pen in gall, and wrote a pcem called Ibis, inscribed to the fictitious name of his ungrateful friend. It is in the style of the Dira; of Valerius Cato, and is full of imprecations in comparison of which ordinary curses appear as benedictions. After this, Ovid composed a poem in praise of the imperial family at Rome. It was in the barbarous language of the people where he dwelt, and warmly attached them to him ever after. This poem has not come down to us. After living more than nine years in exile, Ovid closed his life at Tomi, in the sixtieth year of his age, and was mourned publicly by the inhabitants, who erected a stately monument to his memory, before the gates of the city. His death occurred A. U. C. 771, in the fourth year of the reign of Tiberius. Ovid's person was of a middle stature, and slender, but graceful, and his body strong and nervous, though not large-limbed. He was of a pale complexion, with features regular and agreeable, and possessed of an open and engaging countenance. He was thrice married. His first wife, whom he took in early life, was not worthy of his affections, and was soon repudiated : Psene mihi puero nee digna nee utilis uxor Est data, quae tempus per breve nupta fuit.—TRIST. Lib. ü. He married a second wife, whom he also divorced shortly after, although she was virtuous and prudent : lili successif, quamvis sine crimine, conjux; Non tarnen in nostro firma futura toro.—TRIST. Lib. ii. His last wife, Perula, was celebrated for her beauty and virtue, and as she was of congenial taste, having considerable genius for poetry, was most tenderly loved by him. She remained faithful to him to the last, and lived like a sorrow ful widow, during the relegation of her husband. Ultima, quœ mccum seros permansi! in annos, Sustinuit conjux exulis esse viri.—TRIST. Lib. ii. In conclusion, it must be admitted that Ovid possessed a most extensive Λ» it, supported by just conceptions, a lively fancy, and great felicity of expression. The natural indolence of his temper and his gayety of life prevented his essaying those nobler efforts of which he was capable, while the misfortunes which clouded his latter years prevented his polishing what he had written. If he had employed the same laborious care in composition and patience in revision, for which Virgil was distinguished, he would have surpassed in correctness, as he does in genius, all the other Latin poets. As it is, his writings generally are of the most agree able and instructive character, so that every reader, in admiration of his produc tions, and in sympathy for his misfortunes, will readily join in the petition for rest to his ashes, expressed in the epitaph of the poet, composed by himself: Hic ego qui jaceo, tenerorum lusor amorum, Ingenio perii Naso poeta meo : At libi, qui transis, ne sit grave, quisquis amasti, Dicere Nasonia molliier ossa cubent. Il TESTIMONIA VETERUM SCRIPTOEUM DE OYIDIO. MARCUS ANXJEUS SENECA. Haeohad a constant, becoming, and amiable wit Ills prose appeared no other than dissolved verses. Of his words no prodigal· except In lila verbe, wherein he was not Ignorant of the fault, but affected It, and ofien would »ay, that a mole did not misbecome a beautiful fece, but made It more lovely,—CoHiaov. x. VELLEIU8 PATERCULTJS. It Is almost a folly to number tiie wits that are evrr In our eyes. Amorist these, the most eminent of our ege are Virgil, the prince of verse, Rabtrius, LIvy, imi tating· Sallu-st, Tlbiillns, and Naso, in the form of his absolute poem.—HIST. Lib. 11. LVCIUS ANNAUS SEXECA. "Ex Ist u rt montée, et sparane Cyfladas augent," an salth the wittiest of all poets.—NAT. QDJCST. Lib. I il. QUINTILIANUS. Ovid's Medea eeemeth to me to express how much that man could bave performed. If he had restrained, rather tlmn cherished, his Invention.—LID. x> CORNELIUS TACITUS. Neither Is tliere any composition of Aslnus, or Mes- •ala, so Illustrious es Ovlit's Medea.—DIALOG. DB O B AT. MARTIALIS. Thou'rt more than rand I tliuse whom thoa eeest so hare, Wltli Ovld'tj scli or Virgil may compare, LIB. 111. Επο. 38. BTATIUS PAMPINIUS. That honored day, the old Cnllimachus, Philetas, Umbriiin Projiertlu«, Prepare to celebrate with one consent; And NRSO, clieerful though In banishment, With ricUTlbullua.-SYi.VAit. Lib. U LACTAXTIUS. Ovid, In the beginning of his excellent poem, confess· eth that God, (not disguising his name,) ordained the world, who calls him the Creator thereof; and maker of all tilings.—INSTIT. Div. Lib. I. 8. HIEROXTMUS. Semlramls, of whom they report many wonders, erected the walis of Babylon, as testifies tiiat renowned poet, in tiie Fourth Book of hie Metamorphoses.—IIT. OIK. Cap. 11. S. AUGUSTINUS. And Naso, that excellent poet.—DB CIVITAT. DEI. ANGELUS POLITIANUS. *Tl8 doubtful, whether he. whom Sulmo bore, The world-commaniMng Tiber honored more Than his foul exile tlice dcfiuncd, O Home I Whom Getlc sands, alas I but half Intonib. Perhaps observed by Augustus' spies. To look on Julia with too friendly eyes.—Is NUTRICIA. MAHCUS AKTO2ÎIUS TIUTONIUS. Tills divine work te necessary, and to be desired of all that are addicted to poetry, both for the gracefulness of speech, tiie admirable art of tbe poet, and delightful variety of Mie subject. Neither was there any tliat dili gently collected, or learnedly, elegantly, and orderly expressed tiie fables, but Ovid, who composed out of Orpheus, Heslod, Homer, and other most ancient poets, BO excellent and noble a work, that therein the learning of the J.R.UIIS may worthily glory.—DISPUTAT. DB FAB. 12 RAPHAEL REGIUS. There Is nothing appertaining to the knowledge and glory of wars, whereofwe have not famous example» In the Metamorphose« of Ovid, described with such effi cacy and eloquence, that often in reading, you will Imagine yourself embroiled In their conflicts.— ΡΗΛΪΑΤ. JACOBUS MICTLLUS. Hardly shall you find a poem, which Hows wlih greater faculty. For what should I say of learning t herein so gruut, so various and abstruse, that many pinces have neither been explained, nor yet understood ; no, not by the most knowing, requiring rather Ά resolution from the Delian oracle.— PRIN CIP. ΑΙΦΙΤΙΟΗ. STEPHANUS. Naso, ϊη his Metamorphoses, may well be called the poet of painter». In that those witty descriptions afford euch lively putterns for their pencils to Imitate. — PRJCPAT. llf HORATIUM. ANTOXIUS MURETUS. The Metamorphoses, a divine poem, shining through out, with all tiie lustres of conceit and eloquence.— OKAT. 111. JULIUS OffiSAR SCAL1GER. But now we arrive where the height of wit, and the Sharpness of judgment are belli to be exercised. For who c;tn commend Ovid sufficiently t much less, who dares reprehend him ? Notwithstanding, I wiitsay some thing, not In way of detraction, butthat wealsomaybe abie to grow with his greatness ..... lila Meta morphoses — books deserving a more fortunate author, that from his last hand they might have had their per fection, which he himself laments In luculent verses. Yet are there In thesr, weli-m^h an infinite number, which the wit of another, I believe, could never have equalled. — POETIC. Lib. v. BERXARDUS MARTINUS. I conceive the poet of Sulmo did follow the industry and advice of Zcnxls, In the composure of tiiat admira ble work of his Metamorphoses* For a» that excellent painter, about to draw tiie picture of Helen, had assem bled together the most rare and beautiful virgins of Greece, that by examining their several perfections and graces, he might express all In one wiLh his curious pencil ; so he ont of tbe innumerable voiumes of the Grecian poets, flrt>t gathered these multiplicities of fv bleu, composing the diffused and variously dispersed Into one body, and then diligently noting what In every author was eiegiint and beautiful, transferred the same to his own, that notiiing might be wanting to tiie en· rlchlng mid adorning of his divine poem. — VARIAR. LacT. Lib. lii. Cap. 18. HERCULES CIOF4.NUS. A witty work, reimte with solid and manifold learn ing. Those wlio peruse it diligently, binili find. such admirable Ihiency, such fulness, suih gravity of words and sentent es, tlmt tew or noni; among the Lutin pools can be said to traiiscerd him. Wbat shall I say of that «iugular and weli-ni^ii disiile contexturu of fable with fabie t »o surpassing tiiat nothing can be spuken or donc more artificially, more excellently, or more gracefully. "Who, handling such diversity of matter, so cunningly weaves them together, that ali appear hut one series f Planudes, well knowing that GriLve had not a poem ac abounding with tk-H^ht and beauty, tr.insLittd It tntc that language. What should I say mure 1 All arts which antiquity knew arc here t>o fully dclim-ntcd, that a num ber, expert in both tongues, of prime underbuilding and judgment, admire it beyond all expression.— PKAFAT. OBS. IN MET AM. INDEX METAMORPHOSEON P. OVIDII NASONIS. LIBER L FABULA L Chaos changed into four elements; the Creation of the world ... 22 Π. Formation of animals ; the creation of man .......... 33 ΙΠ. The Golden Age, in which inno cence and hnppiness prevail . . 38 IV. The Silver Age, in which there i» a deterioration of morale ... 44 V. TheBrazenandlronAges.inwhich wickedness reaches ite height . 48 VI. The Battle of the Gianls; their blood changed into men . . . · M ΥΠ Council of the Gods called to deli berate on the prevailing wicked- nesBof mankind . ...... 58 VITI. Lycaon changed into a wolf ... 64 IX. The world destroyed by a flood, on account of the ungodliness of men . . ........ 68 X. Restoration of the world; stones changed into men ...... 88 . XL The earth changed into animal»; Python slain by Apollo .... 88 ΧΠ. Daphne changed into a laurel . . 94 XIIL Vale of Tempe; Io changed into a heifer, and placed under Arguì . 104 XIV. Syrinx changed into a reed; death ofArguE ......... 114' XV Io the heifer, changed into the hu man form ........ 118 LIBER II. FABULA. L The Palace of the Sun ; a descrip tion of the solar chariot . . . . 12» II. The conflagration of Ihe world ; the fallofFhaeihon. ...... 13d ΙΠ. The sisters of Phaethon changed into poplar», and Cycnus, his cou sin, into a swan ....... 148 IV Jupiter changed inlo the form of Diana, that he may deceive Cal- listo, the daughter of Lycaon . . 154 V. Callisto changed into a bear by Juno ........... 158 VI. Callisto and her son Areas changed into constellations ...... 101 VII. Coronis of Phocis changed inlo a crow; the raven changed from white to black ....... 166 Vili. Nyclimene changed to a night- owl; the death of Coronis of Larissa ....... . . ITS IX. Ocyrrhoe, the daughter of Cniron, changed into a mare ..... 170 X. Apollo becomes a shepherd ; Battus changed by Mercury into a touch stone ........... 189 XI. The loves of Mercury and Ilerse; Agraulos changed lo stone . . 184 ΧΠ. Jupiter, transformed to a bull, car ries Europa across the >ea into Crete ......... .191 B 13 II 14 INDEX METAMORPHOSEON. LIBER m. I. Cadmus, in search of his sister Europa, comes to Bccotia, where he slays the dragon ..... 198 IL The teeth of the dragon, sown in the earth by the command of Mi nerva, are changed to armed men £06 III. Action changed to a stag by Diana, in consequence of surprising her when bathing, is eaten up by his own dogs ......... 810 IV. Juno changed into an old woman, procures the death of Semele. . 218 V. Echo, in love with Narcissus, pines away, and is changed to a voice. 824 VI. Narcissus, in love with himself, pines away, and is changed to a daffodil .......... 830 VIL The triumphs of Bacchus, and rage ofFentheus ........ 233 Vffi. The Tyrrhene sailors attempt to carry off Bacchus, and are changed to dolphins ..... S44 IX. The death of Fentheus, who is torn in pieces by Bacchanals. His mother Agave, and his aunt Att- toQoë, are the principal actors . 852 LIBER IV. FABULA I. The Minye'ides despise the festive! of Bacchus, and continue their labors, which they lighten by the recital of stories. Transforma tion of Dercetis into a fish; that of Semiramis Into a dove . . . 253 '"Π. The story of Fyramus and Thisbe; mulberries changed from white to black ; the Minyeïdes changed to bats .......... £68 ΠΙ. Juno descends to the infernal re gions, and employe a Fury to de stroy the house of Athamas . . S74 IV. Ino and her son Melicerta changed to marine deities; their compa nions to rocks and birds.... USO V. Cadmus and Hermione changed to serpents in Illyria ...... £86 VI. Atlas changed to a mountain . . . £91 Vu. Perseus slays the sea-monster to which Andromeda was exposed, and marries her....... £96 VIIL Medusa slain by Ferseus; the winged horse Fegasus and his brother Chryeaor spring from her blood ........... 301 SCANNING TABLE. HEXAMETER verse contains dactyls and spondees, and consists of six feet. When regular, the fifth foot is always a dactyl, and the sixth a spondee. An irregular line sometimes admits a spondee, instead of a dactyl, in the fifth foot, and is therefore called spondaic. Of regular hexameter lines, then.· are sixteen varieties, owing to the different arrangement of the dactyls and spondees. , " In the references to the Scanning Table, the number opposite to each line shows the variety to which each verse belongs. Thus, Verse 1, marked II, must be scanned according to the llth variety in the table. Dui. In nova Dut I Spend. fert anï I mus mû Spond. tâtâs Dut dicërë Spud. formas. An asterisk fj * Ί in the references, denotes a poetic license in the verse, as when a long syllable is made short, or a short syllable long, a syllable preserved from elision, or two syllables contracted into one. An obelisk [ t ] denotes a spondaic verse. A consonant is often doubled to lengthen a preceding syllable ; as re/ligio for religio ; re/tulit for retulit. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. - XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. IS I! REFERENCES TO THE SCANNING TABLE. FROŒMIUM. 1 ... 11 2 ... 12 3. . . 8 4 ... 16 FAB. I. 1 ... 13 2 ... 12 3. . . 5 4 ... 5 5 ... 13 6 ... 12 7 ... 15 8. . . 2 9 ... 15 10t . . 13 11 ... 12 12 . . .11 13 ... 13 14 ... 4 15 ... 15 10 ... 14 17. . . 11 16 ... 1 19 . . 13 20 ... 1 21 ... 11 22 ... 13 23 ... 14 24 ... 13 25 ... 14 26 ... 5 27 ... 14 28 ... 16 29 ... 11 30 ... 12 31 ... 14 32 ... 14 33 ... 13 34 ... 13 35 ... 12 36 ... 6 37 ... 11 38. . . 11 39 ... 12 40 ... 15 41 ... 13 42 ... 12 43 ... 15 44 ... 10 45 ... 8 46 ... 9 47 ... 11 48 ... 12 49 ... 16 50. .. 6 51 ... 13 52 ... 5 53 ... 13 54 ... 12 55 . . .11 50 ... 12 57 ... 14 58 . . . t'J 59 ... 10 CO ... 10 61 ... 15 62 ... 9 C3 . . . 9 64 ... 12 05 ... 16 C6 . . . 8 67 ... 12 FAB. II. 1 ... 9 2 ... 15 3 ... 5 4 ... 14 5 ... 10 6* . . 15 7 ... 12 8 ... 13 9 ... 13 10 ... 15 11 ... 16 12 ... 10 13 ... 14 14 ... 15 15. . . 13 10 ... 9 17 ... 15 FAB. III. 1 ... 11 2 in • · · 1U •i If» ,5 ... Hi 4 ... 12 5. . . 9 Cp* ... o 7. . . 11 810 . . · lo (k fi ·/ · · · \' 10 ... 12 11 ... 14 IO l K 1 "ύ . · · IO Io io o . . . J/i 14 ... 16 1 Κ <ì 15 ... D 10 . . . 13 17 ... 13 18 ... 4 l'I Id 1 «7 . . . l^ on h A\J ... o '>! VI ΛΙ ... 1« 22 ... 10 23 . ! . 13 24. . . 11 FAB. IV. 1 . . . 15 2 ... U) 3. . . 8 4 ... 12 5. . tlö 6* . . 11 7. . . 1 8 ... 15 9. . . 4 10 ... 6 11 ... 13 12 ... 14 FAB. V. 1 ... 13 2. . . 9 3 ... 11 4 ... 12 5 ... 15 6. . . 5 7 ... 14 8 ... 14 9 ... 10 10. . . 12 11 ... 8 12 ... 12 13 ... 4 14 ... 5 15 ... 10 16 ... 1 1 17 ... 13 18 ... 12 19 ... 9 20 ... 13 21 ... 10 22 ... 1« 23 ... 16 24 ... 10 25 ... 11 26 ... 12 FAB. VI. 1 ... 13 2 ... 12 3 ... 12 4. .11 5* . . 12 0 ... 16 7. . . 1 8 ... 9 9 ... 8 10 ... 14 M ... 8 12. . . 11 FAB. VII. 1 ... 12 2 ... 12 3 ... 10 4. . . 8 5. . . 9 6 ... 13 7 ... 10 8. . . 11 9 ... 6 10 ... 16 11 ... 15 12 ... 14 13 ... 12 14 ... 13 15 . . . 10 10. . . 11 17. . . 11 18 ... 13 19. . . 11 20 ... 13 21 ... 6 22 ... 11 23 ... 4 24 ... 13 25 ... 12 26 ... 7 27 ... 15 28 ... 14 29 ... 12 30 ... 16 31 . . . t8 32 ... 12 33 ... 13 34 ... 10 35 ... 13 36 ... 10 37 ... 15 38 ... 13 39 ... 11 40 ... 15 41 ... 16 42 ... 10 43 ... 11 44 ... 14 45 ... 13 46 ... 1C 47 ... 12 48 ... 12 FAB. VIII. 1 ... 13 2 ... 12 3 ... 13 4 ... 13 5 ... 10 6 ... 10 7. . . 7 8 ... 14 9 ... 16 10 ... 15 11 ... 13 12 ... 10 13 ... 3 14. . . 15 15 ... 14 10. .. 6 17 ... 15 18 ... 11 19 ... 12 20 ... 16 21 ... 12 22 ... 16 23 ... 15 24 ... 9 25 ... 16 26 ... 6 27 ... 11 28. . . 9 29 ... 14 FAB. IX. 1 ... 16 2 ... 14 3. . . 15 4. . . 11 5 ... 14 6. . . 11 7 ... 15 8 ... 12 9. . . 11 10 ... 10 1G REFERENCES TO THE SCANNING TABLE. 17 11 ... 14 12 ... 9 13 ... 16 14 ... 12 15 ... 14 10 ... 12 17 · . . 14 18 ... 13 19 ... 13 20 ... 14 21 ... 15 22 ... 12 23 ... 10 24 ... 0 25 ... 4 26 ... 11 27 ... 13 28 ... 11 29 ... 13 30 ... 13 31 ... If, 32 ... 9 83 ... 6 31 ... 14 35 ... 3 36 ... 14 37 ... 12 38 ... 6 39 ... 12 40 ... 10 41 ... 12 42 ... 10 43 ... 2 44. . . 11 45 ... 14 46 ... 10 47 ... 14 48. .. 9 49 ... 14 50. .. 8 51 ... 15 52 ... 12 53. . . 9 54 ... 13 55 ... 1 56 . . .11 57 ... 12 58 ... 16 59 ... 6 60. . . 11 61 ... 13 62 .. 6 63 . . 15 64 . . 3 65 . . 16 66 . . 12 67 . . 12 68 . . 8 69 . . 14 70 . . 16 71 . . 8 72 . . 14 73 .. 5 74 . . 11 75 . . 15 76 . . 15 77 . . 9 78 . . 14 79 . . 10 80 . . 8 81 . . 13 82 . . 11 83 . . 8 84 . . 14 85 . . 10 86 . . 16 87 . . 16 88 . . 12 89 . . 13 90 . . 2 91 . . 9 92 . . 15 93 . . (i 94 . . 15 95 . . 6 96 . . 9 97 . . 13 98 . . 1C 99 . . 9 100 . . 10 101 . . 1 1 102 . . 13 103 . . 13 101 . . 16 105 . . 12 10,'i . . 15 107 . . 13 108 .. 7 109 . . 11 110 .. 3 111 . . 10 112 . . 13 113 .. 4 114». . 13 115 . . 15 116 . . 11 117 . . 12 118 . . 15 119 . . 11 120 . . 10 121 . . 12 122 . . 10 123 . . 13 121 . . 14 125 . . 11 12ÎÏ . . 12 127 .. 5 123 . . 15 129 . . 11 FAB. X. 1 . . 10 2 . . 8 3 . . 12 4 . . 11 5 . . 6 6 . . 2 7 . . 5 8 . . 9 9 . . 11 10 . . 13 11 . . 10 12 . . 15 13 . . 15 11 . . 8 15 . . 12 16 . . Hi 17 . . 15 18 .. 9 19 . . 12 20 . . 11 21 . . 12 23 . . 14 23 . . 15 24 . . 15 25 . . 15 26 . . 15 27 . . 11 28 . . 10 29 .. 6 30 .. 3 31 . . 5 32 . . 15 33 ... 16 34 ... 8 35 ... 13 36 ... 13 37 ... 10 38 ... 4 39 ... 15 40. . . 6 41 ... 15 42 ... 10 43 ... 10 44 ... 10 45. .. 5 46 ... 14 47 ... 16 FAB. XI. 1 ... 13 2 ... 10 3 ... 12 4 ... 13 5. . . 7 0. . . 5 7 ... 10 8* . . 14 9 ... 11 10 ... 13 11 ... 10 12. .. 6 13 ... 10 14 ... 15 15. . . 11 10. . . 10 17 ... 10 18 ... 13 19 ... 10 20 ... 10 21 ... 10 22 ... 13 23 ... 13 24 ... 10 25 ... 15 26 ... 11 27 ... 14 2* . . . 12 29 ... 13 30 ... 12 31 ... 15 32 . . .11 33 ... 14 34 ... 10 35 ... 8 36 ... 13 FAB. XII. 1 ... 12 2. . . 8 3 ... 12 4 ... 12 5 ... 15 6 ... 10 7. . . 9 8 ... 16 9 ... 10 10. . ..11 11 ... 6 12 ... 16 13 ... 10 14 ... 14 15 ... 12 10 ... 12 17 ... 16 18 ... 4 19 ... 13 20 ... 14 21 ... 13 22. . .16 23 ... 9 24 ... 6 25 ... 12 26 ... 14 27 ... 6 28 ... 14 29 ... 11 30 ... 14 31 ... 13 32 ... 12 33 ... 13 34 ... 12 35 ... 10 36 ... 9 37 ... 10 38 ... 14 39 ... 15 40 ... 15 41 ... 16 42 ... 12 43 ... 12 44 ... 15 45 ... 11 46 ... 12 47 ... 3 48 ... 9 49 ... 8 50 ... 15 51 ... 10 52 ... 15 53 ... 15 54 ... 14 55 ... 4 56 ... 15 57 ... 13 58 ... 9 59 ... 9 60 ... 15 61 ... 12 62 ... 13 03 ... 9 64 ... 9 65 ... 16 66 ... 12 67 ... 13 68 ... 16 09 ... 4 70 ... 13 71 ... 14 72 ... 6 73 ... 15 74 ... 1 75 ... 11 70 ... 12 77 ... 13 78 ... 10 79. .. 9 80'. . .15 81 ... 10 82 ... 14 83 ... 15 84 .. 12 85. . .11 86 .. 16 87 .. 13 88. . .11 89 ... 10 90 ... 12 91 ... 13 92 ... 11 93 ... 16 94 ... 13 95 ... 15 90 ... 1 »7 ... 12 98 ... 9 3 B2 IS REFERENCES TO THE SCANNING TABLE. 99 . . lu 100 . . 10 101 .. 6 102 . . 14 103 . . 14 104 . . 13 105 . . 11 100 . . 10 107 . . 13 108 . . 15 109 . . 14 110 . . 14 111 . . 10 112 . . 13 113 . . 10 FAB. XIII. 1 . . 16 2 . . 12 3 . . 1 4 . . 4 5 . . 12 6 . . 11 7 . . 13 8 . . 11 9 . . 8 10 . . 14 11 . . 12 12 . . 4 13 . . 11 14 . . 8 15 . . 12 16 . . 10 17 . . 16 18 . . 12 19 . . 11 20 . . 15 21 . . 10 22 . . 14 23 ... 14 24 ... 5 25 ... 11 26 ... 5 27 ... 10 28. . . 6 29 ... 16 30 ... 10 31 ... 16 32 ... 12 33 ... 9 34 ... 11 35 ... 5 36 ... 15 37 ... 12 38 ... 15 39 ... 6 40 . . . *2 41 ... 16 42 ... 14 43 ... 13 44 ... 13 45 ... 15 46 ... 0 47 ... 13 48 ... 15 49 ... 15 50 ... 15 51 ... 15 52 ... 8 53 ... 14 54 ... 15 55 ... 13 56 . . . 0 57. .. 11 58 ... 8 59 ... 10 60 ... 13 Cl . . . 15 62 . . 12 63 . . 12 64 . . 12 65 . . 10 66 . . 12 67 . . 13 68 . .12 69 . . 16 70 . . 6 71 . . 10 72 . . 14 73 . . 15 74 . . 11 75 . . 13 70 . . 9 77 . .12 78 . . 8 79 . . 14 80 . . 16 81 . .15 82 . . 12 83 . . 11 84 . . 14 85 . . 11 80 . . 11 87 . . 12 88 . . 10 89 . . 12 90 . . 14 91 . . 15 92 . . 9 93 . . 16 94 . . 8 Θ5 . . 16 96 .. 1 97 . . 12 98 . . 6 99 . . 11 100 . . 16 101 . 14 102 . 15 103 . 13 104 . 15 105 . 14 106 . 9 107 . 13 108 . 13 109 . 13 110 . 12 111 . 12 112 . 11 113 . 10 114 . 15 115 . 10 116 . 15 117 . 16 118 . 12 119 . 5 120 . 16 121 . 10 FAB. XIV. 1 . . 10 2 . . t9 3 . . 11 4 . . 16 5 . . 8 C . . 10 7 . . 16 8 . . 12 9 . . 13 10 . . 15 11 . . 15 12 . . 11 13 . . 13 14 . . 15 15 . . 13 16 . . 7 17 ... 15 18 ... 14 19 ... 13 20·. . . 4 21 ... 15 22. . . 11 23 ... 10 24 ... 2 25 ... 12 26 ... 9 27 ... 12 28 ... 15 29 ... 12 30 ... 7 31 ... 11 32 ... 13 33 ... 7 34 ... 10 35 ... 12 FAB. XV. 1 ... 13 2 ... 10 3 ... 10 4. . . 11 5 ... 12 6 ... 10 7 ... 10 8 ... 12 9t . . 10 10. . . 11 11 ... 11 12 ... 13 13 ... 13 14 ... 10 15 ... β 16 ... 10 17 .... 13 18 ... 14 19 . .12 20 ... 16 21 ... 11 22 ... 10 23. 11 24. .9 25 . 15 26. . . 11 27 ... 10 28. . . 11 29 ... 13 30 ... 16 31 ... θ 32 ... 16 33 ... 10 34 ... θ 35 ... 10 36 ... 8 37 ... 6 38 ... 15 39 ... 11 40 ... 10 41 ... 13 42. .. 9 43 ... 14 44 ... 12 45 ... 15 40 ... 12 47 ... 1 48 ... 14 49 ... 16 50 ... 4 51 . . .15 52 ... 10 53 ... 12 54 ... 16 55 ... 9 56 ... 14 P. OYIDII NASONIS METAMORPHOSEON LIBRI IY. 19 AKGUMENTUM. AFTER a concise and elegant annunciation of his subject, the poet in vokes the inspiration of the gods in the composition of a continuous poem, from the first origin of the world to his own times. Chaos, which was a rude and confused mass, is reduced to order, and separated into the four elements, fire, air, earth, and water, with distinct localities. Form and regularity are given to the universe. To the several divisions of nature, proper inhabitants are assigned, and lastly, man is formed./Foui ages of the world follow. In the golden age, innocence and tranquillity pre vail, and men live upon the spontaneous productions of the earth. In the silver age, the year is divided into four seasons. The earth is now cul tivated, and houses are built. In tfie brazen age, the corruption of morals begins, which is consummated in the iron age. Rapine and violence now predominate, and Astrœa, the last of the gods, leaves the earth reeking with slaughter. The giants make war upon Heaven, and are destroyed by Jupiter. From their blood springs a race of men given to violence and lust. Jupiter calls a council of the Celestials, to deliberate upon the general depravityJind relates the impiety of Lycaon, and his transforma tion into a wolf. A general deluge destroys all animate existence, except Deucalion and Pyrrha. By the admonition of Themis, they repair the human race. The other animals are produced from the moist earth, heated by the sun : among them, the serpent Python, which is slain by Apollo. In commemoration of the deed, he institutes the Pythian games. Daphne, the daughter of the river Peneus, pursued by Apollo, is changed into a laurel. Io, the daughter of Inachus, is abused by Jupiter, and changed into a heifer, to prevent the· suspicion of Jnno. She is assigned to the care of Argus, who has a hundred eyes. Mercury, sent by Jupiter for the destruction of Argus, entertains him with music and the story of the transformation of Syrinx into a reed, and having lulled him to sleep, slays him. Juno adorns the tails of her peacocks with his eyes. Io, restored, with Juno's consent, to the human form, gives birth to Epaphus and is worshipped as a goddess. Phaeton, reproached by Epaphus with believing in a supposititious father, visits the palace of the sun. · SO P. OVIDII NASONIS METAMOEPHOSEON. LIBEK I. PROŒMIUM. ί(Ν nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas Corpora. Dì, cœptis (nam vos mutâstis et illas) Adspirate meis : primâque ab origine mundi Ad mea perpetuum deducile tempora carmen. NOTjE. METAMOHÏHOSEOÎÎ. From ρΣταμίφφωσις, which signi fies the change of one thing for another. 1. In nova. Asia custom ary, the poet begins by declaring his. subject, and after invoking the aid of the gods, enters upon the narration. The exordium is brief, but comprehen- N sive. 1. fert animus: my mind inclines me : I design. -1. Mutatas formas. By hypallage for, "orpora mutata in novas formas; bodies changed into new forms. See Brooks's Grammar, p. 144. The use of this figure, by which the order of construction is in verted, is singularly beautiful in treating of the transformation of bodies. 2. Dî, cœptis. At the commencement of any labour, the invocation of the supreme power and goodness is just and proper. VVith especial appropriateness, the poet, on this occasion, invoke» the gods whose agency had effected the different creation· and transformations which he ia about to describe. In sublimity, however, the fol lowing, from Milton, ia greatly superior : And chiefly thou, O Spirit, that dost prefer Betöre all temples, the upright heart and pure, Instruct me, for thou knowest : tliou from the first Wast present, and wilh mighty winga outspread, D ive-iike, eat'st brooding on the vast abyss, Ami mad'st it pregnant : wlml in ine is dark. Illumine ! what is low, raise and support. 2. Nam vos mitlast is: for you have also transformed them. The emphatic force of the conjunction ci, evidently refers to their creation by the gods. 3. Adspirale meis: favor, literally, breathe upon, my designs. Λ metaphor common with the poets, derived from winds impel ling a ship. 4. Deducile: draw like a chain, extend. 4. Perpetuum carmen: α continuous, un broken poem. The art of the poet is par ticularly shown in the happy manner in which each fable ia connected with the one succeeding it, in a regular series, like tne links of a chain. 21 FABULA I. CHAOS ET MUND1 CREATIO. 3od redtces Chaos into order, and separates the Four Elements. He assigna stallone to the several divisions of the universe; and gives form and regularity to the whole. The zones of the earth. The principal winds. The stars. EXPLICATIO. However they may be involved in allegory, or disfigured by error, there is in all the ancient cosmogonies, C haldee, Phenician, Egyptian, Persian, Indian, and Gothic, sufficient coincidence with that of Moses to attest the truth and universality of the Scriptural account of an event which has been carried, by tradition, into every part of the habitable world. Sancho- niatho, the Phenician, who compiled his antiquities from civic records and annals kept in the temples of the gods, in so many respects coincides with Moses, that he is supposed by some to have had access to the Pen tateuch. Hesiod appears to have copied him in his Theogony, and to have furnished, in his turn, the material of which, in part, Lucretius, Diodorus Siculus, and our poet, have constructed their systems of the creation of the world. In the first place, the poet describes Chaos, dark and without form, as containing in itself all the elements of the universe in a state of commo tion. This agrees with the Biblical account : " And the earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the abyss. And the Spirit of God moved [brooded] upon the face of the waters ;" and is in beau tiful accordance, too, with that Orphic allegory which represents a dove as brooding upon an immense egg, from which the universe is produced. The Architect of the world begins to reduce Chaos to order, and first makes two general divisions, Earth and Heaven. He then separates the earth into land and waier; end divides the heaven into two portions, the upper and the lower, arranging the whole according to the gravity of the several parts. He now Ejives rotundity to the earth, pours out the seas, and encircles them with shores, and forms the different smaller bodies of water. He spreads out the plains, and depresses the valleys, elevates the moun tains, and clothes the forests with trees. He distinguishes the earth by zones, assigns places to the fogs, the clouds, the lightning and the thun der, and determines the several regions of the winds. When these things are arranged, as if to crown the excellence of the whole, and to contem plate the new creation, the stars which had lain obscured under Chaos, begin no« to glow throughout all the heavens, in happy coincidence with the close of the Scriptural creation, " when the morning stars sang to gether, and all the sons of God shouted for joy." 22 # ΝΤΕ mare et tellus, et, quod tegit omnia, ccelum, Unus erat loto Natura? vultus in orbe, Q,uem dixere Chaos; rudis indiges- taque moles; Nee quicquam nisi pondus iners, con- gestaque eòdem FIOTJE. 1. Ante: formerly ; at the first. The ac count which Ovid gives of the creation, de- rived from tradition and the writings of the earlier poets, agrees in many respects with the Mosaic account. He begins his narra tion with a word similar in meaning to the commencement of Genesis, " In the legin- ning, God created tlie heavens and t he earth. In the beginning of the creation of all things tlie heavens end the earth had UK «une loiin nnd appearance, their nnlures being mixed together —ÜIODORLS SlCULTJS. 1. Tellus. The earth, in nil the Cosmogo nies of the ancients, is produced from chaos. ΤϋίΊίάονίΙΙ&νγατηρΙπτικαί ί y?.—I'llouMTltIS 1. Cal um: heaven ; so called from «rotXot, concave. 2. Unas vultus. It was α general idea of the ancients, that all the elements were at first united. Thus Euripides, Ό δ'ονρανός τε yaia r' %v μορφή μία. And Dionysius Longinus, _ f=^ ^ "ijr Ta jTfiûra τρία πώματα, γη, dìlp, πΐρ. ~^_ ^ 3. Chaos: chaos ; so called from χόω, to le open like an ^ abyss, to be void. ^ _ iff 24 P. OVIDII NASONIS Non bene junctarurn discordia semina rerum. Nullus adhuc mundo prœbebat lumina Titan ; Nee nova crescendo reparabat cornua Phcebe ; Nee circumfuso pendebat in aere tellus, Pondérions librata suis ; nee brachia longo Margine terrarutn porrexerat Amphitrite. Quàque fuit tellus, illìc et pontus, et aër: Sic erat instabilis tellus, innabilis unda, Lucis egens aër; null! sua forma manebat. Obstabatque aliis aliud : quia corpore in uno Frigida pugnabant calidis, humentia siccis, Molila cura duris, sine pondère habentia pondus. 15 IiIBES I 6. Nullu» Titan ad- huc prœbebat lumina mundo; nee rhœbe reparabat nova cor nua crescendo ; nee tellus pendebat in afire circumfuso, li- bralasuisponderibue. 11. Quaque fuit tel lus, illic fuit et pontus et aër : sic tel lu« erat instabili?, unda ïnna- bilis, afir egena lucia; sua forma manebat 15. Frigida pugiia- bant caliilis, humen tia siccis, mollia cum FABULA I. METAMORPHOSEON NOT-ffi. The foundation was a confused chaos, from whence the lour elementa were separated, and living creatures made.—LAKRTIUS. In that egg Hie great power sat inactive a whole year of the creation, at the close of which he caused the egg to divide itself. And from its two divisions he framed the heaven above aud the eurlh beneath.—INSTITUTES OF MENU. Where eldest Night And Chaos, ancestors of Nature, hold Eternal anarchy.—MILTON. From Chaos both Erebus and black Night were born.—HESIOD. It is remarkable, that Moses, speaking of the division of time before the creation of the sun, "The evening and the morn ing were the first day, uses the word Ereli for evening, from which evidently is derived the Erebus'oi Hcsiod. 5. Semina: the seeds; the first prin ciples of things. This is an elegant and forcible metaphor. 6. Titan: the sun. Titan was the son of Ccelus and Terra, and the eldest of the Titans. As light was first created, it is possible the ancients intended, by making him the eldest son of Heaven and Earth, to signify this. Formerly, the sun knew not hi» place, the moon was ignorant of its powers, and the stars knew not the stations they were to occupy.— VOUJSPA iv TUB EDDA. 7. Cornua. The extremities of the wax ing and waning moon are called horns. The moon is said to fill her horns in pass ing from conjunction with the sun to op position, from the new moon to the full ; and to blunt her horns when passing from opposition to her Hard quarter. The moon that rose lust nighl,round as my shield, Had not y et filled her horns.—DOÜGLASS. The moon Wears a wan circle round her blunted horns. THOMSON. 7. Phœbe. A name given to Diana, or the moon, on account of her brightness. It is the feminine of — - - - ~. . tei, and fire hat the highest situation.—DE NA- e.Bn be.more illiterate than to assert, as you do, -.τ« . τΐι-ΛΤίγΓΜ that it is doubtful whether the world is round oc It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, ..nd the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers. —ISAIAH xl. Hi. 24. Levitate. The air is next to the ether in lightness, and necessarily εο in lo cation. It is proper to say lightness here instead of weight, for the ether has jus' bcrn spoken ot as a light body. 25. Dmsior: more dense, and conse quently heavier. 25. liltnuntti. Elements are the first principles of which bodies are formed. The ancients recognised four elcmenls, fire, air, The wbol; world ag.ree in ,h,9 one constaill earlli, and water, f ire is etili regarded as iaw and opinion, that CJod is the Euh· King nnd α simple, but the others are known to he Father of all.—MAXIMUS TÏRIUS. compuunds. Air consists of oxygen and · · ' nitrogen, in the proportion of 21 parts ot the former to 79 of thr latter, or, as some think, of 20 and PO. i'l accordance with tin atomic theory. The compositions ot carii, are varied. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, in the proportions, by weight of 1 to 8, or by volume, of 2 to 1. 25. Traxil. The eanh, agreeably to th <· -:.- J———.. J_.„„ .,.:.!,.. .V, How heaven on high was formed. The earth established, Raabegirtwithsta. ORPHEC». 28. Quisquis deorum. The Architect of the Universe appears to be rather an " unknown god" to the poet. He evidently considers him of a more exalted character than the others. The heathens in general acknowledged one supreme god. The " ~'ig ι . There are mnny vulgar gods, but there is but one natura] god. — AÎ.TISTHENES, There is really but one God, The maker of he:ivcn nnd earth, And sea and winds — SOPHOCLES. In the fragment of Orpheus, quoted by Justin Martyr, nnd by Clemens Alexandn- nus, on the Unity of God, it is said : , He is one, self-begotten ; by him alone are all things that have been made FABULA!. MET AMORPHOSE Ο Ν. Congeriem secuit, sectamque in membra redegit. Principio terram, ne non eequalis ab omni Parte foret, magni speciem glomeravit in orbis. Turn fréta diffondi, rapidisque tumescere ventis Jussit, et ambitce circumdare littora terras. Addidit et fontes, immensaque stagna, lacusque ; Fluminaque obliquis cinxit declivia ripis : duce diversa locis partiin sorbentur ab ipsâ ; 27 ormn lile fui', „ecuit on eongeriem «io dispo- OU eitam que ledegit sectam in membra. Principio glomeravit terrarii in speciem magni orbie, ne foret non eequalis ab onini 34.Etaddiditfontes, gè que immensa stagna, que lacus ; que cinxit deciiviu flumina ob- NOTjE. 29 Conceriem secuit: cut the mass, viz. chaos. Thus abscidii, α similar term, is employed in the 17th line to express great violence in the separation of the bodies. 29. In membra: into members or parts ; that is, into separate elements. 30. Principio: in the beginning. Having stated the fact of the formation of the uni verse, the poet enters more particularly into the specifications of the several acts. In doing this, he uses the identical ex pression which occurs in the first verse of Genesis. 30. JEtjualif at omni. The earth is not exactly equal in every part, as the eleva tions and depressions show. The equa torial diameter, too, is 26 miles greater than the polar. Owing to this spheroidal figure, the eanh may be considered as con taining a sphere, the radius of which is half the polar axis, and a quantity of redund ant matter distributed over it, so as to swell out the equatorial regions. The precession of the equinoxes, and the nutation of the earth's axis, is occasioned by the attraction of the sun and moon on this redundant matter. 31. Glomeravit: he rounded the earth. Clamerò signifies to wind into a ball like thread Ί ne expression is not inapt, es pecially when we consider that the earth consists of successive layers. 31. Magni orlis; a great globe. A glorious orb from its Creator's liands It came, in h'ght and loveliness arrayed, Crowned with green emerald mounts tinted w ith gold.—SCRIPTURAL ANTHOLOGY. 32. Fréta. Narrow seas between two portions of land, so called from fervendo; here put by syncchdcche for seas in general, dc ordered the seas to be poured forth. And from the hollow of his hand Toured out the immeasurable sea. BOWER OF ΡΛΓ-IIOS 32. Tumescere: to swell; to be puffed up. Have I not seen the sens puffed up with winds, Rage like an angr} boar chafed with sweat. SlIAKSPEARE. 33. Jutsit: he commanded. This con veys the idcn of great power, and is similar to the "Veus diarii" of Moses. He spoke, and it was done ; he commanded, md it stood fas: —PSALM xxxiii. 9. 33. Ambita terrai. Not on all sides sur rounded as the earth is by the air, but en compassed or encircled by it. And wearing as a robe the silver sea, Seeded with jewels of resplendent isiee. SCRIPTURAL ANTHOLOGY 33. Circumdare. In the use of circum dare with ambitas, there is a pleonasm. This figure is of frequent occurrence in Ovid. 34. Fontes, slagna, lacusque. In the enumeration of the different bodies of wa ter, there is an agreeable variety. Dim grottoes, gleaming lakes, and fountain· clear.—THOMSON. 34. Fontes. Fountains or springs aro formed by water that issues from crevices in the earth. The water falls on higher ground, and descending into the earth, is received in subterranean cavities, and fil trates towards the springs. Springs are distinguished as perennial, periodical, in termitting, and spouting. An intermitting fountain at Como, in Italy, rises and falle every hour ; one at Colmaris, in Provence, eight times in an hour. 34. Slagna. Pools are bodies of water that receive no running water, and have no visible outlet. They are situated in low marshy ground. 34. Lacusque. Lakes are large bodies of water that do not communicate with the ocean. They are distinguished as follows : those that receive streams of water, and have a visible outlet ; those that receive streams of water, and have no visible out let; and those that are supplied, not by running streams, but internal springs, and have a visible outlet. The first class of lakes is frceh, the second salt, and the third saline, or alkaline, or both. 35. i'lumina declivia. Rivers always occupy the lowest portions of the districts from which they derive their waters. These districts are called basins. Ilivers will not flow, except on declivity, and their sources be raised above the earth's ordi nary surface, so that they may run upon a descent.—WOODWARD. 36. Cinxit obliquis ripis: he bound the rivers with winding banks. He hath compassed the walers with bound· until day and night come to an end.—JOB xxv 10. 28 P. OVIDII NASONIS In mare perveniunt partira, campoque recepta Libcrioris aquœ, pro ripis littora puisant. , Jussit et estendi campos, subsidere valles, Fronde tegi sylvas, lapidosos surgere montes. Utqiie duœ dextrâ cœlum, totidemque sinistra Parte secant Zonas, quinta est ardentior illis ; Sic onus inclusiiin numero distinxit eodem Cura Dei : totidemque plagas tellure premunlur : Quarum quas media est, non est habitabilis sestu ; Nix tegit alta duas ; totidem inter utramque locavi: . NOTJE. LIBER I. liquia ripis : quœ di- versa locis partire sorbentur ab terra ipsa ; partim perve- niuut in mare, que 40 recepia campo liberi- oris aquœ puisant Utque dune zonoì se cant cœlum dexlrû parte, que totidem si nistra, quima est ar- dcnlior illis ; sic cura Pel disiimi! inclusum 45 ouus eodem numéro : quelotidem plagœpre- munlur tellure. How many spacious countries does the Rhine, In windinglanks, and mazes serpentine Traverse.—BLACKMOKE. 36. Sorbcntur. Some rivers disappear, and continue their course for α distance, under the earth. Such are the Alpheus, in Peloponnesus, the Anas, in Spain, the Rhone, inFrance, the Lycus, the Erasmus, and Alysus. 37. In mare pcrveniu?it. Some ancient philosophers regarded the earth as a great animal, and the ocean as the great fountain and receptacle of all the other waters. It was thus the heart of the world. The deep pulsations of his mighty heart, That bids the blood-like fluid circulate Through every fibre of tl)e earth, shnll cease. SCRIPTURAL ANTHOLOGY. The rivers run into the sea.—CAREW. All ihe rivers run into the sea ; yet the sea is not full : into the place whence ihe rivers come, Ihither they return again.—ECCLESIASTES i. 7. 37. Campo; inaplainof freer water. The Bea or ocean. 38. Liberioris aquœ. The expanse being greater, the waters are lees confined. 38. Pro ripis liliora. A distinction is made between banks and shores. The former belong to rivers, the latter to the eea. 39. Subsidere vallee. The plains to be extended, the valleys to sink down. So high as heaved Ihe tumid hills, so low Down sunk a hollow bollom, broad and deep. MILTON. 40. Fronde tegi: the woods to be clothed with leaves. Last, Rose, as in dance, the stately trees, and Bpread Their branches hung with copious fruit. MILTON. 40. Lapidoso! monies; the stony moun tains to rise. She brought The lofty mountains forlh, Ihe pleasant haunts Of nymphs, who dwell midst thickets of the hills. HESIOD. He gave being to time, and the divisions of time, to ihe stars also, and to the planets, to rivers, oceans, and mountains ; to level plains and uneven valleys.—INSTITUTES OF MENU. 41. Dextra, sinistra. The northern por tion was considered, by the Romans the right, the southern the left. 42. Secant zona. The noun zona is de rived from the Greek ζωτη, a girdle. There are five parallel circles in the heavens ; the equator or equinoctial, equidistant from the north and south poles ; the two tropics, at a distance of 23° 28' from the equator on either side ; and the two polar circles, at a distance of 23° 28' from the poles. These circles divide the heavens into five zones ; the two frigid zones enclosed between the polar circles and the poles ; the two tem perate zones lying between the tropics and polar circles, and the torrid zone lying be tween the tropics. 43. Inclutum onus: the included mass of earth. 44. Totidemplagtr: as many regions are impressed upon the earth. As the planée of the five celestial circles, described in a former note, produced till they reach the earth, imprese similar parallels upon it, as tronomers with propriety divide the earth into zones, in the same manner as they distinguish the heavens. 45. Non est hubitabäis. The sun in the torrid zone being twice vertical, and often nearly perpendicular, darts down his rays with great power. Unacquainted with the situation of the earth, the course of the winds, and the effect of frequent rains, and of the ocean, in tempering the solar heat, the ancients generally considered the torrid zone uninhabitable. Lucan, however, in the army of Pompey, speaks of Ethiopians from the torrid zone. Eratosthenes de scribes Taprobana under the line, and Ptolemy, in his Geography, speaks of Agisymban Ethiopians south of the equi noctial. Columbus first Fouud a temperate in a torrid zone ; The feverish air fauued by a cooling breeze. DRYDKN 46. Nix tegit. The two frigid zones, ly ing between latitude 66° 32' and the poles, are covered with ice and snow, a great port of the year. , He giveih «now like wool : he scatiereih tae I hoar-lrost like ashes. He casteth forth hie ic· like morseis: who can stand before his cold»— PSALM cilûi. FABULA I. METAMORPIIOSEON. Temperiemqne dedit, mista cum frigore fiamma. Imminet his aër; qui, quanto est pondère terrae Pondus aquœ levius, tanto est onerosior igni. Illic et nebulas, illic consistere nubes fussit, et humanas motura tonitrua mentes, Et ciim fulminibus facientes frigora ventos. His quoque non passim mundi fabricator habendum Aera permisit. Vix nunc obsistitur illis, Cum sua quisque regant diverso flamina tractu, Q.uin lanient mundum ; tanta est discordia fratrum. 29 48. Aër immïnct his, qui, quanto pondae aquie esi levius pon- Jere terrœ, tanto est 50. Et jussit nebulas consistere illic, nubee illic, et tonitrua mo tura human as mente·, et ventos incitine« frigora cum lulmini bus. Quoque fabri cator mundi non per- misi I aera habendem pussim his. Nunc Quam circum eilremte destra lœvtique tra- htinlur Cœrnleâ glacie concretse, atque imbribu* ntris. VIRGIL. 46. Totidem. The two lemperate zones, between the torrid and the frigid zones, nre free from the severe extremes of heat und cold, and are more agreeable nnd salubrious thun any other portions of the earth. Has inter mcdidumque dun? mnrialibus trgris Muiiere concessœ divum —VIRGIL. 47. Temperiem: tempcrateness ; the heat being blended with cold. 48. Aër imminet : the air rests upon these. 48. Quanto est pondère. The poet ar ranges the different elements according to their gravity: first, fire; then air; then water, and lastly, earth. His proportions, however, do not accord with modern phi losophy, for heat is considered imponder able; atmospheric air is -00121; water 1, and earthy matter varies in w eight accord ing to its component particles. 50. illic nebulas. Fogs consist of dense vapors near the surface of the land or wa ter. During the night, the air, by cooling rapidly, becomes surcharged with moisture. A part of this moisture, precipitated in the form of cloud, gives rise to the ordinary fog. The heat of the sun disperses the fogs by elevating the temperature of the air, and enabling it to reubsorb and hold in solution the moisture. 50. Illic nubes. Clouds are vapors, which, on ascending to the higher and colder regions, are condensed and rendered visible. They are less dense than fogs, and consequently more elcvnted. Their ave rage elevation is from two to three miles. Clouds are divided into three primary for mations ; the cirrus, or curl-cloud, which occupies the highest region, and consists of curls or fibres diverging in every direc tion; theciiwiK/Ms, orstacKen-cloud, which | is next in posiiion, which, from a horizontal | base, assumes a conical figure; and the ' (fratta, or fall-cloud, which consists of horizontal layers. It is lowest in place, and comprehends fogs and mists. The modi fications of the above arc the cirro-cumulus, the cirro-stratus, and the cumulo-stratus, to called from tlteir having the blended ap- i pearance of their respective primaries. The nimbus is the rain-cloud, into which the different clouds resolve themselves when it rains. 51. Tonitrua. The poet speaks of thun der as if it were a real entity, whereas it ig n mere sound, " Vox et mhil prasterea." It is the noise which follows the passage of ligli! ning through the air from one cloud to another, or from a cloud to the ground. It is produced by the vibration of the air, which is agitateci by the electric discharge. 51. Motura mentes: to disturb the minds of men. The thunder rolls : be hushed the prostrate world, While cloud to cloud returns ihe solemn hymu. THOMSON. 52. Fulminibui. Lightning is the rapid motion of vast masses of electric matter. When two clouds, or a cloud and the earth are in different electric states, the one be ing positively electrified, the other nega tively, the electric equilibrium is restored by a union of the two electricities, accom panied by the usual phenomena, flashes of tight, and a loud report. 52. Friffora ventos. Winds are currents of air formed by a disturbance of the equi librium of the atmosphere. The heuted air expands and ascends, while the cold air rushes in to occupy its place. Winds may thus be said to cause cold. A gentle breeze moves about five miles per hour ; a brisk gale from ten to fifteen miles ; a high wind about thirty-five miles ; n storm sixty miles ; a hurricane one hundred. 53. Non passim. The architect of the world did not permit the winds, at their pleasure, to possess the world, lest, uniting their forces, they might destroy it. Maria ac terras cœlumque profundum Quippe ferant rapidi secum, Verranlquc per auras.—VIRGIL. 54. Olsistitur. This is an impersonal verb, from dbsitlo. Scarcely now are they prevented from tearing the world to pieces, when they govern their blasts, each one in a different region. 56. Fratrum. The winds are fabled to be the son of the gant Astrœus and Aurora. 30 P. OVIDII NASONIS J Eurus ad Auroram, Nabatheeaque regna recessit, Persidaque, et radiis juga subdita matutinis; Vesper, et occiduo quœ littora Sole tepescunt, Proxima sunt Zephyro: Scythiam septemque Trionem 60 Horrifer invasit Boreas;contraria tellus Nubibus assiduis, pluvioque madescit ab Austro. Hsec super imposuit liquidum et gravitate carentcm NOTJE. Aurora to Astrœus bare the winds, Of spirit untamed ; east, west, and south, and north. Cleaving his rapid course.—HESIOD. Astrœus is derived from iirrtp, a star, and probably means the sun, " the greater light." As the sun's rays disturb the tem perature of the air in the morning, and cause the winds to rise, they are said, with poetic beauty, to be born of the sun and the morning. 57. Eurus. The poet describes the four cardinal winds, east, west, north und south, and begins with Eurus. This blows from the equinoctial east, and to the Italians was dry, serene, pleasant, and healthy. 57. Ad Auroram: to the east, where the morning rises. By metonymy. 57. Kabalhœa. The Nabathœan king doms, according to Josephus, comprised that portion of country lying between the Euphrates and the Red Sea, and were reigned over by twelve princes, the sons of Ishmael, of whom Nabath was the eldest. Pliny mentions the Nabalhœi in Arabia Felix. 58. Persian. This is a Greek name of Persia, a celebrated country of the east. It was at first a small country, bounded on the north by Media, on the east by Caro- mania, on the south by Sinus Persicus, and on the west by Susiana. It is thought to have derived its name irom Perses, the son of Perseus. 58. Eadiif juga: the hills lying under the rays of the morning ; a beautiful peri phrasis for the eastern mountains. Where first the sun Gilds Indian mountains.—THOMSON. 59. Vesper. As Aurora was put for the cast, vespi r is here put for the west. 59. Quœ lillora trpeacunt. This is an other beautiful periphrasis for the shores of the west. Or his setting benms Flumes on the Atlantic isles.—THOMSOH. CO. Proximn. Are next to Zcphyrus, the west wind. This wind is from the equi noctial west, and with its side winds, is cloudy and moist, and less healthful. Zc phyrus presides over fruits and flowers, and is represented under the form of a youth, with wings like those of a butterfly, and having his head crowned with flowers. CO. Scythia. A country in the north of Asia, remarkable for the coldness of its LIBER L vu obeistitur illis, cum regant sua fla- mina quisque diverso tractu, quin lanient mundum ; discordia fratrum est tanta. Eu rus recessi! ad Auro- Tarn, Nabathfeaque 62. Madescit assid- uis nubibus ab pluvi·? Austro. Imposuit climate, and the rude character of ite in habitants. Scythiicqne hyemes atque arida diflèrt Nubila.—GEORGIC iii.197. GO.—Septemlrionem. From seplem, seven, and iriones, ploughing oxen. A constella tion near the north pole, consisting of seven stars in the form of a plough. It is here put for the north. Sometimes it is called Charles's Wain, from a fancied resem blance to a wagon. 61. Horrifer Boreas. Boreas is derived from /fopär, a vortex; as this wind often blows with such violence as to cause whirl winds, it probably had its name from this circumstance. It produces cold, hail, and snow. As this wind causes shivering, it has the epithet horrifer. Boreas, and Cœcas, and Argestas loud, And Thrascins, rend thcwoods,ond seas upturn. MILTOH. 62. Pluvio ab Austro. The south wind passing over the sea is warm and moist, and often brings rain. The effusive south Warms the wide air. and o'er the void of heaven Breathes the hig clouds, with vernal showers distent.—THOMSOK. Besides the cardinal winds, there are others which are collateral. They are com prised in the following lines : Flat Subsolairus, Vulturnus et Kurus ab ortu : Circius occasum, Zephyrusque Favonius amant, Kt media de parte die Notus, Africus, Auster : Conveniunt Aquile, Boreas, et Corus ab Arcto. G3. Super liac : above these ; that is, above the atmosphere and the winds. 64. JEthern: the ether, or fire. It is de scribed by Cicero as the heaven in which the fiery bodies run their courses. The upper air or ether is mylhologically called Jupiter; the atmospheric or lower air, Juno. Hence Jtmo has been styled, by the Stoics, both the sister and wife of Jupiter. As heat and moisture are tho radical prin ciples of all things, the union of Jupiter and Juno are said to produce every thing in nature. Turn pater omnipotcns fœcundis imbribus œther Conjugis ingremium fcetse descendit, et omnes Magnus alii, magno commixtu« eorpoie, foctua VIBGIL. Lastly, when father Ether kindly pours Ou fertile mother Earth his seminal showers.— CRBECH'S LUCRETIUS· FABULA I. METAMORPHOSED N. /Ethera, nee quicquaia terrena fsecis habentem. Vix ea limitibus dissepserat omnia certis : Cum, quœ pressa diu massa latuere sub ilia, Sidera ceeperunt loto efièrvescere ccelo. 31 liquidum JEthera, et „_ carentem gravitate, DO nee habentem quic- quam terreaœ taci«, super hicc. Vix die sepserat omnia ea NOT-iE. 65. CerlhlimitSrus: fixed boundaries. 66. Massa : that mass. Chaos under which the stars lay. 67. Sidera. Sidui is a constellation con sisting of many stars. The poet here is speaking of stars in general. A constellation is but one, ThougL 'tis a train of stars.—DRYDEN. 67. Effervescere: to glow through all the heavens. The myriad stars Gluw in the deep blue heaven, and the moon Pours from her beamy urn a silver tide Of living rays upon the slumbering earth. SCRIPTURAL AVTHOLOGY. The stars which lay obscured under Chaos, now begin to shine forth. Hesiod, in like manner, speaks of the stars as last formed. Last Lucifer Sprang radiant from the dawn-np_pearing morn, And all the glittering stars that gird the heaven, UESIOD. How shajl I then attempt to sing of Him Whose single smile has, from Hie first of time, Filled, overflowing, all those lamps of heaven That beam for ever through the boundless sky. THOMSON. Aratus, in speaking of the formation of the stars, uses language very similar to' that of Moses. Avrò; yap roye αημα τ' tu οίροι-ω /rröpifc. ARATUS. Σημαίνειν ittttovocv ίηερχομίνον τ' dpóroto. IDEM. And God said, let there be lights in the firma ment ;. and let them be for signs, and for seasons. —GK.MISIS. Nothing in creation is so well calculated to fill the mind with sublime ideas, and lift the soul to God, as the contemplation tf the starry heavens ; truly,.the heavens de clare the glory of God, and the finnamerrl showeth his handiwork. With radiant finger Coutemplation points To yon blue concave, swelled by breath divine, Where, one by one, the living eyes of heav'n Awake, quick kindling o'er the face of ether One boundless blaze ,· ten thousand trcmbbng fires, And dancing lustres, where th1 unsteady eye, Restless and dazzled, wanders unconfined O'er all this field of glories : spacious field, And worthy of the Master ! he whose hand, With hieroglyphics elder than the Nile Inscribed the mysric tablet, hung on high To public gaze ; and said, Adore, O man, The finger of thy God ! From what pure welle Of milky light, what soft o'erflowing urn, Are all these lamps so filled? these friendly lumps, For ever streaming o'er the azure deep, To point our path, and light us to our home. How soft they slide along their lucid spheres ! And, silent as the foot of time, fulfil Their destined courses. Nature's self is hushed, And, but α scattered leaf, which rustle·* thro' The thick-wove foliage, not a sound is heard To break the midnight air : tho' the rais'd ear, Intensely list'iijiig, drinks in ev'ry breath. How deep the silence, yet how loud the praise ! But are they silent all? or is there not A tongue in ev'ry star that talks with man. And woos him to be wise ? nor wooe in vaiu : This dead of midnight is the noon of thought. And wipdom mounts her zenith with the stars. At this still hour the self-collected soul Turns inward, and beholds a stranger there Of high descent, and more than mortal rank ; An embryo God; α spark of fire divine, Which must burn on for ages, when the sun (Fair transitory crea'ture of a day !) 1 las closed his golden eye, and, wrapt in shades. Forgets his wonted journey thro' the east. BABBAULD. QU^STIONES. What is the subject of Fable I ? What is said of the account of the crea tion given by Ovid ? What was Chaos? Who was Titan ? who were the Titans Î Who was Phœbe ? Who wss Amphitrite Î In what state were the elements in Chaos ? In reducing the elements to order, what was the first act of the deity Î what the second >. the third ? What place did the fiery principle, or œther occupy? What is next to the aether ? What figure was given to the earth ? How many zones are there, and how disposed ? What is said of the torrid zone Î Did all the ancients hold this opinion ? How many winds are mentioned ? Why are they called the sons of Astrsus and Aurora? What are their names, and their re gions ? Who was Aurora ? why does it signify the east ? Where is Nabathœa Î why so called ? By what figure is Septeratrionem di vided ? What part of the material creation was last formed ? FABULA IL ANIMALIUM HOMINISQUE CREATIO. Inhabitants are assigned to the several divisions of the earth. The heavent receive the stars and the gods ; the waters receive the fish; the earth the wild beasts, and the air the birds. The creation of man. EXPLICATIO. The world having been prepared for the reception and sustentation of inbabitants, the celestial Architect now peoples each region with its ap propriate class. The gods, and the stars, which the ancients supposed to partake of the nature of the gods, occupy the celestial space. The first act of animal creation takes place, and the waters are stocked with their infinite multitudes. As the lowest organization of animals is formed ir tie waters, this is agreeable to philosophy, and to the account of the first ret of animal creation in Genesis, the bringing forth of the waters. In Genesis, however, the waters bring forth not only the cold-blooded animals, fishes, and reptiles, but the lower orders of warm-blooded animals also, the birds. This is agreeab'e to the soundest philosophy, for birds are next in order to fishes, live in the same, or a similar element, and like fishes, move through the water or the air by a similar resistance of those elements to the organs with which they respectively strike them. Our poet speaks next of the beasts, and then of the birds. The Biblical account places the formation of beasts last. Their organization is the most perfect of all animals. To be lord of the creation just finished, man is formed by Prometheus, the son of lapetus or Japhet. In the account there appears to be h mingling of allegory and history. lapetus, the son of Ceelus and Terra, and the brother of the Ocean, as described by Hesiod, is no doubt Japhet, the son of Noah, called the brother of the Ocean, from his surviving the flood. As the sons of Japhet peopled "the isles of the Gentiles," according to Scripture, it is possible he was ranked among the gods, and that to him, or to his son, Prometheus, may have thus been attributed the formation of man. It is most probable that the fable of Prometheus's stealing fire from heaven to animate man, and the intro duction of disease and death by Pandora, sent for his punishment, is a confused account of the Creation and Fall of man. Prometheus may be regarded as a personification of χρομ^ία, the divine wisdom, which formed man, as he is the chief work of creation. Thus Hesiod repre sents Mulciber, or the plastic power of the deity, as forming man. Again, as the fall, which brought "sin and all our wo," was in consequence of man's coveting knowledge, " ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil," nence diseases and death are said to follow in consequence of fire, which typifies knowledge, being stolen from heaven. Disease and death were introduced, moreover, by Pandora, who is plainly the Eve of Scripture See the story of Prometheus in Lempriere's Dictionary. 33 It ? N 'Γ -> M* Λν ?> /ί ' r^VV^V w f ; A' ι«··,'. ^ΛΓ'ίΚν« 5? O"'. .... # /'. ω,' -A,, ",ii 7 " vk »*·* ^" * - i* rfx η 1 "V •••ι ,.* . »Jl4 -Y.-" 1, Î-^~CJ ï^V^v?-.^.-- a ÉJC ι ., ' vf ,, .M>i -*· ',\i, j 7 ^1·-. l," ' L- ' "'' \'" · ^-:. -'-^- •'i*®*· V-, ÌÌG. . A,·*1 Xaijïy ' ·.;' ^^i'i.^">^ =—~- X^, "i. ^Φα^~~~ - *-,>ιΊΓ-.ν^^-~^Μ ji - - . even men themselves.—EURIPIDES. 2. Astra. The constellations are here spoken of as real animals inhabiting the heavens. The Platonists regarded the stars as intelli gent beings. Anaximander affirmed the stars to be the eternal gods.—PLUTARCH. The stars being generated in the ethereal space, it is a natural inference to suppose them endued with such a degree of sense and understandinir as placus them in the rank of gods.—Ds NATUHA DEOHUM. It hath heen delivered down to us, by the ancients, find those of old times, both that the stura are gods, mid that the Divinity comprehended the whole, or uni\ersaj nature.—ARISTOTLE. The first inhabitants of Greece appear to me The Subì tu is hold that tlirrp is no God beside· to have esteemed these only to lie gods, as many the stars ; that they are all deities, hut that the of the barbarians now do, the sun. and moon, sun is the great, or cluef god.—MAIMONIDES. end the e urlii and stars, and heaven.—I'LATO'S , . , , . CEATÏLUS. A modern poet, with the enthusiasm ot The first natural philosophers looked upon the n ίτ^ Sahian, spciilis of the stnrs as ani- •un mid moon, and other wander ng stars, and rnated, and enshrining an Intelligent soul, the eh ments. nnd the things that were connected in the following beautiiul language : with these, to be the only gods.—EUSEBIUH. ·»-_ _ ·_ ·ι . ..... The most nnc'ent people of Egjpt. looking ap to the world ahoye them, ami ilir nature ot" th« universe, mut being struck with astoirshmcnt and admiration, supposed the sun ami moon to be the eternal mid first, or principal gods, mid that these gods govern the whole world.— DlOEORUS SlCULUfl. 5 Yc \ isible spirits ! bricht as em Young Eden's birthmght sow ye shine On ull lier flowers and fountains first, \ et sparkling from the hand divine ; Yes. bright a« then ye smiled, to catch The miisic of α splieri» so fitir, Ye hold your high, immortal watch, And gird your God's pavilion there. 34 P. OVIDII NASONIS Sanctius his animal, mentisque capacius altœ, Deerat adhuc, et quod dominari in cœtera posset. Natus homo est. Sive hunc divino semine fecit lile opifex rerum, mundi melioris origo ; Sive recens tellus, seductaque nuper ab alto filiere, cognati retinebat si-mina cœli ; Quam satus läpeto, mistam, fluvialibus undis, LIBER I. κ ent ecclesie solum: undœ cesserunt hobi- tandte nitidis pisci- bus: Terra cepit 7. Homo est natu». give ille opifex re- rum» origo melion· mundi, fecit hmic di- ift vino »emine ; «ive re- cens tellus, que le- ducta nuper ab »Ito Gold frets lo duet.—yet there ye nre ; Time rot« the diamond.—liiere yc roll In primal light, as if each star Enshrined an everlasting soul! And does it nul—since your bright tlirongs One all-enlightening Spirit own, Praised there h> pure, sidere " ΝΟΤΛ3. Though but an atom in immensity, * l.fup.. ___ ——- ΒΙΟΙ« 111 llilmtlnr.lj, Still lam something fashioned by thy hand ! rank 'twixt heaven and earth, These are the stars, Ajuiiuisethy thought fromse.. . Such figures as upon globes arc 2. Formal deorum : the forms of the gods ; , "0.· -rr — the air, and ι Quadrupedante solum quatit.—VtRGit Vastis tremit ictibue cerca puppis, Sublrahilurque solittn.—VIRGIL. And sowed with stars the heavens, thick as a O. 1/C00C/ uru . i»n_, .m.^,„ ._,. __ ____ ing fish ; were assigned as their place. Furih-wiih the Bounds and seas, each creek and bay, With fry innumerable flwarm, and shoals Of fish, that with their fins and shining scales, Glide under the green wave. — MILTON. 1 hold a middle ran«. .«.*..— .„. —- . On the last verge of mortal being stand, Upon the realms where angele have their birth. Close to the boundaries of tbe spirit-land ! /riuseu mere nj pure, am^.^u. ~.~0_ -, The chain of being is complete in me, Eternal, glorious, blest, alone ?—REPOSITORY. In me is matter's last gradation lost, And the next step is spirit—Deity 1 I can command the lightning, and am dust! A monurch, and a slave ; a worm, a god ! UERZHAVIH 5. Rlent'a capnriue: more capable of pro- 2. formœaeorumi me*» .,,= ~, ...- „—, found understanding. The opinions of the not mere images, but the gods themselves. nncicws a„reed in many respectB with tho The heavens are the Lard's, but the earth hath account of Moses : he given to the children of men.—PSALMS. 2. Solum. That which sustains any thing, applied equally to heaven, the earth, And breathed into hie nostril β the breath of life, and he became a living soul.—GENESIS. To this the Hebrews agree, when they say, that God gave to man a soul by a divine breath, which they call reason, or a rational soul i but to dumb creatures, and wild beasts of the forest, one void of reason; the living creatures and beasts being, by the command of God, scattered , over the face of the earth.—CHALCIDIUS. .M^-MlLTON. As capable of things divine, ana fit 3. Ceiserunt: the waters fell to the shin- | For arUî; which £,n8e we' „,,.„ from heaven derive, r he that formed us both, did only give ΓΟΓ lie Ulttl lulllrcu ÜB vu..., «... ___ β_ - To beasts the breath of life, to us a soul. JUVSNAU A particle of breath divine.—HORACE. — - —--- D An ethereal sense.—VIRGIL. 4 Terra feras: the earth received the 6 Adhuc deerat: was yet wanting. How wild beasts. It is not a little remarkable like the phrase, "There was not aman to that many of the ancients believed that tjH the ground." Man is here, as in the animals were produced from the earth, as Bibl t|e lagt work of cre(ltion. stated in Genesis. It would not be a foolish conjecture, concern- ,6·. QKO ^ J( ^ remarkllb,e tha, nothing is said of the formation of woman. Aristophanes, in Plato tells a farle that man at the first was double, but alte- wards cut into two, which were distingui J-ed by FABULA II. METAMORPHOSED Ν. Finxit in effigiem'moderantûm cuncta-Deorum. Pronaque cùrn spectent animalia cœtera terram, Os homini sublime dedit, ceelumque tueri Jussit, et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus. 35 .Aithere, retinebat «e- mina cognati cœli: quam, mielam, fluvi- alibus midis, satu· läpeto finxit in effi- 15 gleni deoium mode- NOTJE. eexcs. In the chronicles of Hindostan, the two first creatures are called, in Sanscrit, Adim end Iva. The Fall ie evidently alluded to in the following: The two first mortals were Protogonue (first- born), and Eon. The latter found out the way of taking food from trees. Their descendants were Genus (Cain), and Genea. who first began to worship the sun.—SANCHONIATHO. Orpheus, in his hymn to Protogonus, who was certainly Adam, by calling him heo-fold, seems to refer to his containing Eve in his person : O mighty first-begotten, hear my prayer, Twofold.—TATLOE'S OSPIIKUS. 7. Divino semine: of divine seed or origin. Are we to suppose the divine seed fell from beayen upon the earth, and that men sprang up in the likeness of their celestial sires ?— CICERO. Του γαρ και γίνοί ίσμεν.—AEATUS. Denique cœlesti sumns omnes eemine oriundi. LUCRETIUS. Qui se ipse noveri!, intelliget se habere ali- quid divinum, semperque et fuciet et sentiet •liquid (lignum tanto miniere deornm.—CICERO 8. lile opifex rerum. The artificer of the universe is represented also by Eurysus, the Pythagorean, as forming man in his own image. The human race was formed by an immediate act of the deity, and received from him a rea sonable «oui.—CEDREXUS IN OEPÎIEUS. Crentor, yes ! Thy wisdom and thy word Created me! Thou source of life nnd good Ï Thou spirit of my spirit, and my Lord ! Thy light, Thy love, in their briffht plenitude Filled me with an immortal soul, to spring Over the abyss of death, and bade it wear The garments of eternal daVj and wing Its 1 eavenly flight beyond this little sphere, Even to its source—to Thee—its author there. DERZIIAVIN. 8. Mundi melioris: of α better world ; better than it now is, when it bears the curse of God. Heathens agree with the eacred historian, in attributing to the world, and to the elements, a better state of tti- Jairs than now exists. Thus Virgil says tif Jupiter, after the first age had passed : lile malum virus serpentibus addidit atris Praedarique lupos jussit, pontumque moveri, Mellaque decussi! foliis. ignemque removit, ΈΛ passim rivis currcntia vina répressif. After man's transgression, God cursed the ground, and the earth and the elements were changed : And now the direful reign of wo began, And ruin through all aature's pulses rau ; The odors that exhaled life-giving breath, To poisons turned, were drugged with scented death ; Beusts, birds, fish, lnsects} now dissolve in rage Thü bonds of peace, and in wild strife engage ; The elements in placid beauty blent, Together war by ruffian discord rent ; The maddened winds their wildest fury wake j The tempest storms firm earth's foundation« shake ; Involving gloom the blackening heaven ec- bhrouds, And lurid Lightnings cleave the solid clouds; Sphere-shapen comets through the tracts of air Rush wild, und toss their long dishevelled hair ; Seas roar, earth trembles, and volcanic fire The mountains light as if for Nature's funeral pyre.—HISTORY OF-THE CHURCII. 10. Cognati cœli. Not merely produced at the same time, as cognatus would im port, but rather kindred heaven, intimating that, as celestial nature had the power of creation, the earth, just separated from heaven, retained seminal powers also. It may refer also to the pre-existence of the soul, a doctrine which the ancients held. The heavens to which he is rtlamt, as being hi» former habitation.—CICERO DE NATURA DEORUM. 11. Satus läpeto. Prometheus, the son of lapctus, by one of the Oceanides ; hav ing reference, no doubt, to Japhet, the son of Noah, and his wife, who were in the ark. Offepring by her might be poetically re garded as by one of the daughters of the Ocean. Prometheus is mentioned, by Pliny, as the first that slaughtered an ox. Hcsiod states, that Jupiter punished him for offering, in sacrifice, the bones and part of the flesh of an ox, so concealed in the skin as to appear entire. This probably has reference to the sacrifice after the flood, when the eating of flesh was permitted to man. Before the flood, when flesh was not eaten, the entire victim was offered to God ; after the use of flesh was permitted, apart was probably eaten, and the rest offered to the Deity. Hence the fable may have arisen. Orpheus, in his hymn to Saturn, makes that deity the creator of gods and men, and the same as Prometheus. Great sire of gods and men, whom all revere ; Father of vast eternity, divine, Husband of Bhea and Prometheus wise. TATLOR'B ORPHEUS. 11. Quam mis tarn. The earth mixed with river water. It is remarkable that all the heathen writers speak of met) as formed of the earth. Democritus was of opinion, that men were first formed of clay und water : Epicurus wa· mi'ch çf the same mind.—Cto-ORlNüs, 36 P. OVIDII NASONIS Bic, modo qusB fuerat rudis et sine imagine, tellus induit ignolas hominum conversa figuras. LIBER L ranturn cureta. 10. Sic tellus, que modo fueiat rudis et NOT^E. Then ordered Mulciber, without delay, To mix the earth and water, and infuse A human voice.—HESIOD. Callimachus speaks of men as sons of clay : so, Martial, Juvenal, and others. Αντύχ$ονα καί ίπι^εΐον.—SAXCHONIATIIO. Dust thou art, and unto dust thou shalt return. .—GKNXSIS. Farth must return to earth; for fole ordains That life, like com, must be cut off in all. You all to earth and water must return. ILIAD viii. Neque enim natura paterctur, ut id quod esset de terra, nisi in terra manerct.—CICERO. Cedit idem retro de terra quod fuit ante. LUCRETIUS. Έΐί γΓ,ν φέροντες γ ΐ\ν.—EURIPIDES^ How perfectly the two following agree, one from the volume of inspiration, the other from heathen poetry : Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was; and the spirit shall return to God, who gave it.—ECCLESIASTES iii. 7. Τίνενμα μεν rpôj α&έρα, Το σώμα ο' εις γην —KuRTPlDES. 12. Eßgiem: in the likeness of the gods. Inspiration represents Jehovah impressed wiih the importance of the work of maji's creation, as taking counsel, " Let us make man in our image, and after our likeness." Seneca, in lib. vi., cap. 23, De Beneficile, has much the same idea : Non est homo tiimultuarium et incogilatum opus. Cogitavi! nos ante Natura, quam fecit. Thou madest him a little lower than the an gela.—PSALM viii. Profiter ingeneratam homìni a Deo rationem, est nliqua ei cum Deo eimilitudo, cognatio, so- cietas.—CICERO. Kadern natura hominem non solum mente or- navit, sed etinm dcdit ei figurarli corporis ha- bìlem et aptam ingenio humano —CICERO. Man, the lord of the creation, partakes of the nature of the gods.—PYTHAGORAS. Man's reason is derived from that of God.— EnClIAAMUS. And that you put on the new man, which, after God, is created in righteousness and true holiness.—EPIIESIANS iv. 24. Human virtue rather approaches nearer the divinity than human form.—CICEKO. In an Egyptian fragment of the Hermetic creed, of great antiquity, preserved by Jamblichus, the one true God iß evidently referred to, in whose likeness man was created : The Supreme is a monad prior to the first pod and king, immovable in the solitudeof his unity, the fountain of nil things, and the root of all primary intelligible forms, the indivisible ONE, Uie first Effigia.—JAMBLICUUB. , 12. Modcrantum cancta: that govern all things. Terrarum Jominos evehit ad decs.—HOBAC«. 13. Prona : prone ; with face to the earth. Like the beasts, which Nature has mado prone, and slaves to their bellies.—SALLT/ST. There wanted yet a creature not prone, And brute, as other creatures, but indued AVith sanctity of reason,-—WILTOÄ. 14. Os sublime: a lofty countenance. The etymology of man, in Greek, "avSpamc, is, to direct till counUnance upwards. Nonne villes hominum ut celsos ad sidera vultus Sustulerit Ileus, ac sublimia finxcrit ora. SILIUS ITALICUS. For when he leA all olhcr creatures to feed on the ground, he made man upright, to excite him to view the hea\ ens.—CICERO. Who knoweth the spirit of man, that goeth vpiuarcf, and the spirit of the beast, that goeth downward to the earth.—ECCLESIASTES. 14. Ccelum tueri: to look upon heaven. Shall he, fair form. Who wears sweet smiles, and looks erect on heaven, E'er stoop to mingle with the prowling herd, And dip his tongue in gore ΗTHOMSON. The heavens declare the glory of God ; and the firmament showelh his handiwork.—PSALM xix Quis est tam yecors, qui, cum suspexent in ccelum, non scntiat Deum esse.—CICERO. Nor is one scene to mortals given, That more divides the soul and sod, Than yon proud heraldry of heaven— You burning blazonry of God ! 16. Sine imagine.· without form; shape less. He hath no form, nor comeliness.—ISAIAH. 17. Induit: put on; was clothed with the forms of men. 17. Conversa; being changed. For thou wert present ere our life began, Ere the warm dust shot up in breathing man. GAT. 17. Ignatas: till then unknown. What is not a little remarkable, and con firmatory of the account of the first sab bath, after creation, Hesiod, Homer, Lu- cian, and the Scholiast on Pindar, ascribe great sanctity to the seventh day ; Linus and Callimachus mentioned it as the day upon which " all things were finished." There is no city. Greek or Barbarian, in which the custom of resting on the seventh day is not preserved as it is among the Jews.—JOSEPIIU· AGAINST ΑΓΡΙΟΝ. It is a festival celebrated not only in one city or country, but throughout the whole world,— PHTLO. FABULA II. METAMORPHOSED N. 37 QUJESTIONES. What is the subject of this Fable ? What were the stars supposed to be, by the heathens ? What is the proper meaning of the word tolum ? to what is it equally applied ? What was the first act of animal crea tion? Is there any philosophic reason why fishes should be first created ? What animals, in perfection of organiza tion, are next to fishes ? What similarity between fishes and birds ? Does Ovid observe this order ? What animale does he mention after fishes ? What animals have the most perfect or ganization? ' When was man created ? by whom ? Who was lapetus ? why was he probably called the brother of the Ocean? Who waa Prometheus ? How may Prometheus be regarded Î How was man formed? in whose like ness? In what respect does he differ from ani. mais? What does man, in Greek, signify Î Why is he commanded to lock upon heaven ? Had the ancients any idea of the peculiar sanctity of the seventh day, which wa» made a day of rest after the creation ? How did they obtain an idea of the Sab bath ? What is tradition ? FABULA III. AUREA jETAS. Four ages .Tuocessively arise, of which, the Golden is the fust. In. this age innocence and happiness reign, and men eiibsist upon the bounty of the earth. Saturn, at this time, holds the empire of the world. EXPLICATIO. The deterioration of manners, from primitive innocence to extreme •wickedness, is represented under the names of metals, that lessen re spectively in purity and value. In the prophecy of Daniel, the four principal monarchies are. prefigured ijnder the images of gold, silver, brass, and iron. A similar designation of the four ages, by our poet, might seem derived from this source, were it not that Hesiod, whom he follows, and who wrote anterior to Daniel, represented different ages by the name of roetals. The only difference between Hesiod and Ovid, is, that the former has an additional age, called the Heroic. The Golden age of the poet is a tradition of the period of man's innocence, and resi dence in Paradise, when the elements were pure and genial, the produc tions of the earth plentiful and spontaneous, and the different animals peaceful and submissive. All heathen nations have some tradition of this period. In the comment of Hierocles upon the Golden Verses of Pythagoras, we meet with the following explanation of the Golden Age : " We say the Golden Age was the best among the generations of men, by reason that we make a comparison of manners from the difference of metals ; for, gold is a matter wholly pure, and not at all allied unto earth, as other things are of the same kind, as silver, brass, and iron. Among all which, nature has ordained the principality unto gold, which alone does not con tract rust, but every one of the rest does, in proportion as it partakes of the earth. Now the rust of the earth, being compared with the cor ruption contracted from the body, that holy and pure age, wholly purged from all infection of wickedness, was very rightly called Golden." The Sabbatic year of the Jews, in which there was no tillage of the ground, nor propriety in the spontaneous productions of the earth, nor continuance of servitude, was a memorial of the rest in Paradise, when God himself dwelt with men. It was, no doubt, in commemoration of the same events, preserved by tradition, that labor was suspended, and servants released from ordinary toil, during the Saturnalia, which were instituted to recall the felicity of the Golden Age, when the god Satura leigned upon earth. 38 UREA prima sala est estas, qua;, vindice nullo, 1 ι· Aurea a . -i cj . ι ν. \ tenue« pii. Spente sua sine lege fidem rectumque colebat. mn salature Pœna metusque aberant ; nec verba minacia fixo "ofeLatP°"f* JEre legebantur; nec supplex turba timebant demquerec- . Judicis ora sui : sed erant sine vindjce tuli. 51"^', „uiÌò"8 Nondum cœsa suis, peregrinuin ut viseret orbem, e. Pmu·, NOTA. 1. Aurea. The epithet of golden is given to any thing pure and eg tunable. Among the northern and middle nations of Europe, it is in very common use. O thou, my golden, golden dove.—BOHEMIAN Sorta. My golden faiher ! give me not.—IDEM. O no ! my golden mother.—SNAIDR. 2. Spante tua: practised faith and justice from principle, without the compulsory force of the law. In the state of the first heaven, man wag united inwardly to the supreme reu- lon, and outwardly practised all the works of justice. The heart rejoiced in truth, and there waa 110 mixture of falsehood.—TCIIONANOSE. The ancients, who were nearest to the gods, were of an excellent diepositio and led so good lives, that they were called a golden race.—DICAABCHUS. 3. Pœna metusqiie. As the nge was one of innocence, peace, and brotherly love, there was no punishment, nor the fear of punishment. For love casteth out all fear.—Si. JOHN. Why I should fear, I know not, Since guiltiness I know not.—ΚΗΑΚΒΓΕΑΗΕ. 3. Verba minacia : threatening words, setting forth the penalties of violated laws, were not read. 4. Fi.ro rare: on the brass set up to view. It was customary to have the laws en graved on tablets, and hung up in the forum, or other conspicuous place for the information of the people. The Roman decemvirs, A. U. C. 303, digested the laws brought from Greece, which were set up and known as the Laws of the Twelve Tables. Fixit leges pretio^atque refixit,—„ENEID vi. OS& 4. Supplex turba : the suppliant crowd did not tear the face of she judge ; for, conscious of no crime, they dreaded no punishment. 5. Sine vindice : without an avenger. The prosecutor, the judge, and the lictur with his rod and axe, were unknown. The first men, before appetite and pauioti «waved them, lived without Imbee, anil \\ illiout iniquity ; und needed not to be restrained fi oin evil by punishment,—TACITUS'S ANNALS lii. 6. yondum. No one had yet built a tliip for sailing : every one was content with hie own place of residence. 39 40 P. OVIDII NASONIS Montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat undas: Nullaque mortales, prater stia, Itttora nôrant. "Vondum prœcipites cingebant oppida fossœ ; Non tuba directi, non œris cornua flexi, Von galeœ, non ensis erant : sine mtlitts usu 10 LIBER 1. csesa suis montibus, noiidiim clcsccnderat in hqu'dos undas, ut viserel peregnnum U. Pr,uci|iites fossre nonduin eingebaut op* pida; non tuba di- recti œris, non cornun FABULA ili. METAMORPHOSE ON. ΝΟΤ..Έ. G. PcTcgrinum ordern . a foreign orb. The whole is here put, by synecdoche, for a part of the world. 7. Pinus. The pine is a mountain tree used for ship-building. It is here put, by a figure, for a ship. Virgil, speaking of the return of the golden age, say«, commerce will cease : Nee nautica piniis Mutabit merces—Jk-LOGUE iv. Daut utile lignum Navigiis pinos.—GEOKGICOV ii 7. Dcscrnderal undas. The first attempt nt ship-building was, doubtless, the linter or canoe, hollowed out of a single tree. It is thought that the first hint of navigation may have been afforded by the falling of an older tree, decayed and hollowed vithoge, from ihe river side into the woter. Tune alnos priinum fiuvil sensere caviuas. (itORGIC Ì. The first rude plough man made to turn llic soil; the first rude »ixe of stone with which he felled the sialwart pins ; the first rude canoe he scooped from its trunk to cross the river, which kept him from greener fields, were each a hu- nijin faculty, flint brought wiitiln his reach a ] li> sical comfort he never cnjo> ed before.— ELIIIU BURRITT. 8. Mortales: mortals; men. Nôraul for noueront, by syncope. See Groin, p. 1115. 9. Pracipiles fossœ : steep ditches did not os yet enclose towns. A periphrasis to express the fact that there were no towns, for even houses were not built till the Silver age. It is remarkable that IIv- ginus, referring to this period, ond that of the succeeding age, speaks of one univer- sn] language, and of its after-confusion, and the consequent division of the people. The confusion of tongues was consequent on the building of one of the first cities. Go to. let us build us a city, and a tower whose lop may rcacli unto heaven.—GEVKSIS z>. 4. Homines ante secula multa sine oppidis ]eg:- liusque vitati! exegeriiiit sub imperio Jevis, Bed una lingua loquciitcs.—HTGIM, Fab. 14.3. 10. Non lutici. There were no instru ments of martial music to stir the courage of the soldiers. At tulm terribili sonitu taratunturu dixit. KfMirs. Λ're ciere viroe, Martemque accendere caniu.—ViaGiL·. The shrill trump. The »pirit-stirring drum, the eur-piercing fife. SlIAKSl'EARE. 10. Dirceli. The tuim, or trumpet, wos employed in war for signals of every kind ; also ai games, festivals, and at funeral rites. It was o long, straight tube, increas ing in di.imeter, and terminating in a bell- shaped mouth, which "was often ornamented with the figure of some animal. The Zif- mis, or clarion, differed from the tula, in being l>ent iute a spiral shnpe at the mouth. It was generally used by cavalry, and emitted a harsh, shrill sound. ID. Cortina flexi. The horn, anciently made of horn, but afterwards of bioss, was curved in the shape of a C, with a «rose- piece. It was an octave lower than the titilli, and was generally used to sound the clufsicum. Sonuit rcflexo classicum cornu.—SENECA. 11. Sitte militisi without the use of sol diery. There were no wars nor battles. To a reflecting and humane mind, and es pecially to one influenced by Christian principles, few things can be more revolt ing than standing armies ; men kept for the very purpose of destroying life. O who are these? Death's ministeri", not men ! v\ ho thus deal death IiihuuiMiily (o men. and multiply Ten thousand-fold the sin of him who slew His brother.—MILTON. 11. Nun galea. Helmets were at first formed of the skins of beasts, as is now the caee among the American Indians. The hair was generally left on, and the teeth of Mollia securx peragebant otia gentcs. Ipsa quoque immunis rastroque intacta, nee ullis Saucia vomeribus, per sedabat omnia tellus; Contentique cibis, nnllo cogente, creatis, Arbuteos fetus, monlanaque fragra legebant, Cornaque, et in duris hœrentia mora rubetis ; Et quce deciderant patula Jovis arbore, glandes. 15 41 flexi, non galeœ, non ensis erant: BccurîE génies peragebant rnolJia olla sine usu militi s. 15. Contenu scibis creatis, nulle cogente legebant arbuteos fœ- lus, que monlana fragra, que corna, et mora hscrcnlia in NOT JE. thé animal were generally turned po as to threaten ihe enemy. See plate, Fab. I., Lib. III. Afterwards, they were made of brass and iron. The principal parts of the helmet are the circular portion, the cone, or central part, which receives the plume, and the cheek-pieces, attached to the hel- rret by hinges. See plate, Fab. VI., Lib. I. 11. JVort eitsis. The ancient sword hud a broad two-edged blade, which was nearly : of equal width from hilt to point. The first swords were made of bronze ; after wards, they were made of iron. The Ro man sword was generally much larger than the Greek. They were worn around the body by a belt, generally on the left side, but sometimes on the right. 12. Perageiant : passed, or enjoyed soft tranquillity. Nor yet injurious act. nor surly deed, \Vagknown among tliose happy sons of heaven; For reason and benevolence «-ere law. THOMSON. 13. Immunis : the free earth ; without tillage, or the gift of seed. 13. Eustro: untouched by the harrow, an instrument used to .break clods, and pul verize them after ploughing. 14. Saucia: wounded. The bosom of the partii opened by the ploughshare, is figura tively soid to be wounded. Adunci vulnera aratri Rastroruinque fero.—OVID, Lib. ii. On the return of the golden age, as de scribed by Virgil, the earth will not require tillage. Non rastros patictur humus, non vinca falcem. ECLOGUE iv. 14. Per se: of itself; spontaneously. ΈοβΧα/t πάντα Τοΐσιι^ ην καρπον, α'εφερε ζείδωρος αρονρα Αυτόματη, πολλόν τε και Si^ovof.—HOMER. 14. Omnia : all things ; all necessary sustenance. The use of flesh was then unknown. This agrees with the Biblical account; for, the permission to eat flesh was not given till after the flood. 6 The food of man While yet he lived in innocence, and toW A length of golden years ; unfleshed in blood. THOMSON. Sub Salurno, id esl. in aureo seculo, cum om nia humus fundcrel nulluin comedisse carnes, sed universes vixisse frngibus et pomis quœ spoiite terra gignebaL—DHXBAncims. Al vêtus ilia notas, cui fecimus aurea nomcn FfEtilius arboreis, el quas humus educai herbis Fortunata fuit, nee polluit ora cruore. METAMOEPH. iv. 15. Contenti: content; satisfied with the productions of the earth. Rich in contenl, in Nature's bounty rich ; In herbs and fruils.—THOMSON. 15. Ciò»: with food provided without toil. Like Adam and Eve, they were naked. God himself, their keeper, fed them, &s man, a more divine animal, pastures the races lower than himself. Naked and wilhoul covering, living in Ihe open air, they partook of varied food.—PLATO. The firsl men lived very hardy, before Ihe conveniences of life were found pul, being ac customed lo go naked, and wanting dwelling· and fires.—DIODORCS SICULUS. 15. Nulla cocenti: no one compelling. The fruits of the earth were voluntary, not extorted by tillage. Ipsaque tellus Omnia libenus, nullo poscerne, ferebai.—VraGiL. 16. Arbuteos fœtus: the fruit of the ar butus. It grows on a low tree, and ripens in winter. In appearance it resembles a strawberry. 17. Montana fraga : mountain straw berries. These are the common straw berries. Humi nasceìitia fraga.—VIRGIL. 17. Corna : cornels ; the fruit of the cornel, or wild-cherry. 17. DÌITÌS rubéfie : the rough bramble hedges. IB. Jovis arbore. The different gods had particular trees, or shrubs, which were sacred' to them. The oak was sacred tc- Jupiter; the laurel to Apollo; the beech to Mars ; the vine to Bacchus ; the cypress to Pluto ; the purslain· to Mercury ; the poplar to Hercules ; the pine to Pan ; the olive to Minerva ; the myrtle to Venus ; the saffron to Ceres ; the narcissus to Pro serpine ; the palm to the Muses ; the aldei to the Eumcnidcs ; the garlic to the Lares &c. 42 P. OVIDII NASONIS Ver erat seternum ; placidique tepentibus auris Mulcebant Zephyri natos sine semine flores. Mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat :· Nee renovatus ager gravidis canebat aristis. Flumina jam lactis, jam flumina nectaris ibant : Flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella. LIBER I. 19. Ver erat reter · num, placidique Ze- phyri tepentibus aim» 21. Etiam tellu» ina rata mox ferebat fruges: nee ager re- novatus canebat gra vidis aristie. Jam ilumina lactis, jam ilumina nectnris NOTjE. 19. Ver erat : there was eternal spring. Many learned men have conjectured that this was really the case at the first creation of the world. If we suppose the poles and axis of our globe to have been perpendicu lar to ihe equator, and the centre of gravity to have been in the centre of the earth, the attraction of the sun would be equal on all ihe pans of the earth, and its course would be regular in the track of the equator. There would be no disturbances of the at mosphere, nor changes of temperature, and the days and nights would be always equal. It would move through one degree in ex actly 24 hours, and make its annual revo lution in 3GO days. The moon would make her revolution in just 30 days. This would agree exactly with the ancient computa tions, the universality of which is no small evidence of its existence at the first. When God cursed the ground for man's trans gression, or at the deluge, by a sinking of the continents, the centre of the earth's gravity must have been changed, in conse quence of which the poles of the earth di verged, causing its orbit to become oblique to the equator. The motions of the earth and moon would, of necessity, become tremulous and irregular, causing altera tions in the time of their revolutions, and introducing a variety of seasons. Great Spring, before, Greened all the year ; and fruits and blossoms blushed In social ftweetness, on the self-same bough. THOMSON. 20. Placidi zephyri : the mild zephyrs. The sweetness of the breath of Zcphyrns was said to produce flowers. Hence he was said to be the husband of Flora. Pure was the temperate air ; aujeven calm Perpetual reigned, save what the zephyrs Llaud Breathed o'er the blue expanse.—THOMSON. 21. Fruçes. At first they lived upon the fruits of the trees, but now, it is said, the unploughed earth bore grain also. How well this agrees with the scriptural ac count ! Dchdjl I Imve given you every herb bearing •ecd (y grain), which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed ; le you it f ball be for meat—-GENESIS i 39. 22. lienovatui ager. The field that had become renewed by lying fallow. The fields did not produce on alternate years merely, but every year. 22. Canebat: became white with the ears of corn. The fields of grain are first green, then white, just before ripening, and when fully ripe they become yellow. Lin up your eyes, and look on the fields, for they are white already to harvest.—ST. JOHN. The crops are green, and wave o'er all the plain, In billows like the storm-excited main.—MASON. Mola paulatim flavesctt campus arista.—VIKGIL. 22. Arittis. Arista, the beard of the corn, is of common use, by synecdoche, for the ear of com itself. Of old we met everywhere with bnrley, wheat, and meal, as we do now-a-days with dust. The fountains flowed, some with water, some with milk, and likewise some with honey, some with wine, and some with oil.—CALAHUS IN STKABO. 23. Flumina lactie : streams of milk. Traditional accounts of Paradise, and of the Promised Land, probably furnished the heathen poets with their ideas of streams of milk, honey, and nectar. From the taunts of the proud and the vile wego To the land where rich honey and milk will flow.—W. G. CLARK. 23. Nectaris: nectar; the fabled drink of the gods. Athenœus says, that on Mount Olympus and its environs, the people use a drink which they call nectar; composed of honey, wine, and odoriferous herbs. As the gods were supposed to hold their court on Olympus, hence arose the idea of nec tar being their drink. Nectar signifies a preserver of youth, and was, therefore, appropriately considered the drink of men who led long and flourishing" lives. D' ambroisie bene choisie Hebe la nourrit α pnrt ; Et sa bouche, quand j'y touche, Me parfume de nertar.—HENRI IV 24. Stillabant: distilled; trickled down. Durac quercus sudabunt roâcida mella. ECLOGUE ïv. Feasts strewn by earth, employ their easy day, The oak is on their hills ; the topmost tree Bears the rich acorn, and the trunk the bee. FÌBBIA ΠΙ. METAMORPHOSEON. 45 QUjESTIONES. What is the subject of this Fable Î What poet, before Ovid, had spoken of different ages under the name of me tals? What additional ago does he mention î Why was the first age called golden î To what period of the world's history does the golden age probably refer Τ What are the coincidences between these times î What institution among the Jews re called the residence in Paradise î What similar institution among the Greeks and Romans recalled the golden If e under Saturn ? Upon what were the laws of the Roman» written î Where were these tablets set up î What was the state of morals in the golden age ? Was there agriculture or commerce î By what dgure is pimis put for α ship ? Were taere cities or houses in the gold en age ? Were there any wars î Upon what did men subsist î Did they live upon flesh, or wear cloth With what account does this agree ? When was permission given by God to eat flesh ? II FABULA IV. ARGENTEA TETAS In the second, or Silver ago, the year is divided into four seasons. Men begin to know good and evil. They cultivate the earth, and build houses. EXPLICATIO. This Fable has a reference to the true God, as he existed antecedent and subsequent to Creation, and his manifestation to man in Eden—to the Fall, and its consequences, and to the introduction of a Mediator. Saturn is said to be the son of Heawen and Earth, and is the same as Time. The Deity, who had been before the God of eternity, and the inhabitant of heaven, when the earth was created, became its inhabitant, and was known as the god of Time. The Golden Age of the ancients not only is the first age of the world, but, in its characteristics, corresponds pre cisely to the age of innocence and felicity in Paradise. As God the Father then held converse with man, face to face, the reign of Saturn in the Golilen Age is a tradition ofthat event, and the succession of Jupiter to the throne adumbrates the reign of God the Son, into, whose mediatorial hands the world passed, when God the Father, offended by the transgres sion of Adam, withdrew from the earth. By an observation of the notes upon Saturn and Jupiter, in this Fable, it will be seen, by extracts from heathen writers, that ' the most holy God,' Saturn, and Kronos, are all one and the same being, and that Jupiter is a mediator. Having a tra ditional account that the Deity had removed from earth, because of the sins of man, it was natural to suppose he had retired to the remotest star. Hence he was said to be in the planet Saturn, in former times regarded the farthest distant. Jupiter, who is evidently here the Messiah, after wards revealed, in succeeding his father, is fabled to dethrone him. In relation to the swallowing of the stone Baithul (Bethel), there is some confusion, the fable appearing to have reference to Adam, as well as the Mediator who assumed his penalty. Instead of swallowing and destroy ing his son, he swallows in his stead a stone called Bethel. That is, he accepts sacrifice offered at the gate of Paradise, upon the rude stone altar Bethel, instituted by himself in view of the great atonement, when he clothed our sinful first parents with the skins of the animals that were offered ; this seems the more evident, as βαι$ή, from which the word is derived, signifies « coat or covering of skins. When, owing to the incle mency of the air, man required shelter, skins Avere probably formed into a tent ; and thus, in time, βαφ^ (Beth), a coat or covering, came to sig nify tabernacle or tent, and eventually house. The Tabernacle (Bi-th-el, house of God) had a covering of skins. Exod. xxxv. 23. The labor, toil, vicissitudes of seasons, sickness and death, of the reign of Jupiter, all agree with the state of the world after the fall of man, when the ground and the elements were cursed for his sake, and hard necessity gave rise to the varions inventions. 44 OSTQUAM, Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso, l i. Postqnam, , , , ... , Saturno mis- Sub Jove munuiis erat; subnt argentea proles, so ,„ tene- •p Auro dt-terior, fulvo pretiosior tcrc. laTaTmuiÌJus Jupiter antiqui contraxit tempera veris : crai subJuv-c; NOTTE. 1. Saturno Saturn vins the son of Corina nnd Terrò fHcavcn and Earth). He obtained the empire ot the world on the condition that he brought up no male childrvn. He determined to devour any that were born. On the birth of Jupiter, his wile, Rhea, presented him with a stone, named /fim.Xos, or /JmSuXos (Buiiliiilus), which he swal lowed, instead of Jupiter. lie was afterwards dclhroned by his son, end confined in Tartarus, which means the profundity of the earth, or of the air. Lucinn, in his treatise on Astronomy, thinks he passed into the planet Saturn, and is said to be bound in chains, as this planet moves so slow. By Saturn, they mean llmt which comprehends the course and revolution· of times mid seasons ; the Greek name of which deity implies as much, for ho is called Κρύνυς, or \ρ6νος. that is, u space of time —CICERO ON THE GODS. The Most Holy God is nnmed, by the Assyrians, from that particular star ol the seven by which mankind arc governed, which is moved in the highest orb.—TACITI, s. 2. Tenebrosa Tartara: gloomy Tartarus. It refers here to the profundity of the air. In the infornai regions, the place set apart r . ,. _ · l .. ___^ _c ___:__1~ __:l... „J Ilus, or Ulna, (il or ul), wlio is called Saturn. Kronos w as the same tlie Plienicians call II.— SATÏCIÏONIATHO. The Syrian Vu (il or ul), and the He brew Su (el, Cod} is the same, and as ni in Greek corresponds to Œ, or long e; (thus ailiier is œlher, or rlkt /·). Bailhul, the stone which Saturn swallowed, is precisely Beth el, ihe stone which Jacob set up where the angels appeared to him, and upon which he offered sacrifice. Baith-ul, there fore, as u=edby the Syrians, means Saturn's liause; the Holy God's linuie; just as Beth el, in Hebrew, means God's house. Thus by my counsels. In the deep dark Tartarean culf inclosed, Old Saturn lies.—I'BOMETHEDS for lhc punishment of criminals guilty o( the greatest impicly. was railed Tartarus. It was supposed by Plato, ard many of the ancients, to be situated in the centre of the earth. Thus in Fab. II. of Book II. Diesilit omne solum ; penelratque in Tartara. OVID. With tin's the damned phosls he governcth, And furies rules, and Tartare tentpereth. SPESISI 2. Argentea proles: the silver race. V 46 P. OVIDII NASONIS Perque hyemes, oestusque, et insequales autumnos, Et breve ver, spatiis exegit quatuor annum. Turn primum siccis nër f'ervoribus ustus Canduit ; et ventis glacies adstricta pependit. LIBER I. K argenteaprolessubiit. deterior auro, pretio- sior fulvo tele. Jupiter contrarii tempora 7. Turn primum aë» u>tue sicci» fervori- FABULA IV. METAMORPHOSED N. 47 NOTjE. The gode then formed a second race of man, Degenerate far. and silver yeara began, Unlike the mortale of α golden kind, Unlike in frame of limbs, and mould of mind. llseioD. 2. Subiit .· succeeded ; in place of the golden age. 3. Auro deterior: worse than gold ; thnt is, than the golden age., but better than the brazen age which followed. 3. Fulvo cere : the yellow braes ; the brazen age. 4. Jupiter. Jupiter was the son of Sa turn and Rhea. He appears originally to have been the imbodiment of the idea of the true God, and was worshipped as the father of gods aud men, and as the Creator of the universe. In this place, he seems to occupy the place of the Mediator. In the Gothic mythology, he is called Thor, the Thunderer, and is called the first-born of the supreme God. The Edda sty Ics him a "middle divinity, a mediator between God and man." He is said to have wrestled with death, to have bruised the head of the serpent, and, in his final engagement with him, to have slain him. 4. Contraiti: contracted ; shortened the time. The sun Then had his precept so to move, so shine, As might affect the earth with cold and heat Scarce tolerable ; and from the north to call Decrepit winter ; from the south to bring Solstitial summer's heat.—MILTON. 4. Antiqui veris : the ancient spring, which had been perpetual and constant in the golden age. Else had the spring Perpetual smiled on earth with verdant flowers, Equal in days and nights.—MILTON. 5. Hyema: winter ; from «ω, to rain, to be wet. The winter keen Shook forth hi» waste of snows.—THOMSON. Unmarked the seasons changed, the biting winter, The flower^perfumed spring, the ripening sum mer.—JEscirVLUs. 5. JEstus: heat ; here put by metony my, for summer. 5. Inaqiuiles autumnos .· variable ; changeful ; now hot, now cold ; at one time wet, and at another dry. While sickly damps, and cold autumnal jogs, Hung not, relaxing, on the springs of life. THOUSOH. 6. Spatiis : spaces of time ; seasons consisting of three months each. The seasons since have, with severer sway, Oppressed α broken world.—THOMSON. Some say he bid his angels turn askance The poles of earth twice ten degrees and more From the sun's axle ; others say the sun Was bid turn reins from the equinoctial road, To bring in change of seasons to each clime. MILTON 7. Ustus : scorched by the sultry heat. And summer shot His pestilential heats.—THOMSON. 8. Canduit : became BO hot in summer, that it might be said to glow. 8. Glacies.· ice, icicles. 8. Adstricta : astricted, congealed by the winds ; by the cold atmosphere. Astriction is in α substance that hath a vir tual cold.—ΒΑΓΟΚ Facientes frigora ventos.—FAB. I. 8. Pependit : depended ; hung down. From the frozen beard Loug icicles depend, and crackling sounds are heard, Prone from the dripping eave, and dumb cas cade. Whose idle torrents only seem to roar —DBTDKN. The pendent icicle.—THOMSON.· 9. Turn primum domos. Men had been accustomed to sleep in the open air, during the golden age, because there was per petual spring, and a mild temperature oi air. The inclemency of the atmosphere now compelled them to build houses. The lightsome wall Of finer masonry, the raftered roof They knew not; but, like ants, still buried, delved Deep iri the earth, and scooped their sunless caves.—JEsciiYLus. 9. Damns antro. Their first habitations were caves, then thick bushes formed a co vert, and lastly, poles joined together with bark, something like the kralle of the mo dern Hottentot. Wherein of antres vast, and deserts wild, It was my bent to speak.—SHAKSPEARE. 11. Semina Cereolia : corn, called the seed of Ceres, as she first taught mankind to sow grain, and use it for food. 'ire.it nurse, all bounteous, blessed, and divine, Who joy'st in peace ; to nourish corn is thine, Goddess of seed, of fruits abundant, fair Harvest and threshing are thy constant care. HraNS OF ORPHEUS Prima Ceres ferro mortales vertere terrain Instituit.—GEORGIC i. 11. Sulcis olruta : was covered in the lurrow. Et sulcis frumenti quosreret herbam.—VIRGIL, 12. Pressi jugo: pressed under the yoke. After man had lost his innocence, he was forced to till the soil. The beasts, also, were subjected to labor, in consequence ol Tura Turn primum subiere domos. Domus antra fuerunt, Jg^.«™^ Et densi frutices et vinci* conice v.rgìE 10 g**™^ Semina turn primum longis Cerealia sulcis * n Tum primum Obruta sunt, pressique jugo gemuere juvenci. Cerealia semina sum NOTJE. the earth refusing to afford its spontaneous fruits. Ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni. ViBon, 12. Gcmuere juvenci : the bullocks groaned. Depresso incipiat jam turn mini tnurus aratro Ingmere.—VIRGIL. He whose toil. Patient, and ever ready, clothes the land With all the pomp of hardest ; shull lie bleed, And struggling groan beneath the cruel hands liven of the clown he feeds.—THOMSON. The heathen account of the change upon the soil, agrees well with the Biblical : Cursed is the ground for thy sake ; in sorrow aliali thou eat of it, all the days of thy life. Thorns, also, and thistia, shall it bring forth to thee.—GENESIS. Mox et frumentis labor additns : et mala culmo· Esset rubigo, segnisque horrerel in arvis Carduus. Inlereunt segetes ; subit aspera st'Zra. VlRGIU Jupiter, also, in the heathen account, re quires the same severe labor for bread, which Jehovah does in the Biblical: In the sweat of thy face shall Ihou eal bread. GENESIS. Pater ipse colendi Haud facilem esse viam voluit, primnsque per artem Movit agros, curie acuens morialia corda. VIROIL. Bui men, through fulness and plenty, fell into wickedness ; which condition Jupiier abhorring, altered the slate of things, and ordered them to α life of labor.—CALANUS IN STRABO. Never shall they cease from toil and suffering by day nor night coming on ; but the gods shall give harassing disquietudes.—HESIOD. QTJjESTIONES. Who was Saturn ? I When did he reign Î On what condition did he obtain the em pire of the world Î What did he do with his children Î How was Jupiter preserved? What was this stone called, and what is the probable meaning of the fable Î What is the meaning of Beth-elî Is the Syrian H or ul the same as the Hebrew el, God ? Are Baith-ul and Bethel words of the lame import Î Where « js Saturn confined f What is to be understood by Tartarus, in this place Î What was Imcian's opinion Î Who is probably meant by Jupiter, in this fable ? What is said of the Gothic Jupiter, Thorî What is said of the shortening of springt Into what was the year divided Î What is said of the earth, and of. tht cultivation of the ground Î What is said of labor 1 With what do these accounts agree T "I FABULA V. AIIENEA JETA.S, ET FERREA. The Brazen age is distinguished for the rise of various arts and inventions and for the incipient deterioration of morals. In the Iron age, corruption reaches its hei rht, the peaceful virtues retire, and ambition and avarice succeed, till the whole earth is full of violence and blood. EXPLIC4TIO. In the Bible, we find that the rise of the different arts, and the corrup tion of morals, took place at the same time. " Tubal-Cain, an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron," was a son of that Lamech, who, by in troducing polygamy, poisoned the stream of life at its fountain-head, and laid the foundation of that degeneracy which was consummated, when the " sons of God," (the descendants of pious Seth), intermarried with " the daughters of men" (the progeny of Cain), who, like him that " went out from the presence of the Lord," were equally godless and wicked. The flourishing state of the arts ministered, not only to the necessities of man, but gave rise to wealth, luxury, and pride ; polygamy gave Joose rein to licentiousness ; and thus avarice, ambition, and lust, held joint empire over the world. Nothing can be more consistent with reason and sound philosophy than the account of man's degeneracy, presented in the book of Genesis. The mythology of many nations makes allusion to these things, in an obscure manner. In the mythology of the Goths, which in many respects agrees with the Bible, it is expressly stated, that women corrupted the purity of the early ages of perfection. Although our poet makes no mention of women, in causing the degeneracy of the brazen and iron ages, yet the account which he gives is consistent with the Scriptural relation, both in regard to the time, and many of the circumstances. The ambition, the impiety, the corruption, the public treachery, the pri vate fraud, the violence and blood, are the same in both. t The departure from earth, of the goddess of Justice, because of the prevailing wicked ness, may be a confused traditional recollection of the translation of the patriarch Enoch. That they had some knowledge of him, is evident from Suidas, who appears, however, to confound his actions with those of Enos, and the preaching of Noah : " Nannac (Enoch), a king before Deucalion (Noah), congregated all the people in temples, and besought them relative to the flood which took phtce." Upon the whole, it may be safely stated, t-hat the account given in this fable is a traditional history of the antediluvian degeneracy mentioned in the sacred volume. 48 J: ERTIA pest illas successif ahenea proles, 1 Saevior ingénus, et ad horrida prornptior arma; Nee scelerata tr.men. De duro est ultima ferro. Protinus irrupit vena1 pejoris in a: rum NOTjE. 1. Pesi ilio*; nuer these, a third ngc, ihe Érazen, suc ceeded. 2. Sectìor ingcniis : more cruel in temper. Where i ho disposition — the heart, is cruel, deeds of cruelty will not be long wanting. For out of the henrt proceed evil thoughts, murders, oilul- tcncs, fornications, thelts, false witness, blasphemies.— .MAT THEW iv. 19. 2. Fromjittor: more inclined to horrid arms. Andile v hose skill, with life-preserving core, Ι·ΟΓ stubborn enrth formed priming-hook and spenr, Preferred to forge the morion and the shield, And svord and spear, to strew with dead the battle-field. lllSTOHY OF THBClIUHCIf. 2. Ilorridaarma; horrid arms. In the Thebnid, tlic arts of forging brnss unii gold being in vented, crins were mnde, witli chicli, by slaying wild' beasts and tilling the eurth, they might render it more frumul. — Dio·' DORUS SlCULLS. Anno nmiqua, mnnus, ungues dcntesque fuerunt, Et lapides, et item silvorum frogmina rami. — LUCHBTIUB. Pcrque borrirla castra scema est — VIHGIL. 3. Nec federata: nor yet villanous. 4. Irrupil: burst upon; rushed in like adeluge. 4. Venir prjarìs: of worse vein; by metonymy, to signify worse melai. Metals arc generally disseminated in veins through the earth. - ^ '5'r ;£Γ '" * ifr.v; ^•> '^f ^ -, Λ' * ,r^ •'Î ·/·,.···„/ ^>-^v/ s" ',^.v ,\S ' ;-/ .^e' -'*- ,/,.- -""'„-^ >-<„ 'ΚΓ^ '*'·..-_. V.irfe,- 50 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER 1. κ 5 Pndor, \ erumque, " fidesque fugere; in quorum locum frau- deequc dolique insi- diœque subiere, et vis, ct sceleratus amor ha- bendi. 0. Navitadabat vo la venti», nee artliuc bene noverai illos : que carinrc, qura diu fleterant in altis mon- tibus, insuUavere 10 Omne nefas : fugêre pudor, verumque, fidesque : In quorum subiure locum fraudesque dolique Insidiœque, et vis, ct amor sceleratus habcndi. Vela dabat ventis, nee adhuc bene noverai illos, Navita ; quœque diu steterant in montibus altis, Fluctibus ignotis insultavere carince. Communemque priùs, ceu lumina solis et auras, Cautus humum longo signavit limito mensor. NOTjE. o. Fugere: shame, truth, and faith fled the first anemoscope of which we have any away. Truth and fidelity arc the attrae- knowledge. It was an octagonal tower, live forces that bind the elements of the with an allegorical representation and name moral world together. Nothing can be on each side, of the wind to which it was more deplorable than that polity where opposed. A copper Triton, on the summit, these are wanting. There is a nice gra- pointed with a rod to the point from which dation observed by the poet. Shame would the wind blew. Impelled by aiarice, the restrain many a man from evil ; where sailor committed himself to the mercy of shame would not, a regard for his word winds and waves, would, and where a regard for his word Qui fragilem truci would not, plighted faith would withhold Gommisi! pelago ratem him. How depraved must his condition be, Primus, nee timuit precipiterà Africu whOis not influenced by any, or all of « H^rabiemNoti. hese. o. Frmidcsque, dolique. There is a like beautiful gradation in the vices. To injure another by fraud, is flagitious ; it is more so, to doit treacherously; still worse, to call in the aid of others, andvframe a plot to ac complish it ; and the worst of all, to con summate the whole by violence. I ove, spotless Truth, and dove-eyed Mercy fled, Hate, Fraud, and dnrk-browed vengeance came instead.—HISTORY OP THE CIH.RCH. 7. Amor sceleralus. Covetousness is called wicked, because it incites men to every wickedness. Quid non mortalin pectora cogis Auri sacra fames !—VIKGIL. 7. Habendi : of having more ; of grow ing rich. Quamvis in ipsa natus sim pœne schola Curamque habendi penitus corde eraserim. PlLEDRUS. 8. Dabat vela: gave sail ; spread the sail to the winds. Ausus Tiphys Pandere vasto carbasa ponto.—SENECA. 8. Nec adhnc; nor as yet had well known them. The Temple of the Winds, built at Athens, by Andronicus Cyrrhestes, is Dubioque eecans œquora cursu.—SENECA. 9. Stet.erant. The trees had stood a long time, of which the keels were made. He rends the oak, and bids it ride. To guard the shoree ils beauty graced. CHARLES SPRAGUK. 10. Corina? : the keels ; a part of the ship, put for the ship itself. The heaven-directed prow Of navigation bold, that fearless braves The burning line, or dare» the wintry pole. THOMSON 10. Fluctibus ignotis : the unknown waves ; distant, unexplored seas. 10. Insullavere : leaped o\er them; bounded over them, regardlc ι of danger and shipwreck. Insulto is often used as a mark of derision. Dum Priami Paridieque busto Insuftet armentum.—HORACE. The tall bark bounding lightly o'er the waves, I taught its course, and winged its flving sail EsCHYLUS. 11. Communem. The earth common to all, as the light oi the sun and the breezes. Nothing could be more common than these. Koivos yàp εστίν ουρανός πι7σι ßpurSis Και γαία.—EURIPIDES. Cunctis undccque auraque patentes.—VIRGIL. All Nature's common blessings were their own. IlSSIOt) 12. Cautus: the careful measurer. Care ful not to make the slightest error. This shows the avaricious character of his em ployers. 12. Signavit : marked out the ground. 12. J/ensor : measurer ; surveyor. 12. Lungo limile : wiih a lung boundary. METAMORPHOSEON. Nec tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives Poscebatur humus ; sed itum est in viscera terras ; Quasque recondiderat, Stygiisque admoverat umbris, 15 Effodiuntur opes irritamenta malorum. Jamque nocens ferrum, ferroque nocentius aurum Prodierat : prodit bellum, quod pugnai utroque ; Sanguineâque manu crepitantia concutit arma. Vivftur ex rapto. Non hospes ab hospite tutus, 20 51 13. Nec tantum dives humus posceba- tur segetcs que debita alimenta; sed itum est in viscera terra?; que opes, irritamenta inalorum, quas ilia rccondiderat que ad- movernt Stygiis urn- brie, enbdiuntur. 20. Vivitur ex rap- to. Hospes non tutus NOTJE. Before, landmarks were unknown ; N D fences parted fields, nor marks, nor bounds, Distinguished acres of litigious grounds. DRYEEM. 13. Alimenta : aliment ; nutriment ; a term used often to denote the sustenance derived from nurses, and very applicable to nature, the general nurse of all. She is our nnrse, as inspiring our lives from her own proper life.—PKOCLUS. 14. Poscebatur : was asked for corn and due aliment. Earth, yield me roots ! Who seeks for better oi thee, sauce his palate With thy most opérant poison ! what is here ? Gold, yellow, glittering, precious gold? rso, gods, 1 am no idle votorist. Roots, you clear heavens ! SHAKSPEARS. 14. Itvrn est : they went ; an impersonal verb. They went into the very bowels of the earth, by digging. Video ferrum ex iisdem tenebrie prolatum, quihus argentimi et aurum ; ne aut instru- mcntum in cœdes mutuas deessel, aut pretium -SENECA. And all the secret treasures Deep buried in the bowels of the earth, Brass, iron, silver, gold, their use to man Are my inventions all.—-ÜSCUYLUS. 14. In viscera: into the bowels of the earth. The earth is here personified. Her body was not only wounded for grain ; * adunci vulnera aratri, rastrorumque fera,' but they invaded her very bowels. Ah ! what avail their fatal treasures hid Deep in the bowels of the pitying earth, Golconda's gdms, and sad Potosi's mines ! THOMSON. 15. Eecondiderat ·· had concealed from them ; had hid because of their hurtful tendency. By him first Men also, and by his suggestion taught, Ransacked the centre, and -with impious hands, Rifled the bowels of their mother earth, For treasures, better hid.—MILTON. 15. Slyciis umbris : had removed to the Stygian shades, in deep caverns far down towards the centre of the earth. Styx was one of the rivers of Hell, which, by many of the ancients, was believed to be in the centre of the earth. 16. Open irritamenta : riches, the incen tives to crimes. Precious stones, silver and gold. The love of money is the root of all evil-— ÌIKLE From hence the greatest part of ills descend, When lust of gelling more will have no end : That, still our weaker passions does command, And puts the sword and poison in our hand. DKYEEN'S JUVENAL. 17. Jamque nocens: and now the mis chievous iron had come forth, and gold, more mischievous than iron—than the sword. Thus much of this will make black white ; foul, fair; Wrong, right; base, noble ; old, young; coward, vnlmnt.—SIIAKSPEARS It must not be forgotten, however, that iron and gold have their immense advan tages ; to the former we are indebted for all the necessaries and comforts of life. Look at that axe, hammer, hoe, and spade. In their iron Jips there is a living speech, which has been audible to all ages and generations of men. They are things inspired with more di vinity than all the marble statuary of the -world ; yes, with more humanity too, for they have worked for man, as well as talked.—ELIIIU BURRITT. 18. Ulroque: fights with both, iron and gold. Slays with the former, and corrupts with the latter. Aimim per medios ire satellites, Kt perrumpere amat saxa, poteutins Ictu fulmineo.—HORACE. 'Δργνρίαΐί \6γχαισι μάχον, καί πάντα κρατήσεις. ORACLE, to Philip. 19. Sanguinea manu. The personifica tion of war here is very spirited. He stands forth like a champion challenging to the fight. Srevil amor ferri, et scclerata insania belli, Ira super.—VIRGIL. 19. Crepitantia : the clattering arms. The sound of crepilanlia is finely adapted to the sense. It was the custom of the ancient Greeks, when about to engage, to rattle with the spear upon their bucklers. And fierce, with grasped arms Clashed on their sounding shields the din of war, Ilurliug defiance toward the vault of heaven. PARADISE LOST. Arme on nrmor clashing, brayed Horrible discord.—MILTON. 20. Vivitur: it is lived by them ; they live ; an impersonal verb. 20. Ex rapto: upon rapine ; by epoiling. ι1 111 ,w 52 P. OVIDII NASONIS Non socer à genero : fratrum quoque gratia rara est. Imminet exitio vir conjugis, illa mariti : Lurida terribiles misccnt aconita novercse : Filius ante diem patries inquirit in annos: Vieta jacet Pit'tas : et virgo cœde madentes Ultima cœlestfim terras Astrœa reliquit. LIEER 1. ab hospite, non »ocet a genero : quoque gratia fratrum est rara. Vir imminet exitip conjugis, ilia imminet cxitiomariti; terribiles noverca! miscent lurida acon ita: filiu» inquini in Now man's right hnnd is law ; for spoil they wait, And lay their mutual cities desolate.—HESIOD. 20. Noniiospes. The ritca of hospitality, deemed sacred, even by barbarians, are ex tended merely to entrap the unwary guest. The host "with kindness greets his guest no more, And friends and brethren love not as of yore. 1 lEälOD. A nice gradation is exhibited in the fol lowing scale of crime : Deeds of violence and blood are done, first, by those bound to each other by casual ties of hospitality; secondly, by those united by affinity ; thirdly, by those related by blood ; then by those united by that mysterious bond which makes two beings one; then infant helplessness and innocence appeals for mercy to those from whom it merits protection; and lastly, and worst of all, impious youth indulges mur derous designs against the life of tho au thor of its own life. 21. Fratrum pratia : the love of bro thers is rare. How unnatural is the va riance of the members of a common origin, and a common heritage. How strongly are we reminded, by this sentence, that the first blood shed was that of a brother, by a brother's hand. Behold, how good, and how pleasant it is, for brethren to dwell together in unity.—PSALM cxxxiii. 1. But when the earth was stained with "wicked ness, Aiid lust, and justice fled from every breast, Then brahrm vilely ehed each other's blood. CATULLUS. 22. Imminet .· watches for the destruction of his wife. Some of the most fearful tragedies that the world has seen, have been of this kind. 23. Lurida aconito; the lurid wolfs- bane. The color of persons, after death, is lurid; hence, the effect being put for the cause, the poison is called lurid. By aco nita is meant any poison, the species being put for the genus. 24. Ante diem.· before his father's time is come ; the day of his dcalh. Dies here has a peculiar signification, having refe rence to the natural term of life, or its close. Thus : Slat sua cuique dies.—VIHGIL. Sed cadat unte diem.—ID. 24. Patries annos : inquires into his fa ther's years ; consults the astrologers whether his father will live a long time or not. The astrologers were generally Ba bylonians. Hence Horace : Nee Babilonica tentaris numero». Lib. i. Ode xi. And the soul that turneth after such as have familiar spirits, and after wizards, I will even set my face against that soul, and I will cut him off from among his people. — LEVITICUS. Astrologers assure long life, you say, Your eon can tell you better much than they, Your son. whose hoprs your lile doth now delay. Poison will work agimiM the stars ; beware ! For every meal un antidote prepare. DHYDEN'S JUVENAL. The father wished the funeral of his son ; The son to enjoy the lather's relic wished. CATULL-Jg. 25. Jacet pietas: piety lies neglected. Piety is the duty and affection which we owe to God, to our country, our parents, and other relatives. madentes : reeking with 25. Ctcde slaughter. For the earth is- filled with violence, through them. — GENESIS vi. 13. How abhorrent ought war and murder to be to the human mind, when we consider that even wild beasts do not prey upon their own kind ! Sed jam serpcntum major concordia : parcit Cognatis muculis, similis fera : quando leonï erpetuum : sicvs u'er se convenu UTSS. Ast homini fcrrum Icthulc incude nefanda Produxisse paruin est. — JUVENAL. 26. Ultima cœlcstûm: the last of the ce lestials. Hesiod represents Modesty as leaving the earth, simultaneously with Justice. This is with great propriety; for, nothing tends more to the corrup tion of public morals than indifference to female virtue, and the sacredness of the marriage tie. The history of antedi luvian times proves this, when polygamy was introduced. Ancient and modern writers have noticed the fact. Fruitfufof crime_s, th" Age profaned, Al first, the nuptial bed, and stained Their haplessoffspring, whence the woee, Hoth ι nrions and unnumbered rose From this polluted fountain-head. FRANCIS'S HO&ACK. Yes, I believe that Chastity was known, And prized on earth, while Saturn filled tile throne.— G IFFOHD'S JUVENAL. FABULA V. METAMORPHOSE Ο Ν. 53 Till those fair forms, m snowy raiment bright, Abandon earth.and heavenward soar from sight: J ustice and Modesty, from mortals driven, Rise to the immortal fumilyof heaven.—HESIOD. 2G. AstrtEi. She was the daughter of Astraus and Aurora, or of Jupiter and Themis, according to some, and was the goddess of Justice. She is sometimes put, by metonymy, for justice itself. After abandoning earth, on account of its im- pirty, she was translated into the sign Virgo. A virgin pure is Justice, and her birth From Jove himself; a creature of much worth. HESIOB. 26. Terras reliquit: abandoned the earth. It was a general opinion, that the deities once inhabited earth, and forsook it be cause of the wickedness of mankind. Thus ripht and wrong.by furious passion mixed, Drove from us the divine propitious mind. CATULLM, QU^STIONES. Whnt was the third age of the world ? What was the character oi the Brazen Age? What age succeeded the Brazen Age ? What was the state of morals in this age? What virtues ceased to be exercised ? By what vices were they succeeded ? What art arose about this period ? By what figure is carina put for κοκ« ? What shows the eager spirit of avarice that actuated the mariner ? What took place at this period, with re ference to the ground ? Did men exact more than sustenance from the earth ? Why had the earth removed her trea sures far from men ? I Why is gold more pernicious than the ! sword ? What was the state of piety in this age ? What do you understand by piety ? Which one of the gods was the last to leave the earth ? To what may this have an obscure re ference ? Had the ancients any knowledge of Enoch ? Under what name ? What probably gave rise to the corrup tion of. the Brazen and Iron Ages ? To what Biblical period does it corre epond ? Are the characteristics of -this period· and of the Iron Age, similar t FABULA VI. GIGANTOMACHIA. The Giants make war upon Heaven, and piling up mountains, attempt to scale its ramparts. Jupiter destroys them with thunderbolta Their blood is changed into men, who are noted for violence and impiety. EXPLICATIO. This Fable will admit of different interpretations, according as it 13 considered in an allegorical, philosophical, or historical point of view. Regarding the Giants as physical forces employed when God cursed the ground, to produce those convulsions of which we see traces all over our planet, they may be considered as making war against Jupiter, who cor responds to the Saviour, whose mediatorial reign commen.ced after the golden age, as I have shown in Fable V. Since mountains are formed by subterranean fires and forces which press the crust of the earth upwards, the Giants may be fabled thus to threaten Heaven, by piling Ossa upon Pelion. A strong force may, at some time, have thrown down a part of these mountains, and separated them, as Hesiod would seem to intimate, or their appearance may have caused the fiction of their former superin- cumbency. Considered historically, the fable may refer to the Fall of the Angels, to a tradition of some important occurrence at the garden of Eden, in which the Giants of Scripture were discomfited ; or to the Tower of Babel. The Fall of the Angels was known to the ancients. Porphyry states, there was a common belief in the existence of evil (lemons, hostile to God and man. Hesiod gives an account of similar demons. Plutarch men tions, on the authority of Empedocles, impure spirits, banished by the gods from Heaven ; and Pherecydes, the Syrian, styles the prince of cer tain evil spirits that contended with Sa;urn (Jehovah), Ophioneus, the serpent-deity, evidently " that old serpent, which is called the devil." " The presence of God," spoken of in the 4th chapter of Genesis, was the Schechinah of the first altar at the gate of Eden, and rested after wards in the tabernacle, and subsequently dwelt between the cherubim of the Temple. Traditional accounts would indicate that the wicked had offered some impious violence to it. which God signally punished by fire, like that which struck Heliodorus in the temple, or the workmen who were sent by Julian impiously to rebuild Jerusalem. Montgomery has introduced the tradition in his "World before, the Flood." The destruction of the Giants may refer to this event ; or it may adum brate the Tower of Babel, of which the v had some knowledge. The confusion of tongues, and the consequent division of the nations, in con junction with the building of a city, is mentioned by Hyginus. Josephus quotes the same from ontì of the Sibyls ; and Abydenus. speaking· of it, says: "When its top nearly reached the heavens, the winds, assisting the gods, overturned the immense fabric upon the heads of the builders." The anachronism of the event, as it occurred after the flood, and its con nection with Olympus, are attributable to the chronological errors of tra dition, and the natural pride of the Greeks, who would make their coun try the theatre of all great events EYE ioret terns secunor arduus œtner, â Affectasse ferunt regnurn cœleste Gigantas, Altaque congestos struxisse ad sidéra montes. r® Turn pater ornnipotens misso perfregit Olympum NOTJE. 1. Neve. As the poet has been detailing the wicked ness of men, the transition is easy and natural to the attempt of the giants upon heaven. 1. Arduus eetlter: the lofty sky. 2. Affectasse. By syncope for afftrlaviusc, affected , aimed at. Wise are lliy words, and (fl.ul I would obey, Bui this proud man offerts imperial sway. 2. Ffiunt: they report; they say. 2. Ecgntim calette: lite celestial empire. Cccluin ipsum pelimus stnllilia.—HORACE. 2. Gigaulaf. The giants were the sons of Tartarus and Terra, or of Cœlus and Terra, according toothers. They were said to be of /rightful appearance, of prodi gious stature, and of inconceivable strength. They were represented as having many heads and arms, and the feet of serpents. Grim forms, and strong with force Resistless : arms of hundred-handed gripe, Burst from their shoulders ; filly heads upgrew From all tlieir shoulders o'er their nervy limbs.—HESIOD. When east down by Jupiter, many of them were re ported to be buried under mountains, and by their wrilliirg to cause earthquakes. As Tartarus has been located in the centre of the earth, where every thing is supposed to be in a liquid state, on account of the heat, their being the sons of Tartarus and Terra would seem to designate them as the powerful forces of nature, which give rise to earthquakes and volcanoes. *,; 56 P. OVIDII NASONIS Fulmine, et excusait siibjcctoPelio Os^arn. Obruta mole sua eu m corpora dira jacerent, Perfusarn multo natorum sanguine terrain Immaduisse ferunt, calidumque animasse cruorem: Et, ne nulla ferœ stirpis monumenta manerent, LIBER I. β. Cùm dira cor pora jacerent obnil« sua mole, ferunt ter rain perfusam inulto sanguine imt&fum im motiu i Rse i) Et, ne nulla mo numeiita mauere nt NOTTE. 3. Ad sidéra: to the stars. This is a common hyperbole, when any thing very high is spoken of. Go to, let us build n ciiy and tower, whose lop may reach unto heaven.—GENES» xix. 4. Turrj'm in prœcipilï siantem smnisque sub aslra Educlam teclis.—*Ì:NEID H. 460. 3. Slruxisse montes : had piled up the mountains. 4. Patir omnipo'fns : the omnipotent father; Jupiter, who is styled the father of pods and men. The account given here of the bittle of the giants and the pods, is very freble when compared with the following descrip tion of the brittle of the Titans and gods, as given by another poet : On the oilier side, nlerl The Titan pii al mi v cloer-d: ihenh mils of stralicili Jo.ne.I prowess, and d -splayed the work of war Tremendous then Ih' immeasurable sea Ronred ; earth rc-ecliocd ; heaven's wide arch abo\e Groaned pliaiter'ng; broad Olympus reeled throughout Down lo ils rooted base, beneath ihr rush Of those iininortiils : ihe d.irk ehasin of hell WKK sliakon with the tremili nç. wiili ÙV tramp Of hollow footsteps and strnn-r I aillc-strokes. \nd measureless uproar of wild pursuit. So they a^amaleaeh oilier, through the air Hurled intermixed their weapons, scattering; groans Where'er they fell. The vo'ce of nrrn:e« rose \Viih rallying "hout through the starred firma ment, And with a nuplity wnr-cry. boih tlirir hosis Encountering closed. Nor louder then did Jove Curb down his force ; lint sudden ;n his soul There (frewdilated slrengih. and it wns filled ^Vilh his omn"potence, t lis whole of nvprhi Broke from him. and the podhrml rushed ;ibroad. The vaulted sky. the mount Olympus flashed With his cont!nual,presenep, ibr he passed [ncees.-nit forth, and I'ghteued where lie trod ] Hurled from UN lier vous prasp.t lie lightnings flew Reiterated swift, the whirling flush Casi sac*red splendor, ond the ihundcrholi Fell. Then oiicverj side the food fui earth Roared jn the burning flame, and far and near The trackless depth of forests crushed with fire. Yea, ihe broad e:irth burned rod. ihe sircams of Nde Glowed, and the desert wnters of tin· sea. Round and around the Titane* earthy form» Rolltd llie bol vapor on its fiery surge; Streamed upward, nnd in one unbounded bla?c Sw îtthed ihe eelcstiul nir. Keen rushed ihe light. Quivering from thunder's wr.lïicn flosh. each orb. Strong though they were, intolerable smote And scorched their blasted vision Through the void Without, th' enormous conflagration burst, And snatched the dark of Cliaos. But to see With bunion eye. and hear with ear of man Had been, as on a time ihe heaven and eurlh Met, hurtling in mid-air : as nether earth Crashed from the centre, and ihe wreck cf heaven Fell ruining from high. NOl less, when gods Grappled with gods, the shout and clang of arms Commingled, and Ihe tumult roared from heaven. Shrill rushed the hollow winds, and roused throughout A shaking anil a gathering dnrk of dust, With crashing·; and the livid lightning's gleam, And thunder audits boll the enginery O] Jove; und in the midst of eillier host The) bore upon iheirblasl Ihe cry confused Of battle and ihe shouting. For Ihe din Of sight-appalling strife immense uprose ; And there the in ght of deed» was show n, till novi The fight declined. But first with grappling front Steadfast they stood, und boro the brunt of war Amid the foremost. lowering in the van. The war-unsated Gyges, llriareus, And Coi t us. bitterest conflict waged ; for they. Thick following ilince a hundred roeks in air Flung iroin their sinewy hold; with missile storm The Τι ι an hosi o'crshadowing, them they drove. Vainglorious as they were, with bende of pire n pili OYrcormng lliein. beneath the expanse of earlh, And 1 ou nil with galling chains; so far beneath This earih, as earth is distant from the sky. HESIOIV. 4 0/i(/npa?n. A range of mountains in Thessaly, forming the eastern boiindaryof the vnle of Tempc. Its greatest elevation is about tOOU feet. It is shaded with groves of oaks, and forests of pines. As its sum mit was often enveloped ίη mists, the an- eients supposed it reached the heavens, and therefore made it the residence of the gods. The poets use Olympus, therefore, as synonymous with Heaven. Olympus ecnoes from its sno*v-topî head». The dwell'nge of immortals.—HESIOD. 5. Ercussit: struck off Ossa from Pelion, lying under it. Ter sunt conati imponere Pelio Ossam. GHORCHC i. 290. 5. Pfiio. A mountain in Thcssaly, united with Ossa, which terminates at the vale of Tempe. It hns η broad summit, like a table mountain, and hence fiction reports it to have supported Ossa, whit hie smaller, and runs up to a point. 5. Osffim. A mountain in Thcssaly, of a conical «hape, with a single top. Its height is about 4000 feet. Fratrescjne tendentcs opaco Pcl'on imposuisse Olympo.—HORACE fi. Dira corpora : the drendbodies of the piants. Alexander Polyhistor states that the goda overthrew tho immense tower in the plains of Babylon, upon those who VI. METAMORPHOSEON. In faciem vertisse hominum. Sed et ilia propngo Contemptrix Superûm, sœvœijue avidissima ciedis, Et violenta fuit. Scires è sanguine natos. 1Q 57 feisc stirpis, vertisse in facrem hominum. Scd ei j Ha propago fuit eonltmpirix ΝΟΤ.Έ. Constructed it. Syncelluseays, that Niin- rod, who was the first open apostale from the irne God, and the leader of the rebel lious Cuthites, wns destroyed at the fall of that huge fabric. 6. Olruta mole: overwhelmed by their own mnss-. Vis consilii expers mole mil sua.—HORACE. 7. Perfusam: sprinkled; bedewed with the blood. 7. Natorum: of her sons ; the giants. I saw, with pity saw, Kurih's monstrous son, With all bis hundred Leads subdued by force, But him Ihe Λ enge fui boll, instinct \\ith fire, Smote sore, and uashcd him from his h augii ly - vaunts ; Pierced through his soul, and withered all his slrength.—JEsciiYLue. 8. Immaduisse : became wet. 8. Animasse: ior auunavisse, by syncope ; animated the worm gore. 9. Monumenta: monuments ; vestiges. 11. Cvnteimjtrix .· a despiser of the gods. 11. Superum: of the gods above; de rived from super, above. 11. Avidissima cadis.· most greedy of slaughter. Impious both to gods and men. 12. XYatos e sanguine.· born of blood. Having given before the destruction of the Titans by Jupiter, I will close,,for the sake of comparison, with the expulsion of the rebel-angels by the Son of God : So spake the Son, and into terror changed His rounieiiaiice, too severe to be beli eld, And mil of wraih beni on his enemies. At once the four spread out iheir starry wings With dreadful shade eonliguous ; and ihe orbs Of his tierce cliarioi rolled, as with ihe sound Of torrent floods, or of a numerous host. He ou his impious fbes riplit onwnrd drove, Gloomy as night: under his burning wheels The steadfast empjrean shook throughout; All but the throne.itself, of God. Full soon Among them he armed, in his right hand Grasping ten ihousund thunders, which he sent Before him. such as in Iheir eoule infixed Pliigues : Ibey. astonished, all resistance lost, AH courage: down their idle weapons dropt: O'er shields.nnd helms,and helmed heads he rode, Of thrones and mighty Seraphim prostrale, That wished tlie mountains now might be again THrowiion them ae a shelter from his ire. Nor less on either side tempestuous tell His arrows, from llie fourfold-visaged four, "Distmcl with eyes, and from ihe living wheels D'Sliucl alike with multitude of cjes: One spirit in them ruled ; and every eye Glared lightning, mid shot forth pernicious fire Among the accursed, that withered all iheir strength, And of iheir wonted vigor left them drained— Exhausted—spiritless—afflicted—fallen! Yet half his strength he pnt not forth, but checked His thunder in mid volley; for he meant Not to destroy, but root them out of heaven : The overthrown be raised, and as aheid Of goats, or timorous flock together thronged, Drove them before him thunderstruck, pursued Wjth terrors andwjth furies, lo Ihe bounds And crystal wall of heaven ; which, opening wide, Rolled inward, and n spacious gap disclosed Into the wasteful deep: ihe monstrous sight Struck them wilh horror backward; but far worse Urged them behind : headlong themselves they ih re w Down from ihe verge of heaven: eternal wrath Burnt after them to the Loliomless pit. PARADISE LOST QU^STIONES. What is ihe subject of this Fable ? Who were the giants ? Whose eons were they ? How may this lie interpreted ? Of how many different interpretations is the fable suscepl ible ? Mention llie historical events to which it may have allusion ? How may it allude to the changes that took place after the Fall of Man? Was the Fall of the Angels known to the ancients ? Who mention it among the ancients Î Was the confusion of tongues known to the ancient Greeks and Romans Î What author speaks of it in particular Î How would you account for the ana chronism, as the confusion took place after the flood Î How would you account for the connec tion of Olynipus with the events ? Where is Olympus ? Why was it supposed the residence ot the gods? Where is Ossa Î Pelion ? Whnt appearance of these mountains might justify the fiction of their being placed upon each other? What became of the blood of the giants Î What was their character ? FABULA VII. CONCILIUM DEORUM. In consequence of the wickedness of men, Jupiter calls an assembly of the Celestials, in. which, after giving an account of the state of morals upon earth, he resolves upon the destruction of the human race. EXPLICATIO. The general depravity of mankind had cried to heaven for vengeance, and Jupiter, as Jehovah did, in the case of Sodom and Gomorrah, went down to earth to observe the character and conduct of men, and "see whether they had done according to the cry of it." Jn his sojourn, the corruption of morals was found to be universal, his own life was at tempted by violence, and with horrid impiety, human flesh was served up to him, at a banquet. Returning to heaven, with divine indignation, he convenes an assembly of the gods, to deliberate upon a general destruc tion of mankind. In the heathen authors, we have several accounts of conventions of the gods, upon occasions of interest ; in the Iliad of Homer, to declare for the Greeks or the Trojans, in the war at Troy ; in the Odyssey, to favor the return of the wandering Ulysses ; and in the ^Eneid of Virgil, to provide for the safety of a fugitive prince ; but all of them, in dignity and importance, are infinitely below the present occasion, when the destruction of a world is the subject of consideration. Having taken his seat, in terrible majesty, with the gods assembled around him, Jupiter opens his indignant inouth, and, reverting to the attempt of the giants upon heaven, says that war was less grievous to him than the prevailing wickedness ; that it was from one race, but that now all flesh is corrupt, and must be destroyed ; he had tried every effort to reclaim them, but in vain. He expresses his solicitude for the purity and safety of the semigods, who are inhabitants of the earth, since Ly- caon, noted for cruelty and audacity, had not scrupled to attempt his destruction, though he was armed with the lightning, and was sovereign of heaven. The gods, affected with indignation at the wicked insult to their sovereign, demand Lycaon for vengeance, when Jupiter informs then that he is already punished, and goes on to relate his crime, and the kind of punishment. These form the subject of the next fable, which is a part of Jupiter's narrative. The striking conformity of what passes in this assembly of the gods, to what is recorded in the sixth chapter of Genesis, will be apparent to the most casual reader, in which it is stated, "there were giants in the earth in those days," and that God, having en deavored to reclaim man, says : "My spirit shall not always strive wilh man," and repenting that " he had made man," declares, " I will destroy man whom I have created, from the face of the earth." 58 pater ut summa vidit Saturnius arce, I Ingemit: et, facto nondum vulgata recenti Fœda Lycaoniœ referens convivia mensœ Ingénies animo et dignas Jove concipit iras ; Conciliumque vocal. Tenuit mora nulla vocatos. 5 Est via sublimis, cœlo manifesla sereno, Laclea nomen habel ; candore nolabilis ipso. ΝΟΤΛΕ. 1. Qua;.· which things ; the general impiety and violence. 1. Saturnins pater. Jupiier, the son 01 Saturn. 1. Summa arre: from the highest citadel of heaven. 2. Faclo recenti; lile deed being recent. 3. Jlrferens : recalling to his mind ; recollecting. 3. Fœda convivia ·· the abominable leasts, in which human flesh was eerved up to the guests. • 3. Lycaonia mensa; : of the table ef Lycaon. i. Inçeulct iras .· great wrath, and worthy of Jupiter. 5. Mora nulla ; no delay detained them when called. When God calls, obedience should be prompt. C. Via. The Milky Way is formed, according to the poets, by the milk which fell on ihe eky when Jupiter put Hercules to the breast of Juno, \vhile asleep. The true nature of the Milky Way was known to Arisiotle, Manilins, and othere. Aristotle described it as the splendor of innumerable distant stars. It is a great zone encircling the whole sphere of the heavens, in a direction from nonh-cast to eouth-west. It con- eiets of an infinite number of stars. This remarkable belt, when examined through powerful telescopes is found to uousisl entirely of stars, scattered by millions, like glittering dust, on the black ground of the general hea vens.—Sm JOHN HEKSCIIEL. A broad and ample road, whose dust is gold, And pavement stars, ns stars to us appear ; Seen in the galaxy, that Milky Way, Like to a circling zone, powdered with stars. MILTON 7. Lnctca. This word being a name, ia here taken as a noun, and put in appeal tion with nomen. 59 60 P. OVIDII NASONIS Hâc iter est Superis ad magni tecta Tonantis, Regalemque domum. Dextrâ lœvâque Deorum Atria nobilium valvis celebrantur apertis. Plebs habitant diversa locis. A fronte potentes Cœlicolœ, clarique sues posuêre. pénates. Hic Jocus est, quem, si vcrbis audacia detur, Haud timeam magni dixisse Palatia cœli. Ergo ubi marmoreo Superi sedére recessu, Celsioripse loco, sceptroque innixus eburno, Terrificarti capitis concussit terquc quaterque Csesariem ; cum qua terram, mare, sidera, movit. LIBER I, 6. Est sublimis via, manifesta sereno cu lo, illa habet nomen ι /Λ Lactea ; notabilis ipso lu rondare. Hftc est iter Superis nd lectamag. ni Tonantis, regalem que doinum. Plebs habitant diversa locis. Potentes clarique eœ- licoUu posuerc suoi i g pénates u Ironie. 15. Ergo ubi Superi cedere marmoreo re- ceBsu, ipse cclsior loco, quo innixue eburno eceptro, NOTJE. 8. Hâc ·· through this. Fia is understood. 8. Tecta; the house; teda, the roof of the house being put, by synecdoche, for the house liseli. 8. Tonanti* .· the thundercr. This is nil epithet of great dignity, nrid is used by several different nations. Tho Greeks had their liroiitties, and the Goths their Tlior. Pliny, who attempts to explain, in a na tural way, many of the mylhi of the an cients, says : The thunder is assigned to Jupiter, because, being pluced between the planets Saturn and Mars, the former of which is too cold, ihc (alter too fiery, a conflict of the n\ o takes pince in the region ot Jupiter, and the thunder and lightning arc em itcd. just as a coal leaps with a iLoise from u burning brand. 9. Dixira lasvnc/ue: on the right and left of the Milky Way." 9. Diorum nvbilium: of the principal gods. The Romans reckoned two classes of gods the dit mnjorum gentium, and the dii minaru.ni gentium. The former, or principal, were twelve in number, six males and six females, and were some times called consentes, because admitted to the councils of Jupiter ; they were : Juno, Vesta, Minerva,Ceres, Diaaa, Venus. Mars, Mercurius, Neptunus, Jupiter,Vulennus. Apollo EN^IUS. 10. Celtnrantur : are thronged. 10. Valait apertis.· with open doors. Yalvœ are folding doors that meet in the centre, and open inwards. Fores are doors that open outwards. 11. Piths. The inferior deities, gene rally called the dii minorum gentium, mid dividcdintoadxcrip'ftiiond indigeles. The former were deified heroes, received into heaven ; the latter were tutelary deities of the country. 11. Λ frante. In front, the principal of the dii majores have placed their resi dences, as Jupiter, Neptune, Minerva. 12. Posuere pénates ; have placed their residences ; literally, their household gods. Petioles is put, by metonymy, for domo':. 14. f'alalia.· the court of heaven; the palace ; so called from the Palatium at Rome, which was sitaated at the chief eminence of the Palatine bill, and con tained the houses of the emperor. It is an indirect arid delicate compliment to Au gustus. He flatters also, with adroitness, the two great parties at Rome, the patri cians and plebeians, by designating the two classes of gods under the titles ol natales, and plclis, the celestial populace. 15. Mormorto recessu .· marble recess. In the inwnrd part of the palace paved with marble. How inferior in majesty is this picture of the gods assembling, and taking their scats in «he marble recess, to the ad vent of Jehovah to fill his temple, as de scribed by the sacred penman ! Lift up your heads, O ye gates; and be ye lifted up, ye everlasting doore ; ami the King of glory shall come in.—FSALM xxiv. 16. Celsior loco: higher in place. Kings are accustomed to sit higher than those around them. High on α throne of royal state, which far Outshone the wealth of Ormus, and of Jnd ; Or where the gorgeous East, with richest hand, Showers on her kings' barbarie pearl and gold, Satan exalted sal.—MILTON. 16. Sceptro. The sceptre was an ensign of royalty borne by kings. It was pecu liarly applicable to Jupiter, as sovereign, both of Heaven and Earth. 17. Concussit. In describing the indig nation of Jove, the poet appears to have copied after Homer, in the first Iliad. Vir gil has a similar picture in the JEnciil, but they arc all greatly inferior in majesty to the descent of Legislative Deity, upon the summits of Sinai. Annuii cl toluin iiulu iremefecit Olympum. ^'NtirD X Then the earth shook and trembled : the foun dations also of the hills moved, anil were shaken, because he was wroth. Thrrc -went up α sinoke out of his nostrils, and fire out ol hie month devoured : coals -were kindled by it. He howed the heavens also, and came down; and darkness was under his feet. Amt he rode upon a cherub and did fly : j ca, he did fly upon the wings of Ihe -wind —I*SALM xviii. 18. Moiiit. By which he shook the earth, the sea, and the stars. The pillare of heaven tremble, and aro as tonished at his reproof.—JOB ixvi. 11 VABULA VII. METAMORPHOSEON. 20 Talibus inde modis ora indignantia solvit. Non ego pro mundi regno magis anxius ilia Tempestate'fui, qua centum quisque parabat Injicere anguipedum captivo brachia cœlo ; Nani, quanquàm férus hostis erat, tamen illud ab uno Corpore, et ex una pendebat origine bellum. Nunc mihi, qua totuin Nereus circumtonat orbem, 25 Perdenduni mortale genus. Per flumina jaro Infera, sub terras Stygio labentia luco, 61 10 Inde Bolvit indig nantia ora tahbua modis: eco non fui magis anxius prò reg no inundi illi\ tempes tale, qua quisque an guipedum parabat m- jiccre centum brachia captivo cœlo ; Nam, quanquam Lostis erat 25. Nunc merlale genus perdenünm mi- Iii, qua Nereus eir- cumtonat totum orb NOT.Œ. iB. Solvit : he opened his indignant mouth. 21. Tempestale: at that time. 22. A.nguipedum ; ihe genitive plural of anguipes, snake-looted. Macrobius says, they were called snake-footed, because «hey thought of nothing upright or sublime, but were always grovelling, and that every Btep they took seemed to incline to hell. There is probably some reference to the serpent, by which sin entered the world. On thy belly shall thou crawl, and dust shall thou eal all the dayp of thy life.—GENESIS in. 22. Captiva cesio : captive heaven ; which they wished to render captive. 22. Centumlrachia: their hundred hands. Arms of hundred-handed gripe Burst from their shoulders ; fifty heads upgrevv. ËLToVs HESIOD. 23. Feras hostis: a cruel enemy. Horace describes them as causing great terror to Jupiter. Magnum ilia terrorem intuleral Jovt Fidcns juvcntus horridabrachiis. Lib. iii. Ode iv. 24. Corpore .· from one body ; the com munity of giants. 21. Ulta origine: from one origin; one cause—the ambition and pride oi the giants. 25. Nereus. Nereus is a god of the sea, but is here put, by metonymy, for ihe sea itself. The sea gave Nereus life, unerring seer, And true : mosl aneienl of his race, "whom all Hail as ihe sage.—HESIOD. 25. Circumtotiat. A forcible metaphor to express the extent and power ot the Ocean. Let the dire Andes, from llie raclianl line Stretched to the stormy seas thai thunder round The southern pole, their hideous deeps unfuld ! THOMSON. 26. Perdendum. The human race must be destroyed. The agreement is wonder ful, between the Biblical and the heathen account : And the I pio luce, ΟΛ cuncta priùs tentata: eed immedicabile vul- nug est recidendum ensc, ne Rincera pars trahatur. Sunt mihi Semidei, sunt rustica numina, N>mphœ, 34. O Superi, aa 35 creditis illos lore snt.i tutos, cùm Lycaon, notus feritele, strux erit insidins inihi, qm habeo fulmen, qui habeo que, rego que ΝΟΤΛ3. human. They were inoffensive, and lived to a great age, but were not immortal. They were probably young apes. 31. Satyri. The satyrs were rural deities, said by some to be the offspring of Bacchus and Nice. They had the horns, cars, legs, and feet of goats, and were human as to the rest of their body, them to have been apes. Pliny supposes Dr. Tyson, in a singular treatise, published in 1699, proves they were a species of ourang-outang, or ape. They were cunning, lascivious, and vicious. 31. Sylvani. The sylvans were gods of the woods. They united the human form with that of the goat, and were more in offensive than the satyrs. Their name is derived from sylva, and of course does not occur in Greek mythology. 33. Quas dedimus: which we have given them. 34. Tutos fore: that they would be safe. This is an argument a majore, that if he, Jupiter, \vas not safe from the machina tions of men, the semigods would not be. 35. Quijulmcn, qui vos habeo: who have the lightning, and govern you. He in heaven Reigns: the red lightning and the bolt are hie. HESIOD 36. Struxerit instdias.· laid a plot. The wicked plothtk against the just.—PSALMS. 36. Lycaon. A prince of Arcadia, in Greece. "The country was called Lycaonia, Trom him. 37. Omnes cottfrcmticre: all murmured. The indignation of all was excited at the wickedness of Lycaon. Talibus orabat Juno ; cunctique fremcbant Cœlicolœ assensu vario.—VIKGIL. 37. Sludiis ardent ibus: with burning zeal. Abdiet, than whom none with more zeal adored The Deity, and divine commands olicj cd, Stood up, and m a flame of zeal severe. The current of his fury thue opposed.—MILTON. 37. Ausum talia : him that had attempted such t/iings; viz. : to lay a plot for Jupiter. 38. Deposciml : demand ; viz. : for the purpose of punishment. 38. Impia mantis ·· the impious band ot conspirators. 38. Sœvîl. By syncope for seriii',. FABULA VII. METAMORPHOSEON. Sanguine Cœsareo Romanuin extinguere nomen, Attonitum tanto subitœ terrore ruina; Humanum genus est ; totusque perhorruit orbis. Nee tibi prata minus pictas, Auguste, tuorum, Quâm fuit ilia Jovi. Qui postquam voce manuque Murmura comprcssit ; tenuêre silentia cuncti. Substitit ut clamor pressus gravitate rcgentis ; Jupiter hoc iterum sermone silentia rumpit : Hie quidem pccnas (curain dimittite) solvit; Quod tarnen admissum, quse sit vindicta, doceb«. NOTJE. 63 vos? Omnes confre- mnère, que dL'poscunt ilium ausum talin, ar dentibus studiis. Sic cum impia manus 43. Nee, Auguste, pietas, fuit quam ilia fuit Jovi. Qui post quam comprcssitmur- mura voce manuque, cuncti tenuerc silen tia. Ut clamor sub- elhit pressus gravi tate regentis : Jupiter iterum rumpit silentia 39. Sanguine Casarca ; in the blood of CfEsar. Many conspiracies were made against Augustus, the principal of which Suetonius mentions in Caput xix. of his life of the Cœsars. Lcpifius, the yourger, Varrò, Murana, Fannius, and Cepio, were engaged in a conspiracy against him. This is probably the one referred to here. One Tclephus was engaged to slay him in the senate ; and a slave from the Illyrian army secreted a wood-knife for the*purpose, and crept into his bedchamber. 39. Extinguere : to extinguish the Ro man name. This is a beautiful metaphor, which represents the Roman name as the light of the nations, and is similar to one used by Cicero : Videor enim mihi hanc urbefn yidere, lucem orbie terrarum, atquc nrcem omnium gentium, subito uno incendio concidentem.—ORATIO iv. IN CATILINAM. 39. Romanum iiomcn : the Roman name ; fame, glory. 41. Humanum genus : the human race ; mankind. 41. Totusque orbis perhorruit : the whole world stood aghast ; all the nations of the earth. The aged earth aghast With terror of that blast.—MILTON. 42. Pi-ία« «torum: the piety (or loyalty) of thy friends. 42. Auguste. Some have erroneously supposed that the conspiracy against Julius Cœsar was referred to, above, but as Ju lius Cœsar did not survive the attempt on his life, there would have been no rele vancy between that event and the strata gem against the life of Jupiter. 44. Tenuêre silentia cuncti ·· all held si lence. When God speaks, let all the earth keep si lence. — PSALMS. Unto me men gave ear, and waited, and kept silence, at my counsel. — JOB. 45. Pressus gravitate rcgcnlis : restrained by the gravity of the king. The participle regentis is here used instead of the noun. Turn, pietate graven! ac mentis si forte virum quern Conspexcrc, silent, arrectisque auribus adstant 46. Silcntia rupit : broke the silence. They had been bound by silence, as if by a chain. This is a forcible metaphor. Quid me aha silentia cogis rumpere. — VIRGIL. First to himsclfhc inward silenct broke. — MILTON. 47. Hie. quiilim. Lycaon has suffered the punishment that was due to him. 48. Quod tarnen admissum : what was the crime. QFjESTIONES. What is the subject of this Fnblr Î Why were the gods convened ? Where '( By what way did they come ? What is the Milky Way Î Did the an- tients know what it was ' How did the poets account for it ? By what ligure is trcta put for domus ? To whom isthecpiihct Tonans applied ? In what natural way does Pliny assign- the thunder to Jupiter Î In speaking of tlir houses of the gods, and the palacr of Jupiter, what compli ment is pnid to Augustus, and the Roman nobles ? By what figure ispe?ialrs put for damns ? In dcscrihinfr the indignation of Jupiter, whom does Ovid imitate? How will these descriptions of Jupiter compare willi the sublimity of Moses's de scription of il e descent at Sinai Ï Why is the term snake-footed applied to thr pinnts ? Who was Ncrcus? How used in this piare ? What were the rivers of Hell Î For what one river are the infernal rivers employed in this place, and by what figure ? By what did the gods swear ? Why f How is this to be explained ? Who were semigods Ί Who were nymphs Î Mention the dif ferent kinds. Who were fnuns ' Saljrs? Sylvan. By what figure is cxtin/mere used? To which one of the Ctesars does the poet refer by Ctrsarco snnsuine ? Does this fable conclude the to tncil o* the gods '< II! Il FABULA. Vili. LYCAON MUTATUSIN LUPUM. Sri a circuit which, ho is making through the earth, Jupiter comes to Arcadia, and enters the palace of Lycaon, who attempts to murder him, and after wards serves up before him human flesh, at a banquet. Jupiter punishes this impiety, by setting the palace on fire, and changing Lycaon into a wolf. EXPLICATIO. Lycaon, the son of Pelasgus and Melibcea, was contemporary with the patriarch Jacob. He built a temple and city, called Lycosura, on the top of Mount Lycaeus, in honor of Jupiter, and instituted the festivals called Lycœa. He polluted the sacrifices of the Lupercalia, of which the Arundelian marbles show him to be the founder, by offering up prisoners taken in war, and hostages. The words Lycceus, Lycaon, Lycosura, and Lycœa, are all of Greek etymology, derived front t-ίχος, a wolf. The mountain abounded in wolves, as we are informed, and hence was called Lycœus (of lite wolf). The king of Arcadia, whoever he was, in con sequence of uis efforts to extirpate the wolves, received the epithet of Lycaon (ivolf-iiiaii), and, in time, the cognomen being used instead of the real name, the myl/i may have arisen, of his being changed into a wolf. Owing probably to some signal deliverance, in an encounter with a wolf, he may have offered to Jupiter, as a sacrifice, the brush or tail of the animal, or many such trophies, and thus set up a chapel, where, in after time, was built the temple and city of Lycosura (?.vxos οίγά), the, tall of the wolf. Mycon, in like manner, in Virgil's seventh Eclogue, offers to Diana the head of a wild boar, and the antlers of a stag. Thus, sacri fices called Lycœa (of the tvoif), were instituted to Jupiter, in Arcadia, and to Apollo, at Argos, because they freed the inhabitants from wolves. The Lupercalia (lupus, arcco), were identical,with the Lycœa, except that the latter were offered to Pan, in common with Jupiter and Apollo, while the Lupercalia were offered to Pan alone. While Arcadia was waste, or valued for hunting only, the Lycœa were in honor of Jupiter, the common protector in all places, or of Apollo, to whose bow wild beasts were sub ject; but when it became a grazing country, inhabited by shepherds, the protection of their flocks fell to Pan, and the. Lycœa or Lupercalia were in his honor. The destruciion of Lycaon's house, by lightning, after offering up human victims, may have given rise to the fable. But as the event is placed in the earliest ages of the world, it may refer to Nimrod, whose name (rebel) implies apostacy from God, and who, as a " giant hunter," is believed to have tyrannized over man. Babel is thought to have been a fire-temple, for human sacrifice, and his destruction beneath its ruins may be adumbrated in the overturning of Lycaon's palace ; or, what is mon· probable, the fable may be a confusion of Grecian history and of tradition, in which reference is made to Cain. The resemblances are many and striking. Lycaon was the son of Pelasgus, who was born of the earth ; Cain «as the son of Adam, who was formed of the earth. Both were impious ; both offered sacrifices displeasing to God. und both fled his presence. Cain built the first city upon earth, und Lycosura, which Lycaon built, was said, by Pausanias, to be the oldest city in the world. Lastly, God set a mark of blood upon Cain, and in the Lupercalia instituted by Lycaon, the foreheads of two illustrious youths were marked with a knife dipped in blood. 64 ONTIGERAT nostras infamia temporis aures: l Q,uam cupiens falsam, summo delabor Olympo, Et Deus hurnana lustro sub imagine terras. Longa mora est, quantum noxœ sit ubique repertiim. ΝΟΤ.Φ. 1. Infamiti itmporis. The wickedness of the time was such that It cried to heaven for vcngenncc·. The same is said, in Genesis, of the wickedness of Sodom and Gomorrah, and in the Odyssey, of the crimes of ilie suitors. Ύών νβρις τε βιη re σίίήρΐυν òvpavdv Ç«i—ODYSSEY xvii. And the Lord sa-il, liucuusc llie cr> of Suiloin und Gomorrah is great, and because llie:r sin is verj pne\ous—βελεβιβ xviii. 2U. 2. Quant cupi fits falsam. The benevolence of the deity is mani fest in this, that he is slow to believe the evil report, and unwilling fo judge until after investigation. In jutliranclo criminosa est cck-ritas.—P. SYIIUS. Shall not the Judge of all the eurth do right?—GENESIS xviii. 25. 2. Summn Oiiim/io: from highest Olympus ; poetically for Heaven. See note on Olympus, page 36. Bow thy heavens, O I ord, and come down : loucli the mountains, and they shall sniolve.— PSÌ.LM cxliv. 5. 2. Delabor : I glide down ; I descend Jupiter determines to go down and observe the mornls of men. Thus Jehovah, in the case of Sodom and Gomorrah : I will go down now, and see whcllier they have done altogether according to the erv οΓ it. which is eonir unto me ; ami ii'not, I will Ivnow. —GEXESIS XMÜ. 21. The T.ord looked down from heaven upon the children ol men. Io see il there were any thai did understand, and seek God.—PSALM xiv. 2. 9 3. El Drus humnna siili imagine : and a god in human form. This veiling of di vinity in human flcph, is to be found in the mythology of all'nalions, and is, no doubt, a wide-spread tradition of God's holding communion with man, in his state of in nocence. Thus Homer : Καίτε 5εοί ζείνοισιν ίυικότες αΛλβώιπΌΓσι ίΐαντοίοι riXtS-oircc ειτιστρωφΑσι πυλήας. OUÏSSEY xvii. 4. Longu mora est : the delay is great; it is tedious. 4. QuiiHlum noxœ: how much crimf. F 2 C5 66 P. OVIDII NASONIS Enumerare : minor fuit ipsa infamia vero. Mœnala transierani latebris horronda ferarum, Et cum Cylleno gelidi pineta Lyccei. Arcades hinc sedcs et inhospita tecta tyranni Ingredior, traherent cùm sera crcpuscula noctem. Signa dedi venisse Deum ; vulgusque precari Cœperat. Irridet primo pia vota Lycaon. Mox, ait, Experiar, Deus hic, discrimine aperto, An sit nionaîis ; née erit dubitabile verum. Nocte gravem sonino ncc opina perdere morte Me parât. Hœc illi placet experientia veri. Née contentus eo, missi de gente Molossâ- Obsidis unius jugulum mucrone resolvit ; Atque ita semineces partira ferventibus artus LIBER I, κ fi. ïpfla infamia fuit minor vero Tronsie- ram Manilla horren de liUehr'S feraruin, et pineta gelidi S. Il ine inirredior gedes et inhospltn ter- ta Arcados t> ranni, 10 cum sera crepusculi traherent noclem. Dodi signa Deum ΐι·- nisse ; vulgusijnc eœ- < peral prccari l'rimo Lycaon irndet pia vota Mox ait. Kx- periar, discrimine 15 aperto, an hic Dcus sit mortaliso. Atqne ita partira mollit semi- neccs arms fervena- bus aquis. partim tor- ruit eubjecto igni ÌÌOTJE. And Goil saw Hint the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and tlmt every imagina tion of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.—GENESIS vi. 5. They are gone aside, they are all together be come filthy : there is none that Uoeth good, no not one.—PSALM xiv. 5. Zlinar fuit vero·· was lees than the reality. The report of the wickedness of mankind fell short of the actual truth. C. Manila. A mountain and city in Ar cadia, Greece, named from Mœnalus, son of Areas; masculine in the singular, and neuter in the plural. See Grammar, p. 19. 6. Latebris horretula: terrible on account of the dens of wild beasts. 7. Cylleno. A mountain in Arcadia, where Mercury was born, whence he is called Cyllenius. 7. Pineta Lyceei: the pine-groves of Ly- cœus. Derivative nouns ending in eturn, denote the place where their primitives aboujid, as pimts, a pine ; pìnetum, a pine- grove. LyctEus is a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Pun. Hence he is named Lycs-us. 8. Anodo* : Arcadian, a Greek adjec tive in the genitive case, agreeing with tyraniti. Lycnon, who is here meant, is railed Areas, by anticipation, for it was his grandson after whom the counlry was called Arcadia. Before his time, it was called Parrhasia. 8. Iitliospita teda.· the inhospitable house ; the part being put for ι ho whole. As Jupiter was the doit ν who presided over hospiialily, how e\prcs=ive tlic opilliet ap plied to Ifctn. The ans that transpired, of impiety, perfidy, nmrdcr,.and inhospitably, show it was very appropriale. 9. fiera cripasriiln ; lato twilight. In the decline of day, when there is a sabbalh- hke stillness upon the air, the soul natu rally aspires to heavrn. What time more appropriate for the Deity to manifest him self to man ? It was in the coolness of evening that God visited his erring chil dren in Paradiee. ι And they heard the voice of the Lord Gud walking in the garden in the cool of the day. — GENESIS iii. . 10. Signa dedi venisse Deum : I gave a sign that a god had come ; Borne manifest ation of divinity. 10. Vulffutque precari cœperat: the com mon people had begun to worship. The simple in heart are more willing to 5 ield to God' s will, and pay him adoration. Hence : Not many \vise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, are called : but God hath chosen the foolish things of tlic world to confound the wise; and Goti halli chosen the weak things of the world to conleund the thing· which are mighty. — 1 COHINTIUAXS i. 20, 27. 11. Irrida pia vota : dendcs their pious prayers. It is sinful enough to be irreli gious, but infinitely worse to make light of piety in others, and endeavor to obstruct their devotion. But whoso »hall offend one of these little once which believe in me, it were better lor him thnt a millstone \i ere hanged about his neck, and that he were drowned in the depth of the eea — MATT, xviii. 0. Ps e'er let the mystic sacrifices move Deriding scorn ; but dread indignant Jove. HESIOD 12. Experiar. He would try whether he was a god or not, by an attempt upon his life. Thou shall not tempt the Lord thy God. ST. IVfATlIIKV. 13. Ifec erit verum .· nor shall the truth be doubtful. If a god, he could not be slain ; if a mortal, he would be destroyed. 1 1. Nee opina morte : by an unexpected death. 1C. Nee contentas co. Not content with having attempted to kill him, ho offers hu man food to him. 17. Jiiciilum resolvit : he cuts the throat. 18. Sunineces artus; the half-dead, qui vering limbs. With what a spring his furious soul broke loose, And leu the limbs still quivering oil the ground. AnmsoK FABULA VIII. MET AM O'R PH O SE O N. Mollit aquis, partim subjecto torruit igni. Gués simul imposuit mensis, ego vindice fiamma In domino dignos everti tecta Pénates. Territus ille fugit, nactusque silentia ruris Exululat, frustraque loqui conatur : ab ipso Colligit os rabiem, solitœque cupidine cœdis Vertitur in pecudi-s : et nunc quoque sanguine gaudet. In villos abeunt vestes, in crura lacerti, Fit lupus, et veteris servat vesiigia formœ. Canities eadem est, eadem violentia vuhu : Idem oculi lucent : eadem feritatis imago. 67 Quo« simul imponili S1611819' ego vindice fiamma everti tecta in Pénates dignos do mino. - 22. lile territus fn- git, que nactus si- ientia ruris exululat, ue frustra conatur qui : os eolligit ra, biemah ipso, que SS. Vestes abeunt in villos, lacerti in crura. Fit lupus, et servat vestigia ve lerie formœ. Canities est eadem, violeniia q O 19. Subjecto igni.· with fire placed be neath; over the" fire. 20. Imposuit menfis : eet upon the table ; served up to be eaten. t 20. Vindice fiamma : with avenging flames ; with lightning. Rejoice, O ye nations, with his people ; for he \vill »venge the blood of* hie servants.—DEUT. «ii. 43. Vengeance IB mine; I will repay, saith the Lord.—ROMANS xii. 10. Our God ie a consuming fire.—HEB. xii. £9. 21. Domino; the master; the owner. 21. Tecta. The roof of the house is here put, by metonymy, forthc house itself. 22. Territus : affrighted he fled. The wicked flee from the presence of God ; thus Adam fled from the presence of Je hovah ; thus Cain fled after the slaughter of his brother. 23. SUentia ruris : the silence of the country ; the lonely parts of the country. Silenlia is here used, poetically, for the singular. 23. Exululat : lie howls. He is already a wolf in propensities. NOTJE. 23. Ab ipso : ilself ; from his own rave nous disposition. 24. Rabiem : rage ; foam. 24. Cupidine cœdis : wilh the desire ot wonted slaughter. 25. Vertitur.· he is turned ; he turns. Vertitur has the force of a verb in the mid dle voice. 26. In villos abeunt : pass ; are changed into hair. 27. Fit lupus .· he becomes a wolf. The foolish stories told among the northern na tions, of men changed to wolves, have had their origin from a disease called lycan- thropy, a species of madness, which causes men to rage and foam at the mouth, and cry like wolves. 27. Vestigia formte .· traces of his former appearance; his hoariness and fierceness of countenance. 28. Canili's. The hoariness of the wolf, and the brightness of his eyes, are noted by all naturalists, from Pliny to the present time. .28. Eadcm. The repetition in the two last lines of the fable, by means of the figure, anaphora, is beautiful and forcible. See Grammar, p. 209. QU^STIONES. What is the subject of this Fable ? What induced' Jupiter to visit the earth ? Under what form did he appear Î In what state did he find the morals of men? What reception did Lycaon give him ? What attempt did he make against his life? What indignity did he offer him after wards Î What did Jupiter do to his palace Î How did he treat Lycaon himself? Where was Mount Lycseus situated Î What gave the mountain its name ? Was Lycaon the nomcn or cognomen of the king of Arcadia Î What were f he Lycaea Î To what dif ferent gods offered ? What were the Lupcrcalia? What is the etymology of the word Î Who is said to have founded the Luper- calia ? Under what circumstances may the Ly csea, in Arcadia, have become the Luper calia, and been offered to Pan ? What i« the first interpretation of the change of Lycaon into a wolf? What is the second interpretation ? What makes it possible that reference if had to Nimrod Î Why may the fable have reference to the history of Cam ? Repeat the points of resemblance be- tween the history of Cain and the story of Lycaon Î What figure is used in the concluding lines of the fable ? What is anaphora ? Ill FABULA IX. DILUVIUM. Having res' ved to destroy t_s race of men by a delr^e, Jupiter sends the rain in to tc . f ι all Ί ' The s°a as Jt.. with its auxiliai waters ; the inur iat η - —J --d *^e Wv,r„~ of mon perish, till the wbole surface of the earl u an„ every living thing is destroyed, ex cept Deucalion ai Pyrrha. EXFLICATIO. The ancients gu e accounts of several floods that happened, some of which have been confounded u ith the great Nonchic deluge. The flood described as that of Deucalion, lock place in Tlicssaly, according t ) tho Arundelian marbles, B. C. 1503, and was occasioned by the choking up cf the channels of the Pcneus ami ether rivers, and the bursting of the sen through the Cyanean Straits and the Hellespont. The flood of Ogygcs, another king of Thessaly, is described as still more ancient, and sub merged all Greece But as Deucalion was the son of Prometheus, who is said to have created the first man, and as Ogyges was the son of Terra, or the Earth, it is very easy to perceive that Noah is the personage represented by these dillercnt princes, and that accounts of partial inun dations of the Grecian territory have been blended with the great diluvian catastrophe of the \\ orld. The name Ogygian, as applied to the deluge, would indicate Noah's flood, for it means the ancient. It is thus used by Hesiod in his Theogony, when speaking of the Ogygian water of the Sty\, which is believed to be the waters of the internal abyss that assisted in the destruction of the world, " when the fountains of th<* great deep were broken up." But it is expressly stated by the Greeks themselves, that the names of Barbarians were rendered in their language and in others, so ns to pre serve their original meaning, and that Noah was the original of the names Noach, Sisithrus, Xisithrus, Ogygcs, and Deucalion. Besides this, there are so many striking coincidences between the description of Noah's flood, as given by Moses, and the different heathen accounts of a general inundation, that no doubt can exist that they all relate to the same occur rence. In the first place, it was designed as a punishment of the world for its wickedness, and was general. The waters of heaven, of the sea, and of the internal abyss, united to efiect its destruction. The only man preserved, with his family, was noted for justice, and had been warned by Saturn (Jehovah) to prepare an ark for the preservation of himself, and the beasts, and birds, and creeping things. He entered the ark with these, and was borne in safety over the waters, and in time sent forth dif ferent birds, and at length the dove, to ascertain if the waters were dried up from the face of the earth. He learned, by these, that the flood had abated. He was carried to a mountain, disembarked in safety, and wor shipped the gods. These different heathen accounts, which, in illustra tion of the te\t of the poet, I have given with the Biblical parallelisms, will show they all relate to a common catastrophe, and are the traditions of the great Flood that occurred in the days of Noah. 68 =£ CCID1T una domus ; sed non domus una perire „ Digna fuit : qua terra patct, fera régnât Erinnys. ~$, In facinus jurasse putes. Dent ociîis omnes, ^ Guas merucre pati, sic stai sententia pcenas. Dicta Jovis pars voce probant, stimiilosque frementi Adjiciunt : alii partes assensibus implent. NOT JE. •I ]. Occidit una : one house has fallen, viz.: the house of Lycaon. 1. Non donnes vini · rot ore house only, but every house. • 2. Digna fu.il: deserved to perish ; to fall. Anil rnnniibid in sin tlcsrrvtd to full.—MILTO\. 2. Erinnys. A common name of the Furies, who were three in number, Alccto, Megsora, and Tisiphone. They were said to be daughters of Acheron and Nox, or as some say, ol Pluto end Proser pine. They puriithed the guilty on rarth by war and pestilence, and in hell by torment and flapcllation. Their head and arms were en circled by serpents. They held in one hand a whip, and a torch in the other. Erinnys, fury, is here put fur the wickedness which ihey excite. 2. Qua Irrrii jmltt : wherever earth extends, fierce fury reigns. And God «ην thut the wickedness of innn the words of Jupiter ; speak in approbation wn« prcnt in tlie enrth mid that every imepina- „,- wllilt he has sai(]_ lion of the ihouplits of his heart was only evil ,, .... , . , . , ,. continuully—GENESIS vi. 5. 6. Alii partes ,mple,,l'.· others perform They are corrupt, they have .lone nLoni'iiuMo $?π part by assent. 1 hlis, in Juveiia., works, there is none ll.ut iloetli goort.—PSALM ^at. V]., ntnncs im/ilel luimrrog, performs xiv. 1 j all her parts. The poet evidently makes 3. In facinns jurasse ; that they hud t reference to the Roman senate, in which sworn to comniit sin. Jurasse is put, by s my reso eyncope, for juravisse. 4. Sicslal srnlrnlia .· so stand lution. My determination is unalterably fixed. 5. Pars voce ; a part with voice applaud the principal senators, those elected by the censor or other magistrate, had the privi- lece of speaking and of voting, while the Pcdnrii, or those occupying seats by right of former offices among the people, after tre senators of the majorumcrntium had 69 ι i 70 P. OV1DII NASONI? Est tarnen humani generis jactura dolori Omnibus : et, quae sit terrœ mortalibus orbœ Forma futura, rogant : quis sit laturus in aras Thura 1 ferisne paret populandas tradere terras 1 Talia qusereutes, sibi enim fore cœtera curœ, Rex Superûm trepidare vetat ; sobolemque priori Dissimilem populo promittit origine mira. Jamque erat in tolas sparsurus fulmina terras ; Sed timuit, ne forte sacer tot ab ignibus œther Conciperet flammas, longusque ardesceret axis. Esse quoque in fatis rcminiscitur, aflbre tempus, duo mare, quo tellus, correptaque regia cœli Ardeat ; et mundi moles operosa laboret. LIBER I. 7. Tarnen jactura humani generis est dolor) omnibus : que rogant qua; sit fbtnra forma terive orhœ ]0 luortalibni: qnie ειι latuTustliurain aras? pareille trällere ter ras populandas feria? Rex Superflui Λ étal qnoïrcmes talìa tre pidare, enim écriera lore curEe sibi, que 15 promittit soholem dis similerò priori populo mira origine Que jam erat sparsurus 17. Quoque remln- iscitur esse in fan's, lempus all'ore, quo J' ABUT A IX. METAMORPHOSEON. ΝΟΤΙΕ. voted, signified their assent by leaving their seats, and joining the party whose views they espoused. 7. Dolori omnibus: a grief to all. The love of God to man is boundless ; he de lights not in his dcstmction. As I live, saith the I ord, I have no pleasure 1 in the death of him that dies. IToW shall I give thee up, O Tiphraim ! how shall I deliver thec up, O Israel ! llovv shall I resign thee as Admah ! How shall I make thee as Zeboim !—HOSEA. Oh that my head wr-re xvar.TS, and mine eyes a fountain of tears, that I might weep, day and night, for the slain of the daughters of my peo ple.—LAMENTATIONS. O Jerusalem, Jerusalem ' thou that killest the prophets, and stonest them that am seni unto thee, hovvoft would I have gathered thy v-liildren as a hen g.ithereth her ehiekeiis u'niler lier wings, und they would not !—ST. MATTHEW. 8. Omnibus: to all. See Grammar, Rule XXIII. of Syntax. 8. Orbai : deprived of men ; without in habitants. 9. Qui» sit faturns: \vho will hring frankincense to the nil ara ? The sods are here solicitous about the rites of public worship. The adoration of his intelligent creatures is pleasing to the Creator him self. If savage bcists should become the only inhabitants, the declarative glory of the gods would be unknown ; for. Animal nulluin est pr;eter hormnem, qnod ha- beat notitiam aliuuatn Dei.—CICERO. 10. Ferisne papillonnas. Popuïo and de- popttJo, in tile same manner as prvio and drpono, are often rendered alike. In both cases however, etymology would seem to require a positive meaning of the former of the words, and a uennlive meaning of the latter. Popiilundns here appeal's to be u*»cd in the sense of peopling or inhabiting. The following, from Horace, is similar: Velut profugit exeerata civitas, Apros atipie litres propnos.habitandaque fona, Apris reliquit el rnpacibus lupis.—EIOUON- xvi. 10. Parti ·· does he prepare ? is he about ? 12. Hex Superum: the king of the gods ; Jupiter. 12. Trepidare velai: forbids them to be solicitous. 13. Dissimilem populo; unlike the former people ; pure and holy. 13. O naine mira: by α miraculous ori gin. Stones were to he changed into men and women, as related in the succeeding fable. 14. Spnrsurus fulmina: about to hurl the thunder over all the earth. When he was about to scatter the thunder, and thus de stroy the world, he recollects that it is fated that the earth shall be destroyed by fire hereafter, and chooses a different mode of destruction. 16. iongus axis: the long axis on which the heavens were believed to revolve. 17. LSUP in falls: is in the decrees of the Fates. The Fates, or Destinies, were the dispensers of the will of Jupiter. In the heathen mythology, they "are put for Pro vidence. 17. -Affore tempus: that there would bea time ; that a time would come. iS.Correptœ: enveloped in flames. Sup ply ßammis. Dies ίΐ'ΐΡ, dies ilia Polvet s.rclum in favilla Teste David cum Sibylle.—CŒLAKO. 19. Ardenl: shall be burned up. The final destruction of the world by fire, ap pears to have hern known to most of the pagans. They got the idea from the Sibyl line verses, or from some ancient tradition committed probably to Adam or Noah. Κηϊ πότε τ'ιν oftyqv 5εον, ofm ?rt πραννοιτα^ Αλλ' ιζεμΰί>ΐ$οντα, και εζυγνιιντά τε γίνναν Ανθρώπων άπασαν ìtif ίμττρησμαν πίρ^υντα. Sunn,. ΑΓ-UD LACTANTIHM Cum tenipiis advencrit, quo se niundus rcno- vatnrus extinguat .... et ornili flagrante ma teria uno igni quidquid nane ex disposilo lucci, ardebit.—SESECA. Tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Cyclopum. Pernia placet diversa ; genus mortale sub undis Perdere, et ex omni nùnbos dimittere cœlo. Protinus .iEoliis Aquilonem claudit in antris, 71 20 more, qix> tclh»,qtte regia cceh correpta anìeat ; et operosa moles inunili laboret. Tela fabricata S3. Protiuue claudil ΝΟΤΛΕ. Aq ia et ignis terrenis dominantur : ex his or- lus, et ex his interims est.—SENECA NAT. QUÄS. The Egyptians supposed the w orhl had a great year, when lite tun. moon, and planets all re turned to the same sign whence they started, the winter of which year was the Delude, and the summer the conflagration of the world.— PiATO. Hence we Stoics conclude, that the whole world, at last, would be in a general conflagra tion j vt lien, all moisture being exhausted, neither the eurtii could have any nourishment, nor the air return again, since water, of which it is formed, would then'be all consumed ; so that only flre would subsist, and fromtliisfire, which U an mimating power*and a deity, a new world would arise, and be re-eslabhshcd in the same beauty.—CICERO ON THE Gous. Cerlain dispositions of the air, ami powers of wnter and fire, infused and mixed within, which arise und spring up with, together wilh the world, and to be burnt in time, and end with it.— I'LLTAKCIl'S MOUALS. For the ind'gnation of the Lord is upon all the nations; and .ill the host of heaven shall be dia·· Bohed, and the he.ivens »hall be rolled together as a scroll.—ISAIAH. But the heavens and the earth, which are now, by the same w;ord are kept in store, re served unto fire, against the dav of judgment and perdition of ungodly men.—ST. I'ETEK. 19. Operosa moles: the well-wrought, Stupendous mass of the universe. 19. JMÌiorrl: shall labor; shall be ex posed to destruction. 20. Tela: the "weapons, viz. : the thun derbolts. Modern science furnishes a beau tiful illustration of this fabied forging of Jupiter's thunderbolts. Metals rendered fluid and volatilised by the excessive heat of volcanoes, are dissipated and carried into the air, and after being united by some combination of chemical and electric at traction, form the metallic masses and aerolites which often fall to the earth with agréât noise. The Cyclops of the volcano are thus said to forge them. 20. Ci/clo]nim: of the Cyclops. They were the workmen of Vulcan, and hud their shop in Mount JElna, where they made the thunderbolts of Jupiter.' The etymology of the word is *ί*λος, a nrc/e, and οψ. un tiff, because they had hut one eye, of a circular form, in the middle of the forehead. Their mimes were Brontes, Steropen. nnd Arges; the latter, however, was called Ilurpcs, Arges, and Fjraemon. Homer and Ί hcocritus consider them the primitive inhabitants of Sicily, giants and cannibals. Then brought »he forth The Cyclops, brethren of Irgli daring heart, Brontes, and Steropes nnd Arges fierce, ΛΥ ho forged the lightning shaft, and pave to Jove His thunder. They were like nulo lile gods, Save that a single hall of s'ght was fixed Tn the mid forehead. Cyclops was their name, For that one circulur e> e w IIP broad infixed III the mid forehead.—I'IESIOD'S TIIEOGONY. 21. Ptfna diversa: a different kind of punishment, viz. by water. 21. Piarci: pleases him; is resolved upon. 21. Genus mortale: the mortal race ; the human race. The present race of men is noi the same as at the beginning, hut those of the first race all perished. Mankind, as they now are, are a new and second race, that w ere spread abroad again by Deucalion in these vast number». Of those first men it is reported, that they were haughty, fierce people, who com milted heinous iniquities ; for they neither kept their oath, nor exercised hospitality, nor spared ihe vanquished, though imploring inercy. For all this, however, a hor rible calamity came upon them.—LUCIAN r>E SIKIA DEA. 21. Sub undis: under water ; by immer sion. 22. Perdere. The phrase genus mortale sub iiìidis perdere, is put in apposition with pœna. 22. Nimbo*: rain ; storms of rain. 22. Ex omni carlo: from the whole hea ven. Anil the windows of lieeven were opened; and the ruin was upon the earth forty days and forty nights.—GENESIS vii. Π, IS. After whom reigned many others, and then Sisilhrus, to whom £uturn signified there should be an abundance of rain on the fifteenth day of the month Dcsins, and commanded him to lay up all his writings in Heliopolis; which, when Sisilhrns had done, he sailed immediately into Armenia, and found it true as the god had de clared to him.—ABYDENUS. 5:3. Protinus: forthwith. As soon as he determines to destroy the world, he sets about its destruction. 23. JEoliis in antris: in the ^Eolian caves. ,/Eolus, the son of Ilippotas, was king of the islands which lie between Italy and Sicily. From his knowledge of astro nomy, and his predictions of the changes in the winds, he was thought to control the w inds in a cave, where the}' murmured against their rocky barriers. The islands were volcanic, and gave rise to the subter ranean noise, and the fable connected there with. Ί'Λ. Ayuiiosrmrirmdil. He «huts up th«" north wind, because i* was accustomed to »11 i/· ιί 72 P. OVIDII NASONIS Et quœcunque fugant inductas flamina nubes : Emittitque Notum. Macliclis Nolus evolat alis Terribilem picea tectus caligine vultuni. Harba gravis niinbis ; canis fluii uncla capili is ; Fronte scclent nebulas ; rorant pennœque, sinusque. ÎTtque manu lata pcnclenlia nubila pressit, Fit fragor : hinc densi funcluntur ab iEthere nimbi. Nuntia Junonis, varies incinta colores, Concipit Iris aquas, nlimentaque nubibus aclfert. Sternuntur segetes, et deplorata coloni LIBER 1 Aqiiilonem in ./Foliis _ antris, et qiuccunque 25 fl.nnma fug.inl induc- tus nulles: que einit- tit Norum. Nota« evoluì ni.tdidis ajisj tec'tus quoad terribi- leiii vulturi! pice i ca ligine. ßarba est pra- vjs niinbis. unda fluii cainscapilhs; iiebuliB sedcitt fronte ; q je 3l. Iris, mintiii Ju noiiis. iiiduta vario· colores, concilii aquas, que adfert ali- FABULA IX. METAMORPHOSEON. ΟΛ oU NOTA:. disperse the clouds, and bring on fair wea ther. 24. Inducing nubfs: the clouds spread over the lace of heaven. 25. Eminii No/urn, lie lels out llicsouth wind, which brings rnin. The personifica tion of the south wind, by the poet, is at once sublime and beautiful, and ihc whole allegory well sustained. This wi id bears the treasured rain; a modern puri, with this passage probably in hh eye, prrsoni- fies the wind, and arms it with lightning and the tempest. The wrathful Angel of the wind flail all the horrors of the skies comhiued; Audio! tremendous o'er tin* detp he sprillare. The inflaming sulphur flashing from Ins wings ! Hark. IMS strong voice the dismal silenro breaks! Mud chaos from the cliuins of death awakes ! Now in il delupe bursts thi· living fl.uni·, \nd dread concussion rends the ctuereiil frame: Sick earth convulsive groans from shore shore. to 31. Varias induta colores: clothed with various colors. The rainbow contains the seven primitive colors, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet ; the blend ing of their dyes appears to multiply the umiliici· ; the poets gai-c her a thousand. The how is formed by the rays of the Btin falling upon the drops of water in a cloud, when that Inrmnnry has nn elevation of not mire than .~>4 degrees. Mille trahens varies adverse sole colores. VIRGIL·. 32. Ins. Iris was the daughter of Thau- mas and Elcctrn. She was*clothcd in a particolored robe, and was ever seated by the throne of Juno to execute her orders. As the rainbow, for which Iris is often put, is formed in the lower air, which is, my- thologically, Juno, hence she is said always to attend that goddess. See note on p. 27!). 33 Coiicipil nqung: draws up water. The And nature, shuddering, .eel, the horrid roar. ["*Γ herÇ, evidently refers to that meteoro- FALCONFK'S S'IIPWBECK logi'-a. phenomenon observed at sea. when 25. Madiïis alls: with dripping wings." | water is carried up to the clouds, by the The poets generally attribute wings to the I formation of a great hollow cone of con- winds, on account of their swiftness. j densed vapor. It has the colors of the Dum se mutilici Auster, · ° ' Dum sedet et siccat modifias ill carcere penuas. J[ VEVAL. He spake, the god that mounts llie wingeit \\ inds. Poi'c's HOMER. lie rode upon a cherub, und did fly: yea. he did fly upon the icings of the wind.—PSILH xviii. 10 26. Tectvs rultum. See Grammar; Syn tax, Rule XXV., n. 9. Meanwhile the south wind rose, and with blnck wings AVide hovering, all the elouds together drove. MILTOV 29. Nubila pressit: pressed the hanging clouds; crushed them. 30. fît franar: there comes a crashing. The peculiar sound of the rain, when a shower commences, is known to every one. 30. Fiindiinlur: are poured down ; pour down. This verb has the force of the Greek middle voice. Fierce and fast Shot rfniun the ponderous rain, a sheeted flood, Trat slanted not before the baffled winds. Hut, with an arrowy anil uawavi-ring rush Duhed hissing eartk ward.—BARBER. Tnll Ida's summit now moie distnnt grew, And Jove's high hill wus ris nçon the view, When from the*]eu approaching, they descry A liquid column towering shoot on high The foaming buse an angry whirlwind sweepf, Where curling mllovvs rouse the fe.irful dccpe. Still round nnd round the fluid vortex flies. Scattering dim night null horror thro' the skiee, Tini εινιΐΐ volution and the enormous train Let sages \ersed in nature's lore explain ! The horrid apparition still draws nigh, And white vi ilh foam the whirling surges fly ! Tlir guns were primed, the vessel northward veers. Til] her black battery on the column hoars. The niïre fired : and while the dreadful sound, Convulsive, shook the sluJTiber-ng nir around, The waterv volume, trembling to the sky, Purst down n dreadful delete frrm on high! The affrifrliied surge, recoiling as κ fell. Rollini; in li'lls, disclosed the iib\ss of hell. FALcoTiEa's SHIPWRECK Et bìbit ingens Arcus.—VIUGIL. 32. Alimenta nubibus: brings supplies to the clouds. 33. Sternuntur segelte.· the corn is laid prostrate Vota jacent ; longique labor périt irritus anni. Nee ceelo contenta suo Jovis ira : sed ilium Casruleiis frater juvat auxiliaribus unclis. Convocai hic amnes : qui postquam tecta tyranni Inlravére sui, -Non est hortaminc longo Nunc, ait, utendum : vires effundite vestras. Sic opus est. Aperite clomus, ac mole remota Fluminibus vestris totas iinmittite habenas. lusserai. Hi recleunt, ac fonlibus ora relaxanl, El dufrœnalo volvunlur in œquora ciirsu. Ipse tridente suo terram percussil : al illa ' Intremuit, moluque sinus palefecit aquarum. Exspatiala ruunt per apertos flumina campos ; 73 menta niiöibua Se- Qr prêtes st-Tiiuntur, et «SO vola coloni jacent de- ploruia; que liihor lougi anni pent irri tus. Ncc est ira Jovis contenta suo cœlo : 3y. Non nunc ulen- dnm est lougo hortu· .Λ mine: efnmilite ves- 1\> iras vires. Sic opue est. Aperitc dormis, ac mole remoli, imiint- tite totas huhenas 4α. Jusserut. Hi re- deunt ac relaxant ora fontibus. et volvuntur .-in reqnora defr-tnato 40 cursu. Ipse percussit terram suo tridente: ut ilia iniremuil, que ΝΟΤΛ:. 'Si. Coloni vota: the hopes of the hus bandman; his crops sought with many prayers.. All lliat ihe winds had spared In one wild moment ruined ; llie big An/w And well-earned treasures of the paiunil year. THOMSON. 34. Perii.· is lost. The ox halh therefore stretchedhisjoke in vain. The ploughman lost his sweat; and the greeii corn Hath rotted ere his jouth attained a heard : The fold stands empty in the drowned field. SlIAKSPEAHE. 35. Nec cœlo contenln : the wrath of Ju piter is not content with his heaven, viz. : with the stores of water in the clouds. 35. Illuni: him; assists Jupiter. 36. Cœrvlnis fi liter: his cerulean bro ther. This is a beautiful periphrasis for Neptune. 3C. Auxiliaribus undis : with his auxil iary waves. That the sea assisted in the submersion of mankind, and the enrth also, by giving out its internal waters, is agree able not only to the Bible, but to the ge neral accounts derived from tradition. 37. Cottmcat hie amnes : he assembles the rivers ; the gods of the rivers. The images here presented to the mind are all of a grave and sublime character. 37. Tecta tyratitii: the palace of their ruler, Neptune. This was placed, by the poets, in or near the centre of the earth. Then the channels of waters were seen, and he foundations of the world were discovered at .hy rebuke.—PSALM xviii. 15. 38. Non est utendum: there is not to be used by me ; milii. I must not use. Supply 40. Domes: your houses. The fountains of the rivers were called the habitations of the river gods. 40. Mole remala : the barrier being re moved ; the banks of the river. 41. Tolas itnmiltite ktikenas: give all reins to your streams. This is a beautiful metaphor derived from the chariot-race. 10 G 42. Jusserat: he had spoken. As soon ns he commanded, it was done. He spake, and it was done. 42. Hi redeimt: these return. The river gods return to their respective rivers. 43. t'Olviaitur: are rolled; roll them selves. This verb has the force oi the Greek middle voice. 43. Diffamalo ciirsii: with unbridled bove. The same metaphor employed Thither they . Ul τ I lac 111 tljfffltll W ull, ul rlllJJU UlrCC Fer haste ; such flight the great command im pressed On the swift floods.—MILTOV. 44. Tridente. The trident was a triple- pronged mace which Neptune used as a scepire. It derives its name from its form, 1res, three, and dens, a tine. The fiction of Neptune's striking the earth and causing it to tremble, is derived from a naturai cause, being taken from the earthquake, which is the result of the action of the in tcrnal heat and interrai waters. The trident of Neptune is a symbol of t third region of the world, which the pea po seises, situated below tha of the heaven andth air.—I'LUTARCH. From Neptun.n/s hand Dîish his trined mace", that from the bettom stir· The troabled sea, and shake* Lie solid earth. j 45. Molli: by the concnmrôn. 45. Sinus paltfrcit aquarwi: disclosea its reservoirs of waters. Hov strikingly this and other heathen descriptions agree with the Scriptural account. The some dny were all the foinVn* of the great deep broken up, and the window.* ι f In.»· veil were opened. And the rain was u.'on the enrth forty days and forty nights. — GEX£bU \ Ϊ1. For on κ sudden the enrth sent forth abun dance of water, great showers of rain fell, tht» rivers overflowed exceedingly, and the »en overspread the eerth, so that all was turned into water, and every man perished. — LUCIAX EB SvaiA DEA. 74 P. OVIDII NASONIS Cumque satis arbusta simul, pecudesque, virosque, Tectaque, cumque suis rapiunt penetralia sacris. Si qua domus mansit, potuitque resistere tanto Indejecta malo ; culmen tarnen altior hujus Unda tegit, pressteque Jabant sub gurgite turres. Jamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant. Omnia pontus erant ; deerant quoque littora ponto. NCnVE. LlBKE 1. patefecit sinii» aqua- rum motu. Fluminm exspaliala ruunt per 4U. Si qua domui mansit, poluilque ma- 50 1" iudejecla; lamer unda alLior legit uujus culmen, pressœque turres labaut sub gur gite. KASCI.A IX. METAMORPHOSEON. There could not be one cause for eo ^reat a calamity, but ell reason consents that at llie same lime the rams should fall, the rivers swell, the seas, stirred I'rom their foundations, rush along, and all in united phalanx move on to the destruction of the liuman race.—SENECA. Lib. iii. cap. 27. The pillars of heaven were hroken ; the earth shook to its very foundations : the heavens sunk lower to the north ; the earth ft·II to pieces, and the waters euclosed within its bosom hurst forth \vilh violence, and overflowed it.—CHINESE SA CKED iJooKs. 47. Cum salis: wilh the crops. After the corn has put forth the ear, it is then called a crop. Red from the hills, innumerable streams Tumultuous roar ; and high above its banks The rivrrs litt, hctore whose rnshinc tide, 1 Icrds. flocks, ami harvests.cotlages and swains, Roll mingled down.—THOMSON. 47. Ptciidrsque. The different animals were all borne away and destroyed by the flood, according to our poet. Other hea then writers speak of their preservation, as in the Bible. Of clean beasts, ami of beasts lluit are un clean, and qt' lowls, and of every thins: thai crcepeih upon the earth, there went in two and two unto Noah in the ark, the male and the te- rnale, as Cod commanded Noah.—GENESIS vìi. 8, 0 It is reported that Xisnthrus was preserved by Saturn's loretcllnig him what was to rome, and thnt it was convenient for him to build an ark, thathirds, and creeping things, and beasts might sail with him m il.—ALEXANDER POLYHISTOR. lie, (Deucalion,) and his wives and his chil dren, entered into a large ark, which he limi prepared; and alter them went in bfars, and horses, mul lions, and serpems. and all othe- kinds of living creatures that feed upon Ilio earth, two and two; he received them all in, neither did llir) hurl him, hut were veryfamilinr wilh him, by a divine influence.—LUCIAN DE S\niA DBA. In seven dfus, a!l creatures -who have offended me shall he destroyed by adduce, liutlhou shall he secured in a c.ipanous vessel, miraculously formed : lake, lin refore, all kinds of medicinal herb , and cr-i-ulent grain for food, and, together with hese\enhol> men, jour respective wives, and ]uur* of all animals, enter the ark wilhout fear.——IIIVDOSTANEE BlIAGAVAT. 48. Pinclralin. Thc-gods had abandoned to destruction the altars, upon which the impious had. long ceased to ofier sacrifice. Moreover, at thnl feast, which we call Peule- eoet, as llie priests were goirg by niglu imo the inner temple, us llieir cuslom was, to perform their sacred ministrations, lliey said, Ihal in ihe first place, they felt a quak ing, and heard a great noise, and after that the sound as of a multitude saying, '· Let us depart hence !"—JosEmus. . The passive gods behold Ihe Greeks defile Their temples, and abandon to the spoil Tlieir own abodes.—DHYDEM'S VIRGIL. Over prostrate pillar and crumbling dome The stormy billows arise and foam; Λ\ here thy swelling temples were wont to stand, The sea-bird screams by Ihe lonely strand. \V. G. CLARK 49. Tanto malo: so great a calamity, viz. : the deluge. 50. Culmejt: the top of the roof of a house. It is so called from culmus, a stalk, because, anciently, houses were covered with straw. All dwellings else Flood overwhelmed, and them, wilh all their pomp, Deep under waler rolled.—MILTON. 51. Presfte? ;e turress and the towers borne down. Struck of the castled cliff, The venerable tower, and piry fane Resign llieir aged pride.—THOMSON. 51. Gurpitc: in the vortex. It is not to be supposed that there was a gentle rising of the waters, at the deluge, but the most iearlul commotion, when the internal wa ters of the earth were forced out in cata racts, the solid crust of the earth broken through, and the water rcsorbcd again in the chasm. Some convulsion of Ine kind was necessary to destroy the vessels and other means of safety employed by the in habitants. 51. Nullum discrimen: sea and earth lud no distinction. Hence, in old dusky lime, «. deluge came : When the deep-cleft disparting orb thai arched The central waters round impetuous rushed Willi universal burst into lire gulf, And o'er llie high-piled hills of fractured earlh Wide dashed the waves in uiidulalions vasi ; Till from Ihe ccnlre to Ihe straining clouds, A shoreless ocean tumbled round the globe. THOMSON. 53. Omnia pontus erant; all things were sea. There is a majestic brevity in the first part of this line, but in the latter clause a redundancy called polyptotan, which di minishes its force. In the description of the Indian Hades, a modern poet introduces the same form ol expression. Occupât hic collem : cymbâ sedei alter adunca, Et ducit remos illìc, ubi nuper arârat. lile supra segctes, aut mersœ culmina villœ, Navigai : hic summâ piscem deprGndit in ulmo. Figitur in viridi (si Fors lulit) anchora prato : Aut subjecla terunt curvœ vineta carinœ. Et, modo qua graciles gramen carpsêre capellœ, Nuiic ibi deformes ponunt sua corpora phocte. Mirantur sub aqua lucos, urbesque, domosque, Nereides : silvasque tenent delphincs, et altis Incursant ramis, agitataque robora puisant. Nat lupus inter oves : fulvos vehit unda leones : Unda vehit tigres. Née vires fulminis apro, Crura nee ablato prosunt velocia cervo. Quœsitisque diu terris, ubi sidère detur, [n mare lassatis volucris vaga dccidit alis. 75 54. Hic occupât col- _ .ern: alter sedei acluil- OO ça cymbâ cl ducit 50. lile navig-at su pra segetes, aut cul mina mersœ villœ: nie deprchéiidit pis cerà in summa ulmo. Anchora, si fors lulit, />Q figitur in viridi prato : nut curva? carina; te runt vìneta subjecta. 02. Nereides miran- tur lucos, urbesque domosque sub aqua: dclphinesque lenent sih us, et incursant (5|) altis ramis, pulsant- que agliata robora. CO. Née vires ful- minis prosunl apro, nec veloeìa crura ab lato cervo. Terrisque din qiucsitisuhideiur illì sidéré, vaga volu- NOTJE. And lo, the regions dread— The world of wo before llicia opening wide. There rolls the fiery flood. Girding the realms of Tadcclon around, A sea of flame it seemed to be— Sta "wiHwitl bound,—SouTitEY. Sea covered sea— Sea wilhout shore.—MILTOX. 54. Occupât hic collcm. There is a bcau- liful variety in the description of the efforts of Ihe different inhabitants to save them selves. 55. Ubi ìiuppr arâral : where he had lately ploughed. What a melancholy change is here presented ! Ararat for araverut, by syncope. 57. Summa in ulmo: in the highest part of the elm ; the sprcice being put for the pcuus, by synecdoche. See Grammar, Rule I., n. 8. fisciumcl summi genus hacsil ulmo —HORACE 58. Si Fan lulit: if chalice has borne it ; has directed it. 61. Deformes plwcŒ : the unsightly sea- calves. The seal is called the sca-oalf, from the noise it makes like a calf. He is an animal with a head like an otter's, with teeth like a dog's, and moustaches like a eat; his body is long and hairy; his fore feet has fingers, clawed, but not divided ; his hinder feet are more like fins. lie is thus fitted forciawling and swimming, and is amphibious. Huge monsters from the plains, whose skeletons The mildew ot succcedins; centuries lias failed 10 crumble, with unwieldv strength Crushed ihrmigh ihe sol.d crowds.—JABBER. Where luxury lale reigned, sea-monsters whelped, fcnd slahled.—MILTOX. 63. λΥπΰ/F*. These nymphs of the sea wete daughters of Kerens and Doris. They weic fifty in number. Their dutv was to attend ott the more powerful gods of the . icy ι in grottoes and eaves adorned wilh shells. 64. Eubora: the trees; oaks. The neccie» is here put for the genus. 64. Puisant: strike wilh their bodies the agitated oaks. Oceans were blent, and the leviathan Was home aloft on the ascending sea To w here the eagle nested.—BARBER. 65. 2V«i liipus: the wolf swims among the sheep. The general calamity has re pressed the predaccous disposition of the wild beasts, and the timidity of the tame Virgil, in speaking of the plague, refers to the same. Non lupus insidias explorai ovilin circum, Non gregihus iioctnrnas ohainhulal ; acrior ilium Cura domai: timidi danur cervique fugaces Niiiic ililerque canes et circuiti leciavugaiilur. VIRGIL. CG. Vires fulminis: the strength of his tusk. Fiilmen is used in this sense, either because the tusks are cns-pidated, or be cause of their oblique stroke, or irresistible power. 67. Alialo: borne away by Ila: voters. 67. Prosunt: avail; defend. The iorce of the waler is too great ior him. Nor can the bull his awful front defend, Or shake the murdering savages away. THOMSON. 68. Ulii sidcre detur: where it may be permitted her to rest ; to settle. The same form of expression is used in reference to Ihe Trojan exües wandering over all the seas. Incerti quo fata ferant, ubi sislcre deliir VIRGIL. But the dove found no rat for the sole of liei foot, and she returned unto him into the ark.— GENESIS vii. 9. 69. Volucris vaga: the wandering bird. 76 P. OVIDII NASONIS Obruerat tumulos immensa licentia ponti, Pulsabantque novi montana cacumina fluctus, Maxima pare undâ rapitur; quibus unda pepercit, Illos longa domani inopi jejunia victu. Separat Aonios Actseis Phocis ab arvis, Terra fera\, dum terra fuit ; sed tempore in ilio Pars maris, et latus subitarum campus aquarum. Mous ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus^ Nomine Parnassus, superatque cacumine nubes. LIBER 1. "ïQ cris decidit in mare lassatis alis. Immen· sa Uremia po.iiti ob- rucrnt tumulos, novi- que fluctus 73. Illns, quihus un- > t/ da PePerc'ï» tonga je- f juiiin inopi victu do- •Vg n-an t. l*liocis séparai Aonios ab Act;cis ar- vie terra ferai, dum fuit terra; seti in ilio tempore pure maris. et Intus campus, su* bitarutn aquarum. ÌÌOTJE. And he sent forili a raven, which went to and fro, until tlie waters were dried up from off tlie farth : also he sent forili a dove from him. to see if the waters v* crc abated from oil" the fare of the ground.—GENESIS vii. 7, 8. The mythologists maintain, that a dove was sent by Deucalion out of the urk, which, \\lien it returned to him, showed thut the storm was not >ct aliateti; but when he saw it un more, he concluded that the sky was become serene aguiii.—PLUTARCH. They s.iy Denralior.'c tlove, which hescntmit of the ark. discovered, at its rei-rii, thut the storms were aliated, and the hei^/ens clear.— ABYDENUS Assvmus. On the third day after the -.raters abuted, he sent out birds to try if the vvaler was gone off any part of the earth; but they, rinding α vast sea. and having nowhere to rest, returned hark to Sis.thrus: in the same manner did others: sud again the third time, when their wings were daubed with mud.—IDEM. 69. Lassalis alis: with weary wings. And fiercest birds, Bent downwards by the ever-rushing rain, With hi nded eyes, drenched plumage, and trailing n-ings. Stapifcrcd unconscious o'er the trampled prey. IJARBER. 70. Lici mia ponti: the licentiousness of the sea ; its extent and violence. 70. Obnterat liimulos: had overspread the hills. 71. Novi ßuctus: the unwonted, unusual waves. 71. Montana cammina: the mountain peaks. The waves first submerge I lie smaller eminences, and continue to rise up the mountain summits. So in the Bible : And all the high hill» thai were under the whole heaven were covered. Fitiren cubits up ward did the waters prevail; and thermmnrauis were covered.—GENESIS vii. 10, iO. 72. Îûaxima pars: the chief part of men and animals. 73. Inupi victu: with scanty food. Those few escnped Famine and anguish will at last consume, Wandering that watery desert.—MILTOX. And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl «nd of cattle, and of beast, «ml of every creeping thing tliat creepeth upon the earth, and every man.—GENESIS vii. 21. 74. Aonios: the Aoninns. As Aonia, on 1 he contrary, separates Phocis from Attica, we must suppose that Ovid made a mistake in his geography; or, we may resolve I he difficulty, by hypallage, for Séparant Acuii Actœis Phocida ab arvis. 74. Phons. This is a country of Greece. Its eastern boundary is Breotia; its west ern boundary the summit of Parnassus ; its northern boundary Thessaly ; ils southern, Sinus Corinthiacus, the Gulf of Leponto. 77. Petit atlra: eeeks the" stars ; rises to the stars. Hoc solum flurtu merçente cHcumen Eminuit, pontoqne, fuit discrimcn. et astris. I.rCAN. Lib. v. 78. Parnassus. A very high mountain in Phocis, now called Isikvura, and for merly called Larnassus, from Inrnnx, an ark. because Deucalion's boat resied Ihcre: ΙΊαρνασσος· ίκηλΐΐτο SI irpórcfiov Αάρναππος Αία τί την Δευκαλι'ωΐΌΐ λάρνακα αίτό5ι Ίτροσίνε-χ^ή- ναι.— STEPH. B\ZAvr. Ιι had two summits, Cyrrha, sacred to Apnllo and ilie Musée, and Nysa, sacred to Bacchus, who is said by T/.etzes to lie t'ie same as Osiris and Noe. Bacchus and Osiris were hoi h enclosed in an nrk, and both taught agriculture and the raising of ilie vine. Now, we arc told, Ihnt "Noah began to he a htislmndman. and he planted a vineyard." Besides, there is a similarity of names—Noarhus. Boaohti«. Bacchus. Dionnsos, an appellative of Bncchu«. means ihe sacred Nous (Nvs), or ihe sacred ius- latidman. Hence, the place of descent is called Nysa. Different nations fable the nrk to have rested upon some eminence in their coun try. Even the ancient Welsh dc.-cnbe it as resting upon one of their mnuntatns. The following heal hen account is con firmatory of the Biblical : There is a great mountain in Armenia, situated above.Minyas, which is called Bans. A report prevails, that, nt the time of tin· dchigr. many persons fled here, and were preserved One, in particular, was conveyed in an ark to the very summit of the mountain. He. perhaps, may be the man roncurniiig whom Moses, the .kwish lawgiver, wrote.—NICOLAUS DAM^SCEM-S. As Larnassus, the mountain, was de rived from laniax, an ark, so ihe, moun tain. Baris, was derived from Baris, the sacred boat of Osiris. FABULA IX. MET AMO RPHOSEO N. Hìc ubi Deucalion, (nam ccetera texerat œquor) Cum conserte tori parva rate vectus adhœsit ; Corycidas nymphas, et numina mentis adorant, Fatidicamque Themin, quse tune orac'la tenebat. Non ilio melior quisquam, nee amantior œqui Vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla deorum. Jupiter ut liquidis stagnare paludibus orbem, Et superesse videi de tot modo millibus unum, 77 79. Ubi r>euc»l:on, OH 11Bm œges, and Deucalion, are all names signilying the same thing in other lan guages as Noah does in Hebrew.—UBOTIUS. The Greeks call him Deucalion, the Chaldeans, Noach, in whose time the great ßood happened. —PlIILO IÌYBLIL3. The same Deucal-on under whom the famous great flood broke in.—LUCIAN. Ό Νώε Έ-icovSpos ιταμά Χαλ^αΪονί.—CEDHE3TUS. 79. Cat*x&l£Z£Xffl : had covered the rest. The mountains were submerged, the barrier chains That mapped out nations sank ; unt'l at length One Titan peak alone o'ertopped the waves, Beaconing a sunken world. And of the tribes That blackened every alp, one man survived. RÄUBER. 80. Consorte tori: the consort of his bed ; a periphrasis for uxor. 80. Parva rate : his little boat; a rude boat, like an art. The ark of Noah, the Argo of the Greeks, and the Baris of Osiris are nil one. The time when Osiris entered the Baris, as given by Plutarch, corresponds to the very day when Nonh entered ihe ark. The constellation Argo was placed in the hea vens by divine wisdom, for the Argo was the first ship that ever w as built : it wos, moreover, built at the very beginning, and was an oracular vessel.—ERATOSTHENES. The constellation which the Greeks called the Argo, was a representation of the sacred ship of Osiris.—PMJTARCII. This delnfft·, mid the ark, is mentioned by all those pursons who have written Uarbaric bis- tories.—JuSEPHLS. On the southern part of the celestial sphere, the ancient astronomers have, given a pictorial history of the Deluge. Aquatic animals occupy a large portion; water streams upon it in all parts ; the ship Argo, l.bc ark) is in the midst of the waves ; the G dove is near the ship ; a raven sits on the back of a sea-serpent ; a cup for sacrifice is near ; and the fabulous Centaur pierces an animal, and bears it to an altar, where smoke ascends towards a triangle, an em blem of the Trinity. The South unveiled its glories ; there the Wolf, With e> es of lightning, watched the Centaur'» spear ; Through the clear hyaline, the Ship of Heaven Came sailing from eternity ; the Dove On sil\ er pinions, winged her peaceful way ; There, at the footstool of Jehov all's throne. The Altar, kintUed from his presence, blazed. J. MONTGOMERY. 81. Corycidas. The nymphs of the Co- rycian cave. The cave was named from Corycia, a nymph, who was beloved by Apollo. 81. Numina mantis. It was always cus tomary to venerate the local gods. The gods of Parnassus were Apollo, Bacchus, and the Muses. 82. Themin. Themis, (Βίμις, rigid) wae the daughter of Cœlus and Terra, and was the goddess of Justice, as her name indi cates. Terra originally had the temple at Delphi, on Parnassus, and resigned it to Themis, who gave it to Apollo, according to ./Eschylus, in the Eumcnides. Themis is the same as the Egyptian goddess Thmei. See note on Themis, p. 29X 82. Qua; tune. Who at that time had the oracle at Delphi. 83. lilo: than he ; viz. Deucalion. 83. Amanlior imo turbine : buc cina quœ, ut concepii afra in medio ponto, NOT^E. 88. Ambos. The use of this word at the close of the two clauses, constitutes the figure called rpistrophe. See Gram. p. 209. 88. Cultores numinis : worshippers of the deity. The former race of mankind were unjust towards each other, and irreverent to ihe gods. The world was to be re- peopled by a new stock, from those that were both innocent and pious. _8S. Nuliila disjecit: he dispelled the clouds. 89. Aquilone. Jupiter, nt the commence ment of the deluge, shut up the north wind in the .ffiolian caves, that it rnight not im pede the rains ; he now lets it out, that it may disperse them. And God made a wind to pass over the earth, und the waters assuaged.—GKVESIS viii. 1. He looked, and snw the ark hull on the flood, Which now abated ; tor the clouds were fled, Driven by a keen north wind, lLat blowing dry, Wrinkled the face of deluge, as decayed ; And the clear Sim on 1rs wide watery glass Gazed hot, und of the fresh wave largely drew, Aß after thirst ; which made their flowing shrink From standing lake to tripping ebb, that stole With soft foot towards the deep, who now had stopped His sluices, as the heaven his windows shut. MILTON. 90. Nee maris ira: nor does the rage of the sea remain. In the Arkite mysteries of the Druids, there is reference made to the landing of the father of the restored world, and of the calm of the sea : When the shout was heard, we were put forth, whilst smiling at the side of the rock, Ner, (the abyss] remained in calm tranquillity.—CAD GorjuBV. 91. Posilo: being laid aside. With his trident, he had, in a great measure, excited the wrath of the deep ; he now lays it down. 91. Tricuspide telo. A periphrasis for tridelis. 92. J\Fulcet aquas: calms the waters. 92. Sector pilazi: the ruler of the sea ; ι periphrasis for Neptune 92. Supra profundum: over the deep. Supply mare. 93. Humeros tectum: covered as to his shoulders. Grammar, p. Ill, Rule XXV., n. 9. 93. Innato murice: with native purple ; the shellfish from which the purple was obtained. 94. Tritona. Triton was the eon oi Neptune and Amphiirite, and the trum peter of Neptune. He was the father of the Tritons. His superior part was that of a man, hie lower part that of a fish. Hurtc vehit immanis Triton, et cerulea concha Kxlerrens frcta, cui latcrum tenus hispida nanti Frons hominem prœfcrt, in piscem desini! alvus. .SNKID, Lib. x. 94. Concha tonaci: his sounding shell. Instead of a trumpet, Triton used a conch, to signify the commands of Neptune. Lord of the Ocean shell ! Thy blast is a potent spell, Which nought in tlie deep cun withstand : When Ute sea-god issues his dread command For the waves to rage or subside, Thou soundest thy conch o'er the ocean, And the bilious in wildest commotion, Like giants arise to threaten the ekies: Thou giveet again thy command The billows invade not the laud But slumber and sleep on the tide. ANTIQUE CAMEO. 95. Signo dato: by a given signal. 'J6. Revocare. To recall the waves and rivers to their proper channels again. 96. Siimilur illi: is taken by him. Grammar, Syntax, Rule XXXII. 97. Torlilis: winding ; wreathed. 97. In latum crescit: increases in width. 97. Turbine ab imo.· from the lowest wreath ; the e\tremity of the cone. 98. Burciua. The repetition of this word constitutes the figure called anadiplosis- Sec Grammar, p. 209. 98. Conce fit vt aera: when it has re ceived the atr; the breath ; the bhst. 99. Voce replet: fills with its voice ; with ite sound. FABULA IX. METAMORPHOSEON. Turn quoque ut ora Dei madida rorantia barba 100 Contigit, et cecinit jussos infiala receptus, Omnibus audita est telluris et aequoris undis Et, quibus est undis audita, coërcuit omnçs. Jam mare littus habet : plenos capit alveus omnes : Flumina subsidunt : colles exire vidcntur : 105 Surgit humus : crescunt loca decresccntibus undis. Postque diem longam nudata cacumina silvae Ostendunl, Kmumque tenent in fronde rclictum. •Rcdditus orbis erat : quem postquam vidit inanem, Et desolatas agere altasilentia terras, 110 Deucalion lacrymis ita Pyrrham aflatur obortis : O soror, ô conjux, o foemina sola superstes, Quam commune mihi genus, et palruelis origo, Deinde torus jun\it ; nunc ipsa pericula jungunt : Tcrrarum, quascunque vident occasus et ortus, 115 Nos duo turba sumus. Possedit cœtera pontus. 79 WO. Turn quoque ut contigli ora Dei ro rantia madida barba, et infiala cecinit TC- ceptus jussos, audita est omnibus undis 104. Mare jam habet littus : aU eus capit pu*nos anines : flum·- na Bubsidtint: colle· videntur cxire: Hu mus surgit : loca ere», cunt undis decrescen- tibus. 100. Orliis erat rcd- ditus : ijuem post- quam Deucalion vidit inanem, et de&olatae terra* agere alta si- lentia, "ita affatur Pjrrham Incrj mi» obortie : O soror. d coirjux, o fœrhinasola superstes, quam com mune genus, et origo patruelis,ileinde torue junxit, nunc pericula NOT.Œ. Go, go—no other sound. No music that of air or earth is born. Can match the mighty music of that horn, On midnight's fathomless profound! GIIENVILLE MELT,™.' 99. Vtroque P/iirbo: each Phœbus.; the rising and the setting sun ; the east and west. This is a strong hyperbole. 99. Jaccnlia : lying; ihat lie. 100. Romnlia: dripping with brine. 101. Cecinit jiissos receptus .· sounded the ordered retreat. The command from Neptune for the waters to return to their respective channels. 101. Jnfala: inflated; breathed into. 102. Telluris et cfouoris undis: by all the wjiters of earth and sea. See Grammar, Syntax, Rule XXXII. 104. Jam marc: now the sea has its shore. 104. Plenos amtles: the full, brimming rivers. 105. Flumina subsidiint: the rivers sub side ; sink down into their channels. And the waters returned from off the> earth continual!).—GENESIS viii. 0. 10Γ>. Exire videntur: appear to issue from Hum ; to rise from the rivers. The thunders ceased—the lightning and the ruin— The waters sank—the mountains rose again, The l^nipi'St-lmlrn clouds were rolled a\vay, O'er the sad gloom broke forth the 1'glit of day, And in hrr lieok the wear} dove row bore The olive-branch that spake the rteluce o'er HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 10G. Dccrcscrntibus uiidtt: the waters decreasing ; as the waters decrease. After these waters had raged on the earth, they began to lessen mid shrink, and the great fluctuations of this deep being quieted by de grees, the \\alcrs retired.—ULHNETT. 107. I'ostque diem Ιοηςατη : after a long day ; a protracted period. Dies here repre sents an indefinite time, as is often the case in English. 107. Nudata cacumina : their naked tops ; stripped both of fruit and leaves. 108. In fronde : upon ihe bough ; the branches and leaves. 109. Redditus orbis erat: the earth wag restored. 109. Postquam vidit inanem; after he saw void. And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man and beast, and the creeping things, and the fowl of heaven.—GENESIS vii. 2Ü. 110. Dcsnlatas terras: the desolate earth ; destitute of men and animals. 110. Agere alta tilentia: to keep deep silence. Vacuusque silentia servai horror. STATUTS, Thee, iv 111. Lacrymis oborlis: with rising; gushing tears. 112. Soror. It was a common thing, among the ancients, to call cousin-germane by the name of sister. 113. Commune genus: acommon descent. They were descended from lapctus, who was father of Prometheus and Epimetheus. 113. Patruelis origo. Deucalion was the son of Prometheus; Pyrrha was the daughter of Epimetheus. 114. Pericula jungunt: even perils unite. What motives for union ! community ot origin, community of life and interest, and community of suffering and danger. He, whom mutual league, United thoughts and counsels, equaj hope, And hazard in Ihe glorious enterprise, Joined with me once, now misery liath joined. MILTON 115. Occasus et ortus: the rising -and selling sun ; the cast and west. 11C. Turba sumus: we are the multitude, the population. 80 P. OVIDII NASONIS II 120 Nunc quoque adhuc vitse non est fiducia nostra Certa satis : terrent etiamnum nubila mentem. Quid tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses, Nunc animi, miseranda, foret ? .quo sola timorem Ferre modo posses ? quo consolante dolores ? Namqu3 ego, crede mihi, si te modo pontus haberet, Te sequerer, conjux, et me quoque pontus haberet. O utiiiam possem populos reparare paternis Artibus ; atque animas formatœ infondere terrai ! 125 Nunc genus in nobis restât mortale duobus. Sic visura Superis : hominumque exempla manemus. 'Uixerat, et flebant. Placuit cœleste precari Numen ; et auxilium per sacras quœrere sortes. LIBER 1. 117. Nunc quoque non est adhuc fiducia nostra; vita; satiä cer ta: etiamnum nubila terrent mentem. Quid animi nunc foret tilji, miseranda, BÌ erepta fuisses fans sine me ? quo modo sola posses ferre timorem? quo consolante dolores ? 126. Nunc mortale genus restât in noljis iluobus. Sic visum est Superis ; maneums- que exempla hoinin- um. Placuit tllis NOT^E. 11C. Possedîl cœtera; has taken the reel. 117. Non est fiducia: we have not yet sufficiently certain assurance of our lives. 119. Quid libi animi: what would be thy mind ? thy feelings 1 119. Sine me: without me. I being lost. 119. Falis erepla : if you had been snatched from fate ; preserved from death. 1-1. Quo consolante dolores 7 who con soling your Borrows 1 123. Si te modo ponlus. If the sea had swallowed up thee, I would cast myself into the sea. Thus, in Virgil : El tc, piiter uptime Teucrum, Partus Labet Libyœ.—JENEiD i. 555. 124. Paierais arlïbus : by paternal art ; viz. by forming men of clay, and animat ing them wilh fire from heaven, as Prome theus, his father, had done. 125. Animas infondere: to infuso souls into the fashioned earth. And the Lord Coil formed man of the dust ot the ground, or.d breathed into his nostrils the hrculli of life ; and man became α living soul.— GENESI!?. To mix the earth and water, nnd infuse A haman voice.—HESIOD. 120. Genus mortale: the human race. 127. Sic visum: so it has pleased. Sup ply est. 127. HomÏ7iumque exempla : examples ; monuments of men. lift. Placuit: it pleased them ; they re solved. 128. Cœleste precari. It is natural and proper to seek the aid of the Deity in all difficulties. 129. Sacras sortes: the sacred oracles. These were given by drawing lots, which came forth from the urn, marked with cer tain signs. Ex quo Deucalion, mmbis tollentibus tcquor Navigio inomem ascendit, smesqtte.—JVVEXAL. FABULA IX. Who were the Cyclops, and what was their office ? What physical explanation can you give of the forging of Jupiter's thunderbolts by the Cyclops 1 Who was ^Eolus, and where did he live ? What winds did he shut up in his ca verns ? Why did he shut them up ? What wind did he let out upon the earth ? Why is he said to have let out thie wind Î Who was Iris, and what was her office ? How is Iris said to raise water ? Who was the cod of the sea? What agency hod he in producing the flood! What does Ovid say became of the ani mals upon the earth ? Π METAMORPHOSE Ο Ν. 81 What different account do other heathen writers cive Î Does this agree with the Bible î Who were the Nereides ? Where is Aonia? Where Phocis ? On what mountain did the boat of Deu calion rest ? What was the name of the mountain originally, and why was it so called ? What oihcr mountain was named after the some manner ? Where is Mount Parnassus ? What goddess did Deucalion and Pyrrha go to consult î Where was her oracle Ì Who was Triton 1 What agency had he in assuaging the waters of the flood? QUjESTIONES. What is the subject of this Fable î Do tile ancients describe several floods ? Who was Deucalion î Who was Ogyges î What Biblical personage do they repre- nent ? How were the names of Barbarians ren dered in Greek and in other languages 1 Whom do Sisithrus, Xisithrus, Ogyges, »!id Deucalion signify ? Recapitulate the poinls ot agreement between the Biblical account of the flood, and the different heathen accounts. Who was Erinnys 1 How many Furies were there, and what was their office 1 How did the heathens consider the axis of the earth 1 Who were the Pajcœ, or Fates î Had the ancients any idea of α future destruction of the world by fire ? FABULA X. REP ARATIO GENERIS HUMANI. Deucalion and Pyrrha having consulted tho oracle of Themis, relative to the repeopling of the earth, are ordered to cast behind their backs the banes of their great mother. After revolving the words of tho oracle, Deucalion comes to the conclusion that their great mother is tho Earth, and that the stones of the earth are the bones intended by the response. They cast these behind their backs, and by degrees, the stones lay aside their rigar, are mollified, increase in size, assume the forms of men and women, and Ì3comc animated, EXPLICATIO. I.v attempting to explain this fable, some have vainly imagined that Deucalion collected the rude people who survived the flood, and refined their manners, and that, as λαό; signifies, at once, α stone and the people, hence the myth arose of his making people out of stones. They forget, however, that he and his wife alone survived the deluge. I think, if \vi will consult the Bible, we will find the true solution of the fable. The impiety of mankind had caused the depopulation of the world, by the Flood ; piety was now to be the chief instrument in its speedy repeopling. Accordingly, we find, GENESIS viii. 20, when he came forth from the ark, " Noah buildcd an altar unto the Lord, and took of every clean beast, and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt-offerings on the altar. And the Lord smelled a sweet savor. And God blessed Noah and his sons, and said unto them, be fruitful, and multiply and replenish the earth." That a miraculous fruitfulness is intended, we may readily infer from a repetition of the blessing a few verses after, while God still converses with Noah and his offspring : " And you, be ye fruitful, and multiply ; bring forth abundantly in the earth, and multiply therein." How exceed ingly rapid the increase of the population of the world was, we learn in the succeeding chapter, where it is said of Nimrod, the great-grandson of Noah, " He began to be a mighty one in the earth. And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar," no less than four great cities. As Noah " builded" the altar, it is evident that the altar was constructed of stones, sinre we find altars similarly made, on different occasions, as recorded in the Bible ; and the great fruitfulness with which God blessed Noah and his seed, being in consequence of his pious offerings upon this stone altar, it is not a very bold figure to represent the human race as reproduced thus from stones. As Deucalion and Noah were the same individuals, the relevancy is apparent. Besides this event, which may have given rise to the myth of the poet, there is another in JOSHUA iv., where, after the miraculous passage of the Jordan, the tribes took up stones upon their shoulders, and set them up as a memorial. It is not a little remarkable, that, in after ages, standing by the Jordan, at Bethnbara, the house of passage, and pointing probably to these -very memorials, the Saviour used the remark able language, " God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham." It is probably an obscure tradition of Noah's sacrifice, ana the consequent rapid repeopling of the earth, that Sanchoniatho, in Euso bins, gives when he says, " When the god Uranus wished to animate stones, he invented Jiaithuli." I have shown, in Fable IV., that these Baithuli are stone alturs. 82 , ULLA mora est ; adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas, * t Ut nondum liquidas, sic jam vada nota sécantes. , Inde ubi libatos irroravêre liquores Vesti bus et capiti, flectunt vestigia sanctE Ad delubra Dese : quorum fastigia turpi 5 NOfJE. 1. Ctpliisidas ìituìas: the waters of the Cephïsus. The Cephisus flows from Mount Parnassus, end passes by Delphi. 2. Vada nolo: the well-known channel. It was now contained within its banks. · 3. Lilatcs liyuores: the consecrated waters. 3. Irroratcre: they sprinkled. It was the custom of the heathens, when about to offer sacrifice, or enter their temples, to sprinkle them selves with water, in token of purification. 4. Flectunl vestigia: bend their footsteps. Then, with α rushing sound, the assembly bend Di\ erse their footsteps.—POPE. 'fä, 5. Dehibra Deœ : the clia- from which arose a hum-in body as a cen- (~, pel of the goddess Themis, taur, with four heads, the head of a bull, It is not a little remark- of a lion, of an eagle, and of a man, with able that we find the Cherubim which were wings and hands füll of eyes; and we a'c plnrcd at the entrance of the garden of cordingly find these forms in various corn- Eden, and subsequently upon the mercy- binations. The cloudy vapour said to arise eeat of the ark, together with the ark it- in the temple at Delphi, through the tripod, self, and the cloud of glory resting between which was anciently an imitation of the the Cherubims, copied in the emblems and ark, was, no doubt, copied after the Sehe ceremonies of the Egyptians and Greeks, chinah of the Cherubim. In the temple o) BS well as the other heathens. The sacred the Syrian goddess at Hierapolis, said to Baris of Osiris, with all its ceremonies, be built by Deucalion, the emblem "com- was a commemoration of the deluge. The pounded of several divine forms," was form of the Cherubim was that of a bull, doubtless the Cherubim ; «nd the moreflo, 83 84 P. OVIDII NASONIS Squallebant musco ; stabantque sine ignibus aras. Ut templi tetigêre gradue, procumbit uterque Pronus humi, gelidoque pavens dédit oscula saxo. Atque ita, Si precibus, dixcrunt, Nmnina justis Vieta remollescunt, si flectitur ira Deorum ; Die, Themi, qua generis damnum riparabile nostri Arte sit, et mersis fer opem mitissiina rebus. Mota Dea est ; sortemque dedit : Discedite tempio ; Et velate caput ; cinctasque resolvite vestes : Ossaque post tergimi magnœ jactate parentis. LIBER I. 7. Ut tetigêre gra due templi, uterque procumbitpronus hu mi, que pavens dedit oscula gelido saxo Atque dixerunt ita, S'. -.n Numina, vieta justia 1" precibus, remolles- cunt, si ira Dcorum flectitur ; Themi, die, qua arte damnum nos tri generis sii 13. Bea mota est, Sie dedit sortem: iscedite tempio; et IO velate caput; que re- that it was placed in the nriytum. Corre sponding to the HOLY OF HOLIES of the Jewish temple. The statue referred to by Luctan, ΒΘ that of Juno, was doubtless a representation of the earth, as will be Been by reading the whole description. They of Hierapolis eay, thru once, in their country, a great chasm suddenly opened in the earth, whicti swallowed up this amazing quan tity of water; whereupon Deucalion erected altars, and near the chasm buill and consecrated this temple. ... In token and remembrance of this account, they have a singular custom. Twice α year, sea-water comes into the temple, or is rather brought in. not, however, by the priests nlone, but all the Syrians and Arabians, and likewise a multitude of people who live he- yond the Euphrates, rim all to the sen and fetch water to pour into the temple. This ceremony, they say, Deucalion himself ordained to be ob served in the temple, as an everlasting com memoration, no less of the universal calamity than of the wonderful means by which the earth again became dry. . . . The inner temple has two compartments. The first, every one enters that pleases : to the second, yon ascend by a couple of steps, but though they are quite open on the farther side, the priests alone havo the privilege to go in, and even of them not all, but only ll-ey who have nearest access to the gods, and whose office it is to perform the whole ser vice of the innermost sanctuary. In this recess of the temple stand the statues of Juno and of a god. to which, though it can be no other than Jupiter, they give a different name. Uoth are of gold, and both represented sitting, Juno drawn by lions, the other by bulk. In the middle, be tween these two, there stands another golden image', of a peculiar kind. It has no appropriate form, but, so to speak, has been compounded of several divine forms. Neither do the Assyrians give it any particular name, calling it only the Emblem, not knowing what to say, authenti cally, either of ite origin or its aspect. Some give it a reference to Bacchus, others to Deuca lion, others to Semiramis ; for, because this image has α dove on the top of its head, they feign it to represent Semiramis. It is every year twice solemnly driuvn to the sea, when they intend, agreeably to what was observed be fore, to fetch the sea-wiiter lo he poured into the temple.—LUCIAN DE SYRIA DEA. The tripod itself was not originally a three- footed stool, but was a chest or ark filled with •tones, or a seal.—C.KLIUS. 5. Quorum fastigio: whose top. 6. Squallebant: wag defiled. 6. Sine ignibus: without fire. Her altars flame with flowers no more Unt on her fallen and crumbled shrines The mournful moonbeam palely shines. ASTHOLOGT 8. Fronut limni : prone on the ground ; with their faces to the earth. Nee profumiere humi prostratum et pandere pal mas Ante Deûm délabra.—LOCUKTIUS^ 8. Pavens : fearful ; filled with sacred awe of the divinity. 9. Frecilius justis .· by just prayers, viz. by the prayers of just men. 10. Vieta: overcome ; moved. IS, liiimollescunt : are mitigated; relent. Can you behold My tears, and not once reknt ?—SHAKSPBAHF 11. lieparatile sit: can be repaired. 12. Quaaite: hy what art. The son of Prometheus evidently expected that he would be called upon to employ some agency in the reproduction of mankind, like that which his father had exerted. 12. Mersis rebus: to our ruined, over whelmed aflairs. As the ruin was effected ia very expressive. by ai,——„-——_____————__ -TSTSnriem .-the lot ; the response. 14. Velale caput: veil your head. It is possible this custom of veiling the head is taken from the Jewish history. Plutarch states that the head was veiled in reverence of the gods. It may have been done to prevent any object's diverting the mind. Hclenus commands it to be observed by jEneas. Purpureo velare comas adopertus amictu. JEiiEiD iii. 405. And Moses put the veil upon bis face again, until he went in to speak with him.—EXODUS xxiv. 35. 14. Kcfolvite: unloose thy girded gar ments. This custom of the heathens, of covering every part of the body in sacri fice, appears borrowed from the Jewish ritual. In the sacrifice of the Passover, the Jews were to gird their loins ; hence we infer the general custom was different. Neither shalt thou go up by steps unto mine altar, that thy nakedness be not discovered thereon.—EIODUS xx. 26. 15. Osso.· the bones of their great mq- FABTJLA X. METAMORPHOSEON. Obstiipuere diu : rumpitque silentia voce Pyrrha prior: jussisque Deœ parère récusât : Detque sibi veniam, pavido rogai ore : pavetque Lœdere jactatis maternas ossibns umbras. Interea repel unt cœcis obscura latebris Verba datas sortis secum, inter scquc volutaiit. Inde Promethides placidis Epimethida dictis Mulcet, et, Aut falîax, ait, est solertia nobis, Aut pia sunt, nullumque nefas oracula suadent. Magna parens, terra est : lapides in corpore terrae Ossa rem· dici : jaccre hos pest terga jubcinur. Conjugis augurio quamquam Titania mota est ; Spes tarnen in dubio est. Adeo cœlestibus ambo Diffidunt inonitis. Sed quid tentare nocebit ? Descendunt ; velantque caput, tiuiicasque recingunt ; Et josses lapides sua post Aestigia mittunt ; Saxa (quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas ?) Ponere duriticm cœpêre, suumqiie rigorem·; Molliriquc moia, mollitaque ducere formarti. 85 Bolvïte cïnctae véfetee; 10 Obstupuère diu : que Pyrrîia prior rumjtit silentia voce : que récusât purere jussis Den·. que rogai Of) Pavido ore, ut (let si l,i Λν veiiiam: nnvelque loîdere maternas um bras jactatis ossihue. SÌ. Inde Promethi- des mulcct Kpimethi- da placidie dietim, et ait. Aut «oiira solertia or: est Inllax nolus, aul Λ" orncula sunt pia, sua- denti|iienullum ncfas. ATagiiu pareils est 27. Quamquam Ti- tania mota est augu rio sui conjugis, ta rnen spee est in diibio. ΟΛ Arteo ambo diiTidunt ccelestihns monitis. Seri quid nocebit ten tare? 32. Saxa, (quis cre- dnt hoc, nisi vctiistns eit prò teste ?) co-pere poiiere duritiem, su- NOT.ÌE. ther. The stones of the earth are often thus spoken of. 15. Mapiuz parcntis. This was not only so figuratively, but genealogically; for Terra, the earth, was the grandmother Doth of Deucalion and Pyrrha. 16. Kupil tilentia. See note on the same, page 63. 17. Eecusat. Pyrrha, on account of filial piety, refuses to obey the oracle. 19. Jactatis ossious ; by throwing her bones. 19. Mnternas umbras. The nncicnts be lieved that the spirit could not be at rest, if the repose of the dead were disturbed. 20. Ca-cis lutcbris: with dark mystery ; with hidden meanings. 21. Stcum: with themselves ; together. u___ ii'·3 f- ϊ-\ ι: .1 _ 22. Promethides. Prometheus. Deucalion, the son of 22. Epimrlliida. Pyrrha, the daughter of Epimedicus. 23. Fallax est solertia ; my discernment is fallacious ; deceives me. Which, if my augury deceives me not. SlIAKSFEARE. 21. Pio sunt : are pious. The oracles did not require them to commit any filial impiety. 24. Nulliim nrfns: no wickedness. 25. Aldgtia parenti terra : our great pa rent is the earth. The epithet parens is well applied lo the earth ; it brings forth andsustains alltrcee and fruits, nourishes all animals, and receives them, when dying, into her maternal bosom. When the sons of Tarquin, with Junius Brutus, in quired at Delphos, which one was to reign at Koine, the response of Apollo was, that Η he should receive the government who first kissed his mother, when Brutus, pretend ing to stumble soon after, kissed the earth, and fulfilled the oracle. As soon as he (Chnrlen V.) landed, he fell upon the ground, and considering himself now as dead to the earth, he said, " Naked eame I ont of my mother's womb, and naked I now return to thee, thou common mother of mankind."— ROBEETSON. Γ? ρήτηρ πάντων, λημήτηρ itimraK-rcipa. ORPHEUS 27. Conjugis augurio: by the intcrpr· tation, the conjecture of her spouse. 27. Titania: Pyrrha, the grand-daughter of Titan. 29. Dißdunl: are distrustful. They do not feel satisfied that they have rightly in terpreted the response of the oracle. Faith must not only be implicit, but enlightened also. 30. Discedunl.· they depart from the temple. 31. Jufsos lapides: the stones that they were commanded to throw. 31. Post vestipin : behind their footsteps, viz. behind their backs. 32. Pro teste: for a witness ; as a wit ness. 32. Vttv*tas. The thing bore the attes tation of antiquity ; it had been an acknow ledged fact for a long series of years. 33. Ponere durititm: to lay aside their hardness. The process of transformation had already commenced. 34. Mora: by delay ; gradually.· 34. Ducere formam: to assume form. They began to take something of the shape of man. 86 P. OVIDII NASONIS Mox, ubi creverunt, raturaque mitior illis Contigit, ut quœdam, sic non manifesta, videri Forma potest hominis ; sed uti de marmore cœpto Non exacta satis, rudibusque simillima signisi.y Quœ tarnen exjllis aliquo pjors humida succo, V1 Et terrena fuit, versagst mcorpoïis^usum ; Quod solidum est, flectique nequit, mutatur in ossa ; Quod modo vena fuit, sub eodem nomine mansit. Inque brevi spatio, Superorum munere, saxa Missa viri manibus faciem traxêre virilem ; Et de fcemineo reparata est fosmina jactu. Inde genus durum sumus, experiensque laborum ; Et documenta damus, qua simus origine nati. LIBEB I. 35 umc;ue rigorem ; mol- lirique mora, mollita- que ducere forrnam. Mox, ubi creveruiit, mitiorque natura con- tigit illis, ut qua-darn forma hominie polest videri, sic non mani- 40 festa. 4L. Quoil est soli dum, ncquilque tìoctl mututur in ossa ; quoti modo fuit venu, •1U. Inque brevi spa tio, munere Supero- rum, saxa missa ΓΠΗ- 45 nibus viri traxcre virilem faciem ; et fcemina reparuta est de fcemineo jactu. 35. Ubi creverunt : when they grew -arger. 35. Natura milior : o milder nature. When the stone became flesh and muscles. Paulatimque anima caluerunt mollm saxa. , JUVENAL. 36. QiKrdam forma hominis: some form of a man. 37. Marmore cœpto: of the marble com menced to be formed into a statue. 38. liudibus signis: rude statues. •^3,9. Quoi pars Immida : whatever part is moist. The soft and earthy portions of the stones are changed into the fluids and flesh of the body ; the more solid parts into bones. 40. /n carports iisum: into the use of the body ; the fleshy parts of the body. 42. Vena. The veins that run through the stones, remained under the same name; formed the veins of the human body. 43. Superorum munere: by the power ol the gods ; by the divine agency. 44. Viri manibus : by the hands of the man ; of Deucalion. 44. Traxere : assumed, put on. 44. Faciem virilem : the form of a man. 45. Separata est fcemina : woman was restored. Et maribus nudas ostcndit Pyrrha publias. JUVENAL. 45. Fosmina jactu: by the throwing of the woman. 46. Durum genus: a hardy race. The poet seems to indulge in a witticism, by using the word durum, hard, as an epi thet of the race descended from stones. So Virgil: Deucalion vacuum lapides jactavitin orbem: Unde homines nati, durum genus. GEOBG. i. 6i. 47. Documenta damus: we give proofs; we give evidence. QUjESTIONES. u What is the subject of this Fable Î What oracle did Deucalion and Pyrrha consult Î Where is the river Cephisus ? What memorials of the flood did the heathens have ? Of what was the tripod, and the oracular vapor at Delphi an imitation ? What response did Deucalion and Pyrrha receive Î Was Pyrrha willing, at first, to obey the oracle Î How did Deucalion at length interpret the response Î In what twofold sense was the Earth their great parent ? Did they obey the oracle as interpreted by Deucalion Î What was the result ? Who produced the males Î Who produced the females ? What witticism does the poet employ in speaking of a race descended from stones? What erroneous views do some offer as an interpretation of the fable Î In what mainly consists the error Î Where will we find the true solution ot the fable ? t'ABULA X. METAMORPHOSED N. 87 What was the main cause of the depo pulation of the world by the deluge Î What was to be the means of its re storation ? What kind of an oltar did Noah bund unto the Lord Î In what respect did God bless him and his children in consequence thereof? What is a proof of this extraordinary increase of population Î How then may this increase be said to be a reproduction of men from stones Î How does this apply to the case of Deu calion ? Were Deucalion and Noah the same person Î What remark of Sanchoniatho probably has allusion to this repeopling of the earth by stones Î What were the Baithuli ? How does Lucian, in his treatise on the Syrian goddess, say that the water of the flood disappeared Î Was there any ceremony in commento* ration of it ? FABULA XI. REPARATIO ANIMALIUM: PYTHON SERPENS. After the waters of the Deluge have subsided, the different animals are pro- duced from the mud and slime that have been deposited, and among them Python, a serpent of huge magnitude. Apollo destroys him with his arrows, and institutes the Pythian games in commémoration of the deed. EXPLICATIO. THE fable of the serpent Python is coincident with Egyptian mythology, wherein an account* is given of the monster Typhon, which, in Coptic, signifies a serpent, and typifies the Evil being. In Arabic, Tuphan means a deluge. Egyptian mythology represents Horus, (who is the Apollo of the Greeks,) as in a boat piercing Typhon, the Evil being, who, in the form of a great serpent, is lying in the water. The Egyptian account seems to represent, by sensible signs, the power of the Mediator, at the Flood, by means of the salvation of a righteous stock to repeople the earth, as bruising the head of the serpent, who, as the spirit of destruc tion, has overwhelmed the earth by water ; for Horus, the second person of the Triad, and a Mediator and Preserver, corresponds to the Saviour. It is almost a literal representation of Isaiah, chap. xxvi. 20, 21, and xxvii. 1, which refer to the ark and the deluge, " Come, my people, enter thou into thy chambers, and shut thy doors about thee : hide thyself as it were for a little moment, until the indignation be overpast. For behold the Lord cometh out of his place to punish the inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity. In that day the Lord, with his sore, and great, and strong sword, shall punish leviathan, the piercing serpent, even leviathan, that crooked serpent ; and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea." Although Typhon .may relate to the poisonous vapors of the deluge, we think the idea which the Egyptian myth conveys is rather a metaphy sical one, while the Grecian fable, from which that of our poet is derived, and which was suggested by the Egyptian, is rather of a physical charac ter. The clouds and darkness which obscured the heavens, and the light of the sun, during the flood, and the poisonous vapors and exhalations that afterwards arose, are to be regarded as the Python which was slain by the arrows of Apollo, that is, by the rays of the sun. An obscure and confused reference, however, would seem to be made to the serpent in Eden, and to the fall of man, in consequence of eating the forbidden fruit ; for, at the early institution of the Pythian games, commemorative of the death of Python, the rewards distributed to the victors were consecrated apples, having a mystic signification. Again, as the Ark was fabled to have rested on Parnassus, (Larnassus,) it is probable that in commemoration of the flood, stone pillars were set up, forming a serpentine temple devoted to the worship of the serpent, and of the sun, and hence in time the real object of it becoming unknown it was thought to represent a serpent slain by Apollo. 88 , _ .CETERA diversis tellus ammalia forinis Sponte sua peperit, postquam vêtus humor ab igne Percaluit Solis ; cœnumque, udœque paludes , Intumuêrc œstu : fœcundaque semina rerum Viv aci nutrita solo, ceu matris in alvo, Creverunt, faciemque aliquam cepêre morando. Sic ubi dcseruit madidos septemfluus agros 1. Cœtera animalia: the other animals. The poet had described the reproduction of men ; he now proceeds to speak of the manner in which the other animals were restored. 1. Diversis formis: of various forms. 2. Feperit: brought forth spontaneously. The metaphor employed here is very forcible. How like the first creation of animals ! God said, Let the earth bring forth soul living in her kind, Cattle, and creeping things, and beast of the earth, Each jnliis kind. — MILTON. 2. Feiit» humor ·· ihe former moisture, viz. the watery vapor of the deluge. The earth obeyed, and straight Opening her fertile womb, teemed at α birth Innumerous living creatures, perfect forms, Limbed and full-grown. — MILTON. 4. Intumuere : swelled ; became big. The metaphor of maternity is still main tained. 4. Fcecunda semina: the fruitful, fecun dated seed. 5. Viraci solo: in the living soil. Meanwhile the Irpid caves, and fens, and shores, Their brood as numerous hatch. — MILTON. 5. Matris in aha: as in the womb of a mother. 6. Fnciem aliquant: some form. 6. Morando: by delaying ; in process ot time. 7. Serttemfluus Nilus: the seven-chan nelled Nile. It rises in Abyssinia, rune 12 through Abex, Nubia, and Egypt, and Η 2 89 ill 90 P. GRIDII NASONIS Nilus, et antiquo sua flumina reddidit alveo, jEthereoque recens exarsit sidère limus ; Plurima cullores versis ammalia glebis 10 Inveniunt : et in his quoedam modo cœpta sub ipsum Nascendi spatium : qusedam imperfecta, suisque Trunca vident numeris : et eodem in corpore ssepe Altéra pars vivit, rudis est pars altera tellus. Quippe ubi temperiem sumsêre humorque calorque, 15 Concipiunt : et ab his oriuntur cuncta duobus. Cumque sit ignis aquse pugnax, vapor humidus omnes Res créât, et discors concordia fœtibus apta est. Ergo ubi diluvio tellus lutulenta recenti Solibus œthereis, altoque recanduit œstu ; 20 Edidit innumeras species : partimque figuras LIBEK I. 7. Sic ubi scptcm- fluus Nilus deseruìt madidos agros, et red didit sua (lumina anti- quo alveo, que recens limus exarsit rethereo sidéré ; cultures iiivc- niunt plurima anima- lia versis glebis: et quœdam in his modo cœpta sub ipsum 15. Quippe ubi hn morque calorque sumsêre temperiem, concipiuiit : et cuncta oriuntur ab his duo- bus. Cumque ignis sit pugnax aquœ, 19. Ergo ubi tellus, lutulenta recenti dilu vio, recanduit œthe- leis solibus altoquc empties into the Mediterranean. Of the seven mouths, but two remain, the Ro setta branch, (Ostium Canopicum,) and the Damietta branch, (Oslium Phatmeticum,) which, together with the Mediterranean Sea, form the Delta of Egypt. The pe riodical rains in Abyssinia, which occur when the sun is vertical there, cause the Nile to overflow its banks about the first of June. The inundation continues till September, or even October, and fertilizes the country by a rich deposit of alluvian. The river Nile: See vhere it flows, disgorging at seven mouth·, into the sea.—MILTOX. 9. JEilereo sidéré : the ethereal planet ; the sun. 9. Recens limus: the fresh mud. 9. Ezarsit: lias become heated. 10. Cultores: the husbandmen. 10. Versis cleUs: on the sod being turned tip ; viz. by the plough. 11. Inveniunt: they find many animals. Certain insects and worms may be pro duced from corruption, but by no means animals, as related by the poet. He seems to have copied after Diodorus Siculus and Pliny. 11. Sub ipsum spatium: at the very time of being formed. 13. Trunca /aimeris: destitute of their parts. The grassy clods now calved ; now half ap peared The tawny lion, pawing to get free His hiuiler parts ; then springs, as hroke from bontls. And rampant shakes his brindled mane. MILTOX. 14. Altera pars vivit: one part is alive ; is quickened. By the movements of the atmosphere, the ig neous parts rose, which gave tc the sun and other heavenly bodies their rotatory movt-ment : and a solid matlcr was precipitated to fnrm the sea and earth, from which fish ami animals were produced, nearly in the same manner as \vestill «ee in Egypt, where an infinity of insects and OUÏT creatures come forth from the mud, after it has been inundated by the waters of the Nile. —DIODORUS SICULUS, Lib. ii. 7. But the inundation of the Nile hrings a cre dence to these things that surpasses all won ders, for when it retires, little mice are formed, the work of the genital \vuter and earth haying just commenced, being already quickened in a part of the body, the extreme part of their form being still earth.—PLINIUS, Lib. ix. 53. 14. Riidis tettus : rude earth ; mere earth. This statement is utterly prepos terous. 15. Sumsêre temperiem : have assumed temperateriess. 16. Concipiunt. The poet shows that the principle of generation depends on a dite mixture of heat and moisture. 17. Aqua pugnax: opposed, repugnant to water. 17. Humidus vapor: humid vapor ; moist heat ; a proper mixture of heat and moist ure. From hence we may conclude, that, as all parts of the world are sustained by heat, the world itself lias so long subsisted from the same cause ; and the rallier, because it is observable that it communicates a generative virtue, to which all animals and vegetables must neces sarily owe their birth and increase.—CICERO OS THE GODS. 18. Discars concordia : discordant con cord ; the union of the opposite principles, heat and moisture. These words consti tute the figure called Oxymoron, which, in a seeming contradiction, unites contraries. Grammar, p. 210. When the logos composed the Universe, it made one concord out of many discords.—Pa- TAKCII ON Isis AND Osiais. 18 Ftetibus: for birth ; for reproduction. 20 Reconduit: became heated again. 21 Figuras antiatias -· the ancient forms ; viz. ihe" animals that existed before the deluge. 21. Partimqnc rettulit ·· partly restored. Many antediluvian animals are believed not to have been reproduced. There is a peculiarity in the words ßguras antiquai FABULA XI. METAMORPHOSED N. Rettulit antiquas, partira nova monstra creavit. lila quidem nollet, sed te quoque, maxime Python, Turn genuit ; populisque novis, incognite serpens, Terror eras : tantum spatii de monte tenebas. Hunc Deus arcitenens, et nunquam talibus armis Ante, nisi in damis, capreisque fugacibus, usus, Mille gravera telis, exhausta pêne pharetrâ, 91 aestu; edidit nnumc- ras species: partim que rettulit niitiquD· figuras, partim crea« vit nova monstra. Illaquidemnollet.sed turn genuit te quoque. 20. Deue arcitenens, et nunquam ante usu· talibus armis, nisi in damis. fugacib usque that would indicate something of great bulk, huge and gigantic. Many of the ex tinct animals were of vast dimensions, aa the mastodon, megatherium, palœothe- lium, cheropotamus, iguanadon, and the différent gigantic sauria. 22. -ZVoDn monstra: new monsters. The production, in part, of new monsters, would antithetically indicate as monsters the antiquas ßguras that had been partially restored. 23. Ilia .· she ; viz. the earth. 23. Nollet : might be unwilling ; might shudder at the idea. 23. Python. A serpent sprung from the mud and stagnant waters of the deluge, and slain by Apollo. Some mythologists suppose it waa produced from the earth, by Juno, and sent to persecute Lalona, \vhen about to give bin h to Apollo and Diana ; and that Apollo, aa soon aa born, destroyed it with his arrows. This ineffectual effort of the Evil-being, in the form of n serpent or dragon, to de stroy the Mediator at his birth, and the discomfiture of the dragon by ihe Mediator, has a beautiful connection with the Egyp tian myth, and the passages in Isaiah, quoted tn the explicatio of the fable ; and reminds one forcibly of the efforts of the dragon in the Apocalypse. In this latter, there is an evident adumbration of the destruction at the flood, and of the binh of the Mediator, aa well as the after-pre servation of the Christian church. And there appeared a great wonder in hea ven ; a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feel, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars; And she being with child, cried, travailing in birth, and pained to be delivered. And there appeared another wonder in hea ven; and behold a great red dragon, having seven heads mid ten horns, and seven crowns upon his heads. And the clrapon stood before the woman which was ready to be delivered, for to devour her child as soon as it was born. And the serpent cast out of his mouth water as a flood after the woman, that he might cause her to be carried away of the flood. And the earth helped the woman, and the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed up the flood which the dragon cast out of his mouth. REVELATION, xii. By Python in this fable, is meant the darkness of the deluge, and the poisonous exhalations ihat followed it. It is the Ty phon of the Egyptians. It (Typhon or Python) become«, in the earth, the cause of concussions and shakings, and, in the air, of parching droughts and tempestuous winds, as also of hurricanes and thunders. It likewise infects both waters and winds with pestilential diseases, and runs up and insolently rages, and, as the Egyptians believe, one while smote Horus's eye.—PLUTARCH'S Isis AND OSIRIS. The furious Typhon, who 'gainst all the gods Made -war ; his horrid jaws, with serpent hiss, Breathed slaughter ; from his eyes the gorgon glare Of baleful lightnings flashed, as his proud force Would rend from Jove his empire of the sky. Turn tellus gravis imbre et adirne stagnamibus undis Humida, anhela, vagos tollebat ad œthera tortus, Involvens cesium nube, et caligine opaca ; lliiic ille imiiianis l'yihon.—PONT. MELA. N er {Ibe Ocean) produced, out of the number of vipers, one huge viper, with excess of wind ings.—CYNDDELW THE DRUID. 24. Incognite serpens: serpent unknown before ; or a kind with which they were not acquainted. Nor unknown The serpent, subtlest beast of all the field, Of hug« extent, sometimes wiih brazeu eyes And hairy mane terrific.—MILTON. 25. Tantum spatii : so great a space of the mountain you occupied. 26. Dens arcitenens : the bow-bearing god; viz. Apollo. This epithet is bor rowed from Homer's το|ο$ιΐρο(, in the hymn to Apollo. In the Egyptian mythology, Horus, or Apollo, is the second person of the Triad, and corresponds to our second person in the Trinity. He is the same as the Per sian Mithras, (Mediator,) who was re garded aa the sun, and as light; the same as the Indian Vishnoo, who, in the avatar of Crishna, slays the serpent Caliya, who is biting his heel ; and is also the same as the Gothic Thor, whom the Edda styles "a middle divinity, a mediator between God and man," and who bruises the head of the great serpent with his mace. When the deluge hnd ceased, Vishnoo »lew the demon and recovered the Vcdus; instructed Satyavrala in divine knowledge, and appointed him the seventh Menu.—INDIAN BHAGAVAT. 26. Tal tills armis: such arms ; viz. ar rows. 27. .ZVisi in damis: unless in the case ol the deer ; in the character of a hunter. 28. Cravem: loaded ; weighed down. 92 P. OVIDII NASONIS Perdidit effuso per vulnera nigra veneno. Neve operis famam possit delere vetustas ; Institua sacros celebri certamine ludos, Pythia, de domiti serpentis nomine dictos. LlBEK I capreis, perfidii huna _ gravem mille lelis, oU pharelra ejus pene ei- nausta, vene, n effuso per nigra vuj.icra. 33. liis quicunquo NOfJE. 29. Effuso veneno. The very blood of the serpent is spoken of as a poison. 31. Institut/. The Pythian games, ac cording to Pausanias, were instituted by Diomcdo ; by Eurylochus, according to the Scholiast on Pindar ; and by Apollo, ac cording to Ovid and others. 31. Sacros ludos. The Pythian games were celebrated near Delphi, and were the first insiituted of the four sacred games of Greece. The contests were in music, run- ning.vv resiling, boxing, and the chariot-race. 32. Pythia. Supply ccrtamina. 32. Domiti serpentis. The serpent that watched the apples of the Hesperides, and which, after it waa slain by Hercules, be came a constellation, was evidently the serpent that tempted Eve. See note on Draconi, page 293. On account of its sub tlety, and its prophecy to Eve, the serpent was first regarded as oracular — afterwards became a symbol — then a talisman — and eventually a god. Its worship pervaded the whole world, and was at length con nected with the solar worship. We accord ingly find the ophite hierogram on coins, medals, temples, and pillars, under various modifications, as the original worship of the serpent was blended with that of thÄ sun and moon. Sometimes it is a rude repre sentation of a serpent with a singly coil, forming a globe, (Fig. 1). Seldejj says this figure in abbreviated writing signifies detti/; and Kircher says its use , among the Brahmins was the same. Some times the hierogram is a globe, with a ser pent passing around it, (Fig. 2). Again, it is a winged clobe.'with a serpent passing through it, (Fig. 3). It is also represented as a globe, with two serpents emerging from it, (Fig. 4). The caduceus of Hermes is another form of the hierogram, and ia a symbol of the serpent-worship con nected with that of the sun and moon, wherein we have the sun's disk, and the crescent, (Fig. 5). The early repre«enta- tions of the head of Medusa (Fig. 6) are also modifications of the ophite hierogram. The serpents around and beneath the face are the undulations of the tides, and the two serpents above are the crescent of the moon by which they arr produced. The form of the serpent" of Eden, shown to be the constellation Draco, as it appears on the celestial globe, is the grand original of the wh< estialgioì iole, (Fig. ig. 7). The learned Kircher has show n, that the Egyptians represented the different elements by serpents in vari ous attii udes, and that a serpent moving in •n undulating manner denoted water. Hence, the waters of the Deluge decreasing by the sun's rays, would be represented on in Fig. 8 ; which is a serpent-temple con necter! with the solar worship, and typifies Python, the Spirit of Evil at the Flood, " the dragon that is in the sea," slain by Apollo. The large circle in this evidently represents the sun's disk, and the serpent's path through it the revolution of thr sphere among the stars. Eusebius, Praep. Ev. Lib. i., tells us, " with the Egyptians the world was described by a circle, and a ser pent passing diametrically through it." In the note on ver erat, page 42, I have shown, that changes took place in the re- voluiion of the earth, either at the time of thr transgression in Eden, or at the Flood; hence, it is noi a little remarkable, that on the celestial globe, the serpent (Fig. 7), which wes the cause of the derangement ot the sphere, is placed at the very poles of the ecliptic. It is not a little remarkable, too, that the name of this constellation, the "crooked serpent," see Job xxvi. 13, (ma CTU, nachash bariacli), refers to it as an emblem of the sun's path, for ma, barach, signifies fo pass through. It is very possi ble, that Noah's altar after the flood was simple pillars (βαιτΐλια), like those Jacob set up at Bethel ; and like the stones which Joshua set up as a memorial after the cross ing of the Jordan. These would be imi tated and multiplied as the traditions of the Flood spread among the heathens, until, as solar worship was connected wi'.h that of the serpent, regular serpent-temples would be formed like Fig. 8. For figures from 1 to 8 inclusive, see plate, page 289. Homer, in the Hymn 10 Apollo, v. 294, describes him as building a temple where he slew Python of " stones broad and very long," in part of a circular form, Άμία ίί νίίον ίνασσαν. Again, the god considers what kind of priests he shallput in his "stony Pytlio," lliioi ivi mrfomg. Hence Python, " tot jugera ventre prementem," was, doubtless, a temple of upright stones, de voted to the worship of the solar-serpent, like that at Abury, or Anbury, (-ns-aiN, aitb-ttur, serpent of the sun), in England, which covered twenty-eicht acres, and was a mile in length. We copy from a a treatise by Rev. J. B. Deane : From a circle of upright stones (without im posts), erected at equal distances, prof-ceded iwo avenues, i» a wavy course, in opposite di- reclions. These were the fore and hinder parts of the serpent's body, passing/rom west 10 cast. Within this grent circle were four others, con siderably smaller, two und two, described nboiu two centres, but neither of them coineident v'ïth the centre of the great circle. They lay in *ho FABULA XI. METAMORPHOSED N. His juvenum quicunque manu, pedibusve rotâve Vicerat; esculese capiebat frondis honorem. Nondum laurus erat ; longoque decentia crine Tempora cingebat de quâlibet arbore Phœbus. NOTJE. 93 Juvenum viceral ma nu, pedibusve rolave, capiebat honorem es- oe culeœ frondis. Laurul w nondum erat; Fhœ- busque cingebal tem pera deccmia longo line drawn from the north-west to the south east points, passing through the centre of the great circle. The head of the serpent was formed of two concentric ovals, and reeled on an eminence—which is the southern promontory of the Hakpeu (Serpent's head) hills.—WORSHIP OF THE SERPENT, p. 330. The etymology of Hakpen is Hak, a serpent, and Pen, the head. Dickinson, in Vdph. Phcen., shows thai L in Larnassus is not a radical. It is therefore Arnassus, or with the accent Harnassus. Har is a headland, or promontory of a hill; and nahns, a serpent. Parnassus is therefore identical with Hakpen, (serpent's head), of Abury. The serpentine temple Pytho, then, probably extended its length alone the bottom of Parnassus, and laid its head on a promontory of it, like that at Abury does on Overton hill. The remains of a similar temple are evidently alluded to by Pausanias : On proceeding in a straight line from Thebes to Glisas, you will see a place surrounded with rough stones, which the Thcbans call the Ser pent's head.—DESCRIPTION OF GREECE, Lib. ii. Cap. xii. And, again, to one at Pharce, for Ham is the same as Apollo, the sun : 1» Pharte, likewise, there is a fountain sacred to Hermes. The name of the fountain is Hama (Ham), worshipped as the snn. Very near this, there are thirty quadrangular stones. These the Phnrenses venerate, calling each by the name of some particular god. indeed, it was formerly the custom with ull the Greeks to re verence rude stones in the place of Blatucs of the gods.—DESCRIPTION OF GREECE, Lib.vii.Cap.ixii. Another is referred to near Potnia; ; for, the name Amphiaraus signifies a circular temple of the sun : As you go from hence to Thebes, 5 ou will see on the right hand of the road an enclosure not very large, and in it certain pillars. They are of opinion that the earth opened in this place to Amphiaraus.—DESCRIPTION OF GREECE, Lib. ix. Cap. vili. Since the stones in the serpent-temples were set like teeth, the dragon slain by Cadmus was probably a solar serpent- temple, for the hill adjacent was sacred to Apollo : Near it they show a place, in which they say the teeth of the dragon which was slain by Cadmus by the fountain were sown, and be came men. liiere is a hill on the right hand of the gates, which is sucred to Apollo.—DB- scTUPiioN OF GREECE, Lib. ix. Cap. It). The transformation of Cadmus and Her- mione refers to a serpent-temple. See Fab. V., Lib. IV. 33. Manu: with the hand; in boxing. 33. Pedibus: on foot ; in the foot-race. 33. Sola: with the wheel ; in the cha riot-race. 34. Esculeœ frondis .· of the beechen bough. Crowns of beech were first used in the Pythian games. As these were the earliest games known in Greece, and were instituted in commemoration of the deluge ; and as the existence of the divine Trinity appears to have been known, as we might infer from the note on rate, line 80, in the preceding Fable, it is probable that the shape of the beech-nut caused its use as the emblem of the Trinity, for it is a tri angular pyramid of equal sides and angles. 35. Lonffo crine: with long hair. The rays of light streaming over the heavens have somewhat the anpearance of hair ; hence Apollo is said to have long hair. QU^ESTIONES. How were animals produced after the flood? Were all the former animals restored ? What animals were not reproduced after the flood ? What effect had the sun upon the moist earth ? How many channels did the Nile an ciently have ? How many has it at present ? What annually occurs in the Nile, and what is the cause of it ? What figure does the words discori con- cordia. constitute ? What monster did the earth produce ? From what is this fable of the Python derived ? What La the name of the Egyptian dc- utrover ? Who was the Horus of the Egyptians? How is he represented ? How are we to regard the Python of the present Fable ? How is Apollo said to destroy him Î To what kind of a temple may the story of Python relate? What were the Pythian games, and where celebrated ? What early prizes in these games would seem to indicate a confused idea of the Fall? Is the destruction of the power of the serpent by a mediator adumbrated in the mythology of all nations? What is the name of this mediator in Egyptian mythology ? ^What ir Persian mythology? In Go thic ? la Indian mythology Î 'Ill FABULA XII. DAPHNE IN LAURUM MUTATA. Cupid, in revenge for an insult, wounds Apollo with one of his golden arrows, and inflames him with the love of Daphne, the daughter of the river Peneus. Ho wounds Daphne,, on the contrary, with a leaden arrow, which causes hei to feel an aversion to the G-od. He addresses the virgin, but, failing in his suit, attempts to seize her; when, flym^ from him, and imploring the divine aid of her father, she is changed into a laurel. EXPLICATIO. IN speaking of the early beechen crowns of the Pythian games, the poet finds occasion for a graceful transition to the story of Daphne, who was transformed into a laurel, from which the crowns were subsequently made. The fable is susceptible of a physical interpretation. The word Daphne is a Greek name for laurel, and we readily perceive, therefore, whence arose the transformation of this fabulous personage. She is re presented to be the daughter of the river Peneus, because the banks of that beautiful stream were thickly set with laurels ; since various singular coincidences exist between the sun and that tree, as explained in the notes, Apollo was fabled to be enamored of her. By thus investing this mythic personage with corporeity, fine opportunity was afforded for the introduction of fanciful and beautiful imagery, which the poet has em ployed in the embellishment of his subject. In the foot-race of Atalanta and her suitors, we feel that the contest is one of gladiatorial violence, on account of the miserable fate which awaits them, and have little sympathy for the cruel virgin herself; but our admiration and interest arc all en gaged for the gentle Daphne, so pure, so chaste, so full of filial affection our feelings are excited as the contest becomes doubtful, and are aflected with pain at its melancholy close. Nor do we pity alone the fair martyr to the love of virginity, but the youthful god also, who is overwhelmed with her loss, and whose affection, true and constant, survives life itself. Against Cupid, the author of this calamity, who like the " madman, scat ters darts and firebrands, and says it is in sport," we are not without feel ing. All will find a ready interpretation of his torch and arrows, but the reason why some are pointed with gold, and some with lead, is not so apparent. The seven planets have metallic synonyms in the seven metals, and that which typifies the Sun is gold ; hence arrows tipped with gold fill our hearts with the heat, vigor, and alacrity which the Sun im parts to the other planets. Lead t3'pifics the planet Saturn, which is remote, cold, and damp ; and arrows pointed with it extinguish, therefore, love and desire. Pliny says, that a plate of lead applied to the breast will suppress unchaste desire. We know that the acetate of lead is a powerful refrigerant in case of inflammation. Lastly, gold is a symbol of plenty, which nourishes love ; lead, of poverty, which repels it. This fable contains a greater amount of mythical allusion than any other ; the character and parentage "of Daphne ; the love of Apollo, and the reasons for it ; the character of Apollo, as the invçntor of prophecy, music, and medicine ; and the offices of Cupid, with his allegorical torch, bow, and diverse darts. 94 RIMUS amor Phœbi Daphne Peneïa, quern non, ^. Fors ignara dédit, sed sceva Cupidinis ira. 19 Delius hune nuper, vieta serpente superbus, Viderai adducto flectentem cornua nervo : - Quidque tibi, lascive puer, cum fortibus armis ? 5 NOT-ffi. 1. Primus amor: the first love. The abstract amor is here used toi the concrete amator. In like manner, we often say in English, " my love:" "my flame." These pretty pleasures might me move, To live with thee, and l>e thy /ore.—SIIAKSPEAHE. Open the temple gates unto my love.—SPKXSER. 1. Peneïa: the daughter of Peneus, a river of Thessaly. 2. Fors ignara: blind chance. 2. Ira Cvpidinis: the cruel anger of Cupid, who was iiritated by the reproaches of Apollo. Cupid, the god of love, is represented as a youth bearing a torch, and armed with a bow and quiver full of arrows. Two Cupids are described, one the son of Jupiter and Venus, who presides over lawful love ; the other the son of Erebus and Nox, who delights in impurity. In settled majesty of calm disdain Proud of his might, yet scornful of the slain, The heavenly Archer stands—no human birth, Ko perishable denizen of earth.—MILMAN. 4. Flectentem cornua: bending his bow, the extremities of which were called cornua, as being the remote parts, or With revengeful fury Btung, Straiglil Ins Low lie bent; he strung; Snatched un arrow, winged for flight, And provoked me to the fight.—ANACREOÎI. 3. Delhis: theDelian; Apollo; so called brcaii=p he was born in Delos, an island ot th 3. Vieta serpente: the serpent being slain ; viz. Python. · 3. Superbus: proud; haughty. Heard 3 e the arrow hurtle in the sky ? Heard Λ e the dragon monster's deathful cry ? on account of their resemblance to horns. 4. flervo adducto: the string being drawn. When he was shooting, or idly twanging ihe string. 95 96 P. OVIDII NASONIS -III Dixerat : ista decent humeros gestamina nostros, dui dare certa ferae, dare vulnera possumus hosti ; Qui modo, pestifero lot jugera ventre prementem, Stravimus innumeris tumidum Pythona sagittis. Tu face nescio quos esto contentus amores Irritare tua ; née laudes assere nostras. Filius huic Veneris ; Figat tuus omnia, Phcebe ; Te meus arcus, ait : quantoque ammalia cedunt Cuncta tibi, tanto minor est tua gloria nostra. Dixit, et eliso percussis aere pennis, Impiger umbrosâ Parnassi constitit arce ; Eque sagittiferâ promsit duo tela pharctrâ Diversorum operum. Fugat hoc, facit illud amorem; Quod facit, auratum est, et cuspide fulget acuta : Q,uod fugat, obtusum est, et habet sub arundine plumbum Hoc Dcus in nymphâ Peneïde fixit ; at ilio 01 Lœsit Apollinea« trajecta per ossa medullas. 10 15 21 LIBER 1. β. Dixerat que las cive puer, quid libi cum fortibus armisT ista gestamina decent nostros humeros ; qui possumus dare certa vulnera ferœ, qui 10. Qui modo stra- vimus Pythona pré- meutern tot jugera pestifero ventre, tu midum innumeris aa- gmis. Esto tu con tentus irritare nescio qnos amores tuftface ; née assere nostra« laudes. Films Vene ris ait huic ; Phcebe, tuus arcus ngat om nia ; meus arcus te : 18. Hoc fugat, illud facit amorem. Quod .facit est auratum, et * 21. Deus fixit Iioc m Peneïde nymphâ. at lilo lœsit Apollineas NOTjE. 5. Quidquetibi? what have you to doî Supply est. 5. Fortilius armis : with gallant arms ; viz. with the bow and arrows. Winged was the boy, and nrms he wore, Behind him shafts, a bow before.—ANACKBON. 6. Ista gestamina: these burdens; the bow and arrows. 6. Decent humeros : become our shoul ders. Vos Tempe totidem tollite landibus; Naialemque. mares, Delon Apolli«», Iiisigiiemque pharetra Frnternaque humerum lyra.—HORACE. 7. Cut. The relative cui agrees with the primitive nos, in the possessive nostros. See Grammar, Rule VI., n. 5. 7. Certa: unerring wounds. Supply vulnera, 9. Stravimus: prostrated; slew. 9. Tumidum Pythona: swelling Python. Poisonous serpents generally, when ex cited, increase greatly in size. The snake on herds and flocks that poison spreads ; Now, while he threats, and swdis liis hissing crest, Crush with huge stones and clubs ili* enven omed pest.—VrttGiL, Geòrgie iii. 10. Esto contenlus: be satisfied. 10. Face irritare: to excite ; to kindle by thy torch. As fire is the most penetrating of all things, Cupid is represented with a torch, to inflame the human breast. Through cottage-door, or paluce-porch, Love enters free as spicy winds, Λνΐιΐι purple wings and lighted torch, With tripping feet and silvery tongue, And bow and darts behind him slung. G. P. MOBMS. 10. Nescio quoi: the love which I know not ; the passion to which I am a stranger. This is haughtily spoken, as if love was a thing too effeminate for the conqueror of the Python. He finds the passion some thing more serious than he had imagined it. lie jests at scars that never felt a wound. ROMEO AND JULIET 11. Nee assere: nor assert ; nor arrogate to thyself. 12. Huic: to him ; Apollo. 13. Te meus arcus. Supply fgat. 13. Cedunt tibi: are inferior to you. 14. Tanto minor: by so much is your glory less than mine. In proportion as the animals subdued by Apollo are inferior to that god, so is Apollo, wounded by Cupid, inferior to Cupid. 15. Eliso aere: the air being cut ; bring parted. 15. Pemiisis pennis : with his shakea wings ; by his flapping wings. 16. Umorosa arce : the shady peak. 17. Eque. This word is a compound of the preposition e and the enclitic one. 18. uiversorum operum: of different ef fects. 18. Fugat hoc: this repels love. 19. Quod facit: the arrow which causes love. 19. Auratum est : is gilded. In an age where the dowry is often an object of greater care than the bride, it might be wiltily said, that love's arrows, when pointed with gold, are sure to wound. 20. Otttisam: blunt ; without a point. 20. Sub arundine : at the point of the reed. _ . 21. Hoc: with this ; the latter ; the blunt one. 21. Ilio: with that ; the former one ; the arrow with the sharp point. 22. jfrajecta per ossa. through th» piercea bones. Quick then his deadly bow he drew, And pierced my liver through and through ANACRKOIC FABULA XII. MET AM ORPHOSEO N. Protinus alter amat ; fugit altera nomen amantis, Silvarum latebris, captivarumque ferarum Exuviis gaudcns, innuptœque somula Phccbes. 23 Vitta coercebat positos sine lege capillos. Multi illain petiôrc : ilia aversata petentes, Impatiens, expersque viri, nemorum avia lustrat : Nee quid Hymen, quid amor, quiJ sint frnubio/curat. Sœpe pater dixit : Generum mihi filia debes : 30 Sœpe pater dixit : Debes mihi nata nepotes. Ilia velut crimen, ttedas exosa jugales, Pulchra verecundo suffunditur ora rubore, Inque patris blandis haerens cervice lacertis, Da mihi perpetua, genitor diarissime, dixit, 35 Virgmitute frui : dedit hoc pater ante Dianœ. lile quidem obsequitur : sed te decor iste, quod optas, Esse vetat : votoque tuo tua forma répugnât. Phœbus amat; visœque cupit connubia Daphnes: 97 medullas, trajecta per ossa, l'rotmus alter ainat ; altera fugit no- men nmantis, que gaiidens lutcbris 28. Vitta coercebat co,iillos positos sine lege Multi petière llliim : ilia avcrsuta petentes, impatiens ei pevsque viri, * 30. Pater dixit eccpe; Film debes mihi ge- · nerum. Pater dixit siepe, Nnia debes mi hi nepotes. Ilia exosa Jugales tiedns velut crimen, suftunditur pulchra ora verecun do ruliore.que liiurene blnudis laocrtis in cervice patria, dixit, 37. lile quidem ob- sequitur ; sed iste de cor vetat te esse quod optas tat: tuaque for ma répugnât tuo voto. ΝΟΤΛ3. 22. Medullas. The marrow is some times described as the seat of love ; though the liver is more generally said to be. K« mollis flurnma medullas Iiuerea, et taciturn vivit sub pectore vulnus. VIRGIL, Geòrgie iv. Continuoque nvidus ubi subdita fiamma m dullis, Vere magie, quia vere calor redit ossibus. VIKGIL, Geòrgie· iii. 24. Ferarum exuviis: the spoils of wild Nbeasts. Exuvias is derived from exuo, to put off. It relates to whatever is put off: thus of men, clothes, arms, &e. ; ol beasts, the skins. 25. JEmula Phœbes: the rival of Diana. 2(j. Villa: a fillet ; a headband. A belt lier waist, a Jilltt binds her hair.—POPE. 26. Positos sine lege: lying without or- , der ; carelessly. 27. Multi petière: many courted her. 27. Aversala petentes: hating those court ing her; hating her suitors. 28. Impatiens expersque: unable to en dure, ana unacquainted with man. 28. Avia lustrat: rambles over the path less parts. 29. Hymen. - Hymen was the son of Bacchus and Venus, or of Apollo and one of the Muses. He was the god of mar- riace, wore a crown of roses on his head, and held a torch in one hand, and n purple vest in the other. 31. Strpf dixit. This line and the pre ceding form the figure called anaphora, a graceful repetition. 32. Tcrdat jufalA·' marriage torches; here put, by metonymy, for marriage it self. It \vas the custom, in ancient times, for the bridegroom to lead his bride home at night by torchlight. Sometimes lamps were used. 13 Mopse, novas incide faces ; tibi ducitur uzqr. VjBGFL, Kclog. VUi. And at midnight there was a cry made. Be hold tlie bridegroom cornetti, go ye out to meet him. Then all those virgins arose, and trimmed their lamps.—MATTHEW xxv. 0, 7. 33. Pulchra suffunditur ora: is suffused as to her beautiful countenance. 1 have marked A thousand blushing appurinone start Into her face ; a thousand innocent shames In angel whiteness, bear uwny those blushes. SlIAKSPEABX. 33. Verrcundo rubore : with a modest blush. There is a blush of shame, as well as of modesty. Her blush is guiltiness, not modesty. SHAKSPKABE. 34. Ilia Jiarent: she clinging to her fa ther's neck. This attitude of entreaty is like that of Phceton, when making β re quest, in Fable I., Lib. II. Quid mea colla tenes blandis, ignare, lacertis ? OVID. 35. Da mihi perpetua: grant me to enjoy perpetual chastity. She endeavours to in fluenee him by the example of Diana, who implored and received this boon from Ju piter. Aaf μοι ιταρ$ενΐην αιωνιον, oirffu, φνλάσσείν. CALUMACIIUB. 36. Pater: her father ; Jupiter.» 37. lile obsequitur: he (Pencus) com plies. 37. Sfd decor isle: but that beauty of thine. The poet himself speaks herp, and, by apostrophe, addresses the damsel in a /ery complimentary mnnner. 38. Vetat esse: forbids you to be what you wish ; to remain a damsel. 38. Répugnât voto: resists thy desire. 98 P. OVIDII NASON1S i' I fl „ Quseque cupit, sperai : suaque ilium oracula fallunt, 40 Utque levés stipulée demptis adolentur aristis ; Ut facibus sepes ardent, quas forte viator Vel nimis admovit, vel jam sub luce reliquit ; Sic deus in flammas abut : sic pectore toto Uritur, et sterilem sperando nutrii amorem. Special inomatos collo pendere capillos. Et, Quid si comantur ? ait. Videi igne micantes Sideribus similes oculos. Videi oscula ; quœ non Esl vidisse salìs. Laudai digitosque, manusque', Brachiaque, et nudos media plus parte lacertos. lila fugit, neque ad hœc revocanlis verba resislil : Nympha, precor, Penei'a, mane ; non insequor hoslis. Nympha mane. Sic agna lupum, sic cerva leonem, Sic aquilam penna fugiunl Irepidanle columbte ; Hosles quœque suos. Amor esl mihi causa sequendi. 55 Me miserum ! ne prona cadas, indignave kedi Crura secent sentes, el sim libi causa doloris. 45 50 LIBER I Phcebus amat, cupit- que connubia Daph nes visœ. 42. Ut sepes ardent facibus, fluas forte viator vel admovil nimis, vel jam reli quit sub luce; eie deus abiìl in Mammas: sic urltur in loto pec- torc. 47. Videi oculos mi- canles igne simile· sideribus, videi oscu la, quEB non est satls vidisse. Laudai que digitos, manusque, brachiaque, et lacer tos nudos plus media parie. 53. Sic agna fugit lupum, sic cerva leo nem, sic columbœ fu- giunt aquilam trepi dante penna; quœque BUOS liosles. Amor est mihi causa se quendi. Me miserum ! ne cadas prona, ve 40. Quoque cupit sperai: and what he wishes, he hopes foi. Thy wish was father, Hairy, to that thought. SHAICBPEAEE. 40. Oracula fallunt: his oraclee deceive him. As the god of prophecy, he ought to have known that hie love would not be re turned. 41. Levés stipula: : the light etubble. After the wheat was removed from the fields, it was customary to burn the stubble. 41. Demplis: being taken away; being removed to the granary. 43. Vel nimis admovit: has either placed too near ; viz. which the traveller, as he passed along, has brought in contact with the hedge, and thus set it on fire. 43. Sut luce reliquit: has left at light ; at daylight. At this time, he would nave no further occasion for it. fiemusiamque facem vigilata node viator Ponit.—OVID. FAST. 44. Infrunmas atiît: went into flames; was inflamed with love. 45. Sterilem amorem : a barren, vain love. 46. Inornatost capillos : her unadorned hair. Let the hair, in lapses brightj Fall like strenming rays of light ; And lucre llie raven's dye confuse W ilh llie yellow sunbeam's hues. Lei noi llie braid willi arimi Iwine. The flowing of Ihc locks confine ; But loosen every golden ring To float upon Ihe breeze's wing. ANACKFO-V, 47. Si comantur: if they were combed, how much more beautiful would they be Î 48. Sitleribiis simile!': like stars. Poctsv Irom Anacreon down, have often compared the eyes of beauty to the stars : it remain ;d for a modern poet to describe them as mrpassing the stars : Look out upon the stars, my love, And ihame Ihem wilh thine eyes MOORR'S MELODIES 48. Videi oscula: he sees her little mouth ; her lips. Anacreon well describee the temptation of beautiful lips. Then her lip, BO rich in blisses ! Sweet petitioner for kisses ! Pouting nest of bland persuasion, Ripely suing Love's invasion.—ODE ivi. 49. Wo« est vidisse: it is not sufficient to have seen ; he desires to kiss them. 50. Brachia. The arm, from the shoul der to the elbow, is called brachium. 50. Lacertos. The forearm, from the elbow to the wrist, is called Incertus. 51. Bevocantis: of him recalling her. 52. Nymplia Peneïa. O Peneian nymph! This is the address of Apollo to Daphne, who is flying from him. 52. Non inieuuor host it: I do not follow as an enemy. Thus Horace : Atqui non ego te, tigris ut aspera, Gxtulusve leo, frangere persequor —LIB. i. 24. 55. Hosles quoique. Supply fugit. Every one, by a natural instinct, avoids his ene my, but the nymph fled from Apollo, who was a lover. 56. If e pronti cadas: lest you may fall on your face ; headlong. 57. Crura sereni sentes: lest the thorns may cut vpur feet. Gallns expresses the same solicitude for the welfare of Lycorisr who has deserted him. Ah le ne friçora Uedant Ah libi ne leneras glaciee secei aspcra piaulas. VIBGIL, Eclog. χ FABULA XII. MET AMOR PHOSEO M. Aspera, qua properas, loca sunl. Moderaliùs oro, Curre, fugamque inhibe : moderaliùs insequar ipse. Cui placeas, inquire tarnen. Non incola montis, Non ego sum pastor ; non hìc armenta, gregesve Horridus obscrvo. Nescis, temeraria, nescis Quern fugias ; ideoque fugis. Mihi Delphica tellus, Et Claros, et Tenedos, Pataraeaque regia servii. Jupiter esl genitor. Per me quod eritque, fuitque, Estque, patet : per me concordimi carmina nervis. Certa quidem nostra esl ; noslrâ tamen una sagilta Certior, in vacuo quse vulnera peclore fecit. Inventum medicina meum est, opiferque per orbem Dicor, et herbarum subjecta potcntia nobis. Hei mihi, quòd nullis amor est medicabilis herbis ; 99 58. Loca qua pro- Sìrns sum aspern, ro, cnrre modera- 6Q 'ius, que inhibe fu- gam: ipee inseqnnr inoeleratiùs. Tamen 62. Nescis, temera ria, nescis quem fu- gias ; icleoquc fngie. Uelphica lellus, et Claros, et Tcnedo«, QK. Paiaraaque regia servii mihi. Jupiier est genitor. Quod 67. Nostra sag ma quidem est cerla : la- men una at certior nostra; qufe fecit vul nera m vacuo pec- /0 'ore. Medicina est meum inventimi, que dicor opifer per or- NOT.Œ. 61. Armenta ertgesve. We use armen turn, when speaking of large animals, ai horses, cows, &c., and grex, when speak ing of small animals, as sheep or goats. 62. Horridus. He urges his comelinesi as a reason why the maid should not de spise him. Thus Corydon, in the ALEXI: of Virgil: Nee sum adeo inferrata : nuper me in litore vidi, Cum placidum ventis starei mere : non ego Daphnim, Judice te, metuam, si nunquam fallai imago. ECLOG. ii. 63. Ideoque fugis. With the same self- complacency with which he addressed Cupid, Apollo now addressee the nymph, and thinks it impossible that she should decline the suit of one possessed of so many accomplishments, if she only knew who he was. 63. Delphica tellus: the Delphic land, the country around Delphi, noted for the oracle of Apollo. 64. Claros. A town of Ionia, near th< north bank of Caystros, built by Manto, the daughter of 1 iresias. It had a grove and temple sacred to Apollo. 64. Tenedns. An island near Troy, which had a famous temple of Apollo. C4. Fatarcea renia: the palace of Patera. The'town of Patera was situated in Asia Minor, near the Lycian Sea, with a temple and oracle of Apollo, rivalling, at one time, Delphi, in riches and celebrity. 65. Quod eritque. Apollo here repre sents himself as acquainted with the pre sent, past, and future. Probably because the sun enlightens all things. I taught Ihe various modes of prophecy, Whal Intth llie dream porlcnds, Ihe omen what Of nice distincu'on ; what the casual eighl Thai meels us on llie way : the flighl of birds, Wien io llie righi, when lo Ihe leu ihcy take Their airy course.—jEsclITLUS. All honored, prudent, whose sagacious mind Knows nil thai wns and is of every kind, Wilh all Ihul shull be in succeeding time. CRPHBUB. And in me brealhed a voice Divine ; lhal I might know \vith listening ear· Things past and future.—HESIOD'S THEOGONY. C6. Patet: lies open ; is made known. 66. Concordant nervis : are attuned to the strings ; are set to music. As the Sun is the chief one of the seven planets, and gives life and activity to the whole system, which Pythagoras affirmed was constructed on a musical scale, and made celestial har mony, he is said to be the inventor of music. With various-sounding golden lyre, 'tis Ihine To fill Ihe world with harmony divine. ORPHEUS'» HYMN TO THE Sux. Health far diffusing, and the extended world Wilh siream of harmony innoxious fills. PKOCLUS'S HYMN το THE Son 68. Vulnera. Ovid has fancifully de scribed the arrows of Cupid as pointed with gold and lead to produce different effects ; anoihcr ancient poet attributes the effects of love and hatred to two different foun tains in which the arrows arc dipped. Tn Cyprus1 i*le two rippling fountains fall, And one wilh honey flows, and one wilh gal] ; In ihese, if we may take the lale from fame, The son of Venus dips his darts of Same CLAIDIAN. 69. Inventum medicitta: medicine is my invention. As the Sun nourishes herbs, which are the chief part of the Materia Medica, he is said to be the inventor of medicine. When Ihe fell disease Preyed on the human frame, relief was none, Nor healing drug, nor cool refreshing draught, Nor pain-assuaging unguent; but they pined Λ\ ilhout redress, and wasted, till I taught them To mix the balmy medicine, of power To chase each pale disease, and soften pain. A]SCHYLCS. 69. Opifer: the bearer of aid. Carminis el medicœ Phoebe reperlor opis. Ovm TKIST. 71. Medicabilis herlis: tobe cured by no lerbs. There was no balm to yield him relief. 100 P. OVIDII NASONIS Noe prosimi domino, quas prosunt omnibus, artes ! Plura loculurum timido Pcneïa cursu Fngit ; cuinque ipso verba imperfecta reliquit : Turn quoque visa decens. Nudabanl corpora venti, 75 Obviaque adv crsas vibrabant flainina vestes ; Et levis impexos retro dabat aura capillos ; Auctaque forma fuga est. Sed enim non sustinet ultra Perdere blanditias juvcnis deus : utque movebat Ipse amor, admisse sequitur vestigia passu. Ut canis in vacuo leporcrn cum Gallicus arvo Vidit ; et hic prœdam pedibus petit, ille salutem : Alter inhiEsuro similis, jam jamque tenere Sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro : Alter in ambiguo est, an sit deprensus : ct ipsis Morsibus eripitur ; tangentiaque ora relinquit. Sic deus, et virgo est : hic spe celer, lila timore. Qui tarnen insequitur, pennis adjutus amoris Ocyor est, requiemque negat : lergoque fugaci Imminet : et crinem sparsum cervicibus afflai. Viribus absumtis expaliuil illa : cilaeque 60 85 90 LIBER 1 bem, ct potrntia 7JÌ Pcneia lugit it- lum locuturum plura timido cursu ; reli- quitque verhn ïllius iniperfecta eum ipso. Turn quoque visa est deceits. Venti nuda- banl illîus corpora, obviaque flamitm vi- brabant adversae vestes ; et ICYÎS aura dabat relro impexos capillos. Kl. Ut cûm Galliens canis vidit leporem in vacuo arvo ; et hic petit prredam pedihus, Mepettt snlutem : alter similis Jnlui'suro, jam jamque sperai tenere, et stringit vestigia rostro illius : alter est in ambiguo ; an de- prcnsus su; et eripi tur ipsis morsibus, re- Imquitque ora illita tangentia. SI. Viribns absurn- tis illa expajluil; vie tuque labore citœ fu Noi poppy nor mandragora, Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world, Shall ever medicine ihee to that sweet sleep Which Ihou owedsl yesterday.—SIIAKSPEARE. 72. Nee prosunt domino: nor do the arts avail the master, which oro a remedy to all. He refers more especially to the art of me dicine, but his remark may apply to all. H" could foretel the future to others, but could not foresee that Daphne would reject him ; he could soothe others by the power of music, but bring no sweet forgetfulness of pain to himself; he could heal others, but could not allay the pangs of unhappy love in his own case. 73. Plura locuturum: about tosaymore. 7.). Nitdabant corpora: disclosed her body. 76. Viïraoant .· tossed abottt ; caused to flutter. 78. Ancia est: was increased in beauty. 78. Non sustinet: cannot bear. 79. Ulque movrlal: and as love incited. 80. Admisse passu: at full speed. 81. Canis Gallicus: the greyhound. This animal docs not run by scent, but by sight, and generally in a line so direct that if trees or other objects be in his way, he is apt to run against them. 81. In vacuo arvo: in a clear field. 83. Hie: this one ; the greyhound. 82. lile salulcm : that one ; the hare fecks safety. Supply petit. 83. Jnluzsuro similis: as if about to seize. 83. Tenere sperai: hopes to take him. 84. Exlenlo rostro: with extended nose. How, in his mid career, the spaniel struck Sa;ff, by the tainted gale, with open no» Outstrelciicii, and finely sensible, draws fun Fearful and cautious on the Intent prey. THOMSON. 84. Stringit vestigia ; grazes ; presses upon his heels. 86. Morsibus eripilur: is rescued from his very jaws. 86. Ora relinquit : leaves his mouth as it touches him. 88. Pennis adjutus. This is a very beautiful metaphor. Love is drawn with wings, on account of the inconstancy of lovers, or the impatience of their desires, or their ready service. 89. Eequiemqne negat : and denies her rest ; does not permit her to rest. 89. Tergo fugaci: her back as she flies. 90. Criaemafflat: breathes upon the hair scattered over her neck. This ts a very spirited description, and has been finely imitated by Pope. Noi half so swift the trembling doves can fly. When the fierce eagle cleaves the liquid sky : Not half so switlly the fierce eagle moves, When through the clouds he drives the trem bling doves ; As from the god she flew with furious pace. Or as the god more furious urged the chase ; Now fainting, s_inkintr, pale, the nymph appears, Now close behind liis sounding steps she hears ; And now his shadow reached her as she run, His shadow lengthened by the setting sun : And now his shorter breath, with sultry air, Pants on her neck, and fans her parting hair. Wmusoa FOREST. 91. Viribus flos«mfis ·· her strength be ing spent. Sudden fear overcame her, when, feeling the breath of the god upon her neck, ehe gave way to despair. FABULA XII. METAMORPHOSED N. Vicia labore fugae, spectans Peneïdas undas, Fer, paler, inquii, opem ; si flumina numen habelis. Vix prece finila, torpor gravis alligai artus : Molila cingunlur leiiui prrecordia libro : 95 In frondem crincs, in ramos brachia crescunl : Pes modo lam vclox pigris radicibus haerel : Ora cacumen obil : remanel nilor unus in illa. Ilanc quoque Phœbus amai : posilaque in stipite dexira, Sentii adhuc trepidare nove sub cortice pectus, 100 Complevusque suis ramos, ul membra, lacertis, Oscula dal Ugno : refugil lamen oscula lignum. Cui Deus, At conjux quoniam mea no'n poles esse, Arbor eris certe, dixit, mea : semper habebunl Te coma, te cilharas, le noslrse, Laure, pharetrœ. 105 Tu ducibus Latiis aderis, cura lœla Iriumphum Vox canct, ci Jungte visoni Capilolia pompas. 101 gré. spéciaux Ptneï- das undas, inquit, Fer opem. »I. Prece vixfinitft, Bruits turpor alignl artus: mollili prioeor- dia rinculimi- tuuui libro: criues crescimi in irundein, brachia in ramos : pes modo larn velox hrcret pigris 99. Phœbus nmat hanc quoque; posi- tâque dexirâ in sti pite, sentit pectus ad huc Irepidare sub no- vo conice. Complex- usque rumos, 103. Cui Deus dixit, Al, Laure, quoniam non poles esse inea coiijux ceriè eris mea nrbor. Coma semper hateljit te, cullane ha- bebunf te, nosi^ae pha- relrreAa&e&unl te NOT JE. 92. Vida, labore .· overcome by the fa tigue of her rapid flight. 92. SpLctans Pent tdas : \vhen ehe saw the waters of the Peneus. 93. Si ßumina .· if, O rivers, you have divine power. 94. Torpor alligai : a heavy torpor binds her limbs. The transformation to a tree has already commenced. The metaphor is very appropriate. 95. filollia jprtccordia : her. soft breast Precordio, being used for breast, by me tonymy. 95. Tenui libro: with a thin bark. 96. In frondem. cfines: her hair grows to leaves. The leaves of trees are often spoken of as the tresses of the forest. Soft glenming through the umbrage of the woods Which tuft lier summit, und, like raven tresses, Wave their dark beauty round tlie tower of David.—UlLLiiousE. While ihe winds Blow moist and keen, shuttering ine graceful locks Of those fair trees.—MILTOX. 97. Pigris Todictlus: the dull roots. 98. Remarmi nilor: her beauty alone re mains in it. 99. ITanc: this ; the tree. 100. Trepidare pectus : feels the breast etili tremble ; still beat. I sing the love which Daphne twined Around ihe godhead's yielding mind; 1 sing; ihe blushing Daphne's flight From this ethereal youth oflight; And how the tender, timid maid Flew panting to ihe kindly shade, Rescued n form, too templing fair, And grew a verdant Inure! there; AVhose leave?, in sympathetic thrill, In terror seemed to tremble still. ANACEBON. 102. Rrfugit oscula : refusée ; declines the kieses. This is susceptible of α physi- cal explanation, for the laurel flourishes most m shady places, removed irom the dirert rays of the sun. 104. Arbor eris : you will be ray tree. The laurel was sacred to Apollo, because it resembled the sun in dryness and native heat. As an evergreen, it resembled him, whose hair was ever youthful. It was sa cred also for its many uses in medicine, and in divination. Placed under the pillow, it was said to cause true dreams, and when burnt, was efficacious in augury and incan tation. .Though altered, his love remained the same. Believe rne, if all those endearing young charms Which I gaze on so iundly to-day, Were to change by to-morrow, and fleet in my arms, Like fairy gifts fading away ; Thou wouhlst siili be adored, as this moment thou art. Let thy loveliness fade as it ivi]] ; And around the dear rum. eneli wish of my henrt Would entwine itself \erdantly siili.—IVlooRE. 104. Habebunt. The heads of poets, musicians, and victorious generals, were encircled with laurel. 106. Ducibus Latiif: the Lattan—Laiin generals. In the triumphal procession, the general was dressed i» purple, embroidered with gold, wall a crown of laurel upon his ead, and a branch of laurei in his right hand. 106. Aderis: will be present ; will lie a part of the pomp. In the triumphal pro cessions, the lances of the soldiers, the letters announcing the victory, and the victorious generals, were all wreathed with laurel. 107. Triumplium canct. As the soldiers assed along to the Capitol, it was cits tomary ibr them to sing In triumphe.' 107. Longœ pompai : the lengthenea pomps ; the long processions. The ]iro cessions started from the Campus Martius, 102 P. OVIDII NASONIS I ' Póstibus Augustis eadem fidissima cusios Ante fores stabis, mediamque tuebere quercum. Utque meum intonsis caput est juvenile capillis ; Tu quoque perpétues semper gère frondis honores. Finierat Paean. Factis modo laurea ramis Annuii ; utque caput, visa est agitasse cacumen. 110 LIBER 1 103. Kadern fulisiU ma custos Angustie poslibus, stabis ante fores, que tuebere quercum mediam. Utque meum caput est juvenile intonsis capillis ; tu quoque fiemper gère FABULA XII. METAMORPHOSE O N. 103 NOTJE. and passed through the most public parts of the city to the Capitol ; the streets be ing strewed with flowers, and the altars smoking with incense. First went the musicians, with the oxen for sacrifice, with gilded horns, and heads adorned with gar lands ; then the spoils of the enemy, and the images of the captured cities ; after which were the captives, followed by lie- tors. Then followed the triumphant ge neral and his friends, after whom were the consuls and senators ; and lastly came the victorious army, crowned with laurel, and einging the song of triumph. 107. Cnpitolia. It was customary for those triumphing to ascend into the Capi tol, and the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and depositing ihe spoils of the enemy, there to pay their vows. 108. PottibusAupustis: at the Augustan gates ; the gates of Augustus. 108. Fidissima custos ; a most faithful guardian. The laurel was said to repel lightning. Physically considered, the laurel would protect the oak, which was a tree susceptible of lightning, and probably planted before the door of Augustus as a symbol of his having saved his country. An oaken crown was given to those who had saved the citizens. 109. Ante fores slabis : shall stand be fore the doors. Suetonius relates, ihat, as Livia, after her marriage with Augustus, was travelling from Rome, an eagle let fall a white hen and a sprig of laurel in her lap, and that from the laurel, which she planted, grew a goodly row of trees, from which the Csesars made their garlands when they rode in triumph. These they planted after the solemnity, and they al ways grew. At the death of any emperor, the tree he had planted died, and on the death of Nero, the last of the Csesars, all withered. 109. Tueorre quercum. Dion states that a crown of oak was suspended under a crown of laurel, before the door of Augus tus ; and ancient coins of the time of Au gustus, represent the civic crown of oak, with the inscription "ob cives servatos," and the whole surrounded by two laurel boughs : but the word stabis, shalt stand, will apply rather to a tree which is grow ing than to a laurel crown suspended, and as we have the authority of Suetonius, that a laurel tree grew before the gate of Au gustus, it is better to suppose that the oak and laurel were both planted there ; and that both were symbolical—the former to express the saving of the citizens; the lat ter the subjugation of foreign enemies. 110. Juvenile capillis. Apollo is repre sented as always youthful, and adorned with long hair, because the vigor of the sun's rays never fails. 111. Frondis honores: the perpetual ho nors of leaves. The leaves of the laure! are always green. Female chastity and purity are unlading honora. 112. Pœan. Apollo is called Paean, from τταίων, striking, with reference to his killing Python either with arrows or with rays. There was a hymn or song called Paean which was sung in honor of Apollo at the solemn festivals. It was always of a joy ous nature; and the tune and sounds ex pressed hope and confidence. It became eventually a song of propitiation, as well as of thanksgiving ; and was sung at going into battle, and alter a victory. 112. Factis modo: just made. 113. Annuii: bowed, nodded, 113. Agitasse: by syncope for agitaviste. What of the arrows pointed with lead Ì How does Claudian account for the dif ferent cffccls of Cupid's darts? Why has Cupid a torch ? Into what was Daphne changed Î By whom was she changed ? What is the meaning ofDaphne ? How do you understand her being a daughter of the river Peneus Î What were the coincidences between the laurel and the Bun ? How may Daphne or the laurel be said to avoid Apollo or the sun ? Why is the sun the god of prophecy 1 Why the god of music ? Why the god of medicine Ì Why is the sun said to have a head al ways juvenile Î How was the lam-el said to protect thi oak before the palace of Augustus ? What was the nymn called Pœan Î QU^ESTIONES. What were the feelings of Apollo after killing the Python ? How did he discover them? How did Cupid revenge himself? Who was the first love of Apollo Î Who was Daphne ? What did she desire of her father Î What different kind of arrows had Cupid.' With what kind did he shoot Apollo ? With what kind did he shooi Daphne ? What is the interpretation of the golden arrows Î ,111 ί W FABULA XIII. IO MUTATA IN VAC C AM, ARGO TRADITUR. Jupiter in love with Io, the daughter of Inachus, and surprised by Juno, changes her into a heifer to escape the jealousy of the goddess. The heifer is presented to Juno at her earnest solicitation, and delivered to the care of Argus, who has a hundred eyes. EXPLICATIO. THE story of Io, as given by Ovid, presents so tangled a warp of diverse histories, traditions, and allegories, that it is almost impossible to weave from it a web of consistent narrative or explanation. Herodotus reports, that Io was carried off from Argos by Phenician merchants, who carried her to Egypt ; and Diodorus Siculus says, that on account of her beauty Osiris, the king of Egypt, fell in love with her and married her. They taught mankind agriculture, and for this benefaction were worshipped as gods by the Egyptians, her name being changed to Isis. Diodorus says, that Osiris was also called Jupiter. This professed historical account agrees in part with Ovid, but does not explain ID'S metamorphosis, her wanderings, the death of Argus, and other circumstances of the story. The fabulous manner in which the Apis is produced, as given in the note on Epaphus, page 121, will account for the myth of Jupiter (the lightning) falling in love with a cow. If by Io we understand the moon, whose horned appearance would admit of her being designated by the hieroglyphic of a cow, as shown in. note on page 111, the love of Osiris or Jupiter as the sun, who supplies the moon with light, may be thus ac counted for. Or, if by Io, or Isis, we understand the earth, then the love entertained for her by Jupiter, Osiris, or the Sun, may be readily explained, for each of these has been considered the fecundating principle of nature. By the worship of the bull in Egypt, some understand agriculture, and by the worship of the cow, the soil of Egypt ; others suppose, that on account of the utility of agriculture, and for its promotion, the cow was made a sacred animal, to prevent its being eaten. But Diodorus states, that the Giants lived in the days of Isis ; and Sophocles introduces Io (Isis) in her wanderings as coming to Prometheus, who was bound for stealing fire from heaven, thus carrying us back to the Fall, and the age subsequent. It is better, then, to consider Isis under the form of a cow, not so much a type of agriculture, as a corrupt tradition of the worship first instituted at Eden, when man was forced to live by agriculture, and the cow as a partial imitation of the cherubim which was set up, contain ing, as described by Ezekiel, the face of a man, of an eagle, a lion, and an ox, with the feet of a calf. The Hebrew word cherubim, Exodus xxv. 18, is rendered ox in Ezekiel i. 10. The wanderings of Io indicate the spread of agriculture ; her resting in Egypt, the" settling of men for the purpose of tillage in that fertile country. The part of the story relating to Argus can only be explained astrono mically, by regarding the upper hemisphere, or that above the horizon, as Isis (Io), Argus as heaven, the stars his eyes, and the sun and moon as the two that watch her, the rest being beneath the earth ; and Mercury as the horizon, during an eclipse of the sun, killing Argus, and putting out the light of all his eyes. 104 ^.ST ncmus Ha^moniœ, prœrupta quod undique claudit Silya : vocant Tempe. Per qua Penëus ab imo Eflusus Pindo spumosis volvitur undis, Dejectuque gravi tenues agitantia fumos Nubila conducit, summasque aspergine silvas 6 Impluit, et sonitu plus quàm vicina fatigat. • , NOTjE. 1. Jlamomœ. An ancient name of Thessaly, so called from Hamon, a native of Thebee. 2. Tempe. A large and beautiful plain in Thessaly, lying between Olympus on the north, and Ossa on the south, and waiered by the river Penëus. Tempe is in the -'ural number, and is indec'"~-' ' T' ' ' ' " " heocritus, and other poets, ndscapes. 3. Pindo. A chain of mou ites Thessaly from Epirua. -WV'^n so . - - - -—..-.-..._.. " fflP' ι if< ?>!ural number, and is indeclinable. It is used by Ovid, s '^ \ ii / M ^ hpocritus, and other poets, to signify any very beautiful 1>>',<; jj,''li|il landscaps. ,* . i 'V/' I \ Z. Pindo. A chain of mountains in Greece, which scpa- !/··,---„ °., \,Λ rate: -··'-· % -i'h'\j 3. Vulmtur: is rolled; rolls itself; rolls along. It has \ the force of a middle verb in Greek. 4. Dejictuque gravi: by its heavy fall. The river falls over a precipice. 4. Tenues fumos: light vapors ; light mists ; minute par ticles of water that appear like smoke. Then whitening by degrees, as prone H falls, And from the loud-resounding rocks below rjRshed in η cloud of foam, it send« aioli A hoary mist, and forms a ceaseless shower.—THOMSON. 5. Aspergine: with its spray. 6. Plus quàm vicina: more than the vicinity. The noise of the waterfall is heard at a great distance. Smooth 10 the shelving brink η copious flood Rolls fair find placid ', where, follected all In one impetuous terreni, down the steep It thundering fliools, ami shakes the cmmlry'rtruml. THOMSON. 105 \\\ 106 P. OVIDII NASONIS 10 15 Hase domus, hœ sedes, hsec sunt penetralia magni Amnis : in hoc residens facto de cautibus antro, Undis jura dabat, Nymphisque colentibus undas. Conveniunt illuc popularia flumina primùm, Nescia gratentur, consolenturne parentem, Populifer Spercheos, et irrequietus Enipeus, Apidanusque senex, lenisque Amphrysos, et Aous. Moxque amnes alii : qui, qua tulit impetus illos, In mare deducunt fessas erroribus undas. Inachus unus abest, imoque reconditus antro Fletibus auget aquas, natamque miserrimus Io Luget, ut amissam. Nescit vitâne fruatur, An sit apud manes. Sed, quam non invenit usquam, Esse putat nusquam ; atque animo pejora veretur. 20 Viderai à patrio redeuntem Jupiter Io Flumine : et, O virgo Jove digna, tuoque beatum Nescio quem factura toro, pete, dixerat, umbras Altorum nemorum (et nemorum monstraverat umbras) LIBER I 7. HEBC domus, hsa eedcs, hœc sum pene tralia magni amnis: residens in hòc antro facto de caulibus, da- bat jura undis, Nym phisque colentibusuu- d&s. Popularia flum- ina coveniunl illuc primum, 14. Moxque alii am nes : qui deducuntun das fessas erroribu· in mare, qua impetus lulit illos. Iiiachua unus abest, que recon- ditus imo antro auget aquas fletibus, que miserrimus lüget 19. Sed tilam quam non iuvenit usquam, putat esse nusquam ; atque vereuir fiejora animo. Jupiier vide- rat Io redcuiitem ä patrio flumine : et dix erat, O virgo digna Jove,que factura nes- cìo qucm bcatum tuo FABULA XIII. METAMORPHOSE ON. NOT-ffi. 7. Penetralia: the inmost recesses. 7. Domus: the habitation. The foun tain of the river was thus called. 9. Namphis: to the nymphs; the Naiada who inhabit the streams. 10. Conveniunt illuc: nssemble thither. The poet here employs a beautiful circum stance in the geography of Greece for a highly poetic fiction. At the foot of Zygo, an elevation of Mount Pindus, the largest rivers of Greece take their rise, and di verge thence to nil the shores by which the country is bounded. Hence the rivers are said to have met for the purpose of consoling or congratulating Penëus. Ah me ! vvhnl draws thee hither ? art thou come Speclator of my toils? Mow hast thou ventured To leave the ocenn waves, from thee so called. Thyrock-roofedgrottoesarchedhyNature'shand; Comesi thou to visit and bewail my ills ? JEsCHYLUS. 11. Nescia gratentur: not knowing whe ther to congratulate or console her parent. Though his daughter was lost to him, it was an honor and a happiness for her to be loved by n god. 12. Spercheos. A rapid river of Thessaly which empties into the Maltac gulf. Its banks were covered with poplars. 12. Enipeus. A river of Thessaly which rises near Mount Othrys, and joins the Apidanus before it empties into the Pcneus. 13. Apidanus. A river of Thessaly which empties into the Penëus ; it has the epithet ot old, probably from the slowness of its flowing. 13. Amphrysos. A river of Thessaly which runs by Mount Othrys, through the Crociali plain, and empties into the Pelas- gic gult. Apollo, when banished Irom heaven for lulling the Cyclops, fed the flocks of Admetus upon its banks. 13. Aous. A river of Epirus which rises from the earth, and flows eastwardly into the Ionian sea. It has its name most probably from its course ; Sous being the Doric form of ïwj, the east. 15. Fessas erroribus: wearied by their wanderings. 16. Inachus. A river of Argolis in the Peloponnesus, which falls into the Argolic gulf. 17. Fletibus auget: augments the waters by his tears. In JL few months we find the heautiful and tender partner of his bosom, whom he lately *' permitted not the winds of summer to visit too roughly," we find her shivering at midnight, on the winter hanks of the Ohio, and mingting her lean with the torrents that froze as they fell. WM. WIRT. 17. Io. This is a Greek noun of the third declension in the accusative case. By Io sonic understand the moon, and the fable as relating to her motions. Io, in the language of the Argives is the moon. EUSTATHIUS. The phonetic name Aah, or loh, signifying the moon, is often found on the monuments ot' Kgypt. WlLKlNSOS. 19. Amid manes : with -the ghosts ; is dead. The manes were nlso considered as infernal deities, and were supposed to pre side over burial places, and the monumenta of the dead. 20. Pejora veretur: fears the worst in his mind. OED. Dubia pro veris soient timere reges. Cfi. Qui pavcl vanos metus \ eroe fatetur. SENBCA. 21. Patrio flumine : from îier paternal river; from the Inachus. Tne river al ways bore the name of the god that pro · sided over it. Dum calet, et medio Sol est altissimus orbe. Quòd si soia times latebras intrare ferarum, Prseside tuta Deo, nemorum secreta subibis: Nec de plebe Deo, sed qui cœlestia magna Sceptra manu teneo, sed qui vaga fulmina mitto. Ne fuge me. Fugiebat enim. Jam pascua Lernse, Consitaque arboribus Lyrcsea reliquerat arva : Cùm Deus inductâ latas caligine terras Occuluit, tenuitque fugam, rapuitque pudorem. Interea medics Juno despexit in agros : Et noctis faciem nebulas fecisse volucres Sub nitido mirata die, non fluminis illas Esse, nec burnenti sentit tellure remitti : Atque suus conjux, ubi sit, circumspicit : ut quse Deprénsi toties jam nôsset furia mariti. Quem postquam cœlo non rcpperit : Aut ego fallor Aut ego lœdor, ait. Delapsaque ab œthere summo Constiti! in terris; nebulasque recedere jussit. Conjugis adventum prsesenserat, inque nitentem Inachidos vultus mutaverat ille juvencam. 107 25 toro, pete umbras al- lorum nemorum 26. Quod si times sola mirare latebra» fé rar um, subibis se creta nemorum tuta Dpo,prœside: nec de plebe Deo. sed qui 3Q tenco ccelestia sceptra ningnu manu, sed qui mino fulmina. 35 40 34. Interea Juno despexit in medios agree ; et mirata vo lucres nebulus fecisse faciem noctis sub ni tido die, sentit illas non esse nuniilns, neo remitti humenti tel lure: atque circum- Bpicìt, ubi suus conjux sit. 41. Delapsaqne ab sumrno œthere ilia constitit in terris ; jussitque nehulas re cedere, lile preesen- serat adventuni con- jugis mut&veratque NOT-ffi. 27. Prceside Veo: a god your protector. Supply existente here. 28. Sed oui. The god expresses briefly, but forcibly, the majesty of Jupiter's cha racter. Jove, in counsel wise ; Father of gorls and men ; whose thunder-peal Hocks the wide earth in elemental war. ELTON'S HESIOD. 29. Vaga fulmina: the wandering, ex cursive thunderbolts. This is not to be referred to inability in Jupiter to strike any desired object, for with him the bolt is un erring, and falls wherever he listeth, but to the zigzag course which the lightning takes in its passage through the air. 30. Leriue. A grove and lake of Argo lis in Greece where the Hydra lived that was slain by Hercules. 31. Lyrccea arva : the Lyrcœn fields ; the fields around Lyrceus, which was a nountain in Argolis in which the river Inachus took its rise. 31. Jìcliquerat. Io, fleeing from Jupiier, had passed by. 33. Tenuitque fugam: repressed her flight. 35. Noctis faciem: the appearance of night ; darkness. 35. Nebulas volucres: the floating clouds. 36. Sub nitido die: in the bright day; during bright daylight. 36. Nec ßuminis. Clouds are caused by exhalations from rivers, or by vapors as- cendinp from the earth. 39. Quœ ni'xset : \v ho knew ; was ac quaint ed with. Nosset is by syncope for novisstt. 39. Furtt.: the adulteries. 40. Ego fallor: I am deceived ; I err m my conjectures. 41. hgo lœdor: I am injured. Her hus band was guilty of violating his faith to her. 41. Delapsaque: gliding down: descend ing. 43. Nitentem juvencam: a beautiful hei fer. Several reasons aro assigned for the worship of the goddess Isis (Io) in Egypt under the form of a cow ; some would un derstand by it agriculture, of which the cow was a type, and which in time came to be worshipped; while others think the animal was made sacred so that it could not be eaten; and thus agriculture would be promoted by the rearing of cattle for the plough. The utility of cattle, and the smallnes* of their herds, led the Fgyptians to prohibit the slaughtei of cows i therelore, though they killed oxen for the ultar and table; tliey abstained from the fe- m&les with a view to their preservation ; and the law deemed it a sacrilege to eat their meat. 1'ORPHYBT The Egyptians offer clean bulls and calves, but they are not allowed to immolate heifers, bec&use they are sacred to Isis, -who is repre sented in her statues under the form of a wo man with horns, as the Greeks figure Io. HEEODOTUS 44. Inachidos. Inachus. Straight was my sense disordered, my fair form Changed, us you see. disfigured with these horns ; And tortured with the bryze's horrid sting, Wiltl with my pain, with frantic speed 1 hurried To Cenchrea's vale with silver-windingstreams Irrignous, and the fount whence Lerna spreads Its wide exp&nse of -waters. AJCIIYLUS'S Ι'κοΜκτπΐϋβ ΟΉ Of Io, the daughter of , »Α fil 108 P. OVIDII NASONIS Bus quoque formosa est. Specimen Saturnia vaccœ 45 Gluanquam invita, probat : née non et cujus, et unde Quove sit armento, veri quasi nescia, quterit. Jupiter è terrà gcnitam mentitur, ut auctor Desinai inquiri. Petit hanc Saturnia munus. Quid facial ? crudele, suos addicere arnores : 50 Non dare, suspcctum. Pudor esl, qui suadeal illinc ; Hinc dissuadei amor. Viclus pudor essel amore : Sed leve si munus sociae generisque torique Vacca ncgarelur, pelerai non vacca videri. Pellice donata, non protinus cxuil omnem Diva metum ; timuitquc Jovem, et fuit anxia furii ; Donec Aristoridac servandam tradidil Argo. Centum luminibus cinctum caput Argus habebat. Inde suis vicibus capiebant bina quietem ; Cœtera servabanl, atque in statione mancbanl. Conslilerat quocunque modo, spectabat ad Io : Ante oculos Io, quamvis aversus, habebat. Luce sinil pasci : cùm Sol lellure sub alla esl, 55 00 LIBER I. vultus Inachidos in llitelllcm juvcncam. Bos quoque est for mosi). 48. Jupiter mentiiur iliam gemtam «.ν« β terrà, ut anctor desi nai inquin. Saturnia petit hune mmiiis. 5t. Piulor crii, qui suadeat lllinc; amor dis&uudet lune. l*udor esset victus r e re : Bed si vacca, leve mu nus, negaretur sociœ generisene torique, 55. Diva, donata pellice, non protinus exuit omnem mcium; tnnuitque Jovem, et fuit anxia (urti ; do- nec tradidit Aristo- ridae Arso survan- dam. Arpus hahcbat caput cmcluin centum luininihiis. Inde bina cnpicbniit qnietcm su is victims ; cœtero BeTvuliaiit. 63. Sinilpasciluce· NOT/E. 45. Saturnia. Juno, the daughter of Saturn. 45. Specimen: the appearance ; the form. 46. Quanyuam invita: though unwilling. Juno huied her because of her adultery, yet affected to be pleased with her appear ance, that she might get her into her power. 40. Cujus: whose she was? 4fi. Unde: from what place she came ? 47. Quasi macia. As it" slie did not know her real character. 48. Genitam: that she was sprung. 43. Anelar: the owner ; the creator. 50. Odiicele: to deliver up. 50. Suosamores: his love ; his mistress. The absiract amor is put for the concrete amata, vii. Io. 51. Jlliac: from that; from refusing to give Io lo Juno. 52. Ilinc: Irom this ; from giving her up to Juno. 5IÌ. Sociœ: to the participant of his race and couch. 54. Non potrrat. She could not appear to be a heifer, if Jupiter would refuse to give her 10 his wife. 55. f cilice donata: when the harlot was given lo her. 56. Tiiutiilque Jovem: she was nfraid of Jupiter. She was under apprehension that Jupiter would take some means to get the heifer out of her possession. 56. Anxia furti : was solicitous about the adultery. She was fearful that Jupiier mightehangc her again into the human iorm, and again violate his marital obligations. 57. Arittonlee: the son of Aristor. 58. Argo. The son of Aristor who married Ismene, the daughter of Asopus. He had an hundred eyes, only two of which slept in succession. Some mythologists state that one-half of his eyes slept at the same time. By Argus is meant heaven, and his eyes are the stars. The two that were fabled to watch Io, or the upper hemi sphere, were the sun and moon. By Mer eury killing Argus, Macrobius and Ponta- mts understand Apollo ; but I have shown that the horizon is meant by Mercury. Macrobius considers Argeiphomes to he the sun, at whose rising the hundred eyes of Argue are put out.—WILKINSOH. Argus is heaven : ethereal firee his eyes, Tliul wake liy tnrue ; and stars tliat sei nnd riee These sparkle on tile brow ofshady ni.ïlit; But when Apollo rears his glorious Ii^ht, They, vanquished by so great a splendor, die. I'ONTAHVS. Close behind, In wrathful mood, walked Argus, earthborn herdsman, With all hie eyes observant of my slrps. -iteciiTLtie 59. Inde: thence; of them. 59. Sua vicious: in their turns. 59. Bina: two at a time. 60. Scrvabant: watched. 60. Installane: in station; upon guard like soldiers. Hence Cicero: Oculi tonquam speculatore!* in arce collocati. DE NATUBA UEOBUM. 61. Quocunque modo: in whalever way he stood. 62. Quamvis aversus : though turned away from her; though she was behind Ilia back ; for his head was encircled wi'li eyes 63. Luce: during the light ; by day. 63. Cum sol tellure: when the sun is be- ncaih the deep earth. Where ihe searching eye of heaven is hid Behind the globe, and ''ghte the lower world SHAK ΒΡΕΛΚΙ FABULA XIII. METAMORPHOSEON. Claudil, el indipno circumdal vincula collo. Frcndibus arbuteis, el amara pascitur herbâ: 65 Prcque toro, terra non semper gramen habenti Incubai infelix : limosaque flumina potai. Ilia etiam supplex, Argo cùm brachia vellet Tendere ; non habuil quœ brachia tenderei Argo : Ccnaloque queri, mugitus edidit ore : 70 Pertimuitque sonos : propriaque exlerrila voce est. Venil el ad ripas, ubi ludere stepe solebat, Inachidas ripas, novaqué ul conspexit in undâ Cornua, pcrlimuil, seque exlernata refugil. Naïdes ignorant, ignorai et Inachus ipse 75 Q.UÌE sit. Al ilLa patrem sequilur, sequilurque sorores ; Et patitur tangi, seque admirantibus offert. Decerptas senior porrexerat Inachus herbas ; Ilia manus lambii, patriisque dal oscula palmis ; Ncc retinet lacrymas ; et, si modo verba sequantur, 80 Orel opem, nomenque suum, casusque loqualur. Littera pro verbis, quam pes in pulvere ducit, Corporis indicium mutali Iriste peregil. Me miserum! exclamât pater Inachus; inque gementis Cornibus, el niveœ pendens cervice juvencœ, 85 Me miserum ! ingeminal : lune es quœsita per omnes, 109 rum Sol est sub alta tellure, clnudit, et cir- cunidat vinculn indig no collo Pascitur ar buteis froiuhbus et amarû. bcrba : que infelix incubât terras 68. lila elioni sup plex, cùm vtllei ten dere hrachia Argo: non habuit bracino, quœ tenderei Arpo: quœ edidit mugline ore, conato queri: perlimnitque sonos : que exterrita est pro pria voce. Ki venit ad ripas, ubi saipe 75. Naides igno rant, et Inachus ipse ignorât quo; sit. At ilia scquitur patrem, sequiturque sorores: et pantiir tang], que offert se ndmiTanübus. Senior Inuchiis fcO. Nec reiinet la crymas; et si modo verba sequantor, oret opem, que loquatur Buum nomen, casus que. Littera prò ver- bis, quam pes ducit in pulvere, peregit triste indicium mutati 86. Tune es nata, quœsita milii per om- NOT-ffi. 64. Claudit: he shuts her up, viz. in a stable. 64. Indigno collo: her neck unworthy— undeserving—of chains. So line 56, Lib. I. Fab. XII. 66. fro toro. Instead of the soft and downy couch which she was wont to press, she is forced to lie upon the ground, which was often without a covering of grass, hard and Biony. 69. Non liabuit. Supply trnchia. Hod not arms, which arms she could extend to Argus. 70. Mugitus edidit. When she attempt ed to complain, instead of being able to speak, she could only low after the manner of a heifer. 71. Propria voce. Was affrighted at the sounds which her own voice uttered. 72. Ubi Iutiere. Where she was often accustomed to play. This is α pathetic cireumsiance that appeals to the heart with all the freshness and feeling of early recol lections. 73. Ut conspexit. When she saw her horns in the water she was frightened. Aetœon, in like manner, when changed into a stag, is horrified at the sight of his horns. Ut vero solitis sua cornua vidit in undis, Me miserum ! dicturus crai. ΜΕΤΑΜΟΒΓΠ. Lib. iii. 75. Naïdes. The goddesses of fountains and rivers ; here they were the attendants and daughters of Inachus. 75. Ignorât et Inachus. What a melan eholy change ! The sister Naiads,—her very father,—does not know her. He hath put my brethren far from me, and mine acquaintance are verily estranged from me. My kinsfolk have failed', and my familiar friends have forgotten me.—JOB xix. 80. Nec Tctinet lacrymas: nor restrains her tears. 80. Si modi. If she only had the power of speech. 82. Littera. Retaining the use of her reason, although her body had suffered transformation, Io wrote her name in the sand, and the history of her misfortunes. The impression of the cow's foot is that of an I inside of the letter O ; but this mere impression, of itself, could have detailed nothing to her father, unless it is fabled, that only since the days of 10, the feet of cows have had the peculiar impression to which we have referred. 82. Pes ducit ι her foot traces In the dust. 83. Indicium percgit: gave the discovery. 85. Pen/lens cervice : hanging upon the neck. This recumbent attitude is the true one of overwhelming sorrow. 86. Ingeminat: he repeats again. The repetition of short, broken sentences is the very language of true grief. Thus David over Absalom : O. my son Absalom, my son, my son Absa lom! would God I had died for thee, O Absa lom, my son, my son!—S S AM t EL xviiî. K < 1!' 110 P. OVIDII NASON1S Nata, mihi terras ? Tu, non inventa, repertâ Luctus eras levior. Retices ; née mutua nostris Dicla refers. Alto tantùm suspiria prodis Pectore : quodque unum potes, ad mea verba remugis. 90 At tibi ego ignarus thalamos tasdasque parabam : Spesque fuit generi mihi prima, secunda nepotum. De grège nunc libi vir, nunc de grège natus habendus. Née finire licet tantos mihi morte dolorcs : Sed nocet esse Deum : prœclusaque janua lethi 95 Sternum nostros luctus extendit m aevum. Talia mœrenti stellatus submovet Argus, Ereptamque patii diversa in pascua natam Abstrahlt. Ipse procul montis sublime cacumen Occupât, unde sedens partes speculetur in omnes. 100 Née superûm rector mala tanta Phoronidos ultra Ferre potest : natumque vocat ; quem lucida partu Pleïas enixa est : lethoque det, imperai, Argum. LIBER 1. nés terras' Tu eras levior luctus non in venta reporta. Re tices ; née refers dicta mutua nostris. Tan- tûm prodis suspiria alto pectore : 91. At ego ignarus parabam tibi thala mos tœdasque : spes- que generi fuit prima mihi, nepotum secun- dn. Nunc vir est ha- bendus tibi de grège, nunc natus de grège. Nee licet mihi flmre tantos dolores morte : 87. Sicilians Argus eubinovet natam palri mœrenti tahs, abstra- hitque illam in diver sa pascua lut. Nee rector sn- perûin potest ferre ul tra tnntu mala Piloro» nidos; vocatque na- tum,quem lucida Ple- FABULA XIII. METAMORPHOSEON. NOT-ffi. 88. Lucius eras levior: you were a lighter sorrow. It was a less unhappiness for Ina- chus to consider her lost or dead than to find her changed into a beast. 90. Remugis. Unable to address him, the only reply which she can make to his words, ie to low after the manner of a heifer. 91. Ego ignarus. There is something very pathetic in the relation, which the afflicted father gives, of the blasted pros pects and ruined hopes which he had been cherishing for his child. 91. Thulamas : marriage-chambers ; by metonymy for marriage. 91. Tœdas. The bridal torches with which the husband led home his bride. 94. Tantos dolores: so great sorrows. Bring me a father thnt so loved his child, Where joy of her is overwhelmed like mine, And bid him speak of patience; Measure his wo the length and breadth of mine, And let it answer every strain for strain. SIIAKBPEARE. Ah never, never Conceived 1 that a tale so strauge should reacb M) ears; that miseries, woes,distresses,terrors, Dreadlul to sight, intolerable to sense, Should shock me thus : wo, wo. unhappy fiite ! How my soul shudders at the fate of lo! ^SCIIYLUS. 94. Morte. The unhappy father laments that he cannot escape from his sufferings by dying. Oh ! that this too solid flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew ! Or that the Everlasting had not fixed His canon 'guinst self-slaughter SHAKSPEARE. 95. Nocet este Deum: it is a curse to be a god. In full, the sentence is, nocet mihi ine esse. 95. Proximo, janua Icthi: the gate of death shut against me. Poets often speak of the court and halls of death. So live that when thy summons come: lojoin The innumerable caravan that moves To that mysterious realm, where each shall take His station in the silent halls of Death. W. C. URTASI. Fly fearless through death's iron gate. Nor dread the dangers as she passed. WATTS. 9G. JElernum in œvum: to an eternal age. Hl wouldßt thou bear my miseries, by the Fates Kxempt from death, the refuge of the artlicted ; lint my afflictions know no liounds, till Jove Falls from the imperial sovereignty of heaven. JKsciiYLus. 97. Stellatus Argue: the starry Argus— having eyes like stars. 97. Sulmwel: removes him; repels Ina· chus from his daughter. 99. Abstralût: forces away. 101. Superûm rector : the ruler of the gods, viz., Jupiter. 101. Phoronidos. Of Io, who was the grand-daughter of Phoroneus. 102. Quem. Mercury, the son of Jupi ter, by Maia, one of the Pleiades. Hermes, draw near, and to my prayer incline, Angel of Jove, and Maia's son divine. ORPHEUS. Mercury is the source of invention; and hence he is said to be the son of Maia ; because search, which is implied by JUaia, leads invention iato liiîht. He bestows too mathesis on souls, by un folding the will of his father Jupiter: and this he accomplishes as the angel or messenger of Jupiter.—PKOCLUS. 103. Pleïas. The Pleiades were seven of the daughters of Atlas by Pleione, one of the Oceanides. They were changed into the constellation commonly called ihe Seven Stars, in the neck of Taurus. 103. Lethoque det: to put to death. This is to be understood astronomically. To extinguish the light of Argus's eyes and put him to death, as related in the subse Parva mora est, alas pedibus, virgamque polenti Somniferam sumsisse manu, legimenque capillis. Hœc ubi disposuil, pallia Jove natus ab arce Desiili in lerras. Illîc legimenque removil, Et posuit pennas : tanlummodo virga relenla esl. Hâc agil, ul pastor per devia rara capellas, Dum venit, abduclas : el slruclis canlal avenis, Voce novae caplus cuslos Junonius artis, Quisquis es, hoc poleras mecum considère saxo, 111 lai enixa est partu. 1Λ_ anperatque det Ar- 1UÖ gum leto. Mora est Bumsisse alas pedi- bus, virgamque 109. line, ut pastor, agit, dum venit, ca- pellas abductas per devia rura ; et cantal .. siructis avenis. Ar- 1JU gus Junor.ius cuslos, caplus voce noyœ ar tis, ait, Quisquis es, poteras considère hoc saxo mecum ; enim NOT-ffi. qucnt fable, means the extinguishment of the light during an eclipse of the sun. Mercury or Anubis being the horizon ac cording to the Egyptian myth; for these two are the same. Isis or Io is the upper or visible part of the earth. The Eg>ptians esteem the sun to be the De- miurgus, and hold the legends ubout Osiris and Isis (Io) and all their mythological fables to have reference to the stars, their appearance and oc cultation·, and the periods of their risings, or to the increase and decrease of the moon, to die cycles of the sun, to the diurnal and nocturtial hemispheres, or to the river (Nile.)—EusEatue. Anubis is the interpreter of the gods of 1 lea ven and of Hades ... holding in his left hand a cadueeus, and in his right shaking a poplar branch.—AruLEtus METAMORPH. Annliis (Mercury) was supposed in one of his diameters to represent the horizontal circle which divides the invisible part of the world, called by Ihc Egyptians Nepthys from the visi ble which they term Isis.—PLUTARCH DE IslDE ET OslRI. 101. Parva mora eel: the delay is slight; immediately. Obedience to the commands of God, should be prompt and cheerful. He spake. The God who mounts the winged winds Fast to his feet the golden pinions binds, That Inch through fields of air his flight sustain O'er the wide earth, and o'er the boundless main : He grasps the wand that causes sleep to fly, Or in soft slumbers seals the wakeful eye ; Then shoots from heaven to high Pieria's steep, And stoops incumbent on the rolling deep. HOMRR'S ODTSSET. 101. Alas. The talnria or winged shoes which lie was accustomed lo bind to his feet. The wings of Mercury may reifer physically to the swiftness of the planet, v> liicli is the most rapid of the seven in its course ; or, allegorically, to his volubility oi speech, as the god of eloquence. 104. V'irgam. The rod which Mercury was accustomed 10 carry in his hand, called also Caduccus. It was wreathed wiih two serpcms, and had irresistible power. Willi it he could rail the spirits of the dead from Orcus, seal tlie eyes of ihe living in sleep, and perform many other prodigies. By the virtue ot this rod, we are to understand the power of eloquence in persuading or dissuading, which attracts and impels ihe minds of men. 105. Tegimenque capillis. His winged cap, called also Petasus. By this we are to understand the disguised art of the ora tor, by which he conceals the fallacy of his arguments. 106. Disposuit: arranged these, viz. his talaria, rod, and cap. We have here a de scription of the messenger of Jupiter ; we give one of a messenger of Jehovah by a Christian poet. At once on the eastern cliff of Paradise He lights, and to hie_proper shape returns. A seraph winged : six wings he bore to shade His lineaments divine; the pair that clad Each shoulder broad, came mantling o'er hi· breast With regal ornament ; the middle pair Girl like a starry zone his waist, and round Skirted his loins and thighs with downy gold, And rolors dipt in heaven; the third his feet Shadowed from either heel with fenther'd mail Sky-tinctured grain. Like Mnia's son he stood, And shook his plumes, that heavenly fragrance filled The circuit wide.—MILTON. 106. Patria ab arce. From heaven, where Jupiter his father reigns. 107. lllic : there ; when ne reached the earth. 108. Potuti pennas: laid aside his wings. 109. Hoc: wiih this ; his cadueeus, used now as a shepherd's crook. 110. Abductas: taken away; driven away, as he came along. He seizes upon pome one's goats, as lie passed through the country, and having put on the ap pearance of a shepherd, drove them near the place where Argus was watching Io. 110. Slructit avenis: on the oat-straws ; reeds joined together. The pastoral pipe was formed of reeds, oaten-straws, or, like hollow cylinders of unequal length, joined together by wax. l'istilla cui semper decresca nrundiiiis ordo, Nnm calamus cera jungitur usque minor. TIBLLLLS. Fist mihi dispartirne septcm compacta cicutis Fistnlu.—VIEGIL·. 111. Voce: with the voice ; the sounil. 111. Novtzartis: ihencwnrt; the new invention—viz. the pipe—the abstract he ing put for the concrete. 111. Cusfos Junonitis. The keeper whom Juno had employed. 112. Hoc saxo : upon this rock. Upon the rock on which Argus was sitting. 1 M Ill II 112 P. OVIDII ISASONIS 115 Argus ait ; neque euim pecori fcecundior ullo Herba loco est ; aptamque vides pastoribus umbram Scdit Atlantindes, et euntem multa loquendo Detinuit sermone diem ; junctisque canendo Vincere arundinibus servantia lumina tentât, lile tarnen pugnai molles evincere somnos : Et, quamvis sopor est oculorum parte rcceptus ; Parte tarnen vigilai. Quœrit quòque, namque reperto Fislula nupèr eral, qua sit ratione reperta. l Liti:·. I. ncque est herba fœ- cundior pecori ulto loco. 115. Atlantiades se- dit, et detinuit eunteni diern sermone loquen do multa; tentatqiie vincere servantia lu mina capendo junctis arundinibus. 120. Quoerit quoque, qua ratione ilta reper ta sit, namque fistula rcpcrta crai nnpÈr. NOT-iE. 113. Arguì ait. In giving him an invi tation to stop, and take a seat with him upon the rock on which he was sitting, Argus tells Mercury there is good accom modation both for his goats and for him self; the grass is abundant, and there is an agreeable shade for shepherds. 114. Pastorelli umbram. Argus points to the shade which invites them to its cool retreat ; thus in Virgil : Sive sub incertas Zeph} ris motantibus umbrae, Sive entro potiùs succedimus : aspice ut antrum Sylvestris raris sparsit labrusca racemis. ECLOGUE v. 115. Atlantiades. Mercury, the grand son of Atlas. 115. Euntem diem: the passing day. 116. Dctinuit: detained; arrested. Thus Adam, in the Paradise Lost, tells the angel that the sun will pause in his orb, to listen to his recital. And the great light of day yet wants to run Much of his race, though steep, suspense in heaven Held by thy voice : thy potent voice lie hears, And longer will delay to bear tliec tell His generation, and the rising birth ' Of nature from the unapparent deep,—BOOK vii. 117. Vincere: to overcome; to lull to sleep by the sweetness of the music. 117. Arundinibus. The reed has been a very important instrument in the pro gress of society. It was originally used in war for arrows, and thus contributed to fire and madden the angry passions of men. Made afterwards into flutes, it softened the affections, and promoted pastoral innocence and happiness. Lastly, it was employed in writing, and, formed into pens, was the means of enlightening the mind, and diffus ing intelligence abroad. 117. Servantia lumina: his wakeful eyes. 118. flottes somnos: soft slumbers. The timely dew of sleep Now falling with soft slumbrous weight, inclines Our eyelids.—MILTON. QU^ESTIONES. Where is Tempe ? Where did the rivers of Greece as- »emblc ? Of what geographical explanation is this capable ? For what did they assemble ? Which one of the rivers was absent, and whv? Who had fallen in love with Io ? When surprised by Juno, into what had he chanced her ? To whose care did Juno assign her ? Who was Argus Î To whom did Io come in her wanderings ? Did they know her ? How did she discover herself' How does Jupiter resolve to free her ? Who was Mercury ? What form and appearance did he as sume? What does he endeavour to do with hia pipe? What story does he relate to Argus? Is the story of Io a consistent fobie, or made up of deiached parts ? What does Herodotus say of her histo rically ? What does Diodorns Siculus say ? . Were Osiris and Jupiter considered the same ? How can the love of Jupiter and the bin h of Epaphus be explained? If we consider Io the moon, how can we explain the love of Osiris or Jupiter ? FABULA XIII. If by Io we understand the earth, how «nay we explain the love of Jupiter or Osiris ? Why was the cow worshipped as a »acred animal, according to Eusebiua and others ? As a hieroglyphic, what may the cow represent ? Do Diodorus Siculus and Sophorles «peak of the wanderings of Io at a time that agrees with the Fall of man? Of what, then, had we better consider the hieroglyphic and worship of the cow a tradition and corruption ? METAMORPHOSE ON. 113 What do the wanderings of Io indi cate ? How do we explain the part of the s'ory relating to Argus ? How must we consider Io or Isis in this connection ? Were the Greek Mercury and Egyptian Anubis the same ? As what did they consider Anubia 1 How is the horizon eaid to cut off the head of Argus, and to put out the light of his eyes? 15 FABULA XIV. SYRINX MUTATUE IN ARUNDINEM. falls in love with the nymph Syrinx, the dauber of the and when she refuses to listen to his addresses pursues her^ bhe β»· from him tffl she is stopped by the waters of the Ladon, when she rm plores the assistano« of the Naiads who transform her mto reeds Out of these Pan makes a pipe which is called by her name. EXPLICATED. MERCURY, at the request of Argus, who is captivated with the music of the pipe upon which he. is playing, proceeds to tell the manner in which that instrument was invented, and relates the story of Pail and the nymph Syrinx. As Pan, the god of shepherds, was the inventor of the pipe, he is here said to have fallen in love with Syrinx, which is the "Greek name for that pastoral instrument of music. Dionysius informs us, that on the banks of the Ladon, the kind of reeds of which pipes were made, grew in abundance ; and hence Syrinx is fabled to be the daughter of the river Ladon. It is probable, that Pan (or the shepherds whom he represents) was attracted by the sound which the sighing of the wind among the reeds, effected ; or, that by blowing into them, and hearing the noise which was made, he conceived the idea of multiplying and varying the sounds by joining several reeds together of difièrent length, and thus perfected the instrument. The poet has thrown an attractive interest around the fable, by making Syrinx one of the Naiads. Nor is she merely a fair nymph of the wa ters, but the most celebrated for beauty, of all the nymphs of that region. Another grace is added to her beauty, she is no less pure than fair ; and in her character and exercises, was the constant worshipper of Diana. She had refused the converse of the Satyrs, Fauns, and Sylvans, and did not deign even to listen to the addresses of Pan, but fled from him with the utmost precipitancy, and preferred, at length, surrendering up her life, rather than sully the virgin innocence and modesty which had been the pride of her existence. The story is in itself so pleasant, and so musical is the voice of Mer cury in relating it, that the eyes of Argus become heavy with sleep ; when the god confirms their drowsiness with his magic wand, and strikes off the head of Argus with his falchion. Juno collects the eyes, and places them in the tails of her peacocks. 114 [' UM Deus, Arcadia gelidis in montibus, mquit, f Inter Hamadryadas celeberrima Nonacrinas JVaïas una fuit. Nymphse Syringa vocabant. JVcn semel et Satyros eluserat illa sequentes, Et qucscunque Decs umbrosave sylva, feraxve 5 Rus habet : Ortygiam studiis, ipsâque colebat NOT-ffi. 1. TW?« Deus. Mercury commences the relation of the metamorphosis of Syrinx. 1. Arcadia: An inland couniry in Peloponnesus. From the multitude of onks it was anciently called Dry- modes, afterwards Pelafgia, and finally Arcadia, from Areas, the son of Jupiter and Calisto. The inhabitants were generally shepherds, and were skilled in music and pastoral poeiry. 2. Uarnarin/aJas. The Hamadryads were nymphs of the woods, who presided over oaks, with which they were supposed to live and die. The etymology is &μα, together, and ίρίς, an coi. 2. I^vnacriiias. Of Nonacris, α town and mountain in Arcadia. 3. Syrinpa. A pipe in Greek is called "ipiyf, and hence in α gréai measure the origin of the fable. 4. Konstmtl: not once ; ofientimes. 4. Salyros: the Satyrs. See note on page 62. 4. Eluserat: had eluded ; had escaped from. 5. Quofcmnqve Dea. The Fauns, Sylvans, &c. See note on these, page 62. 6. Orfj/nj'am Deam: the Ortyçian goddess; Diano, who was born in Delos, called Ortygia, from αρήξ, α quail, be cause ι lie island abounded in quails. 6. Studiisi in her exercises. 115 116 P. OVIDII NASONIS Virginitate Deam : ritu quoque cincta Diance Falleret, et credi posset Latonia, si non Corneus buie arcus, si non foret aureus illi. Sic quoque fallebat. Redeuntem colle Lyceo Pan vidct hanc, pinuque caput prsecinctus acuta, Talia verba refert. Rcstabat plura referre : Et precibus spretis fugisse per avia Nympham ; Donec arenosi placitum Ladonis ad amnem Venerit : hìc, illi cursum impedicntibus undis, Ut se mutarent, liquidas orasse sorores : Panaque, cùm prensam sibi jam Syringa putaret, Corpore pro Nymphœ calamos tenuisse palustres. Duinque ibi suspirat, motos in arundinc ventos Effecisse sonum tenuem, similemque querenti : Arte nova vocisque Deum dulccdine captum, Hoc mihi concilium lecum, dixisse, mancbit : Atque ita disparibus calamis compagine cerae Inter se junctis nomen tenuisse puellœ. LlUEE 1. 0. Colebat Ortygiam Deam sludlLS, ipsâque virginilnte. Quoque ciucia ritu Dianx. fal lerei, et poseet credi 10 Latonia, si corneus arcus non foret huic, 11. Fan videi hanc redeunlein Lyceo col le, prîECÏiiclus caput acutù pinu refert tulia verbn. Resinimi re ferre plurn : et Nyrn- 15 pliam fugisse per avia, spretis precibus ; do- nec venerlt ad placi tum amiiem arenosi Ladonis : liìc, undis impedientibus eursum illi, orasse liquiflas 19. Uumque suspi- 20 rat ibi, veiilos moloe in arundine, etTecìsse tenuem sonuln, RÌmi- lemque quercini. Que Deum, captum nova arte que dulcedine vocia dixisse, Hoc concilium tecum NOTJE. 8. Fallerei : she would deceive you. You would take her to be Diana. 8. Latonia.' Diana, who was the daugh ter of Latona. 9. Aie. To Syrinx. 11. Pan. The god of shepherds, and of the inhabitants of the country in general. His parentage is uncertain. Some make him son of Jupiter and Callisto ; some of Jupiter and Thymbris ; while oihcrs make him the son of Mercury and Dryope, or Penelope. He had on his head horns, his nose was flat, and his t.highs, legs, feet and tail were those of a goat. The Egyptians worshipped Nature under the name of Pan. 11. Pinu. The pine was sacred to Pan. 12. Vvrba rrfert: he addresses her. 14. Ladonis. The Ladon is a gentle river of Arcadia, and a branch of the AI- pheus. 15. Hie: here, viz., at the river Ladon. 16. Liquidât sorores: the nymphs of the river Ladon. 18. Corpore pro Nymphœ: instead of the body of the nymph, who wos now changed into the reeds. Moore, the lyric poet, speaks in like manner of the transforma tion of a syren into a harp. Tis believed that this harp which I now wake for thee Was α syren, of old, who Bung under the sea, And who often at eve, througli the bright billow roved, To meet on the green shore α youth whom she loved. But she loved him in vnin, for he left her to weep, And in tears, all the night her gold ringlets to steep. Till heav'n looked, wilh pily, on true-love »o warm, And changed to this soft harp the sea-maiden's form! Still her bosom rose fair—still her cheeks smiled the same, While her sea-beauties gracefully curled round Ihe frame ; And her hair, shedding tcar-drope from all its bright rings, Fell over her white arms, to moke the gold strings. Hence it came that this soft harp so long hath been known. To mingle love's langnaga with sorrow's «ad tone; Till thou didst divide them, and teach the fond lay To be love when I'm near thee, and grief when away.—MOOEE'S MELODIES. 19. In arundine vento». Lucretius says, that it was the sighing of the wind among the reeds which suggested the invention of the Pandœan pipes : Thus birds instructed man And taught them songs, hefore their art began : And while soft evening gales blew o'er the plaine, And shook the sounding reeds, they taught the swains : And thus ihe pipe was framed, and tuneful reed ; And whilst Ihe tender Mocks securely feed, The harmless shepherds tuned their pipes to love.—CEEECII'S LVCHETIUS. 20. Effccisee sonum: made a faint sound. Thus Anacrcon : The pod pursued, with winged desire, And when his hopes were nil on fire. And when he lliouglu to hear tlio sigh AVilh wliich ennmored virgins die, lie only heard the pensive air ^Tiispering amid her leafy hair !—ODE Ix. 22. Concilium: reconciliation. Conciliis et dissidiis esercita crebris. LvcRHiros 23. Disparibus calamis: reeds of unequal length. 24. Nomen pnellœ: the name of the girl. Syrinx signifies a pipe. FABULA XIV. MET AMORPHOSEO N. Talia dicturus vidit Cyllenius omnes Succubuisse oculos, adopertaque lumina somno Supprimit extemplo vocem ; firmatque soporem, Languida permulcens medicata lumina virgâ. Nee mora ; falcato nutantem vulnerai ense, Qua collo confine caput : saxoque cruentum Dejicit : et maculât prœruptapi sanguine cautem. Arge, jaces : quodque in tot lumina lumen habebas, Exstinctum est : centumque oculos nox occupât una. Excipit hos, volucrisque suro Saturnia pennis Collocai, et gemmis caudam slellanlibus implet. 117 25 S5· Cyllenius dictu rus talia, vidi! omnee oculos succubuisse, luminaque edonrrla «seeomno. Extemplo supprimit Vocem. fir matque soporem. 89. Vulnerai illum 30 nutantem, falcato en ee, e: ea parte qua ca put est confine collo; dejicilque illum cru entum snxo, et macu lât prceruptorn cautem sanguine. 34. Saturnia excipil S EOS, que collocai pen- m» sute volucris, öS NOT.Œ. Tellinç us how fair trembling Syrinx fled Arcadian Pan, with such a fearful dread. Poor nymph,—poor Pan,—how he did weep to find Naughl but a lovely eighing of the wind Along the reedy stream; a~half-heard strain, Full of sweet desolation—balmy pain.—KEAIS. 25. Cyllenius: the Cyllenian. Mercury is thus called, from Cyllene, a mountain in Arcadia, where he was born. 26. Succubuisse oculos : that his eyes had yielded ; were overcome with sleep. 28. Medicata virgo: with his mogie wand. 29. Nutantem: as he nods. 29. Falcalo ense; with his crooked s word, shaped like a sickle. 33. Nox una : a common night ; the darkness of death. 34. Volucrii suce : of her bird ; ' of the peacock which was sacred to Juno, and drew her chariot. As the lower nir or at mosphere, mythologically called Juno, is ihe medium through which light is trans mitted, the peacock covered over with eyes, in being sacred to Juno, is designed to emblematize the fact. 35. Gemmis stettantibut : with starry gems. The crested cock whose clarion sounds The silent hours, and the other whose gay trail Adorns him, colored with the florid hue Of rainbows and starry eye«.—MILTON. QILESTIONES. Where is Arcadia, and for what cele brated ? Who was Syrinx i Who were the Hamadryads 1 Who were the Satyrs? Fauns? Sylvans? Why was Diana called the Ortygian ? Why was she called Latonia? Whom did Syrinx imitate in her actions 1 Who was Pan ? With whom did he fall in love ? Did she favor his suit ? When nbout to be taken, what request did she make of her sister nymphs ? What transformation took place ? What did Pan do with the reeds ? What is the meaning of Syrinx 1 Why was she said to be the daughter ot the river Ladon ? How does Lucretius say the invention of the pipe was suggested ? When the relation of the story had lulled Argus to sleep, what did Mercury do to him? What did Juno do with his eye* ? Mythologicnlly, how do we account tot the peacock being sacred to Juno ? FABULA XV. IO IN PRISTINAM FORMAM REVERSA. Io, persecuted ty Juno -with a horrid fury, wanders over the world until die comes to the Nile. By the intercession of Jupiter she is freed from furthei punishment, and resumes the human form. After this she gives birth to Epaphus. Quarrel of Epaphus and Phaëthon. EXPLICATTO. THIS fable is a continuation of the same story which is related in part in the two former fables. If, in explanation of the myth, we consider the Cow a type of agriculture, which became necessary when man was forced to subsist by labor, by the wanderings of Io we may understand the early emigration of mankind, and the spread of agriculture. In the explanation of Fable XIII., we snowed, by reference to Diodorus Siculus, that in time and circumstances it agreed with the Fall of man, and the deterioration of morals. Io (or agriculture) is said in her wanderings to be urged on by furies ; and as, at the time when agriculture was insti tuted, man was driven out from the presence of God, under the goadings of remorse, and a consciousness of guilt, these were the furies by which he was agitated in his wanderings over the world in search of a home where to settle. The great fertility of the Valley of the Nile would at length become the great centre of agricultural emprise, and thus the Nile is fabled to be the end of the long journeyings of Io. The story of lo's resumption of the human form is a mere conclusion of the personal cha racter of the myth, and is not capable of any interpretation. The wor ship of Isis by the Egyptians, from whom the Greeks borrow the mutilated story of their Io, was no doubt a corruption of a symbolic commemoration of agriculture, and of the taurine part of the great quadri- form image or cherubim at the gates of Eden. The story of the quarrel of Epaphus and Phaëthon is a continuation of the fable of Io, in a personal, instead of a mythological form, and is a beautiful introduction to the second Book of the Metamorphoses. If we consider Phaëthon a real personage, and the actual son of Clymene by a reputed union with Apollo, we must explain the amour of the celestial lover by the fact, that a lewd priesthood often imposed on the credulity of silly women whom they wished to corrupt, by giving out that the god upon whom they ministered was in love with 'them. Thus Hero dotus, in describing the temple of Jupiter Belus, at Babylon, says : In the last tower is a large chapel, in which there lies a bed, very splendidly ornamented, and beside it a table of gold ; but there is no statue in the place. No man is allowed to sleep here, but the apartment is appropri ated to a female, whom, if we believe the Chaldean priests, the deity selects from the women of the country, as his favorite. Lib. i. Cap. 181 Other interpretations of thf history of Phaëthon we will give in Lib. II Fab. II. 118 w^~ ; ·'·. ~αν;-'- -**£,#' j'Ti> ^fe- -~ -'^" -Λ "^" '^-^*!;Jv • ~ --—'--- - Λ :.,:., - Λ.**-»···» ν li ^ROTINUS exarsit, née tempora distulit irœ ; Horriferamque oculis animoque objecit Erinnyn Pellicis Argolicœ, stimulosque in pectore cœcos Condidit, et profugam per totum terruit orbem. NOTjE. I. ProtmuE. forthwith ; immediately after the death of Argus. 1. kxarsil: Juno was inflamed with rage. 2. Oculis animoque: before the eyes and Imagination. Aenm that sting! Ah me, that form again ! With all his hundred eyes the earth-born Argus- Cover it Knrth ! See, how it glares upon me, The horrid spectre ! Wilt thou not. O Earth, Cover the dead, Hint from thy dark abyss lie comes to hnunt me, to pursue my steps And drive me foodless o'er the harren strand? _ r, - , jEscHVLus's PEOMETIIECS CHAINE» 2. brnuiyn: a fury, madness. By the Furies' fierce assaults To flight I was impelled.—EUKIPIDKS'S IPHIGENIA. 3. PeUicis Argolicœ : of the Argolic mistress ; of Io, the mistress of Jupiter. 3. Siimulosque: stings, goads ; a meta phor taken from spurs or goads with which cattle are urged forward. Thru virgin, whorr. transformed The torturing sling drove wandering o'er the world.—^SCHYLUP'S SUPPLICANTS. 4. Prnfugam: a fugitive ; a wanderer. I heur hrr griefs llmt whirl lier soni lo madness Diiugliler or Inarhiis, whose love inflames The liearl of.tovr; hence Juno's jealous rnge Drives the poor wunderer restless o'er ihe world.—JCscHYLuB. Thy toils, which thou through Greece Driven by the Furies' maddening stings, hast borne.—EURIPIDES. 4. Terruit : affrighted her. Vii gii and -flîschylus eay that Juno pursued her with the brizc or gadfly. The gndfly soumis; beneath her restless wing The breeze shrill whizies, and the forests ring ; Erst with this piscile the jealous wife of Jove In direful rnge ili' Inaclirnn lieifer drove. GEOROIC HI. v JQ9. 119 120 P. OVIDII NASONIS Ultimus immenso restabas, Nile, labori ; Quern simul ac tetigit, positisque in margine ripas Procubuit genibus, resupinoque ardua collo, duos potuit, solos tollens ad sidera vultus, Et gemitu, et lacrymis, et luctisono mugitu Cum Jove visa queri est, finemque orare malorum. Conjugis ille suœ complexus colla lacertis, Finiat ut pœnas tandem, rogat : Inque futurum Pone metus, inquit, nunquam tibi causa doloris Hoec erit ; et Stygias jubet hoc audire paludes. Ut lenita Dea est, vultus capit illa priores ; Fitque quod ante fuit. Fugiunt è corpore setae : Cornua decrescunt ; fit luminis arctior orbis : Contrahitur rictus : redeunt numérique manusque : Ungulaque in quinos dilapsa absumitur ungues. De bove nil superest, formœ nisi candor, in ilia : Officioque pedum Nympha contenta duorum Erigitur ; metuitque loqui ; ne more juvencte LIBER I. κ 5. Nile, reltabas ultimus immenso la- labori. Quern >imui ac tegigit, positisque genibus in margine rtpœ, prociibmt, que ardua resupino collo, tollelis vultus Cjuos so- 1Q los potuit ad sidéra, et viea est queri cum li. lile complexui colla conjugis sua; la- ccrtìs, rogat ut tan dem finiat pccnas i que inquit, Pone metus in futurum, hœc nun- JP) quam erit cousa do- loris libi, et jubet 18. Setœ tùgiunt è corpore : cornua de crescunt : orbis lu- minis fit arctior : ric tus coiitrahitur: hu- merique manusque 20 redeunt: ungulaque dilapsa in qumos 21. Nj mphaque con tenta officio duorum pedum, erigitur ; me- PEL. What new device to vel the wretched heifer Î CHO. A winged pest, firmed with a horrid sting: Those on the banks of Nile call it the brize. THE SUPPLICANTS, v. 326. 5. Nile. The Nile is here introduced by apostrophe. It is a large river in Africa, which rises in Abyssinia, and empties into the Mediterranean. See note on page 89. ..Eschylus notices the same. On the land's extreme verge fi city stands, Canobus, proudly elevate, nigh where the Nile Rolls to the sea his rich stream : there elmi! Jove Heal thy distraction, and, with gentle hand, Soothe thee to peace.—I'RoMtnuEUs CHAINED. 7. Kcsupinoquealtn: high with upturn ed neck. Ë. Quo* potuit solos : which alone she could. She had not arms to raise in sup plication. 10. Queri: to expostulate. Her feelings are finely portrayed by .ffischylus. How, son of Saturn, how have I offended. That with these stings, these tortures lliou pur sues! me, And drives! to madness rny affrighted Boul ! Hear me, supreme of gods, oh hefir thy suppliant, Blast me with lightnings, bury me in the earth, Or cast me to the monsters of the sea ; But spare these toils, spare these wide-wander ing errors.—PBOMETIIECS CHAINED. 12. Pœnat. Jupiter entreats that Juno will discontinue her persecution of Io, and permit her to resume the human form. 12. In futurum : for the future ; hence forth. Supply tempus. 14. Stygias paliidcs. To swear by the Styx was considered an inviolable oath. See note on flumina, page 61. I/o! then imperishable Styx the first, Swayed by lile careful counsels of her sire, Stood on Olympus, and her sons beside. Her Jove received with honor und endowed With goodly gifts : ordained her the great oath Of deities.—HESIOD'S THEOGONY. 15. Lenita est: was appeased. 15. Vultus priores: her former features. Lucian, who satirized the gods of the Greeks and Romans, gives, a very humor ous account of her resuming the human form. NOTUS. That heifer a goddess! ZEPHYRUS. Certainly ! and Mercury says she is to be a tutelnr goddess of mariners, und our mistress, so that every one of us is to blow or not to blow, just as she pleases. NOTLS. Then we should pay our court to her hetimes, Zephyr, since the thing is now as good as done. ZEPIIYRUS. By Jupiter ! it il the way to ren der her more benign.—Hut, see ! the voyage is over, she is already arrived, and has swum ashore. Look! already she has done walking on all fours, and what a fine, stately dame Mer cury has made of her! NOTUS. These are wonderful events, dear Zephyr! Horns, tail, and cloven feet, all gone at once, and the heifer is a charming maid. DIALOGUES OF MAPINE DEITISL 15. Ilia: she, viz. Io. 17. Luminis: of her eye. As the eye is the organ by which light is perceived, lu men is figuratively used for oculus. The light of the body is the eye.—MATT. vi. 22. 18. Eedeunt hwmtrvfue: her shoulders and hands return. There is a nice distinc tion in the use of redeunt ; for the parts in men called humeri are called armi in beasts. 19. Dilapsa: having separated. 20. Forma candor : fcirnessof form. The use of candor here is metaphorical. 21. Officio: wilh the service. 22. f.tigliur: stands erect. FABULA XV. METAMORPHOSEON. Mugiat : et timide verba intermissa retentat. Nunc Dea linigerâ colitur celeberrima turba. Huic Epaphus magni genitus de semine tandem 25 ' Creditur esse Jovis : perque urbes juncta parenti Templa tenet. Fuit huic animis tequalis et annis Sole satus Phaëthon : quem quondam magna loquentem, Nèc sibi cedentem, Phceboque parente superbum. Non tulit Inachides : Matrique, ait, omnia démens Credis, et es tumidus genitoris imagine falsi. Erubuit Phaëthon, iramque pudore repressit : Et tulit ad Clymenen Epaphi convicia matrem. Quoque magis doleas, genitrix, ait, lile ego liber, lile ferox tacui. Pudet htec opprobria nobis, 30 35 121 tuitque loqui, ne mu giat more juvenca:, e retentat iute r m issa verba timide. Nuno celeberrima Dea 20. Huic Epaphu· tandem ereditar esse genitus de semina 28. Qucm, quondam loquentem magna,neo ceilentem sibi, que su perbum Phtcbo pa rente, Inacliides non tulit: que ait,Démens credis inatri omnia ; 32. Plmëthon eru- buit, que repressi! iram pudore: et tulit ad matrem Clymenen convicia Epapbi. Que ait, genitrix, quo raa* NOTjE. 23. Ve ria intermissa : words that had been discontinued ; disused speech. 24. Dea colitur: is worshipped as a god dess ; as Isis. MERCURY. Whet is to be done? JUPITER. Nothing, but that you fly down to N#mea, kill Argue, carry off Io into Egypt, and make Isis of her. There ehe shall henceforth he worshipped ae a goddess, preside over the in tmdatioiis of the Nile, and grant favorable wind! to the mariners, and be their tutelar deity. LUCIAN'S DIALOGUES. To versa caput primps mugivernt aniips Nunc Dea, quœ Nili fi urnin a vacca bibit. Pßoi'ERTius ELEG. 24. Lini géra turba; linen-wearing throng. The priests of Isis wore garments of linen. The following reason ie given by Plutarch in his Moials. For tlie greater part of men are ignorant, even of this most common ami ordinary thmg, for what reason the priest· (of Isis) lay aside their hnir. and go in linen garments. The true reason of them all, ie one and the same, "For it is" not lawful (as Plato saitli) for a clean tli ng to be touched by an unclean." But now no superfluity of food or excrcmeiui- tious substance can be pure or clean ; but wool, down, hair, and nails, come up ami grow from super H nous excrements«. It would be an absnr- dity. therefore, for them to lay aside, their own hair in purgations, by shaving themselves, and by in» k ins their bodies all over smooth, and >et in the meantime to wear and carry about tliem tlie hair of" brutes. For we ought to think that the poet llesiod, when he saith, At the rirh banquet of the gods forbear The dr> excrescence from the quick to pare ; would teach us to keep the feast already cleansed from such things as these, and not in ili e so lei π m ties themselves to use purgation or removal of excrementitious superfluities. But, now, flax springs up from an immortal being, the Earth, und bears an eatable fruit, and affords a simple and cleanly clothing, ami not burder eonie to him that's covered with it. and conve nient lor every season of the year, and which, beeiden, is the least likely to engender vermin. DE ISIDE ET OSIEI. 25. ITuic: to her ; to Io. 25. Epaphus. He was the son of Jupi-, 16 ter and Io. He was worshipped in Egypt under the name of Apis. Apie, also called Epaphus, ifl a young bull, whose mother can have no other offspring, ana who ie reported by the Egyptians to conceive from lightning sent from heaven, and thus to produce the god Apis. He is known by certain marks ; his Lair is black, on his forehead is a white triangular spot, on his back απ eagle, and a beetle under his tongue, and the hair of his tail double.—HEEODOTUS, iii. 28. Of his high race a son, The dusky Epaphus shall rise, and rule The wide-extended land o'er which the Nile Pours his broad waves. ^ESCIIYLUS*S PROMETHEUS CHAÏITED 26. Juncta -parenti: joined to his parent ; jointly with his mother. liefere the enclosure where Apis is kept, îs a vestibule, in which also the mother of the Sacred Bull is fed ; und into this vestibule Apis is some times introduced, to be shown to strangers. STRABO xviL I have seen an instance of a bull, with the globe and feathers between its liorits, standing on a monument built at the side of a mountain. On the other side was a cow, al PO coming from π mountain with a similar head-dress, and the long horns usually given to Athor, over which was the name Isis. WILKIKSON'S ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. 27. Ammisi in spirit ; in pride. 28. Phaëthon. He was the son of Apollo and the nymph Clymenc. The name is derived from the Egyptian plire, the gun, and aFSïi), to burn. 28. j\la«?i a loquentem: speak ing proudly. 30. Inachides: Epaphus, the grandson of Inachus. 31. Imagine: with the idea. 31. Genitoris falsi: of a fictitious father. Epaphus insinuated that Clymcne had con· cealed her unchaste actions by giving out .liât Apollo was the father of" Phaëthon, who was born to her before she had mar ried Merops. 33. Clymenen. Clymcne was the daugn- ter of Oceanus and Tethys, and the mother of Phaëthon by Apollo. L ι ' ι; 122 p. ovimi NASONIS Γ ι; Et dici potuisse, et non potuisse refelli. At tu, si modo sum cœlesti stirpe creatus ; Ede notam tanti generis : meque assere coelo. Dixit ; et implicuit materno brachia collo : Perque suum, Meropisque caput, tsedasque sororum, 40 Traderet, oravit, veri sibi signa parentis. Ambiguum, Clymene precibus Phaethontis, an ira Mota magìs dicti sibi criminis ; utraque coelo Brachia porrexit : spectansque ad lumina soìis, Per jubar hoc, inquit, radiis insigne coruscis, Nate, libi juro, quod nos auditque, videtque ; Hoc te, quem spectas, hoc te, qui tempérât orbem, Sole satum. Si ficta loquor, neget ipse videndum Se mihi ; sitque oculis lux ista novissima nostris. Nec longus patrios labor est libi nôsse pénates : Unde oritur, terra domus est contermina nostra. Si modo fert animus ; gradere ; et scitabere ab ipso. 45 50 LlBEtt L cis iloleni, ego ille li- ber; jlle ferox, tacui. Pudel tee opprobria et potuisse dici nobis, et non potuisse re- felli. 42. Ambigu u m est. an Clymene mota s« magìa precibus rime- tqntis, an ira criminis dicti sibi : porrexit utraque brachia ccelo; spectansque ad lumi na eolie, inquit juro libi nate, per hoc ju bar, insigne corusci· radiis. 50. Nec est labor longus libi nôsse pa trios pénates : domus, unde oritur est con- NOT JE. 38. Assere cœlo : assert me to heaven ; prove rny divine origin. 39. Implicuit brachia; entwined his arms. 40. Meropisque caput: and the head of Merops, viz. his life. An oath or adjura tion by the head, was anciently considered of the most solemn character. Neither shall thou swear by thy head, he- cause thou canst not make one hair while or black.—MATT. v. 36. Sed Jove nondum Harbato, nondum Grrecis jurare paratie Per caput alterius.—JUVENAL. SAT. vi. 40. Tcedasque sororum : the marriage- torches ol his sisters; by metonymy for marriage. As the slander of Epaphus would affect the character and prospects ol his sisters, this appeal to their mother, Clymene, was of the strongest character. Sophocles depicts the feelings of a father in view of this : Whither now Must my poor children fly? From every feast, Joyless, with grief and »hume, shall you re turn ; And when the time shall come, when riper years Should give you to the nuptial bed, who then, Careless of lame, will let his child partake The infamy of my abhorred race? Yon, my daughters ! Such reprpnch Must still be >ours, to virgin solitude Devoted ever and a barren bed. CEDirus TYKANNUS. 41. Oravit: besought; adjured. 41. Signa: tokens; prools. 43. Dicti sibi: imputed to her. 43. Criminis. The crime of concealing the illegitimacy of her child by giving out ne was ihe son of Apollo. A modern poet gives in his poems an animated description of the credulity of a votaress imposed upon by a priest of Apollo. How often ere the destined time Which was to seal my bliss sublime j How often did I trembling run To meet, at morn, the mounting sun, And, white his fervid beam he threw Upon my lips' luxuriant dew, I thought—alas, llie simple dream— There burned a kiss in every beam ; With parted lips inhaled their heat, And sighed, " O god ! thy kiss is sweet !" Oft, too, at day's meridian hour. When to the Naiad's cleainy bower Our virgins steal, and7 blushing, hide Tbeir beauties in the folding tide, If through the grove, whose modest arms Were spread around my robeless charms A wandering sunbeam wanton fell Where lover's looks alone should dwell, Not all α lover's looks of flame Could kindle such an amorous shame. It was the sun's admiring glance, And, as I felt its glow advance O'er my young beauties, widely flushed, I burned, and panted, thrilled, and blushed ! No deity at midnight came, The lamps, that witnessed all my shame Revealed to these bewildered eyes No other shape than earlb supplies; No solar light, no nectared air— All, all, alas ! was human there : Woman's faint conflict, virtue's fìlli, And passion's victory—human all.—MOOBB. 45. Jubar. As the streaming rays of the sun resemble flowing hair, it is possi ble the term jubar is derived from juba, the mane of a horse. 49. Lux novissima: may this light be the last ; may I die this day. 50. Patrios pénates : your paternal house hold gods ; your father's residence. 50. fiasse: by syncope for novisse. 51. Nostraterrce: our land, viz. ./Ethiopia. 52. Si fert animus: if your mind incline» you ; if you have an inclination. FABCLAXV. MET AMORPHOSEON Emicat extemplo ketus post talia matris Dicta sure Phaethon, et concipit rethera mente : jEthiopasque sues, positosque sub ignibus Indos Sidereis, transit ; patriosque adit impiger ortus. 123 termina npstra'terrœ. Si modo animus fert te. S4. Phaeton, kctus Post talia dicta suffi mains, emicat extem plo ; et concipit anhe- ru mente NOT^E. 53. Emicat: leaped up; rejoiced. 54. Concipit athera: conceives the air in mind; enters in imagination upon his airy journey. 55. JEihionas. The ./Ethiopians, ac cording to the Roman authors generally, inhabited the southern portions of Africa, and the southern part of Asia, west of the Ganges. The name is derived from αΓ&ω, to burn, and ώψ, the countenance. 56. Ignibus sidereis: starry fires. 56. Indos: the Indians, a people of the East, so called from the river Indus. QU^ESTIONES. Of what is this fable a continuation? What effect had the death of Argus on Juno? What did she do to Io ? What was the end of Io's wanderings? Of what country is the Nile η riverì Where did Io resume the human form? How was she honored afterwards ? What was the name of her eon? How was he honored f Who was Phaethon I What reproach was cast upon him by Epnphus f What means did Clymene suggest to Phaeihon to learn his true origin ? Did he take her advice ? As what was the cow worshipped m Egypt? 01 what antediluvian image may the cow have been a part ? What do you understand by the wander ings of Io or the cow ? How can we interpret the Furies that urged her on Î How might the Nile be said to be to« end of her wanderings ? P. OVIDII NASONIS MET AM O RP HO S EON. LIBER II. ARGUMENTUM. HAVING arrived at the palace of the Sun, Phaethon is acknowledged by Apollo to be his son ; but not content with this, demands, as a proof of his descent, the guidance of the solar chariot. Unequal to the task· of curbing the fiery-footed horses, he sets the world upon fire, and is struck by Jupiter with a thunderbolt. His mother Clymene, and his sisters at length find his remains by the side of the river Po, where the latter, through grief, are changed into trees, from which distil tears. These are hardened by the sun, and change to amber. Cycnus, the cousin of Phaethon, also laments his untimely end, and is changed to a swan. In travelling over the earth to restore what has been injured, Jupiter meets with Callisto, one of Diana's nymphs, and assuming the form of Diana, debauches her. Juno changes Callisto into a bear, which Areas, her son, would have shot some years after, unless Jupiter had transferred both to the heavens, and made them neighboring constellations. Juno, after this, descended to the old Oceanus to complain of the indignity, after which she was carried to heaven by her peacocks, who had been lately variegated. The crow at this time was changed from white to black, because he did not obey the warning of Cornix, (who related also her own transformation into a raven, and that of Nyctimene into an owl,) but told to Apollo the adultery of Coronis, who was slain by the god. Ocyrrhoe predicts the future to Esculapius, the son of Apollo and Coronis, and by divine wrath is changed into a mare. Her father Chiron, in this cala mity, invokes Apollo, but he was in Elis, tending herds, and, in conse quence of love, was so careless, that Mercury stole a part of them. Bat tus, who alone was privy to the theft, for his treachery is changed by Mercury into a touchstone. Going thence into Attica, Mercury possesses Herse, the daughter of Cecrops. Agraulos, her sister, moved with envy is changed to stone. Mercury drives to the shore the herds of Agenor by order of Jupiter, who transforms himself to a bull, and carries Europa 'nto Crete. L 2 125 l! FABULA L REGIA SOLIS ; SOLARIS CURRUS. A description of the Palace of the Sun. Phaëthon arrives at the Palace, and while admiring every thing that he sees, is discovered by his father, and acknowledged as his son. As a public proof of his descent, he demands and obtains the guidance of the solar chariot. Description of the chariot. EXPLICATIO. THE description which the poet gives of the Palace of the Sun, is con ceived with much ingenuity, and embellished with great art. The ideas he has introduced, like the gems and precious stones employed in the structure of the palace, are not merely splendid and magnificent in themselves, but are wrought up with skill so consummate, that it may be said of the production of the poet, as of the architect, " the workmanship surpassed the material." The temple which Augustus erected to Apollo, and the Pakce of the Sun, described by Ovid, is a pictorial representation of the Universe, in which the sea, the earth, and the hea vens are given with Uieii appurtenances and inhabitants. The Sun him self, as the great ruler of the system, is appropriately placed upon a throne in the centre, and surrounded by allegorical personages, denoting the different portions of time, the hours, days, months, years, seasons, and ages, determined by his motions and revolutions. It is not a little remark able, that Josephus considers the tabernacle of the Jews, in like manner, an " imitation and representation of the UNIVERSE." The two divisions of the tabernacle, accessible and common, he regarded as denoting the earth and the sea, which were common to all ; the third division, or holy of holies, as representing heaven, which was inaccessible to men. The seven lamps he considered the seven planets, and the twelve loaves of bread, the twelve months of the year. The vails, of four different mate rials, denoted the four elements ; the linen signified the earth, from which it grew ; the purple, the sea, because from the blood of a marine shell fish ; the blue denoted the air, and the scarlet, fire. The linen of the high priest's vesture typified the earth ; the blue, the sky ; its pomegra nates resembled lightning ; its bells imitated thunder. The breast-plate in the middle of the ephod was the earth ; the blue girdle of the priest vas the ocean that surrounded the earth. The sardonyxes on the priest's shoulders denoted the sun and mora ; the twelve stones were the twelve signs of the zodiac. The blue mitre, with the name of God upon it, was heaven ; and the crown of gold denoted the light and splendor in which God dwelt. The poet has sustained himself well in the description of the chariot of the Sun, and of the fiery-footed coursers that wheel it through the immense of heaven ; nor has he succeeded less happily in portraying the fiery energy and daring of the adventurous youth, and the anxiety and grief that afflicts the sorrowing father, as he commits tc the hands of his child the chariot which is to prove his destruction. 126 \ Ί/ HX ' '- î* '-'·' A i, <. \ ', > -* J ''-UiW - r ;EGIA Sous erat sublimibus alta columnis, i Clara micante auro, flammasque imitante pyropo : Cujus ebur nitidum fastigia summa tegebat : Argenti bifores radiabant lumine valvœ. M:iteriem superabat opus : nam Mulciber illic .iEquora cœlârat médias cingentia terras, Terrarumque orbem, cœlumque quod imminet orbi. 1. Jiegia. Some suppose that Ovid, in giving nn account of the Palace of the Sun, described the temple which was dedicated to Apollo by Augustus, but it is more agreeable to truth, to suppose, that the poet, like Phaëihon, "coneipit trthera mente," and drew upon his own imagination for the priiiciptil part ot the description. 1. Sutlimitua calumali: on lofi y columns. 2. Alicante auro : with burnished gold. To denote the splendor of the sun, all the materials of ihc palace are of the most puttering kind. 2. Pyo/ic. Pliny, in Lib. x\iv. Cap. 8, describes the pyrope as a mixed melai, composed of three parts of brass and one part of gold. Propcrtius, also, Lib. iv. Elcg. 11, describes it as α metal: Inilucto fulgebat parma pyropo. By others it is considered α eem. The etymology is πυρ, fre, and <·'ίψ, the counte nance. The pyrope is a species of garnet or ruby, red and fiery. At thee the rnhy lights its deepening ^)ow- And with a waving radiance inward flames. THOMSON. 4. Bifores valvœ : doors. the double-folding •ilver. Argenti lumine: with the light of 5. Opus superaliat : the workmanship surpassed lile material. The hasty multitude Admiring entered : and t)ie work some praise, And some llie architect.—MILTON. 5. Mulciber: a name of Vulcan, derived from ma/reo, to soften, because fire softens the meials. Nor was his name unhenrd. or unadored, In ancient Greece; and in Auaonian land Men called him Mulciber.—MILTON. 127 128 P. OVIDII NASONIS Cœruleos habet unda deos ; Tritona canorum, Proteaque arnbiguum, balœnarumque prementem ^Egœona suis immania terga lacertis ; Doridaque et natas : quarum pars nare videntur, Pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos ; Pisce vehi quœdam : facies non omnibus una, Nec diversa tarnen ; qualem decet esse sororum. Terra viros, urbesque gerii, sylvasque, ferasque Fluminaque et nymphas, et cœtera numina ruris. Hœc super imposita est cceli fulgentis imago ; Signaque sex foribus dextris, totidemque sinistris. duo simul acclive Clymeneïa limite proles Venit, et intravit dubitati tecta parentis ; Protinus ad patrios sua ferì vestigia vultus ; Consistitque procul : neque enim propiora ferebat Lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat LIBER II. β. Und» habet Deo« cœruleos, canorum Tritona,ambiguumque 1« Protea, .ffignäoiiaque ίν prementem iinmania terga balccnarum fuit lacertis, Doridaque, et natas : 15 15- Terra gerii viro», urbesque, sylvasque, ferasque, fluminaque, et nymphas, et «etera nununa rune. 19. Quo »imul ac n proles Clymeneïa ve- 20 nit acclive limite, et intravit tecta dubitati parentis ; 23. Phœbus velatua 6. Ctzlârat: had carved, by syncope for caslaverat. 6. Médias cingentia: the seas surround ing the mid earth. Earth-shaker Neptune, earth-enclasping ged. HESIOD. 8. Unda habet: the water, that is, the sea, as represented on the folding-doors. 8. Tritona canorum : the sounding Tri ton. See note on page 78. 9. Proteo. Proteus was the son of Oceanus and Tethys, or of Neptune and Phcenice. lie was a sea-god, and had the power of changing himself into any shape ; nence the epithet ambiguum. He was the keeper of the sea-calves, and had from Neptune the gift of prophecy, but was dif ficult of access, and would not deliver his predictions unless compelled. 9. Balamarum: huge sea-monsters, sup posed to be whales. 10. JEgtEona. He was a giant, the son of Ccelus and Terra, and was made a sea deity after he was conquered. Homer makes him the same as Briareus, with fifty heads and a hundred hands. He was pro bably a formidable pirate with fifty com panions, whence the fable. 10. Lacertis: with his arms, of which he was fabled to have a hundred. 11. Dorida. Doris, the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, was the mother of the sea-nymphs. From Nercus and the long-haired Doris, nymph Of ocean's perfect stream, there sprang to light A lovely band of children, goddesses Dwelling within Hi1 uncultivable main.—HESIOD. 12. Mole: upon a mass ; a rock. 13. Pisce uehi: some to be carried on fishes. But, anon, the wave Was filled -with wonders, wild and green-haired men, With concha for trumpets, followed by fair nymphs, That showed their ivory shoulders through the tide; Some tossing spears of coral, some, pearl- crowned, And scattering roses—or, with lifted hands, Reining the purple lipe of dolphins yoked, And huge sea-horses.—CBOLY. 15. Terra gerii: the earth bears. On the earth was represented men, cities, woods, and wild-beasts, rivers, nymphs and other rustic deities. 17. Imago: the representation. 18. Signa. Apollo was sitting in the Equator, and hence the six northern con stellations were on his right, and the six southern on his left. rlhey are called signa, signs, because they are the repre sentations of animals. The sun enters the first, or Aries, in March, and remains a month in each sign. Ausonius comprises them in the following distich : Suut Aries, Tuurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo ; Librnque, Scorpius, Arcitenens, Caper, Am phora, Pisces.—AUSONIUS. The Ram, the Bull, the heavenly Twin«, The Crnb, and next the Lion shines, The Virgin and the Scales : The Scorpion, Archer, and the Goat, The man that holds the watering Pot, And Fish with glittering tails. 19. Quo: whither,—to the palace of the Sun. 19. Simul: as soon as. Supply ac. 19. Clymeneïa proles. Fhaethon, the son of Clymene. 19. Acclive limite: by an ascending path. The Palace of the Sun was on an elevated situation. 20. Dtioitati parentis : his doubted pa rent- His paternity had been questioned by Epaphus. 21. Protinus; forthwith; immediately. 23. Purpurea veste: in a purple robe. Princes and magistrates alone were per mitted to wear the purple. This probably FABULA!. MET AMORPHOSEON. In solio Phœbus Claris lucente smaragdis. A dextra, lœvâque, dies, et rnensis, et annus, 25 SîEculaque, et positse spatiis sequalibus horse : Verque novum stabat-cinctum fiorente corona : Stabat nuda ^Estas, et spicea serta gerebat : Stabat et Autumnus calcatis sordidus uvis : Et glacialis Hyems canos h irsuta capillcs : 30 Inde loco médius, rerum novitatc paventerà 'Sol oculis juvenem quibus aspicit omnia, vidit : Quœque vise libi causa ? quid hac, ait, arco petìsti Progenies, Phaëthon, haud inficianda parenti ? lile rcfert, O lux immensi publica mundi 33 Phcebe pater, si das hujus mihi nominis usum, Nec falsa Clymene culpam sub imagine celât ; Pignora da, genitor ; per quse tua vera propago Credar ; et hunc animis errorem detrahe nostris : Dixerat. At genitor circum caput omne micantes 40 Deposuit radios ; propriùsque accedere jussit : Amplexuque dato, née tu meus esse negari Dignus es ; et Clymene veros, ait, edidit ortus. Quòque minus dubites; quodvis pete munus; ut illud Me tribuentc feras : proniissis testis adesto 45 was to signify that they alone had the power of life nnd death, and the right of shedding blood. 24. Kmaragdis : with emeralds. The emerald is a mineral of a beautiful green color, \vhich occurs in prismatic crystals, and is much valued for ornamental jewelry. Nor deeper verdure dyes the robe of spring, When first she gives it to the southern gale, Than the green emerald shows.—-THOMSON. 25. Vies et mensis: hours, days, months, years, and ages are represented as the at tendants of the sun, because they are all measured by his motions. 26. Sœcula. Sœculum is the space of an hundred years ; hence the games cele brated at Rome, at the close of every hun dred years, were called secular games. 26. Horte: the hours. The word is from Ιρίζω, to define, because they denote the spaces of time. While round thy beaming car, High seen, the seasons lead, in sprightly dance Harmonious knit, the rosy-fingered nours. THOMSON. 27. Fiorente corona: girt with a flowery crown. Oome. gentle Spring, ethereal mildness, come. Anil from tlie bosom of yon dropping cloud, While music wakes around, veiled in a shower Of shadowing roses, on our plains descend. THOMSON. 28. Nvda JEstas. Summer is repre sented naked, to denote the heat, in con sequence of which little clothing i« neces sary. 17 129 purpurea veste sede bui in solio lucente eh ris smeragüis. A deitra tevuque, dies, et menais, et annui, steculaque, et horse pos ta; .fqualibus spa tiis. stabantf £0. Autumnus et sta- hnt sortlidus cnlcntie u\ s, et Hyems glacia lis, lursula stcundum canoe capillos. ai. Aitque, Pha«. thon; progenies haud inficiamla parenti, quœ est causa vite li bi ? Quid pelisi! hac »ree? SS. Da genilor pig nora, per cjuœ tgo cre- dar esse tua vera pro pago. 40. Al genitor depo- Buil radios micanle· circum omne caput; jussitque iUum acce dere propriùs. 44. Quòque dubite· miuùs, pete quodvù 28. Spicea seria: garlands of corn. Shaking his tangled locks, all dewy bright With spangled gossamer that fell by night, Pearling his coronet of golden corn.—ANON. 29. Sordidus : stained with trodden grapes. The vintage occurs in autumn. Along the sunny wall Where autumn Lask^with fruit empurpled deep. THOMSON 30. If irsuta : rough ; shaggy. 30. Canos capillos: as to his hoary hair. 31. Serum nomiate : with the novelty of the objects. 33. Hoc arce: in this palace. 34. Haud wfcianda: not to be denied. 35. 0 lux putlica : O common light of the vast world. Prime checrer, Light Ϊ Of all material beings first and best ! Efflux divine ! Nature's resplendent robe ! Without whose vesting beauty all were wrapped In unessential gloom ! and thou, O sun ! Soul of surrounding worlds, in wliom hest seen Shines out tliy Maker ! may I sing of thee ? THOMSON. 36. Si das usnm: if you permit the use. 37. Falsa sut imagine : under a false pretence. 38. Pignora: pledges; proofs. 38. Vera propago: thy true offspring. 39. Jfunc errorem: this uncertainty. 40. D'aerai. Phoethon spoke. 40. Genitor: his fat her; Apollo. 43. Edidit; hath uttered ; hath told. 43. Veros ort ut: your true origin. 130 P. OVIDII NASONIS 50 Dis juranda palus, oculis incognita nostris. Vix bene desierai : currus rogai ille paternos Inque diem alipedum jus el moderamen equorum. Pœnituit jurasse patrem; qui terque quaterque Concutiens illustre caput, Temeraria, dixit, Vox mea facta tua est : utinam promissa liceret Non dare ! confiteor, solùm hoc libi, nate, negarem, Dissuadere licet : non est tua tuta voluntas. Magna petis, Phaëthon, et quse nec viribus istis Munera conveniant, nec tam puerilibus annis. Sors tua mortalis : non est mortale quod optas. Plus etiàm quàm quod superis contingere fas sit, Nescius affectas : placeat sibi quisque licebit ; Non tarnen ignifero quisquam consistere in axe Me valet excepte : vasti quoque rector Olympi, Qui fera terribili jaculatur fulmina dextrâ, Non agat hos currus. Et quid Jove majus habemus < Ardua prima via est ; et qua yix mane récentes Enitantur equi ; medio est altissima cœlo ; Unde mare, et terras ipsi mihi sœpe videre Fit timer, et pavida trépidât formidine pectus. Ultima prona via est ; et eget moderamine certo. Tune etiam, quœ me subjectis excipit undis, Né ferar in prœceps, Tethys solet ipsa vereri. LIBER II. rniinua, ut feras illud, me tribuente. 49. rœnituit palrem jurasse, qui conculi- ens caput illustre ter quaterque, dixit : men vox est facta temera ria lui voce. 55 60 57. ÏVeliamnesciue affectas plus, quain quod sit fns contingere superis. Licebit wl quisque placeat sibi, turnen non quisquam superimi me excepte, valet consistere in ig nifero axe. 65 67. Ultima via est prona, et eget certo moderamine. NOTjE. 46. Faine. The Styx, which was or dained the oath of the gods. See note on page 26. To confirm any indefinite pro mise by an oath is sinful. To break the oath would be sinful, and the performance of the promise may be equally so. The rash promises of Herod and of Jephtha, recorded in the sacred volume, are illustri ous examples. 47. Vix bene desierai : scarcely had he well ended. 47. Rogai : he asks. There is great beauty in the use of the present tense nere. It denotes the eagerness of Phaëthon, as if he made the request simultaneously with the address of Apollo. 48. In diem: for a day. 48. Alipedum equorum : of the wing- footed horses. 48. Jus et moderamen: the rule and guidance. 50. Concutiens. Here, sorrow is indi cated by the shaking of the head ; in Fa ble VII. of the First Book, great indigna tion is expressed. 51. Pramissa: the things I have pro mised. 52. Negarem : I would deny ; I would wish to deny. 53. Tuamluntas: thy desire,—the wish cf guiding the solar chariot. St. VirHai» istis: these powers of thine . Ignifero in axe : on the fire-bearing ; the axle being put for the chariot by 56. Sors tua: thy condition is mortal. 57. Plus etiam. The madness of his wish was evident. A mortal, he coveted more than was lawful for the gods. 58. Affectas: you affect; presumptu ously desire. Cœlum ipaum petimus stultitia.—HORACE. 59. ' axle ; ..„ _._ synecdoche. 60. Me excepta : myself excepted ; the ablative absolute. 60. Rector Olympi : the ruler of Olym pus ; Jupiter. Olympus is put poetically for Heaven. See note on Olympus, page 56. 62. Jove majut: what have we greater than Jove Î Jure capax mundus nil Jove mojus habet. OVID. TRIST Unde nil majus generalur ipso —HORATRS. 63. Ardua prima: the first way is steep. 63. Récentes equi: the fresh horses,— renewed by rest and by food. 64. Enitantur : can ascend ; can climb up. 67. Rloderamine certo : sure guidance ; careful driving. 69. In prcpceps: headlong. 69. Tfthys. A goddess of the sea, the wife of Oreanus, and daughter of Cœlue FABULA! MET AMORPHOSEON. Adde, quod assidua rapitur vertigine cœlum : Sideraque alta trahit, celerique volumine torquet. Nitor in adversum : nec me, qui cœtera, vincit Impetus ; et rapido contrarius evehor oibi. Finge dates currus : quid agas ? poterisne rotatis Obvius ire polis, né te citus auferat axis ? Forsitan ot lucos ilJic, urbesque deorum Concipias animo, delubraque ditia donis Esse : per insidias iter est, formasque ferarum. Utque viam teneas, nulloque errore traharis, Per tarnen adversi gradieris cornua Tauri, Hœmoniosque arcus, violentique ora Leonis, Stevaque circuitu curvantem brachia longo Scorpion, atque aliter curvantem brachia Cancrum. Nec tibi quadrupèdes animosos ignibus illis Q.UOS in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus efflant, and Terra. The sun was fabled to descem into the sea, and pass the night. 70. Ccelum : the heavens ; the primum mobile, which, by its motion, was sup posed to carry the fixed stars from west to east, while the sun proceeded from east to west. 70. Assidua vertigine: with continual revolution. 71. Céleri volumine: with its swift whirl. 72. Ifitar in adversum: I struggle against the revolution ; I direct my course against it, 73. Rapido orbi : the rapid sphere ; the sphere of the heavens. 73. Contrarius : in a direction contrary to the swift orb. The sun passes through the signs of the zodiac contrary to the sphere of the heavens. 74. Finge datas currus : suppose the chariot given to you. 74. Rotatis polis : the revolving poles, here put for heaven by synecdoche. This is often the case with the poets. In fréta dum fluvii current, duin montibus um- bnc, Lustrabunt convexa, poltts dum sidcra pnscet; Semper honos. nomenque tuum, laudesque ma- nebunt.—VIRGIL. Both turned, and under open sky adored The God that mode both sky, air, earth, and heaven * . Which they beheld ; the moon's resplendent globe, And starry polt.—MILTON. 77. Concipias: you may imagine. 78. Formas ferarum: the forms of wild beasts. The signs of the zodiac are all animals except four. 79. Viam leneas: that you may keep on your way. He proceeds to describe the course of the sun through the signs of the zodiac—the sun's annual course, instead of hi« diurnal one. 13Ï 70 , ·«· Adde quod cos urn rapilur assidue vertipiiie, traliilque aim Bidera,torquctque céleri voluniine. 74. Finge currus da- ~κ toe, quid ague? Po- • ° terisne ire obvius po lis rotatis, ut citile axis ne anlernt te Î 7fl. Utque teilen» vi am, tralmrisque nullo yO errore, tarnen grodie- ris per cornua adverei Tauri, arcueque HEB- monios, oraque vio lenti Leoni?, 84. Nec est libi in promplu regere quad rupèdes animosos lili· 85 ignibus, quos habent in pectore, 80. Adversi Tauri: of the Bull opposite to you. After leaving Aries, the sun en tera Taurus, which is nere called adversus, because the head of the Bull is drawn meeting the Sun. As the Egyptians be gan to plough when the sun entered Tau rus, the Bull was chosen as the name of the sign. Its figure (^) is a rude outline of the head and horns of a bull. 81. JIfemonwsyue arcus: the Hfemonian bow. Sagittarius, with his drawn boto, would threaten him. He was the Centaur Chiron of Ila-monta or Thessaly, trans lated to heaven and made a constellation. As the sun enters Sagittarius in the hunt ing season, it is easy to see why the sign was adopted. The figure is a dart (£). 81. Violenti Leonis : of the fierce Lion, so called from the intense heat of the sun while in that sign. The figure is rude representation of a lion's tail (g^). Under his chest the Crab, beneath his feet The mighty Lion darts a trembling flame. ARATUS. 82. Circuilu longo: in a long circuit. 83. Scorpion, l· rom the Greek Scorpios. The fevers and poisonous malaria that ex ist when the sun is in this sign (tTL) caused the adoption of this poisonous animal. 83. Aliter: in a different manner. The Scorpion spreads its arms widely, gene rally; the Crab in a slight degree, and at the extremities ; the Scorpion towards the east; the Crab towards the west; the Scorpion upwards ; the Crab down wards. 83. Cancrum. This sign of the zodiac was adopted to show the retrograde mo tion of the sun after reaching the Tro pic. Its figure is (3c). 84. Animosos ignibus : spirited with those fires which they breathe out of their •nouths. 132 F. OVIDII NASONIS 90 in promptu regere est : vix me patiuntur, ut acres Incaluêre animi ; cervixque répugnât habenis. At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris auctor : Nate, cave : dum resque sinit, tua corrige vota. Scilicet, ut nostro genitura te sanguine credas, Pignora certa petis : do pignora certa timendo ; Et patrio pater esse metu probor. Aspice vultus Ecce meos : utinamque oculos in pectora posses Inserere ; et patrias intùs deprêndere curas ! Denique quicquid habet dives, circumspice, mundus, 95 Eque tot ac tantis cccli, terrasque, marisque, Pesce bonis aliquid: nullam patiêre repulsam. Deprecor hoc unum ; quod vero nomine pœna, Non honor est : pœnam, Phaëthon, prò munere poscis. Quid mea colla tenes blandis, ignare, lacertis ? 100 Ne dubita ; dabitur (Stygias juravimus undas) Gluodcunque optâris : sed tu sapientiùs opta. * Finierat monitus : dictis tarnen ille répugnât : Propositumque tenet : flagratque cupidine currûs. Ergo, qua licuit genitor cunctatus, ad altos Deducit juvenem, Vulcania munera, currus. Aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea summoe Curvatura rotaa ; radiorum argenteus ordo. Per juga chrysolithi, positceque ex ordine gemma, Clara repercusso reddebant lumina Phœbo. 105 LIBER il. 88. At tu nate cave, ne sim tibi nuctor fti- nesti muneris. corri, geque tua vota, dura res siiiit. 02. Kcce, aspice me OS vultus: utiuainque posses inserere oculoa in pectora, et depren- dcre curas patrias in- tus. 100. Quid ignare te nes mea colla blundis lacertis? Ne dubita quodcunque optâris dabitur, (nam juravi- mus per Stygias un do«) sed optato sapi- enliùs. 105. Ergo genitor cunctatus qua licuit deducit juvenem ad altos currus, munera Vulcania. 110 ΝΟΤΛΕ. 86. In protnptu: easy. 86. Vix me : scarcely do they suffer me, who am a god, and am known to them. 89. Dum resque sinit : whilst the thing permits ; while you can. 91. Pignora certa : sure pledges; infal lible tokens. 92. Aspice vultus : behold my counte nance troubled with all the anxiety of a father. 94. Et deprêndere: and discover. 98. Deprecar: I deprecate ; I beg to be excused from. 99. Pcenam poscis: you ask punishment for a present. We, ignorant of ourselves, Beg often our own harms, which the wise powers Deny us for our good —SHAXSPEABE. Quid tarn destro pede concipis, ut te Conatus tloii pœiiileat, votique peracti? Kvertere domns totes opuuilibus ipsis Dii faciles.—JUVENAL. SAT. x. 102. Optâris: for optaveris by syncope. 103. Finierat monilus. Phoebus had ended his admonitions. 103. lile répugnât : he (Phaëthon) re- eists. 104. Proposilumqne tenet: and holds to his purpose. 105. Qua licuit : as long as he could. This was don» in hope that his son would abandon his intention of attempting to guide the chariot. 10G. Deducit: he leads him; an especial mark of honor. 106. Vulcania munera: the gift of Vul can who had made it. For the sake of comparison, we give a description of Juno's chariot from Homer : On the bright axle turns the bidden wheel Or sounding brass: the polished axle steel; Eight brazen spokes in radiant order flame, The circles gold ofuncorrnpted frame, Sudi as the Heavens produce; and round !he gold Two bra?en rings of work divine were rolled. The bossy naves of sol id silver shone; Braces of gold suspend the moving throne : The car behind an arching figure bore, The bending concave formed an arch before. Silver the beam, the extended yoke was gold, And golden reins the immortal coursers hold. Λ ILIAD ν 107. Temo aureus: the pole was of gold. The pole is the part to which the horses are harnessed, by some called the tongue. 108. Curvatura: the orb ; the rim. 108. Radiorum ordo: the range of spokes. 109. Chrysolithi. Precious stones of η gold color, whence the name χρνσίς, gold, and XiSof, a stone. The chrysolite is a ferriferous silicate of magnesia. 109. Ex ordine: plnced in order. 110. fleddebant lumina : gave back the light. METAMORPHOSEON. Dumque ea magnammus Phaëthon miratur, opusque Perspicit ; ecce vigil rutilo patefecit ab ortu Purpureas Aurora fores, et piena rosarum Atria : difl'ugiunl Stellas ; quarum agmina cogit Lucifer, et cœli stationc novissimus exit. At pater, ut terras, mundumque rubescere vidit, Cornuaque extremse velut evanescere Lunaa ; Jüngere cquos Titan vclocibus imperai Iloris. Jussa deaa celeres peragunt : ignemque vomentes" Ambrosia succo satures prassepibus altis Quadrupèdes ducunl ; adduntque sonantia frana. Tuin pater ora sui sacro medicamine nati Contigli, el rapida; fecit patientia flammea : Imposuitquc ccmœ radies ; prajsagaque luctûs Pectore sollicilo repetens suspiria, dixil : Si pètes hîc saltem monilis parère paternis, Parce, puer, stimuli's, cl fortiùs utere loris. Sponle sua properanl : labor esl inhibere volontés. Nec tibi directes placcai via quinque per arcus. Seclus in obliquum est lato curv aminé limes 115 133 111. Dumqiie mag- naninius Thaelhon miratur ea, perspicit- €iueopusj ecce vigil Aurora rmlefccit pur- pureas lores, et atria piena rosarum, ab ru tilo ortu. 120 125 122. Tum patf r con- ligit ora sui nati sacr· medicamine ; et fecit patienlia rapida) flum- mae. 130 129. Nec νια per quinque arcus direc tes placeat ubi. Est ΝΟΤΛΕ. 110. Kepercusso Phœbo: from the re flected sun. 111. Opusque perspicit: and examines the work. 112. Ecce vigil Aurora.' Lo, the watch ful Aurora ; the goddess of the morning. But, look, the morn, in russet mantle clad, Walks o'er the dew or yon high eastern lull. SlIAKSPEARK. 112. Rutilo alt ortu: from the reddening sun-rise. 113. 'Plena rosarum: full of roses. The heavens in the morning are lit up with rosy light, hence the above fiction. 114. Agmina cogil: collects the bands; this is a military expression. 115. Lucifer. The planet Venus, the second in the solar system, is called Luci fer when if precedes the sun in the morn- 'ing, and Hesperus when it follows the sun in the evening. Nuntius Noctis. modo lotus, iimlie Hesperus, pulsjs iterum tenebrie Lucifer idem.—SENEC. in Hii'i'OL. 115. S tat ione cedi: from his station in heaven. When the morning star, Lucifer is ihr last to disappear. It is spoken of as set fur a watch in heaven. Modern poets have employed the same thought. The sentinel stars set their watch in the sky. CAMPBELL. 117. Cornua Lunce : the horns of the moon, the extremities of the crescent moon. 117. Etanescere: to grow dim. As the tips of the moon reflect the light less eiroiujly, they begin to disappear first. 118. Veloclbta Horis: the swift hours. These are said to be the servants of the sun, because they depend on his motions. 120. Ambrosias succo; with the juice of ambrosia. This is the fancied food of the gods. Axe sub Heppcrio eunt pascua soils eqnorurn : Ambrosiani pro gramine Imbuii; sed fessa di. urnis Membra ministeriis nutrii, reparatque lahori. METAM. Lib. iv. 121. Adduntque sonantia: and put on the jingling bridles. 122. Sacro medicamine : with a sacred ointment, that he may resist the heat of the sun. 123. Patientia ßammcr : patient of the rapid flame ; able to endure it. 124^ Imfosuitque cornee : and put the rays on his head ; the crown which Apollo wore, emitting rays in every direction. O diadem, thou centre of ambition. Where all its different lines Rre reconciled As if thou wert the biirliing-glusa of glory '. DRYDES. 124. Prcesaga: presages; forebodings. 127. Parce stimulis: spare the whip. 129. Nec Cibi. He directs him not to go in a line parallel with the five circles that mark the zones ; the Arctic, the Antarctic, the Tropic of Cancer, thf Tropic of Capri corn, and the Equinoctial: hut to go through the zodiac. 130. Sectus in obliquam. He speaks of the zodiac, which extends eiglit degrees on each side of the ecliptic. 130. Lalo curvawiine: oi broad ture. M M Ι ι 134 P. OVIDII NASONIS Zonarumque trium contcntus fine : polumque Effiigit Australem, junctamque Aquilonibus Arcton Hâc sit iter : manifesta rotse vestigia cernes. Utque ferant asquos et cœlum et terra calores ; Nee preme, nee summum molire per oethera currum. 135 Altiùs egrcssus coelestia tecta cremabis ; Inferius, terras : medio tutissimus ibis. Neu te dexterior tortum decline! in Anguem ; Neve sinisterior prcssam rota ducat ad Aram ; Inter utrumque tene : fortuna cœtera mando, 140 Cluse juvet, et meliùs, quàm tu tibi, consulat opto. Dum loquor ; Hesperio positas in littore metas Humida Nox tetigit : non est mord libéra nobis. Poscimur ; effulget tcncbris Aurora fugatis. LIBER il. limes sectus in obli· quum lato curvamiuo. FABULA I. METAMORPHOSE ON. 135 136. Egressus altius, cremabis tecta cœles- tia, egresaus, inferius, cranabis terras : ibis tutiesimus medio. ' 140. Tene inter ut rumque. Mando cae tera fortunœ, quœ op to ut juvet, et melius consulat, quam tu eon- suluisti libi. \ NOTJE. 131. THum contentas: coment with the limit of three zones. The zodiac cuts the equinoctial in an oblique direction, and, passing through the torrid zone, touches the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capri corn, which are the extreme boundaries of the temperate zones. 132. Arcton : the Bear. Callisto, the daughter of Lycaon, being changed by Juno into a bear, was made a constellation near the North pole. 133. Rotœ vestigia: tracks of the wheel. The frequent passage of the chariot of the sun, had rendered the path plain. 134. JEquos colores: just proportions of heat. 135. Nee preme: neither depress the chariot. APOLLO. On seating him, however, in the chariot, I gave him especial instructions for his government, how he should fix himself so as to keep a steady command, how far he might give the rein in ascending, and how he then should tend downwards, and how he was to maaage so as always lo keep master of the bridle, anil to direct such fiery coursers ; 1 told him likewise the danger of not driving constantly straight forwards.—DIALOGUES OF THE DEITIES. 135. Nee molire: nor urge it. 136. Altiùs egressus : having gone too high. 137. Terras. Supply cremabis. 137. Medio tutissimus: you will go safest in the middle way. This, adopted as a molto, is susceptible of a fine moral ap plication. Moderation in all things is de sirable. The sentiment is similar to the saying of Cleobulus, one of the Seven Wise men of Greece : Άριστον μετρον. 138. Dexterior: too much to the right ; too far towards the north ; for, to the sun sinning from the east, the north is on the right hand. 138 Ad tortum A nguem : to the wreathed Snake, a constellation which winds around the north pole. The Serpent grim betwixt them bends hi» way, As through the winding banks the c u rrents stray, And up and down in sinuous bendings rolls. AEATUS. The Kid's bright beams, and Serpent's lucid fold. VIBGIL, Geòrgie i. 139. Sinisterior. Too much to the left ; too far towards the south. 139. Ad Aram: towards the Aliar, a constellation not far from the South pole. The altar on which the gods are first sup posed to have made a confederacy against the Titans, and on which they sacrificed after their subjection, was translated to heaven and became this constellation. As by the conflict of the gods and Titans, we are to understand the convulsions occa sioned at the deluge by the great physical agents, fire and water, and, as from the remotest antiquity, the celestial hemis phere presents a pictorial representation of the deluge, aquatic animals, the ark, the dove, and the altar, there is little doubt that the constellation of the Altar is in tended to represent the one on which Noah offered sacrifice after leaving the ark. See note on rate, page 77. 140. later utrumque: keep between the two ; viz. the Serpent and the Altar. 141. Quàm tu tibi: than you consult for yourself. 142. //esperio in littore: on the western shore ; the Atlantic. 142. M'-tas. The goal was the bound that marked the end of the course. The term is used here since the Sun and Night were represented as drawn in a chariot. 143. llumida Nox: moist Night. When Nox reached the west, of necessity the sun must rise in the east. 144. Poscimur: we are called for; we must go. 144. Tenciris fugatis: the darkness be ing dispersed. Now, flaming up the heavens, the potent stm Melts into limpid air the high-raised clouds, Corripc lora manu : vel, si mutabile pectus 145 Est tibi, consiliis, non curribus utere nostris ; Dum poles, et solidis etiamnum sedibus adstas ; Dumque male optatos nondum premis inscius axes ; Quœ tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris. Occupât illc levem juvenili corpore currum ; 150 Statque super ; manibusque datas contingere habenas Gaudet ; et invito grates agit inde parenti. And morning fogs, that hovered round the hills In party-colored bands.—TIIOHSON. 147. Dum poles: whilst you can ; whilst it is in your power. 148. Axes: the axle; the chariot. 149. Sine me dare: permit me to give light. 150. Occupai. Great eagerness and ce lerity are indicated by the use of this verb. The fragment of a play by Euripides, quoted by Longinus, presents the same idea. Thus spoke the god. The impatient youth with haste Snatches the reins, and vaults into the seat EUHIPIDES'S, PHAÏTHON. 152. Invito parenti: to his unwilling father. He was unwilling, as he foresaw his destruction. APOLLO. Aware that I could not trust the chariot to his guidance, 1 resisted his importu nity a long time ; but at last, adding tears to his entreaties, and his mother Clymene leaguing with him 80 impetuously in the attack, they ex torted my consent.—DIALOGUES OF THE DEITIES. QlLflESTlONES What did the Palace of the Sun repre sent? What coincidence between it and the Jewish tabernacle ? Who was the architect of the palace Î Why was he called Mulciber Î Why were the Hours, Days, Months, Years, &c., represented as surrounding the Sun? Who was Proteus Î -flSgeeon Î Doris Î What was the office of Tritoni Did Apollo recognise Phaëthon as his eon? What did he offer him in proof of his paternity Î Did he confirm it by an oath Î Are indefinite promises lawful Î What did Phacthon ask in proof of hie descent Î Did his father seek to dissuade him ? Finding his directions unavailing, what directions did he give him Ì What course does the poet describe aa the path of the Sun? Who was Chiron Î for what celebrated Î Who was TethysÎ Aurora? What was the office of Lucifer Î What different names has this planet ? What ancient poet besides Ovid wrote on the fall of Phaclhon? FABULA 11. INCENDIUM; PHAKTHONTIS CASUS. HavL-g mounted the chariot of the Sun, Phaethon is unable to curb the horses, or keep the path which his father had designated. They bear the chariot at times aloft to the stars, and again depreGs it towards the earth, which is at length set on fire. To prevent a conflagration, Jupiter strikes Phaethon with a thunderbolt into the river Po. EXPL1CATIO. THIS Fable may be interpreted historically or physically. Many an cient writers speak of a partial conflagration of the world. Aristotle states, that in the days of Phaethon flames fell from heaven which con sumed several countries. Eusebius supposes the event to have happened about the time of Deucalion's Flood. St. Chrysostom thinks in the cha riot of the Sun, guided by Phaethon, he recognises the fiery chariot ol Elias, and is disposed to lay considerable stress on the resemblance of his name to "HX«OÎ, the sun. If any part of Biblical history forms the sub ject of this Fable, it is more probably the destruction of the Cities of the Plain — the stoppage of the sun in the days of Joshua, or the rétrograda tion of the sun in his course, in the days of Hezekiah. Plutarch considers Phaethon a real character, and tells us that he was a king of the Molossians, who devoted much time to the study of Astro nomy, and was at length drowned in the river Po, whence the origin of the fable. Lucian, who diverts himself with the fabulous story, and especially with the changing of the sisters of Phaethon into trees that distilled amber, nevertheless tells us, in his treatise on Astronomy, that Phaethon was a prince much addicted to that study, who endeavored to find out the course of the sun, whence he was said to be the son of Phoebus, and that dying before he had completed his investigations, he was fabled to have been §lain while driving the chariot of the sun. Intense heat prevailing during his life may have caused the fiction of setting the world on fire. Physically considered, Phaethon, which signifies a burning inßctmma- tioii, may mean the electric fluid. He is said to be the son of Phccbu» and Clymene, (water,) because the heat of the sun, acting upon water causes a rapid evaporation to take place, which carries up the elec tricity into the clouds. Thunder and lightning succeed, whence Phae thon may be said to have been struck with lightning. He is said to fall like a shooting-star ; and as these are but meteors, depending on • electricity, the very simile may adumbrate the true character of Phaethon. 136 NTEREA volucres Pyroeis, et Eöus, et ^Ethon, Solis equi.quartusque Phlegon.hinnitibus auras =;sa Flammiferis implent, pedibusque repagulapulsant. Q,uœ postquam Tethys, fatorum ignara nepotis, Reppulit ; et facta est immensi copia mundi ; Corripuère viam, pedibusque per aera metis NOT-fE. 1. Polucret: swift; winged. 2. Salis equi. The names of the four horses of the sun are of Greek derivation : Pyroeis is from.rôp, ßre; Eöus, from ήως. the morn ing ; ^thon, from αί3ω, to inflame ; and Pnlegon, from ψλέχω, to burn. 2. Ilinnitibns flammiferis : with fiery neighings. The horses of the sun were said to breathe flame from their mouths and nos trils. 3. Sepagula : the barriers. These were bars placed before the goal to prevent the horses in the chariot-race starting before the proper time. 4. Nepotis. Phaethon was the son of Clymene, and the grandson of Tethys. 5. Copia: expanse ; full scope. G. Corripuere: seized upon; entered upon with alacrity. 1 hus Virgil : Corripuere viam interea qua semita monstrat.—jEiŒio iv. He starts; the coursers, whom ihe lashing whip Excites, outstrip tlie winds, and whirl the car High through the airy void, liehiiul the s re, Borne on his planetary steed, pursues m With eye intent, and warns him witli his voice, «*'· -^ Drive there! now here!—here ! turn the chariot here "' ^ EtlRIPIDES'S PlIAkTHOX. 13? 138 P. OVIDII NA.SONIS Obstantes findunt nebulas, pennisque levati Prselereunt ortos isdem de partibus Euros. Sed levé pondus erat ; nee quod cognoscere possent Sous equi ; solitâque jugum gravitate carebat. Utque îabant curvœ juste sine pondère naves, Perque marc, instabiles nimiâ levitate, feruntur : Sic onere assueto vacuus dal in aere saltus, Succutiturque alte, similisque est currus inani. Quod simul ac sensere, ruunt, tritumque relinquunt Quadrijugi spatium ; nee, quo priùs ordine currunt. Ipse pavet ; nee qua commissas flectat habenas, Nee seit qua sit iter ; nee, si sciat, imperet illis. Turn primùm radiis gelidi caluêre Triones, Et vetito frustra tentârunt asquore tingi. Gluœque polo posila est glaciali provima serpens, Frigore pigra priùs, nec formidabilis ulli ; Incaluit ; sumsitque novas fervoribns iras. Te quoque turbatum mernorant fugisse, Boote ; Quamvis tardus eras, et te tua plaustra tenebant. LIEER Π. β. Corripuere viam, pedibusque motis per aera, findum nebulaa obstanles, levatique pennis, prœtereunt 10 Euros ortos de isdern parùbus. 13. Sic currus dat saline in aere, vacuus assueto onere, succu- 15 t i turque alte, estque similis inani. 17. Ipse pavet, nec •cit qua flee in t habe- nas commissns si&i, nec qua sit iter, nec BÏ sciât, imperet illis. 20 24. Mernorant te quoque Boote fugisse 25 turbatum, quamvis NOT^E. 7. Penna levati ; upborne by wings ; mounted upon wings. 8. Ifdemdepartibus: from the Same re gions as the east wind. 9. Arcc yuod cogiioscere: nor such as they could feel. 10. Solitnque gravitate : its accustomed gravity, viz. the weight of the god. 14. 'Succutiturque alte: and is tossed on high. 11. Simili inanû: like an empty cha riot. 15. Enunt: they rush forward. 15. Tritumque spatium: the beaten track. 1C. Quadrijugi: the four horses abreast. 1C. Quo priùs: in which they ran be fore. Supply currelant. 17. Jnse pavet : he (Phnëthon) is af frighted 17. Commissas Jiabenas : the reins that had been committed to him. 19. Turn primùm: then for the first time. They were situated near the pole, and had never been heated by the sun before. 19. Triones. The Triones, or ploughing oxen, are seven stars near the north pole in the form of a plough. Some call them Charles's Wain, from a fancied resem blance to a wagon. They are paît of the stars comprising the Bears; hence Cice ro, speaking 01 me Bears, says— \Vluch are by us Septentriones called. Si). Velilo œquore: in the forbidden sea. So Virgil: Arolos inetueiiles fEquore Ungi.—OEOKGIC i. Ovid is here guilty of an anachronism Alter the conflagration which took place from Phaethon's inability to guide the chariot of the Sun, and while about to repair the injury done by the fire, Jupiter met with Callisto and fell in love with her. Callisto was changed into a bear by Juno, and afterwards transferred with her son to the heavens by Jupiter. Aggrieved by this insult, Juno went to Occanus and Tethys, and obtained that the Bears should never descend into the sea ; that is, should never set, for the sun and constel lations, when they set, were said to de scend into the sea. 22. Frigore pigra : sluggish with cold. Serpents in winter are benumbed with cold, and live in a torpid state. 23. Fervoribus: with the heat. Serpents are rendered more furious by the heat. Hence Virgil: Tosiqunm exhausla palus, terrccque ardore de- liiscunl ; Exilil in siccum, et Mammamia lumina tor* quens SŒVÏI agriSj asperque sili, atque exferrilue feslu. GEOROIC iii. 24. Boote: Bootes is derived from Ώοωπκ, and signifies a driver of oreK. It follows the Ursa Major, by some called the Wa gon, and hence is named Arctophylax, keiper of the bear, and Bootes, the ox- driver. 24. Fugisse : fled. The near approach of the sun makes the planets move more swiftly. The same effect was produced on the constellation Bootes. 25. Tardus. The stars near the pole move more slowly, because they have less space to pass over in a rcvoluiion. 25. Plaustro. The principal stars in FABULA li. METAMORPHOSED Ν. Ul vero summo despexil ab œlhere lerras Infelix Phaëlhon penilùs penilùsque jacenles ; Palluil, el subilo genua inlrrmuêre limore ; Sunlque oculis lenebrœ per tanluin lumen oborlœ : El jam mallet equos nunquam leligisse paternes : 30 Jamque agnôsse genus pigel, el valuisse rogando : Jam Meropis dici cupiens. Ila ferlur, ut acla Prœcipili pinus Borea, cui vicia remisil Frœna suus reclor, quam Dîs, volisque reliquil. Quid facial ? multum cœli posi lerga reliclum ; 35 Anle oculos plus esl ; animo melilur utrumque : El modo, quos illi falò conlingere non esl, Prospicil occasus ; inlerdum respicil ortus. Quidque agal ignarus, slupel : el nec frœna remillit, Nec relinere valel ; nec nomina novil equorum. 40 Sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula ccelo, Vaslarumque videi Irepidus simulacra ferarùm. Esl locus, in geminos ubi brachia concavai arcus Scorpios, cl caudâ, flexisque ulrinque lacerlis Porrigil in spalium signorum membra duorum. 45 139 eras t ardus, et tua pia* ustra tenebant te. Ut vero infelix l'Iiaetlion summo Ecthere dee- pexit terras penitûe, penilùsque jacentes, 30. Et jam mallet nunquam tetiçiase equos paternos, jom- que piget «{movisse genug et valuisse ro- gnndo : jam cupieiis dici filius Meropis; 37. Et modo prospii cit occasus, quos non est UH contingere fa to: iiilcrdDin respicit ortus,ignnrusque quid agat, slupel. NOT^E. the two Bears are thought by some to re present a wagon. Saw Ihere Ihe britliant gems that nightly flare In the Hun misi of Berenice's hair ; And liiere Boules roll his lucid wain On sparkliiig wheels along the elhereal plain. FlERPONT. Î5. Teneiant : detained you ; retarded you. 26. Dftpexit: looked down. APOLLO. But indeed it is extremely natural thnt one so young as he, on seeing himself sur rounded hy so much fìre, and looking down on the immense ab}ss, should lose his head; and thnt the steeds, ns soon ns they perceived ihm the) had not their accustomed driver, should have despised Ihe hoy, and, running away with him, have created all ihis mischief.—DIALOGUES OF THE DEITIES. 27. Penitùs penitusque : lying far and far awny. The repetition adds force to the expression. Ì8. Falluit: he became pale with fear. 29. Per-tantum lumen: by reason of so great light. He was blinded by the light. 31. Valuisse rogando: to have prevailed in his request. 32. Meropis : of Merops ; the son of Merops. He preferred now to Hfe consi dered the son of a man, and be safe, than to be the son of a god, and be destroyed. 32. Firliir: he is borne; he is carried. 33. Prtrcipiti Borea : by the impetuous north-wind. 33. Pinus : a pine, put by synecdoche for a ship. 34. Frccnn: the reins, by metonymy for the helm. The vessel is spoken of under he metaphor of a horse. 34. Suns rector: her pilot; her steers- man. 34. pis. Under the pressure of danger, the sailors readily apply to the gods for assistance. Thus Horace: Dii, quos ilerum pressa voces malo. I.JB. i. ODA 14. 35. Multum cœli: much of heaven is left behind. He has passed over a great part of heaven. 36. Animo metitur: he measures each in his mind. He considers whether it would be easier for him to return to the east, or continue his course to the west. 37. Fato: which it is not in fate for him to reach ; which it is not fated for him to reach. Some MSS. have fas turn, instead affato; which it is not lawful for him then to reach. 38. Prospicit occasus : looks forward to the west. 38. Kespicit ortus: looks buck to the east. 39. Stupet : he is stupified ; he is con founded. 41. Miracula: monsters. 41. In vario cado : in the different parts of heaven. 42. Vastarum ferarum .· of huge wild beasts ; the different constellations in the form of animals. 42. Simulacra : the forms ; the phan toms. 43. Bracliia concavat: hollows his arms; bends his arms. 43. Canines arcus: two circles; two arches. 45. Porrigil mcmlra : stretches his 140 P. OVIDII NASON1S ii ,1 Hune puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneni Vulnera curvata minitantem cuspide vidit ; Mentis inops, gelida formidine lora remisit ; OUÏE postquam summum tetigêre jacentia tergum, Expatiantur equi ; nulloque inhibente, per auras Ignotae regionis eunt ; quàque impetus egit, Hac sine lege ruunt : altoque sub sethere fixis Incursant stellis, rapiuntque per avia currum. Et modo summa petunt, modo per decliva, viasque Prœcipitcs, spatio terree propiore, feruntur ; Inferiùsque suis fraternos currere Luna Admiratur equos : combustaque nubila fumant. Corripitur flammis, ut quaeque altissima, tellus ; Fissaque agit rimas, et succis arci ademtis. Fabula canescunt ; cum frondibus uritur arbos ; Materiamque suo praebet seges arida damno. Parva queror : magnse pereunt cum mœnibus urbes Cumque suis tolas populis incendia gentes In cinerem vertunt. Sylvae cum montibus ardent : Ardet Athos, Taurusque Cilix, et Tmolus et Œte ; 50 LIBER II 40. Puer ut vidit hune madidum sudore nigri veneni, ininitiin- tem vulnera curvata cuspide ; inops mentisi remisit lora gelida for· midine. FjBUtAlI. METAMORPHOSED N. 54. El modo petunt KK eiimmo, nioilù lerun- Oo tur per decliva, vias que prsecipites, ppatto propiore lerraï : luna- que admiratur cquaa fratcrnos currere in- ferius BUIS. 60 62. Queror parva- magna: urlies pereunt cum mœnibus. Jncen- diaque vertunt totas eciitcs cum eujs popu- !?'- lis in cinerem. Sylvœ *^" ardent cuiu monlibus. NOT.Œ. limbs. The Scorpion extends his claws until he encroaches upon the Lion, while with his tail lie occupies a portion of the space allotted to Libra. 40. Ifunc: him, viz. the Scorpion. 47. Curvala cuspide: with his tail bent, in the attitude of striking. Scorpions strike with the tail. 48. Gelida formidine: with cold dread. It is the nature of fear to cause a chilly sensation. 48. Lora remisit: let go the reins. AIOLLO. The poor youth, I suppose, for fear of falling, let go llie reins, and clung fast to the chariot —DIALOGUES OF THE DEITIES. 49. Summum lirgum: the upper part of the back. Sec Syntax, R. i, n. 8. 50. Expnliantnr: they leave the track; rush out of the path. 53. Incursant stellis : rush against the stars. 54. Siinima: the highest places. Sup ply loca. Lucian gives a similar account : JUPITER. You linve seen a proof of it in this young hsup-lirum, with whom they ran n\\uy, now np, now down, now to the right, now to the left, now even in the most contrary directions, ne heing quite at a loss to govern them. DIALOGUES OF THE DEITIES. 56. Inferiùsque. The moon is much nearer to the carih than the sun. :~he might well he astonished that her brother's horses were below hers. 5C. Fraternos eqiios : her brother's horses. Flirebus was the brother of Di ana. The chariot of the sun is represented with four horses, that of the moon with .wo. 57. Combusta nubila: the burnt cloude The scorched and blackened heavens together roll.—ANON. 59. Succie ademtis: the moisture being taken away—being dried up. 60. Fabula canescunt: the grass becomes white. This is in consequence of the dry ing up of the moisture. 62. Pana queror: I lament things of little consequence. The loss of grass, crops, and trees was of but little account, when compared with the destruction of great cities and nations. 03. Cumque suis papnlis : nations with their people. In a nation arc generally several diverse tribes. 65. Atlios. A mountain of Macedonia, between Sinus Singiticus and Smiis Stry- monicus. Its height is about 4560 feet. The poet proceeds to enumerate all the high mountains of which he had know- ledpe. 65. Tuurusque Cilïx. A very large range of mountains in Asia, commencing in Lycia and Caria, near the Mediterra nean, and stretching easterly under differ ent natfies. The Cilicians call the range Tnurus. 65. Tmolus. A mountain in Lydia, abounding in wine, saffron, and honey. It was here the palm was awarded to Apollo over Pan in a contest upon the flute. Nonne vides croceos ut Tmolus odores, India mitlit ebur —GEORGIC j. 56. 65. Œte. One of the heights of the chain of mountains which commences near ti i Et mine sicca, priùs celeberrima fontibus, Ida ; Virgineusque Helicon, et nondum Œagrius Hœmos : Ardet in immensum geminatis ignibus jEtna, Parnassusque biceps, et Eryx, et Cynthus, et Othrys, Et tandem Rhodope nivibus caritura, Mimasque, 70 Dindymaque, et Mycale, natusque ad sacra Cithœron. Née prosunt Scythiœ sua frigora : Caucasus ardet, Ossaque cum Pindo, majorque ambobus Olympus, Aëriseque Alpes, et nubifer Apenninus. Turn vero Phaëthon cunctis è partibus orbem 75 Aspicit accensum ; née tantos sustinet aestus : Fervcntesque auras, velut è fornace profundà, 141 72. Nee sua frigora prosuiit Scythiar. Cau casus ardet. 75. Turn vero Pha6- thon aspicit orbem occensum è cunctis parlibus; nee sustinet tantos œstus. Isthmus of Corinth, and extends about two hundred miles to the north-west. The po ets fabled that the sun, moon, and stars rose by its side. Here Hercules erected his funeral pile, and submitted to the flames which consumed his mortal part to ashes. 6G. Ida. A lofty mountain to the north of Troy, celebrated for its streams and fountains. It was here that Paris adjudged the prize of beauty to Venus over Juno and Minerva, and thus caused the Trojan war. 67. Virgineus Helicon. A mountain in Bœotia, sacred to Apollo and the muses, and hence called virpiaeus ; for the muses were all virgins. At the foot of Helicon were the fountains Aganippe and Hippo- crene. 67. Hœmu». A high mountain in Thrace, separating that country from Mœsia. In aftertimc it was called Œagrius, because Orpheus, the son of (Eager, was here torn to pieces by the Bacchanals. 68. JElna. A mountain of Sicily, and thf most remarkable volcano in the world. The circumference at the base is about eighty-seven miles, its perpendicular height 11,000 feet, with an ascent varying from twelve to twenty-four miles. It is of the chape of a cone, and divided into three re gions ; the first consisting of a rich soil in high cultivation ; the second, a woody re gion, affording pasturage to flocks and herds ; and the third, or highest region, an arid waste of lava, scoriœ, and ashes, in eome places covered with snow. As it is a volcano, it is here said during Phaethon's conflagration to burn "with redoubled fires." 69. Parnassus biceps. A mountain of Phocis with two peaks. See note on page 76. 69. Eryx. A mountain of Sicily, sacred '.o Venus, who is thence called Erycina. 69. Cynthus. A mountain in the island )f Delos where Lalona brought forth Apol lo and Diana. Hence he is called Cyn- thius, and she Cynthia. 69. Othrys. A mountain which joins Pelion on the west, and Pindus on the east, and forms the southern boundary of Tempe. It was the scat of the Titans in their bat tle with the gods. From pthrys1 lofty summit warred the host Of glorious Titans: from Olympus they, The band of gift-dispensing deities Whom fair-haired Khea bare to Saturn's love. HESIOD. 70. Rhodope. A mountain of Thraco covered with perpetual snow. Rhodope the wife of Hœmus, together with her hus band, was said to have been changed into this mountain. 70. Mimas. A very high mountain in Ionia. The giant Mimas was said to have been transformed into it. 71. Dindyma. Mountains of Phrygia, sacred to the goddess Cybele. She is therefore called Dindymene. Dindymus, m. Plur. Dindyma, orum, n. 71. Mycale. A mountain, city, and pro montory of Caria. 71. Cithœron. A mountain in Bo3otia, sacred to Bacchus, on which Actaeon was torn to pieces by his own dogs. 72. Caucasus. A chain of mountains between the Pontus Euxinus and Mare Caspium. Prometheus was chained here for stealing fire from heaven. 73. Ossa. For Ossa, Pindus, and Olym pus, mountains of Thessaly, see notes on page 56. 74. Alpen. A chain of mountains in the form of a crescent separating Italy from Germany, Switzerland, and France. They are called œerlœ, from their great height. 74. Apenninus. A chain of mountains traversing the middle of Italy. 74. Nubifer; cloud-bearing; cloud-capt. 76. Ncc sustinet: cannot bear. 77. Ferventes auras : inhales the hot air. Breathed hot From all the boundless furnnce of tlic sky. And the wide glittering waste of burning sand, A suffocating wind the pilgrim smiles \Vitli installi death.—.THOMSON 142 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER II Ί m Ore trahit, currusque suos candescere sentit. Et ncque jam cineree, ejectatamque favillam Ferre potest ; calidoque involvitur undique fumo ; Quoque eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus Ncscit ; et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum. Sanguine turn credunt in corpora summa vocato, •ftSthiopum populos nigrum trnxisse colorem : Turn facta est Libye, raptis humoribus sestu, Arida ; turn nymphœ passis fontesque lacusque, Deflevere comis : queritur Bœotia Dircen ; Argos Amymonen, Ephyre Pyrenidas undas. Nee sortita loco distantes flumina ripas Tuta manent : mediis Tanaïs fumavit in undis, Peneosque senex, Theutranteusque Caïcus, Et celer Ismenos, cum Phocaïco Erymantho, Arsurusque iterum Xanthus, flavusque Lycormas, Quique rccurvatis ludit Meandros in undis. Mygdoniusque Mêlas, et Tœnarius Eurotas : Arsit et Euphrates Babylonius, arsit Orontes, 80 85 90 83. Credimi populea JEthiopum turn irax- ieee nigrura colorem, sanguine vocato in summa corpora. 89. Nee fìu m ina sor tita ripas distantes lo co, manent tuta: Ta- nais fumavit in medii· undis 95 NOTJE. 78. Candescere.· to glow with a white heat. 79. Favillam: the embers thrown up. 82. Arbitrio : at the will of the swift horses. 83. In summa corpora · to the surface of their bodies ; to the skin. 85. Libye. A very arid part of Africa occupying a part of Barca and of Tripoli. 86. Nymplue passis : the nymphs with dishevelled hair. 87. Deflevere. They lamented their fountains now dried up. 87. Dircen. A fountain of Bœotia, into which Dtrce the wife of Lycus, king of Thebes, was changed. 88. Argos. The principal city of Argo- lis, a district of Peloponnesus, the Marea. 88. Amymonen. A fountain of Argos into which Amymone, the daughter ol Danaus, was changed. 88. Ephyre. An ancient name of Co rinth. 88. Pyrenidas undas : the waters of Pi- renius, a fountain at Corinth, sacred to the muses. 89. Ncc sortita : nor do rivers having obtained by lot distant banks ; a peri phrasis for wide rivers. 90. Tonai*. A river of Scythia, now of Eussia, separating Europe and Asia, and emptying into Palus Mœptis. or Sea of Aftopk. Its present name is the Don. 91. Prucns. A river of Thcssaly, which rises in Mount Pindus, and waters Tempe. 91. Caicus. A river of Mysia emptying into Mare ./Egaeum, or Archipelago. It is called Tlieulranteus, from Theutras, king of Mysia. 92. Ismenos. A river of Bœotia whicn falls into the Euripus, or Strait of Negro- pont. It was sacred to the muses, accord ing to Pliny. 92. Erymantlia. A river, town, and mountain of Arcadia. Upon this moun tain Hercules killed the noted wild boar. 03. Xanihue. A river of Troy, large and rapid, which rises in Mount Ida. It was called Xanthus by the gods, and Sca- mander by men. In the Trojan war Vul can set it on fire; hence the poet says arturusque iterum. 93. Lycormas. A river of ./Etolia, with sands oia golden color ; hence called fa t-its Lycormas. 64. Mceandros. A river of Asia Minor which rises in Phrygia, and running west erly, receives many streams on both oanks, and empties into Mare JEgteum, the Arclii- pelago. It has six hundred windings, and is said to have suggested to Dœdalus the idea of the Cretan Labyrinth. The word to meander is derived from this river. 95. Mêlas. A river of Mygdonia, which is reputed to render the wool of sheep that drank it black. Hence its name /y three mouths. 106. Padum. The Po. called by the Greeks Eridanus, is the chief river of ïtaly. 144 P. OVIDII NASONIS 115 Cuique fuit rerum promissa potentia, Tybrin. Dissilit omne solum ; penetratque in Tartara rimis Lumen, et infernum terrei cum conjuge regem : El mare cotitrahitur ; siccaeque est campus arenœ, 110 Quod modo pontus erat ; quosque altum texerat œquor, Exsistunt montes, et sparsas Cycladas augent. Ima petunt pisces : nec se super œquora curvi Tollere consuetas audent delphines in auras. Corpora phocarum summo resupina profundo Exanimata natant : ipsum quoque Nerea fama est Doridaque, et natas, tepidis latuisse sub antris. Ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo brachia vultu Exserere ausus erat ; ter non tulit aëris œstus. Alma tarnen Tellus, ut erat circumdata ponto, Inter aquas pelagi, contractosque undique fontes, Qui se condiderant in opacae viscera matris ; Sustulit omniferos collo tenus arida vultus : Opposuitque manum fronti ; magnoque tremore Omnia concutiens paulùm subsedit ; et infra LIBER Π. 109. Omne solum dissilit, lumenque pe netrai in Tartara ri mis, et terrei regem infernum cum con juge. 113. Pieces petunt ima, nec curvi Del- phmes audent tollera se super œquora, in auras consueta». 120 125 118. Neptunns 1er ausus eral exserere hrachia aquis cum torvo vultu; 1er non tulit œsius aëris. 124. Opposuilque manum fronti : concu- liensque omnia mag- NOTJE. It rises near the foot of Mount Vesulus, runs eastwardly about 300 miles, and falls into the Gulf of Venice. 107. Tybrin. The Tiber, here put by metonymy for Rome, which stands upon its banks. It rises in the Apennines, and running south-west, passes by Rome, and empties into the Mediterranean about fif teen miles from that city. 107. Potentia rerum: the government of »he world. 108. Dissilit : leaps asunder ; cracks open. Deep to the root Of vegetation parched, the cleaving Melds And slippery lawn an arid hue disclose. THOMSOJÎ. 108. Tartara. In the ting. Tartarus. The place of punishment in the infernal regions. 109. Infernum regem: the infernal king; viz. Pluto. 109. Cum conjuge : with his wife, Pro serpine. 112. Existunt: rise up and stand out of the water. 112. Augent: increase i« nvmlier. 112. Cycladas. The Cyclades are a cluster of islands in the Archipelago, lying in the form of a circle ; hence their name from κΰκλο£, a circle. 113. Ima: the lowest places; the bot tom. Supply loca. 114. Tollere: to raise; to toss them selves. 115. PKocarum. Sea-calves, which imi tate the lowing of oxen. 11C. Notant: float. 116. Iferca. The son of Oceanus and Terra who married Doris, by whom he had fifty daughters called Nereides. 1Π. Derida. See note on page 128. 119. Exserere: to put forth; to lift up. 120. Alma Tellns: the bountiful Earth ; so called because she feeds and nourishes all animals. 121. Contractas. Contracted by the heat, and by their retiring into the recesses of the earth. 122. Qui se condiderant : who had hid themselves. They sought refuge from the intense heat. Distressful Nature pants ; The very streams look languid from afar ; Or, through the unsheltered glade, impatient, seem To hurl into the covert of the grove. . THOMSON. 122. In opaca: viscera: in the bowels of their dark mother. 123. Suttulit: lifted up. 1S3. Omniferos: all-sustaining. Hence the earth is called ταμμήτηρ by the Greeks, and omuijiarens by the Latins. Common mother, Whose womb immeasurable, and infinite breast Teems and feeds all.—WILTON. All-parent, bounding, whose prolific powers Produce a store of beauteous fruits and flowers. OnriiEus. 124. Opposuilque manum: and put her hand to her brow. The whole description of the Earth here is a beautiful allegory. The present attitude in which she is pre sented is at once pensive and melancholy. 124. Magno tremore: with a great trem bling. 125. Paulùm subsedit : settled o liltle ; stink down a little. FABULA II. MET AMORP HO SE ON. Quàrn solet esse, fuit : siccâque ita voce locuta est. Si placet hoc, meruique, quid ô tua fulmina cessant, Summe deûm ? liceat periturœ viribus ignis, Igne perire tuo ; clademque auctore levare. Vix equidem fauces hœc ipsa in verba résolve : 13 (Presserat ora vapor;) Tostos en aspice crines ! Inque oculis tantum, tantum super ora favilla:. Hosne mihi fructus ? hune fertilitatis honorem, Officiique refers, quod adunci vulnera aratri Rastrorumque fero, totoque exerceor anno ? 13 Quôd pecori frondes, alimentaque mitia fruges Humano generi, vobis quod thura ministro ? Sed tarnen exitium fac me meruisse : quid undse, Quid meruit frater ? cur illi tradita sorte ^Equora decrescunt, et ab œthere longiùs absuiit ; Quod si nec fratris, nec te mea gratia tangit ; At cœli miserere tui ; circumspice utrumque, Fumât uterque polus ; quos si vitiaverit ignis Atria vestra ruent. Atlas en ipse laborat ! Vixque suis humeris candentem sustinet axem. Si fréta, si terrœ pereunt, si regia cœli ; In chaos antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis Si quid adhuc superest ; et rerum consule summse. •Dixerat hsec Tellus : neque enim tolerare vaporem Ulteriùs potuit, nec dicere plura : suumque Rettulit os in se, propioraque manibus antra. 140 145 no tremore, subsedit paulum, et fuit infra quant solet esse. I I3Q. Equidem vu résolve faucea in hœc ipsa verba, (vapor presserai ora) en as pice crines loalos, fa- yillœque lamùm sunt in oculis favilla tan- lum sunt super >ra. 138. Sed fac tnmon me meruiese exitium: quid und.c mentert, quid fraler liais me ruit ? Cur a'quora tra dita illi sorte, decres cimi. 145 150 149. Tellus ducerà hœc; neque enim po tuit ullerius tolerara vaporem, nec dicere plura, reltulitquc, eu- NOT.ÌE. 126. Sîccâ voce: with dry, husky voice. 128. Summe Deûm : sovereign of tli gods ; viz. Jupiter. 128. Liceat peritura : may I, who am about to perish by the strength of fire, perish by thy fire, viz. the thunderbolt Supply mihi after liccat. 129. Cladcmque auctore: and lighten my destruction by the author. It would be a mitigation of her destruction to perish by god, and not by a boy. 130. Vix résolve : scarcely do (can) f open my mouth. The indicative is used here with the iorce of the potential mood. 131. Tostos crine« .· mv scorched hair. The earth refers to the foliage of the trees, which may be regarded as her hair. See note on page 100. 134. Hosne fructus : these fruits ; these rewards. 134. Aratri, raslrorumque. The differ ent implements of husbandry. 136. Quod pecori. The Earth here makes a strong appeal, in that she sup plied necessaries for animals, men, and gods. 137. Thura: frankincense, to be used in sacrifices to the gods. 138. Foe me meruisse : suppose me ίο have deserved. 19 139. Quid meruit frater t what has my brother (Neptune) merited? 139. Tradita sorte: given him by lot, when the world was divided. 140. Longiùs abstint: are farther re moved. 141. Te lançit: moves you ; affects you. 143. Fumatuteruue: each pole is smoking. 143. Quos si vitiaverit: which if the fire uliall destroy. If the foundations be destroyed what can the righteous do.—PSALM xi. a 144. Atria vestra : your palaces will fall. 144. Atlas. A high mountain of Mau ritania, which is feigned to support the Hea vens, because it is lost in the clouds. Atlas, the king of Mauritania, was said to be changedinto that mountain. The introduc tion of Atlas here is an anachronism, for his transformation does not take place fora long •.ime afterwards, as recorded in Lib. IV. 145. Candentem axem : the burning axle ; the burning Heavens ; a part for the whole, by synecdoche. 145. Fréta: the straits ; put for the sen, by synecdoche. 146. Kerum summœ : for the whole of things ; for the universe. 149. Vaporem: the heat. 151. Bettulit os: withdrew her head. N 146 'P. OVIDII NASONIS At pater omnipotens superos testatus, et ipsum, Qui dederat cui rus, nisi opem ferai, omnia fato Interitura gravi ; summam petit arduus arcem ; Unde solet latis nubes inducere terris ; Unde movet tonitrus, vibrataque fulmina jactat. Sed neque, quas posset terris inducere, nubes, Tune habuit : née, quos cœlo dimitteret, imbres. Intonai, et dexlrâ libralum fulmen ab aure Misil in aurigam ; parilerque, animâque rolisque Ex pulii, el stevis compescuil içnibus ignés. Conslernanlur equi : cl salm in contraria faclo Colla jugo exculiunl, abruplaque lora relmquunt. Illîc frœna jacenl, illîc temone revulsus Axis ; in hâc radii fraclarum parte rotarum : Sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currûs. Al Phaëthon, rutiles fiamma populanle capillos, Volvitur in prœccps, longoque per aera Iraclu Ferlur ; ul inlerdum de cœlo Biella sereno, Etsi non cccidil, poluil cecidisse videri. Quem procul à palriâ diverso maximus orbe Excipil Eridanus, spumanliaque abluil ora. LIBER Π. um os m se, antraque propiota manibus. 155 160 157. Sed neque tune habuit nubes, qua· poeeet inducere ter ris ; née iinbres, quos dimiiteret cœlo. In- toimt et rnisit fulrnen Jibratum ab dextrâ aure, in aurîgam Phaëthonta. 165 167. At Phaëthon, fiamma populante ru- tilos capillos, volvi- tur in prreceps; fer- turque per aera longo I7Q tractn, ut interdum Stella de cœlo sereno, çuœ, etsi non cecidit, potuît videri cecidisse. NOTJE. 151. Propiorague manibus: nearer to the manes ; nearer Ine infernal shades. 152. Pater omnipotens : Jupiter, who possesses all power. 152. Te'statvs: having attested ; having called to witness. Thus Virgil : Vos œterni ignee, et non violabile vestrum, Tester mimen. — Λ:ΗΕΙΟ li. 152. Ipsum gui deaerati Apollo. ·Ιη the dialogue between Jupiter and Apollo, Luciau gives an account of this : JUPITER What have you done, you wickedest of all tlic Titans ? The whole earth is nearly de near it. an the oter s perishing , cause he kept at too great a 'distance from it. In short, he has thrown all imo confusion and ruinP and had I not in time perceived what was going forward, and dashed him down from the chariot with my thunderbolt, there would not have been a hone remaining of the whole human race ; such a sober coachman have you fient out ΛνιΛ your chariot ! — DIALOGUES OF THE DEITIES. Ij4. Summam: the highest eminence. •154. Petit arduus: aloft he mounts to. 155. Latis terris: o'er the broad earth. 156. Fulmina jactat: he hurls the bran dished ihunderbolts. 159. Intonai : he thunders ; sends the thunderbolt. 1 fiO. Pariterque: and at once ; alike. 100. Kotisque: and the wheels ; by syn ecdoche for the chariot. 161. Compffcuit : restrained; extin guished. 162. Consternantur equi: the horses are affrighted 162. In contraria: across ; opposite. 163. Colla excutiitnt: shake their necks from the yoke. This expression indicates the great ease with which they freed them selves. 164. Temone revulsus: torn away from · the tongue. 166. Vestigia: traces; fragments. 166. Lacericurrua: of the shattered cha riot. 167. Populante: spoiling; destroying. 168. Volvitur in prceceps: falls head long. His blood fell on the earth ; his hands, His feet, rolled whirling like Ixion's wheel, And to the ground hie naming body fell. EtairiDEs's PHŒKISBJB. 168. Longoque traclu: with a long tfain. 169. Stella. Stars do not fall ; what are imagined to be shooting stars, are only meteors traversing the heavens. 171. Procul à patria : afar from his-coun- try, JElhiopia. It was a melancholy ag gravation ot Phaëthon's death, that even his bones could not rest in his own country. AVeep not for the dead, but for him that goeth away from his country, for he shall return no more.—ISAIAH. O thou, to whom I owe my birth, and thou, My sister, in my native earth entomb me. And pacify the exasperated state · Be this, at least, of my paternal soil My portion, though the royal seat be lost. EinirroiB 172. Eridama: The Po, called also the Padus. f AEULA II MBTAMORTHOSEON. QU^STIONES. 147 What were the names of the horses of the sun ? Was Phaëthon able to curb them? Did they preserve the track of the sun? Whither did they run? What affrighted Phaëthon and caused him to let falfthe reins 1 At what is the moon surprised ? What is meant by the horses of the sun running lower than hers ? What happens to the clouds ? What happens to the earth ? Were any cities destroyed ? What happened to the fountains ? What is said of the color of the Ethio pians ? How was the Nile affected ? Who presented a special appeal to Ju piter f What did Jupiter resolve to do f What did he afterwards do 1 Where did Phaëthon fall 1 How may this Fable be interpreted i Do ancient writers record an early partial conflagration of the world? To what does St. Chrysostom refer it ? What other Biblical occurrences more probably gave rise to the Fable ? What does Plutarch say of Phaëthon î What account of him does Lucian cive f Interpreted physically, what does Phae- · thon mean ? How is he the son of Phœbus and Cly mene? Why is he said to be struck with light· ning? Does Ovid describe, in the Fable, the di urnal, or the annual course of the sun? FABULA III. SORORES PHAËTHONTIS IN ARBORES; CYCNUS IN OLOKEM. The mother and sisters of Phaëthon, after a diligent search for his body, at length find his tomb in Italy, erected by the Ncïads. His sisters give themselves up to lamentation, and are changed into poplar trees, from which drop tears that become amber. Cycnus his cousin is changed into a swan. EXFLICATIO. As Phaëthon falls into the river Po, his sisters are fabled to be changed into poplars, because these trees grow better near the water. Because immoderate grief stupifies, they are reported to become fixed to the earth. Amber being an exudation of trees, and of the color of the sun, it is finely imagined'to be the tears of the daughters of Apollo. Cycnus is repre sented as changed into a swan, because the name signifies swan. Lucian, who was fond of ridiculing the mythology of his times, in an account of a fictitious journey to the Po, makes himself merry over the incidents described in the fable : " I cherished the hope, that if ever in my life 1 should visit the Eridanus, I would convince myself by personal experi ence ; by remaining with the skirts of my coat spread out under one of those poplars, till I could catch at least a few of those miraculous tears, and convey them home as an everlasting memorial. It happened not long since, that I travelled into those parts, and was obliged to proceed np the Eridanus. I looked carefully everywhere about me, but neither poplar trees nor amber were to be seen ; neither did the inhabitants know even so much as the name of Phaëthon. At length, on asking the sailors how far we were from the amber-weeping poplars, they laughed in my face, and desired me to express in plain language what I meant, when I told them the old story. ' What crack-brained driveller,' said they, · has imposed such silly stuff" upon you ? We have not seen a charioteer fall from the sky, nor are there any such trees as you speak of in our parts. Were it so, do you think \ve should be such fools as to row for two oboli a-day, when we need only gather poplar tears for becoming rich ?' I was, how ever, cheered by the certain expectation of being compensated for the dis appointment, by the singing of the swans which frequent the banks of that river. Accordingly, I again inquired of the sailors when the swans would come, and plant themselves on both sides of the river in two choirs, to delight us with their famous singing ? Here the laughter broke out afresh. 'But, good friend,' said they, 'will, then, the lies you repeat about our country never have an end? We have passed our whole lives on the· Eridanus, and it rarely happens that we see swans in the marshy grounds on the river; but their screams are so horribly unmusical, that the jack daws and crows are sirens compared to them. It is really surprising where you could pick up such lies about our country.' " 148 i1· • A t'rfy;:\ir -;·; ; *·".·;*!,.νί' V ' -u , ,. *— r . • ' I UH Ά I -~ ' , __ r , ""Siti ! ν- '""' "'·? . ^•••^'^fii < ' :rSi4 {·>,i* V;·,ii 4.IDES Hesperiœ trifidâ fumantia fiamma Corpora dant tumulo, signantque hoc carmine saxum : HlC SITUS EST PlIAKTHOX, CURRUS AURIGA PATERNI ; Q.T.TEM SI NON TENUIT, MAGXIS TAMEN EXC1D1T AUSIS. Nunc pater obductos luctu miserabilis œgro 5 Condiderat vultus : et, si modo credimus, unum Isse diem sine sole ferunt : incendia lumen Prœbebant ; aliquisque malo fuit usus in ilio. At Clymene postquam dixit, quœcunque fuerunt In tantis dicenda malis ; lugubris et amens, 10 NOT-iE. 1. Naìdes Hesperias: Hesperian or Italian Na'iads. They are eaiu to bury his blazing body, because water extinguishes fire. 1. Trifida fiamma: from the three-forked flame ; viz. lightning. 2. Dant tumulo: commit to the tomb. 2. Hoc carmine: with this veree ; with this inscription. 2. Hie situs est: here lies. This line and the following constitute the epitaph upon Phaëthon. 4. Nun tenuit : he did not hold ; was you desire, still you will merit equal praise unable to manage. with Phaëthon ; for the same may be said 4. Excidit ausis: he fell by a great un- of your attempt on Homer, that was said dertaking. This epitaph is well suited to of his effort to drive the chariot of the sun : the character of the rash youth it comme- 'Quern si non tenuit, magnis tarnen excidit morales, and should teach youth modesly ausis."' and moderation. When Angel Politian 5. Obductos luctu: overspread with attempted to render Homer into Latin sorrow. verse, and was boasting everywhere of his 5. Candiderai vultus: had hid his coun- lahors and success, he wrote to many men tenance. Grief very naturally seeks re- of letters asking their advice. Cardinal tirement. Papiensis facetiously replied: "I think 8. Aligtiis usus: some advantage, the commenced work should not be dis- 8. In -ilio malo : in that calamity ; vii. continued ; if you do not accomplish what the conflagration. N 2 1« 150 P. OVIDII NASONIS 15 20 Et laniata sinus, totum percensuit orbem, Exanimesque artus primo, max ossa requirens, Repperit ossa tarnen peregrina condita ripa. Incubuitque loco :' nomenque in marmore lectum Perfudit lacrymis, et aperto pectore fovit. Nee minus Heliades fletus, et inania morti Miniera, dant lacrymas, et czesœ pectora palmis Non auditurum miseras Phaëthoiita querelas Nocte dieque vocaiit, adsternunturque sepulcro. Luna quater junctis implèrat comibus orbem ; Ilice more suo (nani morem fecerat usus) Plangorem dederant, è queis Phaëthusa sororum Maxima, cùm vellet terras procumbere, questa est Diriguisse pedes : ad quam conata venire Candida Lampetie ; subita radice re'tcnta est. Tertia cùm crinem manibus laniare pararet ; Avellit frondes : luce stipite crura teneri, lila dolet fieri longos sua brachia ramos. Dumque ea mirantur ; complectitur inguina cortex ; Perque gradus Hierum, pectusque, humcrosque. ma- nusque, 30 Ambit : et exstabant tantùm ora vocantia matrem. Quid facial mater ? nisi, quo trahat impetus illam, Hue eat, atque illuc ? et, dum licet, oscula juiigat ? Non satis est ; truncis avellere corpora tentât, Et teueres manibus ramos abrumpere : at inde 35 Sanguiiieœ manant, taiiquam de vuhiere, guttœ. LllSER II 11. Et laniata sinus, Eercensuit totum or* ein: requirensquo primo examines ar tus, mox ossa. lü. Nee minus He liades, dant morti ejus, fletus et lacrymas, muncrainania: etcœ- SED pectora palmis, vo- caut nocte dieque Phaëthonta non audi- turuin miseras quere las: 25 26. Tertia cum pa raret laniere erinem manibus, aveHit fron des. Hœe dola crura teneri stipite, ilio dolet sua brachia fieri lon gos ramos. 32. Quid maler fa cial? nisi eat hue at que illuc, quo impetus tralmtillain? et jungat oscula dum licet7 NOTjE. 11. PercensitU orbem: travelled over the world. 12. Artus primo. She first sought his body, and when time sufficient had passed for it to undergo decay, she looked for his bones. 13. Peregrina ripa: on a foreign shore ; the bank of the Endanus. 14. Incubuit loco: fell upon the spot. 15. Perfudit lacrymis : she bedewed with her tears. And from thy yearning heart Whose inmost core was warm with love for him, A gladness must depart. And those kind ev es with many tears be dim. W. G. CLAM. 15. Aperto pectore: with naked breast. 16. Heliades: the daughters of ihe sun, called also Phacthontiadea, from Phaëthon their brother. The word is derived from ίλιο,-, the sun. Their names were Phaë thusa, ardor; Lampetie, brightening; and Pasiphac, oll-enligldening. They repre sent the virtues of the sun in hatural bodies. 1C. Inania morti: unavailing to doath— to the dead. 18. Phaetlumta vacant : they call upon Phaëthon. The aposlrophe is very com mon in passionate grief. The allusion to this repetition of the name of the departed by Mrs. Heinans, in one of her poems, is very beautiful : But tell us, thou bird of the solemn strain ! Can those who have loved forget ? We call—and they answer not again— Do they love—do they love us yet? THE MESSENGER Bmn. 20. Luna quater. Four months had now passed. 20. Procumbere : to prostrate herself on the earih. 24. Diriguiase. The trapsformation had already commenced. 25. Subita radice; by a sudden root. Her feet began to grow to the earth. 27. Avellit frondes : tore away leaves. Her hair was already changed into foliage. 30. Perque gradus : by degrees ; gra dually. 31. Exstabant: stood out; remained un covered by the bark. 32. Quo traitât impetus: where impulse may lead her. 35. Inde: thence; from the boughs. 3G. SanffuinetE gutttE : drops of blood. Blood in like manner flows from the shrubs that grow above the body of Polydore, aa described by Virgil : FABULA III. MET AMORPH O SE ON. Parce, precor, mater, quœcunque est saucia, clamât, Parce, precor ; nostrum laniatur in arbore corpus : Tamquc vale ; cortex in verba novissima veiiit : Inde fluuiit lacrymœ ; stillataque sole rigescuiit De ramis electra iiovis ; quœ lucidus amnis JSxcipit, et iiuribus mittit gestaiida Latinis. Adfuit huic moiistro, proies Stheiieleïa, Cycnus, Qui libi materno quamvis à sanguine juiictus, Mente tarnen, Phaëthon, propior fuit. lile relicto (Nam Ligurum populos, et magnas rexerat urbes) Imperio, ripas virides amiiemque querelis Eridanum implêrat, sylvamque sororibus auctam : Cùm vox est teiiuata viro : canœque capillos Dissimulant plumœ; collumque à pectore loiigum Porrigitur, digitosque ligat junctura rubeiites : Penna latus vestii, tenet os sine acumiiie rostrum : Fit nova Cycnus avis ; née se cœloq*ue Jovique Crédit, ut injuste missi memor ignis ab ilio ; 40· 151 37. Quîeeuuque est saucia clamât, mater, precor purce, parce precor; nostrum cor pus lamatur in arbore. 45 45. lile relicto Impe rio (nam rexerat po pulos Liguruin, et magnas urbcs) imple- r.U ripas virkles, am- ncmtjue Eridanum, sylvumque auctam eo- roribus querelie. 50 NOTjE. Nain qure prima solo rnptis radicibus nrbos Vellitur, huic atro liquuntur sanguine guttœ, Et terram tabo maculant.—JENEID iii. 27. 37. Parce: forbear. Polydore in like manner wounded by the uprooting of the shrubs above his grave, exclaims : Quid miserum, .Aunea, laceras? jam parce se- pulto j Farce pias scelerare manus.—.ÄÜNEID iii. 41. 39. In verba novissima. The bark closed over the mouth as it uttered the last words, viz. farewell! 40. Indu. From the bark of the trees. 40. Fluunt lacrymœ: tears flow. The transformation of tears into amber is a beautiful imagination of the poet. Moore describes the tears of the seabird as form ing amber. Around thee shall glisten The loveliest umher, Thnt ever the sorrowing Seabird hath wept.—LALLA ROOKH. 40. Stillala : distilled ; flowing in drops. Shakspeare in a beautiful manner assimi lates the falling of tears to the exudation of aromatic trees. Of one, whose suhdued eyes Alheii unused to the melting mood. Drop iears as fast as the Arnhian trees, Their medicinal gum.—OTHELLO. 40. Sole rigescunt: is hardened by the sun. 41. Elidra. Amber is a resin-like sub- Btancr, found on the seacoast, and dug up in diluvial soils. It often contains leaves and insects, nnd is probably an nntediln- yian repin, of a species of pine. It is found in abundance on the Baltic. There is α piene weighing eighteen pounds in the royal cabinet at Berlin. Pliny describes it as an exudation of a species of pine or cedar. He and Theophrastus affirm it is found in Liguria. Amber is used for jew elry, and the oil of it is sometimes em ployed as a medicine. 41. Lucidus amnis : the bright river, viz. the Po. 42. Nurilius Lalinis: by the Latin wo men. 42. Geslatida: to be borne ; to be worn as jewelry by them. 43. Iluic monstre. The prodigy in which the sisters of Phaëthon were changed into poplars, and their tears into amber. 43. Proles' Sfheneleïa: the son of Sthc- nelus, king of Liguria. 43. Cycnus. As cycnus signifies a swan, the name mny have suggested this meta morphosis. Pausanias, however, says : The swan has the reputation of being α musical bird, hecause α certain king in Liguria numed Cycnus.was α great musician.and after his death, was melamorphosed by Apollo inlo o swan. 45. ßltnle: in disposition ; in heart. 46. Ligurum: of the Ligurians. Ligu ria was a part of upper Italy and lay be tween the rivers Varus and Macra. It was formerly Lombardy, and now Genoa, Pied mont, Parma, &c. 48. Sororibus auctam: increased by his sisters, who had been changed into trees. 49. Vox viro: die voice of the man; the dative being used for the geniiivc. 49. Est teifunta: is made shrill. 50. Dissimulant: represent. 51. Juncture: n web ; a film. 52. Sine animine : α beak without a point; a lilunt hcnk.· 34. Ignis: of the fire; ihe thunderbolt. 152 P. OVIDII NASONIS Stagna colit, patulosque lacus ; igncmque perosus ; 55 Q.USB colat, elegit contraria flumina flammis. Squalidus interea genitor Phaethontis, et expers Ipse sui decoris :*qualis, cùm deficit orbem Esse solet ; lucemque odit, seque ipse, diemque ; Datque animum in luctus ; et luctibus adjicit iram ; GO Officiumque negat mundo. Satis, inquit, ab sévi Sors rnea principiis fuit irrequieta, pigetque ActoruM sine fine mihi, sine honore, laborum. Quilibet alter agat portantes lumina currus : Si nemo est, omnesque dei non posse fatentur ; 65 Ipse agat ; ut saltern, dum nostras tentât habenas, Orbatura patres aliquando fulmina ponat. Turn seiet, ignipedum vires expertus equorum, Non meriiisse necein, qui non bene rexerit illos. Talia dicentem circumstant omnia Solem 70 Numina ; neve velit tenebras inducere rebus Supplice voce roganti misses quoque Jupiter ignés Excusât, précibusque minas regaliter addit. Colligit amentes, et adhuc terrore paventes, Phœbus equos : stimuloque domans et verbere sœvit : Sœvit enim, natumque objectât, et imputât illis. 76 LIBER II. 55. Colit stagna pu- tulosque lacus : pero- susqnc igncm, elegit flumina contraria flammis, quœ colat f>t. Tnquit, mea sors fuit salie irrequieta ab priiicipiis œvi : piget- que labornm actorum mihi eine fine, sine ho nore. 68. Turn expertus vires iguipedum equo- rum, seiet ittum non meruisse necem qui nou rexerit illos b^Qe. NOTJE. 56. Flumina fanants. The poet in ex- pressing the dissimilarity of these elements, has artfully chosen two words which in sound are very similar, so as to give greater effect to the contrast by alliteration. 57. Squalidus: dismal; squalid. 58. Deßcit orbem: is deficient in his orb ; fullers an eclipse. Milton has a forcible description of the sun when obscured or eclipsed : As when the_ sun, new ris'n, Looks through the horizontal, misty air Shorn of his ueains; or. from behind the moou, In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds On half the nations.—PARADISE LOST. CO. Datque animum: gives up his mind to grief. 61. Offitiumquenegat: refuseshisservice. 66. Ipse agat: let him drive, viz. Ju piter. In his indignation he will not even condescend to name him. 67. Orlatura patres: that is about to bereave fathers of their children. £7. Ponat : he mny lay aside. £8. Tune seiet. Having tried the fiery- footed horses, he will know that Phaëthon who tailed to govern them, did not deserve •e severe a fate. 72. MÌSSOS ignes: the thunderbolt that had been cast. 73. Minas addit : adds threats to en treaty. Lucian, in one of his dialogues, gives an account of the matter : JUPTTER. However, for this once, I pardon Îou ; but if ever hereafter you are fruilly of the ke again, by employing such a substitute, you shall presently see how much hotter the fire of my lightning is than yours ! In the menu time, let his sisters bury him on tlie hanks of the Eridanus, where he fell from ihe chariot, weep ing tears of amber over him, and be transformed through grief iuto poplars. Do you iminedi- ntely repair your chariot; for the pole is broke, and one of the wjieels is shattered ; then put the horses to and drive on ! But remember what I have said to you.—DIALOGUES OF THE DEITIES. 73. Jiegaliter: like a kin«;; like one who had a ri^ht to command him. 74. Culligli amentes : he collects the frantic horses. 74. Terrore. With fear of the thun derbolt nnd the conflagration. 76. Nalum objectai: casts up his son— the death of his son. The last three lines of this (able are considered of doubtful authority. The last line, especially, ha» little of tho usual grace of Ovid. FABULA III. METAMORPHOSEON. 153 QU^STIONES. Who committed the body of Phaëthon to the tomb ? Who were the Naiads ? What moral does the inscription on the .omb convey Î What efiect had the death of Phaëthon on his sisters ? What do the names of his sisters repre sent? What transformation did they undergo? What attempt in the mean time did Iheir mother make ? What was the result of this attempt? Did the tears of the Heliades continue to flow after they were changed to trees ? What change did their tears undergo ? What is amber, and where is it princi pally found ? What use is made of amber? Of what trees is it most probably an exudation? Why were the Hrliades said to be changed into poplars ? Who was a witness of the transforma tion of the sisters of Phaëthon ? Over what people did he reign? Into what was he metamorphosed ? What probably suggested the idea of this metamorphosis ? What does Pausanias say of Cycnus ? Who gives a humorous account of a pre- tended visit to the Po ? Is amber to be found in that region ? What writers make this statement ? What efiect had ihe loss of his son upon Apollo ? How was he induced to assume the di rection of his chariot ? How did Apollo treat his horses after the death of his son? What lines in this fable are of doubtful authority? 20 FABULA IV. JUPITER IN FORMAM DIANJE. As Jupiter makes a survey of the world, for the purpose of restoring what ever had been destroyed by the conflagration of the world in consequence of Phaethon's imprudence, he comes to Arcadia, and falls in love with Cailisto, the daughter of Lycaon. To favor his intentions, he assumes the form of Diana, and thus imposes upon the nymph. EXPLICATIO. ALTHOUGH the ancients .supposed that the godhead was divided into innumerable attributes, each of which was represented by a person, they still believed there was one principal god, the creator and ruler of all things. This subdivision of the power of the deity into personages, Was the primary cause of much confusion in their mythology, which was greatly increased by the circumstance of different princes assuming the names of the deities, to give greater dignity to their pretensions. Thus many princes assumed the name of Jupiter, and in time their own indi vidual names were forgotten, while that of the god remained. The most distinguished of these were the Lycsean Jupiter, and the Cretan, as re lated in the hymn to Jupiter by Callimachus. The Lycsean Jupiter was doubtless some prince, who had his residence upon Mount Olympus, from which circumstance, as well as its cloud-capt appearance, that mountain came to be synonymous with Heaven, and was so 'employed in the fictions of the poets. Ovid has therefore artfully connected with the story of Phaëthon, an amour of the Lycasan prince with a young huntress of Arcadia, who on account of her fondness for the chase, is represented to have been an attendant of the goddess Diana. To practise an imposition upon her unprotected innocence, he may have assumed the disguise of female attire, or his transformation into the form of Diana may be altogether a gratuitous addition of the poet, for the embellishment of the story. Or, as I have stated in the story of the loves of Apollo and Clymene, the whole may be the imposition of some cunning priest of Jupiter upon the credulity of an innocent huntress. The fable contains several moral lessons, as it tends to display the effects of crime upon the person who indulges in it. The grove once so pleasant to her, and the conscious woods are her aversion ; so occupied is she with thoughts of her guilt, that she almost forgets her bow and quiver; the silent lip, the abstracted manner, the downcast eye. the fallen countenance, the timid look, the sudden flush, and the slow step, indicate the change and the degradation that have come upon her spirit. In this we but follow the poet, who includes the innocen. maiil in the guilt of the deity. 154 ,M Τ pater omnipotens ingenua mcc-nia cœli Circuit ; et, ne quid Jabefactum viribus ignis Corruat, explorât : quœ postquam firma, juique Koboris esse vidct : terras, hominumquc labores Perspicit. Arcadise tarnen est impensior illi 5 Cura suœ. Fontesque et nondum audentia labi Flumina restituit : dat terra gramina, frondes Arboribus ; lœsasque jubet revirescere sylvas. Dum redit, itque frequens ; in virgine Nonacrinâ Ilœsit ; et accept! caluêre sub ossibus ignés. 10 Non erat hujus opus lanam mollire trahendo ; ΝΟΤ,ιΕ. 3. Explorai: explores; searches diligently. 3. Snirolioris: of their strength ; of iheir proper strength. 5. Arradiœ suas; of his Arcadia, because Jupiter himself is said tu have been born in Lycia, a mountain of that place. But say. thou first and grfiUest power above ! Shall I Dicüean or Tiycicaii Jove Attempt to sing? Who knows thy mighty line? And who can tell, except by power Oivine, If Ida's hills tliy sacred birth may claim. Or tar Arcadia boast an equal fame ?—CA: 7. Restituit: reslored. 7. Hut. terras gramina: he gives grass to the earth. Heaven his wonted face renewed, And with fresh flowrets hill and valley emiles. MILTON. 9. Virgine Nonacrinâ: a virgin of No- nacris, a mounlain of Arcadia; Cailisto, the daughter of'Lycaon. .LLIMACHUS. 10. Ilcesit: he was fixed-to the spot : ho stopped and gazed steadfastly. ThttB Vir gil: Hœc oculis. hœc pectorü toto I beret.— ïiNElD i. 717. 10. Ignés: flames; love. 11. fiujus: of her; of Callisto. 11. Trahendo: by teasing; by card ing. 155 156 P. OVIDII NASONIS Nee positu variare comas : sed fibula vestem, Vitta coërcuerat neglectos alba capillos, Et modo leve manu jaculum, modo sumpserat arcum. Miles erat Phrebes : née Mœnalon attigit alla 15 Gratior hâc Triviœ. Sed nulla potentia longa est. Ulterius medio spatium Sol altus habebat ; Cùm subit ille nemus, quod nulla ceciderat œtas. E\uit lue humero pharetram, lentosque retendit Arcus ; inque solo, quod texerat herba, jacebat : 20 Et piclam posila pharetram cervice premebat. Jupiter ut vidit fessam, et custode vacantem : Hoc certe conjux furtum mea nesciet, inquit : Aut si rescierit, sunt, ô sunt jurgia tanti ! Protinus induitur faciem cultumque Dianœ : 25 Atque ait, O comitum virgo pars una mearum, In quibus es venata jugis ? De cespite virgo Se levât ; et, salve numen, me judice, dixit, Audiat ipse licèt, majus Jove : ridet, et audit ; Et sibi prœferri se gaudct : et oscula jungit : 30 Née moderata satis, née sic à virgine danda. Q,uâ venata foret sylvâ narrare parantem Impedii amplexu : née se sine crimine prodit. lila quidem pugnai ; superum petit cethera victor Jupiter : huic odio nemus est, et conscia sylva. 35 LIBER II. 11. Opus hujus non erat mollire lanam Irnhentlo ; née variare comas poeitu. 15. Erat miles Fliœ- Des; née ulla gratior Triviae hû>-, attigit Mœnalon : seti nulla polentia est longa. 22. Jupiter, ut vidit ÎUam fesstim et vacan tem custode ; inquit, certe mca coiijux nes ciet hoc furtum: aut si rescierit, sunt, A sunt jurgia tanti. 27. Virgo levât Be de cespite, et dixit, salve nurnen, me ju- dice, tnajus Jove, licet ipse audiat. 32. Impedii amplexu illam parinlem nar rare qua sylvâ foret venuta. ΝΟΤΛΕ. 12. Positu: by arrangement. 12. Variarti: to adorn. 12. Ubi. When she had prepared her self b« girding up her dress with a clasp, and ter loose hair with a flint, she was ready for the chase, and became an attend ant of Diana. 13. Neglectos capillos : her unadorned hair. 15. Miles: a soldier; an attendant. 15. Phœbes. Diana, the sister of Apollo. 15. iltenalon. Mienalos was a moun tain of Arcadia where Diana was accus tomed, to hunt. 15. Triviee. Diana was called Trivia, either because of her threefold course un der the zodiac, or because she was wor shipped in the trivia, or highways, where three roads met, and where statues were set up with three heads, that of a horse, a Doar, and a dog. representing her threefold character, as Luna, Diana, and Proser pine. The following lines most briefly and beautifully describe her triple nature and functions : Terrei, lustrot, agit. Proserpina. Luna, Diana; Ima, suprema, feras, sceptro, fulgore, garitta ENMUS. 16. Nulla potentia : no power is lasting. The instability of all terrestrial things pro claims their vanity. 17. Ullerius mèdio. The sun had passed his meridian j it was the afternoon. 18. Nulla œtas: no age, by metonymv for the men of no age. 19. Retendit arms : unstrung her bow. If they be not relaxed occasionally they become weak. 22. Custode vacantem: without a pro lector. 25. Protinus: immediately. It is wor thy of remark, that the poet, in describing the transformation of mortals, always re presents it as a gradual thing ; but when speaking of the metamorphosis of the gods, describes it as instantaneous and invi sible. 27. De cespite: from the turf. Cespet signifies earth covered with grass. Tnis agrees with what is said above : Inqne soin, quod texerat herba. 28. Me judice: in my judgmeut ; I be ing judge. 31. Moderata satis: moderate enough. Thy cheek, thine eyes, thy lips to kiss, Ijike this—and this—no more than tins; For. Alia ! sure thy lips are flame : Whnt fever ill thy veins is flushing? My own have neurly caught the sami· ; At least, I feel my cheek too blushing. BHIDE op ABYDO«. 33. Impedii amplexu: Le prevents by an embrace. 35. Conscia sylva: the conscious wood ; conscious of the violence committed by Jupiter. TABULA IV. METAMORPHOSEON Unde, pedcm referens, pœnè est oblita phareiram Tollere cum telis, et quern suspenderat, arcum. Ecce, suo Gomitala chore Diclynna per ahum Mœnalon ingrediens, et cœde superba ferarum, Aspicit haue, visamque vocat : clamata refugit ; 40 Et timuit primo, ne Jupiter esset in ilia. Sed postquam pariter nymphas incedere vidil : Sensil abesse doles : numerumque accessil ad harum. Heu quàm difficile esl, crimen non prodere vultu ! Vix oculos atlollit humo : nee, ul ante solebat, 45 Juncta Deœ lateri, nee loto est aginine prima : Sed silet, el loesi dal signa rubore pudoris, El (nisi quod virgo est) poterai sentire Diana Mille notis culpain : Nymphœ sensisse feruntur. 157 38. Ecce Dictynna Gomitata suo clioro, ingrediens per altura Mœnalon, et superba c:ede ferarum, aspicit hune, vocntque earn visam ! itla clamata refugit: et timuit pri- mii ne Jupiter esset in illii. 44. Heu quam est difficile non prodere crimen vultu ! NOTJE. 36. Pedem referens : withdrawing her footsteps ; departing. 38. Ecce. As she fled from the grove, suddenly Diana passed along. 38. Diclynna. A name of Diana from Huma·, a net, because she employs nets in hunting wild beasts. 41. Ne Jupiter. She was afraid that it was Jupiter again under the form of Diana. 43. Abesse dolos: that there is no deceit. 44. Crimen prodere: to betray guilt. Ί5. Yix oculos. In the confusion con sequent upon guilt, the eyes are cast upon the ground. All silent and unheeding now AVith downcast eyes.—BYRO.V 46. Juncta dea: In the days of her pu rity, she wss always by the side of the goddess ; but it was different after her fall. Sin causes separation from God. 46. Ncc est prima. The light foot and the light heart of innocence were her's no longer. 47. Sed silet : but she is silent. Her cheerfulness had departed from her. 49. Mille 7ίoil's; by a thousand marks ; α finite number put for an infinite. It is natural for the countenance and manners to betray conscious gui!t, except in tne case of the most inveterate and hopeless depravity. This disposition of our nature, in the case of murder, has been portrayed by Webster in the most powerful munncr : Meantime the guilty soul cannot keep tie own secret. It is false to itself; or rather it feels an irresistible impulse of conscience to he true to itself. It labours under its guilty possession, and knows not what to do with it. The human heart was not made for the residence of such an inhabitant. It finds itself preyed on by a torment, which it does not acknowledge to Cod nor man. A vulture is devouring it, and it can ask no sympathy or assistance, either from hea ven or earth. The secret which the murderer possesses soon comes to possess him ; mill, like the evil spirits of which we read, it ΟΛεΓΟΟτηεβ, him, and leads him whithersoever it will. · He feels it beating at his heart, rising to his throat, and ilemanding disclosure. lie thinks the whole world sees it in liis face, reads it in his eyes, and almost hears its workings in the very si lence of his thoughts. It has become his mas ter. It betrays his discretion, it. breaks down his courage, it conquers his prudence. AVhen suspicions from without begin to embarrass him, and the net of circumstances to entangle him, the fatui secret struggles with still greater violence to burst forth. It must be confessed, it will be confessed, there is no refuge, from confession Lut suicide, and suicide is confes sion.—SPEECH ox THE TRIAL oy J. F. KNAPP QUJESTIONES. What journey did Jupiter mate Î For what purpose Î Why was Arcadia peculiarly dear to him Î Where was Nonacris Î With whom did he meet there Î What was her name Î What were the employments of this vir gin Î How did he find her? What form did Jupiter assume Î What did the virgin say to him Î What explanation do you give of the story? Who passed along shortly after the in jury done to C allieto Î Was she afraid of Diana Î Why Î What confirmed her that it was Diana who appeared Î Did she betray her guilt by her counte nance and manner Î Did Diana notice the change in her Î Did the nymphs notice it Î O FABULA V. CALLISTO IN URSAM MUTATA. Diana and her nymphs bathe in a fountain, when the unchastity of Galliate is apparent. Diana drives her from her retinue, when shortly after she gives birth to Areas. Juno, enraged at the injury of her bed, changes Callisto into a bear. EXPLICATIO. THE name of the Parrhasian maiden who is the suhject of this fahle, according to some, was Hélice. It is most probable, then, that she was called Callisto, which signifies most beautiful, because she received the prize of beauty in the Callisteia, a festival observed among the Parrha- sians, during which all the women presented themselves in the temple of Juno, and the prize was assigned to the fairest. The story of her being driven from the train of Diana, who is the goddess of chastity, is merely intended to express the loss of character which she sustained as soon as her immodesty became known. As she had received the prize of beauty in the temple of Juno, it is possible, that after the loss of her modesty, she was excluded from the religious ceremonies of the Callisteia in the temple of that goddess, and that, under a sense of shame and de gradation, she may have given herself up exclusively to the solitary pur suits of hunting, and that hence, from her wild and savage life, and pro bably the circumstance of her being clothed in the skins of beasts, the story may have arisen of her being changed into a bear. As the Lycsean prince who bore the name of Jupiter was the one who seduced her from propriety, it was a poetic license to attribute her transformation into a bear, otherwise her exclusion from the ceremonies of the Callisteia, which took place in the temple of Juno, to the jealousy which that goddess is reported to have entertained in all cases of aberration from marital pro priety, upon the part of her liege lord. Again, as the bear lives solitary, it may be regarded as an emblem of that virginity which is best preserved when retired from the world. Hence the fable may have arisen from the corruption of a virgin by a priest of Jupiter. The following justifies this conclusion : Eustathius, a scholiast on Homer, says : " A young bear born under the altar of the temple of Diana, was taken by the Athenians and put to death, for which "the goddess sent a famine upon the city. 'That bear,' says the scholiast, 'was certainly a young maid, who had consecrated her virginity to Diana, and who wished to live retired from the world, from under the shade of whose altars she was taken by force, to be given in marriage.' " Others suppose that Callisto, entering a cavern, was eaten up by a bear, and that afterwards the bear emerging from the cave, was said to be the metamorphosed maiden. The metamorphosis of Callisto into a bear, after the loss of her virtue, contains a good moral, for it shows, that unchastity transforms even the most beautiful maid into a beast the most unsightly and destructive. 158 O V ÜBE resurgebant lunaria comua nono ; Cum Dea venatrix fraternis languida flammis, Nacta nemus gelidum, de quo cum murmure labens Ibat, et attritas versabat rivus arenas. Ut loca laudavit ; suminas pede contigit undas ; His quoque laudatis : Procul est, ait, arbiter omnis : Nuda superfusis tingamus corpora lymphis. Parrhasis erubuit: cunctœ velamina ponunt: Una moras qnœrit : dubitanti vestis adempia est : Qua positi nudo patuit cum corpore crimen. NOTjE. 10 1. Orbe nono: in her ninth orb; in the ninth month. The moon renews her orb every month. Oh. swear not h> the rnoon. the inconstant tnoon That monthly t'huilées in Ικτ circled orb. — SIIAKSPKADE. 2. Vtnalrix Dea: the huntress goddess, viz. Dipna. 2. Fraierai* fammi»; by the heat of her brother; by the rays'of the sun, her brother. 3. Cum murmure: with a murmur. Tlie silvery gleaming rills I.urc vi ith soft murmurs from the glassy lea. • . • ·· Γ*ΑΒΟΙ)1Ε· The streamlet, gurgling through its rorky glen, FIEKPOM·. 5. Ut loca laudavit : after she praised the place. water. 5. Fede conligit: patted with her foot. C. Proml est: is afar. There is no wit- ness nenr us. 7. Tingamiis corpora : let us lave oui bodies. g farrìauis: the Pnrrhasian, viz. Cal- listo, who was born in Parrhasia. 9. Puntanti adtmpta: is tnken from her . . utant atmpta: s tnen rom er 5. Xiimmas undas: the surface of the as she delays. This was -probably done in ater. . sportive playfulness. 159 160 P. OVIDII NASONIS il I procul hinc, dixit, nee sacros pollue fontes, Cynthia : deque suo jussit secedere coetu. Senserat hoc olim magni matrona Tonantis ; Distuleratque graves in idonea tempera pcenas : Causa mora nulla est : et jam puer Areas (id ipsum Indoluit Juno) fuerat de pellice natus. Q.UÒ simul obvertit sœvam cum lumine mentem ; Scilicet hoc unum restabat, adultera, dixit. Haud impune feres: adimam tibi nempe figuram; Qua tibi, quâque places nostro, importuna, marito. Dixit ; et arreptis adversâ fronte capillis Stravit numi pronam. Tendebat brachia supplex: Brachia cocperunt nigris horrescere villis, Curvarique manus, et aduncos crescere in ungues, Officioque pedum fungi : laudataque quondam Ora Jovi, lato fieri deformia rictu. Neve preces atiimos, et verba superflua flectant; Posse loqui eripitur: vox iracunda, minaxque, Plenaque terroris rauco de gutture fertur. Mens antiqua tarnen factâ quoque mansit in ursâ ; Assiduoque suos gemitu testata dolores, Qualescunque manus ad cœlum et sidera tollit; Ingratumque Jovem, nequeat cùm dicere, sentit. Ah quoties, sola non ausa quiescere sylvâ LIBER II. 11. I procul lime, née pollue sacros fon tes, jussitque cam ac cedere de suo ccetn 15 17. Quo eimul ob vertit mentcm eœvam cum lumine, dixit. 20 SI. Dixit: et capil lis nrreptis ft fronte adverea, stravit Wan pronam huml. Sup plex tendebat brachia. 25 27. Neve preces et verba superflua flec tant animo», eripitur posse loqui: vox ira cunda, minnxque, ple- 30 naque terroris, fertuT de rauco gutture. 34. Ah quoties non ausa est quiescere sola NOTTE. 11. Sacras fontes : the sacred fountains. They were sacred, because used by the goddess and her nymphs ; or probably be cause all running streams were supposed to have a divinity residing in them. 12. Cynthia. Diana, so called from Cyn- thus, a mountain of Delos, where Apollo and Diana were born. 13. Senserat lioc: had perceived this— the infidelity of Jupiter. 15. Id ipsum : that very thing, viz. the birth of a son, by which Jupiter's dis grace was rendered public. 17. Quo: whither; to whom, viz. Cal listo. 18. Scilicet: forsooth. There is great anger implied in the use of this word. 19. Haud t'mpime : you shall not bear this with impunity. 20. Importuna: wanton. 21. Adversâ a fronte : from the fore head. 22. Ilumi pronam: prone on the ground ; with her face to the earth. Prim« ίο the dw«i. afflicted Waldgrave hid His lace ou earth.—CAMPBELL. 23. BracJiia ccepcrunt. The transforma tion of the maid into a bear began to take place. 23. Horrescere : to. become rough and shaggy with hair. The same hour was the tiling fulfilled upon Nebuchadnezzar, and he was driven from men, and did eat grass as oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven, till his hairs were grown like eagle's feathers, and his nails like bird's claws.—-DANIEL, chap. iv. 25. Laudala Jovi. Praised by Jupiter on account of its delicate beauty. 26. Lalo rictu: with wide jaws. 27. Verbo, superflua: superfluous words ; many entreaties. 28. Posse loqui: to be able to speak; the faculty of speech. 29. Fertur: is brought : issues. 30. Mens antiqua: her former mind. Her reason remains unimpaired. On the contrary, when Nebuchadnezzar is driven from men, his body is not changed, but he has the spirit of a beast. Let his heart be changed from man's, and let a beast's heart be given unto him ; and let seven tunes pass over liim.—DANIEL, chap. iv. 32. Qualescunqi*e manus : her hands such as they were. They were hands formerly, but are now the fore-feet of a beast. The bear often walks on its hind- feet, and holds up its paws; and hence she is here said to lift up her hands in en treaty. 33. Nequeat dicere: she cannot call him ungrateful. The loss of her voice pre vented. FABULAV. MET AMO RPHOSEO N. Ante domum, quondamque suis erravit in agris ! Ah ! quoties per saxa canum latratibus acta est ; Venatrixque metu venantum territa fugit ! Sœpe feris latuit visis ; oblita quid esset : Ursaque conspectos in montibus horruit ursos : Pertimuitque lupos, quamvis pater esset in illis. 161 35 sylva. erravitque ante domum, in agris quon dam suis 40 NOTvE. 35. Quondam suis. There is something mournful in this hovering of Gallisi o around the house which she formerly inhabited. Virgil, in like manner, represents Philo mela, after her metamorphosis, flying over her former residence : Quo cursu deserta peuvent, et quibus ante Infclix sun tecta supervolitaverit alia? JÌCLOOA vi. 37. Venatrix: a huntress—who had been a huntress. 38. OUila. Having forgotten that she is now a beast herselfT 40. Pater. Her father Lycaon, who had been transformed into a wolf, as related In Fable VIII., of Book I. As all animals subsequent to that period were destroyed by the flnod, it is an error in the poet to re present Lycaon as then among the wolves. 41. Ignara: ignorant; unacquainted with the fact that his mother had been changed into a bear. QU^STIONES. Why was Callista driven from the re tinue of Diana ? What became of her afterwards? Why was the name Callisto probably given to her ? What were the Callisteia? Where were they celebrated 1 In the temple of what goddess were the prizes given ? r lift—-:- ·· Why is the name Parrhasis applied Inllistn » · Callisto ? Where was Parrhasia Î to Was any change made in the mind of Callisto ? Was she fearful of the bears ? Why was her father said to be among the wolves ? Who was her father ? Why was he changed to a wolf? How will you interpret the metamor phosis of Csllisto ? Was there a Lycasan prince named Ju piter? Where did he hold his court ? o2 FABULA VI. ARCAS ET CALLISTO IN SIDERA MUTATI. Areas, while hunting in the Erymanthian woods, meets with his mother Cal listo, who had been changed into a bear, and not knowing who she is, attempts to shoot her, when Jupiter interposes to prevent the matricide, and translates both Areas and his mother to the heavens, where they form the constellation of the Two Bears. EXPLICATIO. ACCORDINO to some, Callista, after being changed to a bear, had entered the sacred enclosure of the Lycœan Jupiter, which it was unlawful to enter, and was about to be slaughtered by her son Areas and others, when Jupiter interposed and transferred her to the skies. In this inter pretation, we are given to understand, that after her departure from female propriety, and leading, in consequence of shame, a solitary and savage life, she entered the sacred temenua of the Lycœan Jove, which was punishable with death, but escaped in some manner, probably through the compassion of the priest of Jove, and was thus fabled to be changed into the constellation known as the Bear. Others, again, regarding the Lycrean Jupiter as a temporal prince, who had assumed the name of a deity, to give dignity to his character, sup pose, that in the wild state in which Areas and his mother lived, the for mer attempted her life, and that the prince, by taking them to his palace upon Mount Olympus, was fabled to translate them to heaven. Others, again, suppose, that on account of her having been a noted huntress, she was said to have been changed into a constellation, and that her son, in like manner devoted to hunting, having died while he was young, was fabled to have undergone a like transformation. The poet has succeeded in his delineation of the passions of Juno, in the most admirable manner ; wounded pride, a sense of conjugal injury and insulted majesty—wrath, and a desire of revenge, appear in all that she utters. The Queen of the celestials, leaving her throne and sceptre to become a supplicant for justice against the injury of her bed and royal majesty, is a sight full of humiliation, and well calculated to interest Oceanus and Tethys for their foster-child. There is great poetical beauty in calling Juno their foster-child ; for Juno is said by Cicero to be the lower air, which is formed by the evaporation of water. The request that th'e Bears may not be permitted to wash in the ocean, is assumed by the poet, from the astronomical circumstance that the Bears move ever around the pole, without descending into the sea, or setting. 162 ·.' g ir. CCE Lycaoniœ proies ignara parenti n) J , *.'· Areas adest, ter quinque ferè natalibus nctis: C.'·".'>- <-Vi j Dumque feras sequitur; dum saltus eligit aptos, ' I . i^ Nexilibusque plagie sylvas Erymanthidas ambit; . ' .v Incidit in matrem, quse restitit Arcade viso; 5 Et cognoscenti similis fuit. lile refugit; Immotosque oculos in se sine fine tenentem Nescius extimuit; propriùsque accedere aventi Vulnifico fuerat fixurus pectora telo. Arcuit omnipotens ; pariterque ipsosque, nefasque 10 Sustulit ; et céleri raptos per inania vento ΚΟΤΛΕ. 1. J,ycaoniœ. Of Callisto, the daughter of Lycaon. 2. Ter quinque: fifteen birthdays being nearly past. He was now nearly fifteen years of age. 4. Nexilums piagis: with plaited nets. 4. Sylvas Erymnnfhidas: the woods of Erymanthus, a mountain in Arcadia, where the celebrated wild-boar was taken by Hercules. 5. incidit in matrem : fell upon his mo- 11. Sustnlit: took away ; removed, ther; met with his mother. 11. Haptos vento: rapt by a swift wind. 5. Quœ rcslitit: who stopped; who In sublimity, how infinitely does thia trans- stood still. lation of a frail being fall beneath that of 6. Cognoscenti similis : like one know- Enoch or Elijah, removed in α chariot of ing him ; as if she knew him. flame, on account of spotless purity of life. 8. Nescius : ignorant that she was his And it came to pag9j as they ,liu wem OI)i mother. _ an,l talked, thm behold, there appeared a chn- 8. Aventi : of her desiring—the dative riot of fire, and horses of fire, and paried them for the genitive. both asunder ; and Elijah went up by a wliirl- 9. Vulnijico telo : with a wounding wind into heaven. _ ·*„,,. j f J & And Elisha saw it, and he cried, My father, ι« Λ · r u j ji-'f ™y Äther, the chariot of Israel, and the horse- 10. Arcati: forbade ; prevented him from men thereof! And he saw him no more, shooting his mother. 2 KINGS, chap. ii. 163 "' PI il 164 P. OVIDII NASONIS Imposuit coelo, vicinaque sidera fecit. Intumuit Juno, postquam inter sidera pellex Fulsit ; et ad canam descendit in œquora Tetbyn, Oceanumque senem : quorum reverentia movit Saepe Deos ; causamque viae scitantibus, infit : Quœritis sethereis quare regina Deorum Sedibus hue adsim ? Pro me tenet altera cœlum. Mentiar, obscurum nisi nov cùm fecerit orbem, Nuper honoratas summo mea vulnera coelo Videritis stellas illìc, ubi circulas axem Ultimus extremum, spatioque brevissimus ambit. Est vero, cur quis Junonem lœdere nolit, Offensamquc tremai, quœ prosim sola nocendo ? En ego quantum egi ! quam vasta potentia nostra est ! Esse hominem vetiu ; facta est Dea : sic ego pcenas Sontibus impone ; sic est mea magna potestas. Vindicet antiquam faciem, vultusque ferinos Detrahat ; Argolicâ quod in ante Phoronide fecit. Cur non et pulsa ducat Junone, meoque LIBER Π. 10. Omnipotens ar- cuil: suslulilque pari- ter ipsosque nefasque: el imposuil toi ccelo rnplos per umilia ce- 15 Ieri vento, fecilque vi cina sidera. 17. An queeritis qua re ego regina deoruin adsiin hue œlhereia sedibus? Alierà le- nel cœlum pro me. 20 23. Est vero cui quia noht lœdere Ju nonem, irem.ilque of- fensnm ; qua; sola pro- simnocendo? SS. Vindice! anli- quam faciem, delra hatque vultus ferinos, «Λ quod aule fccil in Ar- oU golica Phoronide. ΝΟΤΛΕ. Yel where the caplives stood, in holy awe, Rapt on the -wings of cherubim, Ihey saw Their (aimed sire ascending through the night ; He turned his face to bless Ihem in his fiighl ; Then vanished.—MONTGOMERY. 11. Per inania: through the void. 12. Vicina aidera : neighboring con stellations. Arctos and Arctophylux arc situated near each other, not far from the north pole. 13. Intumv.il: swelled with rage. 15. Oceanian. The god oi Ocean, ear lier than Neptune. He was the eldest of the Titane, the offspring of Ccelus and Terra. He married his sister Tethys, and their children were the rivers of the earth, and the three thousand Occanides. To Oceao Telhys broughl Ihe livers forth In whirlpool waters rolled : Eridanns Deep-eddied, and Alplieus, and Ihe Nile : And the divine Scamander. Bare she then A sacred race of daughters, who on earth AVilh King Apollo and Ihe rivers claim The firsi-shorn locks of youih: iheir dower from Jove Three ihoimand slender-ankled ocean nymphs, LoHg-slepping, tread the earth ; and, scattered Haunt everywhere alike the deplh of lakes; A glorious sislerhood of goddesses. As many rivers, also, yel unlold, Rushing with hollow-dashing sound, were sons Of Ocean, lo majeslic Telhys born.—UESIOD. 17. Regina Deorum: the queen of the gods, viz. Juno. 18. Hue adsim. The whole address of Juno is excellent. It is short, sententious, and violent. The frequent use of the in terrogation, of antithesis, and of irony, shows a wrathful and tumultuous spirit. Do you ask why I, who nm the queen of the gods, have left heaven, and am here a poor suppliant ? I am supplanted, Pro me •net alierà cœlum! 20. Honoratas Stellas: as honored stars. 20. Meo. vulnera : my torments ; my wounds, ever rankling in my breast. Thus Virgil: Cum Jano, œternum servane sub pectore viilnus .EHKID ί. 23. Est vero cur: is there wherefore i is there any reason why Ì 25. Quantum egi.' What a great thing I have done ! an expression full of bitter irony. 25. Quam vasta. Another exclamation of irony. 26. Esse homiium : to be a human being. 27. Sonlfbmu on the guilty. 28. Vindicct: let him vindicate ; let him restore. 29. InPhoroniae: in the case of Phoro- nis—Io the daughter of Phoroneus. Jupi ter, after changing her to a heifer, restored her to the human form. 31. Socerum Lycaona. Lycaon as α father-in-law, who had once attempted to kill him, as related in a former Fable. 32. Tangil: touches you ; affects you. 32. Alumna;: of your foster-child. This may be explained physically. As Juno is the lower air, she is said to be the foster- child of Tcthys, or water, because the lower air is water in a rarefied form. 33. Gurgile cœrulto : from the azure gulf, here put for the sea by synecdoche. The olher Iribes forsake ihcir midnight track, And rest their weary orbs beneath Ihe wave ; Hul Ihou dosi never close, thy burning eye, Nor slay ihy sleadfuel Hep. liul on, still on, FABULA VI. MET AMO RPHOSEON. Collocet in thalamo, socerumque Lycaona sumat 1 At vos si lassie contemptus tangit alumnœ, Gurgite cœruleo scptem prohibete Triones; Sideraque in cœlo stupri mercede recepta Pellitc: né puro tingatur in aequore pellex. 165 35 While E) stems change, and suns relire, and worlds Slumber and wake, Ihy ceaseless march pro ceeds. The near horizon lemplR lo rest in vain : Thou, faithful senlinel, dost never quit Thy long-appointed wntch ; but. sleepless still, Dosi guard Ihe fixed light oflhe universe, And bid the norlh forever know ils place. HEKBY WARE. 33. Septem Triones. The Great Bear and Arctophylax. See note on pege 30. Seven stars Dwell in lhal brilliant cluster, and the eight Embraces all al once ; yet each from each Recedes as far as each of Ihem from earth. HENRY W ARK. 35. Pellite: expel ; drive away. 35. Né tingatur: let not the harlot be washed in the pure sea. Diana had driven C allist o from the pure fountains, and Juno now prays that she may not be purified in the ocean. The Bear and the constella tions adjacent, on account of the elevation of the pole, never go below the horizon, hence they are said not to descend into tho sea. QUESTI O NES. How do you explain the translation of Ihe Bears into heaven by Jupiter ? How do you account otherwise for Cal- listo being made a constellation 1 How do you explain the circumstance of her son beine made a constellation ? What moral lesson does the story teach t Do you recollect any anachronism in this (tibie 1 When the Bears were received into hea ven, what visit did Juno make ? Who was Oceanus 1 Who was Tethys Γ What request did she make of these two deities ? What astronomical circumstance gave rise 10 this fiction? What were the Septem Triones 1 In what part of the heavens are they? FABULA VIL CORONIS IN CORNICEM. While the Raven is going to acquaint Apollo with the adultery of his mistress, he is met by the Crow, who, learning the object of his journey, endeavors to dissuade him ; and relates the ungracious manner in which Minerva had requited her services as an informer in the case of Erichtonius ; as also her former transformation from a royal virgin into a orow. EXPLICATIO. To restrain the Raven from tattling, the Crow relates her own history, both prior to her transformation and subsequent to it. She was Coronis, the daughter of Coroneus, king of Phocis, and when about to be violated by Neptune, was changed into a crow. It is probable, that when walk ing on the sea-shore, she was nearly carried away by the sudden rise of the tide ; or that some priest of Neptune attempted to offer her violence. Corone, in Greek, signifies crow, and hence her name suggested the idea of the transformation. In digging the foundation for a city in Messenia, the body of a crow was found, whence the city was called Corona. The city was placed under the protection of Minerva, and a bronze statue of the goddess bore a crow upon the fist. Hence the crow was said to be come the companion of Minerva. For an historical interpretation, see the note on Pelagi Dews, page 109. The crow becomes hateful to the goddess, by relating to her the con duct of the daughters of Cecrops intrusted with Erichthonius. This we show in the notes to be a personification of the Athenian people in some civil commotion. As Attica abounded in quarries of stone, the basket of twigs in which Erichthonius is shut up by Minerva, the guardian god dess of the city, is probably some strong party enclosed in the Acropolis. Herse, the mountain party, including the city ; and Pandrosos, the mari time party, keep the basket shut on Erichthonius ; in other words, hem the mingled faction of artisans and countrymen in the citadel, till Agrau- los, the countrymen generally, opens the basket ; in other words, raises the siege. After relating the conduct of the daughters of Cecrops, the crow is driven from her society. The crow is the symbol of garrulity, and hence is displeasing to Wisdom, who is thoughtful and contemplative. Again, according to Pliny and Lucretius, no crow comes near Athens, which is called from Athena, a title of Minerva. The Crow grieves that the Owl supersedes her in the affections of Minerva. The Egyptians expressed deadly enmity by the crow and the owl ; for the crow destroys the eggs of the owl by day, and the owl the eggs of the crow by night. The crow is the hieroglyphic of long life ; and the owl of death. The owl is sacred to Minerva, either because of her habit of watching and musing, for the powers of the mind are more collected and vigorous in the night ; or, because the coin of Athens was stamped with an owl. Two good morals are contained fh this fable. It shows the evil of talebearing; and the misfortune of not attending to the admonitions of experience. 166 •A* 1 Ti' V&w-V.H' •^•itw' ,7' .< t%' ìVV'' '.^-^// ·,·;Λ'ί. /Γ4$νΓΑ I maris annuerant : habili Saturnia curru [ngreditur liquidum pavonibus aera pictis : Tarn nuper pictis caeso pavonibus Argo ; Gluàm tu nuper eras, cùm candidus ante fuisses, Corvè ioquax, subito nigrantes versus in alas. 5 Nam fuit hœc quondam niveis argentea pennis Ales, ut œquaret totas sine labe columbas : Nec servaturis vigili Capitolia voce Cederei anseribus, nec amanti flumina Cycno. Lingua fuit damno : lingua faciente loquaci, 10 Qui color albus erat, nunc est contrarius albo: ΝΟΤΙΕ. 1. Annuerant : had consented ; had agreed that the Triones should mever descend into the sea. 2. Pavonibus pictis: faith her painted peacocks. They were lately adorned with the eyes of Argus, who was slain by Mei cury. As the air is the medium of sight, and is of various colors, hence peacocks, particolored birds, are said to draw the chariot of Juno. 3. Tarn nnper. This repetition prepares the mind for ihe relation ot the succeeding Oh babbling raven. fable. 5. Coi VP ìoquax : The poel here makes an apostrophe to the raven tor the purpose of reprehending his prati lini;. 6. Niveif: yi«K/s: with snowy wings. 6 Arcrnlea: silvery: of a silver culor. 8. Varili rnce : wuh watchful voice. Whilr besieging Rome, the Gauls, unno ticed by the sentinels, and without arous ing the dogs, had nearly scaled the citadel, when the cackling of the geese awoke Manlius and his soldiers, who threw the assailants down the precipice. 9. Ccderct: yielded; was inferior; viz. in whiteness. 10. Lingua fuit, damno: his tongue was his destruction. This unruly member has been the cause of ihe ruin of many. Hut the tongue can no man tiime; it is on nil ruly evil, fall of deadly poison —ST. JAMES lii. 8. He lhal keepelli hia mouth, kecpelli his lifet but he llial npenelh wide his lips shall have de- slruclion.—Ι'ΒονΈΒΒΒ xiiî. 3. 167 168 P. OVIDII NASONIS Pulchrior in tota quàm Larissœa Coronis, Non fuit Hœmoniâ. Placuit libi, Delphice, certe, Dum vel casta fuit, vel inobservata : sed aies Sensit adulterium Phœbëius ; utque latentem Detegeret culpam non exorabilis index, Ad dominum tendebat iter ; quem garula motis Consequitur pennis, scitetur ut omnia, cornix : Auditâque vice causa, Non utile carpis, Inquit, iter; né speme mese prœsagia linguai. Quid fuerim, quid simque, vide, meritumque require Invenies nocuisse fidem. Nam tempore quodam Pallas Erichthonium, prolem sine matre creatam, Clauserat Actseo textâ de vimine cista ; LIBER IL 12. Non fait in tota Hœmoiiia pitella pul- chrior quam Coronis LarîssŒa. 15 20 2l. Vide quid file rim, qnidqiie sim, re- quireque merîtum, in* venies udcm nocuiese milii. NOTjE. 12. tarissœa Coronis : Coronis of La rissa, a city of Thessaly. This is to dis tinguish her from Coronis of Phocis, changed into a crow. 13. Delphice. He here apostrophizes Apollo, who was called Delphicus, be cause he had a celebrated oracle at Delphi. 14. Ales Phœbëius: the bird of Apollo. The raven is «aid to be sacred to Apollo, because in augury it is most relied on; for its voice is the most distinct and intel ligible of all the birds. 15. Adulterium. The adultery of Coro nis wilh Ischys. 16. Ul. detegeret: that he might disclose. 16. Non exorabilis index: the inexorable informer. The raven could not be prevail ed on by Coronis to conceal the fact of her adultery, nor by the crow to abandon the purpose of his journey. 17. Ad dominnm: to his master, Apollo. 17. Malis pennis: with flapping wings. 18. Scitctur ut omnia: to pry into every thing. 20. Presagio: the presages; the predic tions. 21. Quid fuerim: what I was. She was the principal attendant of Minerva. 22. Nom tempore. Cornix, the crow, who was formerly Coronis, the daughter of Coroneus, now relates the reason uf her being expelled from the society of Mi nerva. 23. Pallas. A name of Minerva, de rived from πάλλω, to brandish, because she carries a spear in her hand. 23. ErichHonium. When Vulcan at tempted to offer violence to Minerva, and defiled the ground, Erichthonius was pro duced as the offspring of his passion, and fabled to be half human and half serpent. Minerva enclosed him in a basket, and gave him in charge to the three daughters of Ceerops, with orders not to open. Erich thonius is of Greek derivation, and means a contention of the soil, and doubtless has reference to some civil dissension. We may, therefore, as in the case of Ceerops, consider Erichthonius not a real personage, but a personification of the people. Vulcan attempts to violate Athena; that is, the artisan population of the city attempt to seize the government, but cannot effect the purpose.—the seed fells upon the earth, and Erichthonius is produced ; that is, the nnieans unite with some of the country people, and form a powerful party, who assume the government. As the chief leaders woula probably belong to the city, and the countrymen be their followers; hence the head and upper parts of Erich thonius are said to be human, while his feet are serpents ; that is, " children of the earth." 24. De vimine : of osiers. This may adumbrate the citadel of Athens, as stated in the Explicatio ; or -it may refer to a guard of soldiers, defended by shields made of twigs, like those in use among the Germans, as described by Caesar. These might figuratively be called a basket, just as the wooden walls of Athens ad vised by the oracle, were understood to be ships. 25. Gemino Cecropi. Cecrops was said to be the founder of Athens. He is repre sented by some as a native of Attica, and by others as an Egyptian, who led a colo ny from Sais, and settled Attica. He was said to be half man and half serpent ; either because he had two languages, the Egyp tian and the Greek; or lieeause being a native of Atlica, he was fabled to have the feet of a serpent, on account of his autoch thonous or indigenous nature ; for in He rodotus i. 78, the explanation of the ser pents devoured by the horses at Sardis is, " that the snake is a child of the earth." As ihe Athenians wore th6 golden cicada in their hair, as a symbol of their autoch- thonia, and as Cecrops is by metathesis κρέκσψ, a name of the cicada, it is most pro bable he was a native. Wordsworth in his " Greece Pictorial, Descripiive, and FABULA VII. METAMORPHOSEON. Virg-inibusque tribns gemino de Cecrope natis 25 Hanc legem dederat, sua ne secreta vidèrent. Abdita fronde levi densa speculabar ulmo, Quid facerent. Commissa, duœ sine fraude tuentur, Pandrosos atque Herse ; timidas vocat una sorores Agraulos, nodosque manu diducit, at intus 30 Infantemque vident, apporrectumque draconem. Acta deœ refero; pro quo mihi gratia talis Redditur, ut dicar tutela pulsa Minerva ; Et ponar post noctis avem. Mea pœna volucres Admonuisse potest, ne voce pericula quœrant : 35 At puto non ultro née quicquam talé rogantem Me petiit ; ipsa licet hoc à Pallade quaeras Gluamvis irata est : non hoc irata negabit. Nam me Phocaïca clarus tellure Coroneus (Nota loquor) genuit : fueramque ego regia virgo ; 40 Divitibùsque precis (né me contemne) petebar. Forma mihi nocuit ; nam dùm per littora lenris Passibus, ut soleo, summa spatiarer arena, Vidit, et incaluit pelagi Deus ; utque precando 169 27. Eco abdita fron, de levi «peculabar quid fucerem ab den sa almo. 32. Refero acla TJeœ ; Pro quo talis gratia redditur mihi, ut dicar pulsa tutela Minerva·, et ppnar post avem llocus. 39. Nam Coroneua clarus tellure l'hocoi- cft (loquor noto) genuit rçe, époque fuernin re gia virgo, pelebarque (ne contemne me) di- vitibus procis. NOT^E. Historical," does not consider Cecrops as an individual, but as a personification of the Athenian people. 25. Natis : the daughters of Cecrops. Their names were Herse, which signifies dew ; Pnndrosos, all-dewy ; and Agraulos, living-in'the-country. Il we consider Ce crops (cicada) a personification of the Athe nian people, since the cicada is said to feed upon dew in the country, we readily per ceive why his daughters bore the names attributed to them ; for as dew is abundant in mountainous places, Herse would repre sent the rnountain party; Pandrosos, all- dewy, the maritime party, and Agraulos those living in the country. These three identical parlies were known in the dissen sions of the people in the days of Solon. 26. Ne secreta. Minerva had ordered them not to pry into its secret contents. 27. Abdita fronde: concealed by the leaves. 28. Commissa: what had been commit ted to them ; their charge. 30. Nodos deducit : unties the knots. 31. Apporrcclum draconem: a dragon laid beside him. As the extremities of Erichihonius were a dragon, they thought they saw an infant and a dragon lying together. 32. Arln refero: I report their deeds. 33. Tutela pvlsa: expelled from the pro tection of Minerva. Perhaps some inha bitant of Corona was the bearer of trea sonable correspondence, and hence was expelled from Athens. Or it may be be cause crows are aaid not to come near Athens. 22 Ket el Athenrcis in montibus, areis in ipso Venice, Palladia ad lemplum Tritonidos alma?, Quo nunquam pennis appellimi corpora raucce Cornices, non cum fumant altana donis. LUCHETnjS. 34. Noctis avem: the bird of night ; the night-owl. 35. Ne voce. The punishment of Coro nis ought to be a warning to the birds, not to incur danger by a tattling disposition. 36. At puto : but I suppose ; but may 2 ! This is a gentle irony, and is in tended to obviate a tacit objection, that Minerva had repulsed her perhaps be cause Cornix had not at any time been very acceptable to her, or been selected as a companion without solicitation. 39. Fliocaïca tellure: in the land of Phocis. 39. Coroneus. A king of Phocis. As Coroneus founded the city of Coronea, and called it after his own name, he is said with poetical beauty to be the father of Coronis or Coronea. 41. Pctebar : I was courted; I was sought in marriage. This may be said as a natural embellishment of the story ; or. considering the maiden as a city, it may refer to alliances proposed by different cities or slates. 43. Dim spatiarer : while I was walk ing. 44. Incaluit: was inflamed with love of me. The interpretation by which we consider the virgin pursued Uy Neptune, as the city of Coronea threalened with in undation from the sea, or Copaic lake, is illustrated by an incident in the history of Ρ 170 P. OVIDII NASONIS Tempora cum blandis absumsit inania verbis ; 45 Vim parat, et sequitur. Fugio, densumque relinquo Littus, et in molli nequicquam lassor arena. Inde Deos, hominesque voco: nec contigit ullum Vox mea mortalem : mota est pro virgine virgo, Auxiliumque tulit. Tendebam brachia coelo : 50 Brachia cceperunt levibus nigrescere pennis. Rejicere ex humeris vestem molibar : at ilia Pluma erat ; inque cutem radices egerat imas. Plangere nuda meis conabar pectora palmis ; Sed neque jam palmas, nec pectora nuda gerebam. 55 Currebam; nec, ut ante, pedcs re^nebat arena: Et summa tollebar humo. Mox acta per auras Evehor, et data sum comes inculpata Minerva?. Quid tarnen hoc prodest, si diro facta volucris Crimine, Nyctimene nostro successit honori ì 60 LIBER II. 48. Inde voco Decs hominesque : nec \ ox mea contigit ullum mortnlem: virgo est mota pro virgine, tu- litque auxilium. 54. Conabar plan- gère nuda pectora meis palmis· sed ne que jam gerebam pai- mas, nec uuda pec- toia. NOTVE. Lorenzo dc' Medici. His villa, called Am bra, and situated on the banks of the Om- brone, was overflowed during an inunda tion, and the prince commemorated the circumstance by an agreeable fable, which formed the subject of one of his beautiful poems, and was also exquisitely carved on an amber Fiaschette. A nymph named Ambra, bathing in ihe Om- brone, the river god is enamored of her ; he cndeavorp lo seize upon lier, and she flies away along the banks. The river overflows, but cnn- not overtake her. He calls for assistance to Arno, his elder brother, who swells up his stream, and prevents her further flight. Om- brone has nearly reached her, when she pours out her supplications to Diuiiu; and, ns Dnphne was transformed into a laurel, she is changed into a rock. It appears to me, that it was the intention of Lorenzo to celebrate his villa of Ambra, which, at a time of inundation, is fre quently surrounded by water, and to give a poetic origin to his favorite residence, ami the lovely eminence on which it is placed —ILLUS TRATIONS OF THE LIFE OF LOREXZO DE' MEDICI. 44. Pelagi Deus. This whole storjr of Coronis is susceptible of a fine historical interpretation. Corone of Messenia was situated upon the Sinus Messeniacus, which was subject to sudden risings of the tide. Coronca in Bceotia was near the Copatc lake ; which, like the Nile, often overflows the whole adjacent country. Hence Neptune may be said to fall in love with Coronis, and pursue her. As the name Corone signifies crow, hence the fa bulous transformation into that bird. In the vicinity of the town of Coronea was the temple of Minerva Itonis, in which the general council of the Boeotian states as sembled. Hence Coronea, the crow, is under the protection of Minerva. Calli- machus, in his· Hymn to the Bath of'Pal las, speaks of Coronca and ite adjacent jrove as dear to Minerva. The august ceremony of the Bath probably took place here. As the owl was a symbol of that goddess, it is said to supplant the crow in her affections. 46. Vim parut. Pan, in like manner, after employing words of blandishment, pursues Syrinx with all his speed, as re lated in a former Fable. 47. Nequicqnam lassor: I am wearied in vain ; I weary myself in vain. 48. Inde Deos. After making every ex ertion of her own, she implores the assist ance of the gods, and of men. Heaven may be supplicated wiih confidence, after we have done all that is in our own power. God is faithful, who will not suffer you to be lempted above that ye are able ; but will with the temptation also make a way to esciipe. 1 CORINTHIANS X. 13. 49. ilota est virgo : a virgin was moved in behalf of a virgin. Minerva wns moved for Coronis. Heaven interposes to save the virtuous, when every human means fails. 52. Eejicere vestem: to throw off the gar ment. The garment had already begun to change into feathers. 53. Egerat imas; had driven the lowest roots. 57. Tollrlar humo : I was raised from the ground. Coronis was now upborne by wings, being changed into a crow. 57. Acta per auras: impelled through the air. 58. Comes incujpata: a blameless com panion. She was inviolate from Nep tune. 59. Diro crimine: a dreadful crime ; the crime of incest. 59. Volucris: a bird. She was changed to a night-owl. FABULA VII. METAMORPHOSEON. 171 QU^STIONES. Who was Coronis of Phocis ? Who fell in love with her ? When pursued by Neptune, into what was she changed ? Who effected the transformation ? How do you explain Neptune's pursuing her? How do you explain her transformation to a crow Î How may this whole fable be explained historically ? What similar fable in the history of Lo renzo de' Medici ? How may the city of Coronea be fabled to be the daughter of Cproneus ? Who was Erichthonius, and how pro duced ? What is the meaning of the word Erich thonius ? How do you explain the attempt of Vul can upon Minerva ? How do you explain the circumstance of Erichthonius being half man and half Bernent i What was the basket of Attic oziers? What is the second interpretation of Who was Cecrops said to be ? How do you explain the double nature of Cecrops ? What were the names of his daugh ters ? Explain the meaning of these different names ? How dp the three Cecropidœ guard Erichthonius in the ozier basket Î How do you interpret the action of Ag. raulos ? Wherefore does the crow become dis agreeable to Minerva? Explain this ! Of what is the crow the symbol Î Is there especial enmity between the crow and owl Î Why is the owl sacred to Minerva? Why is the owl said to be preferred to the crow by Minerva ? FABULA Vili. NYCTIMENE IN NOCTUAM MUTATA: MORS CORONIDIS. Nyctimene having entertained a criminal passion for her father Nyctssrus, Uie king of Lesbos, ehe is changed into an owl as a punishment for her crimes Unaffected by Üie relation of Üie Crow, Üie Raven reports to Apollo Üie adultery of Coronis, hia mistress. Apollo in a passion days her, but after wards, repenting of Üie deed, changes Üie color of Üie Raven from white to black. EXPLICATIO. ASHAMED of her hateful crime, the daughter of the Lesbian prince shuns society, and hides herself in secret ; and, hence, is said to be trans formed into an owl—a bird which does not make its appearance in day light. Or, the idea of her transformation may have been suggested by the name of the maiden, for Nyctimene is from the Greek, and signifies a screech-owl. The story of Coronis in all probability arose from the misfortune that befel the young lady of Larissa, either by a priest of Apollo or some other. She probably perished during some pestilence, immediately after giving birth to a son, and, hence, was fabled to be slain by the arrows of Apollo. In the Iliad of Homer, in like manner we find, that those who fell by the plague that arose from the unburied corpses of the Greeks were said to be skin by the arrows of that god. Her son yEsculapius is said to be the son of Apollo, the god of medi cine, because he became in after-life a famous physician. He was taken, while young, and placed under the care of Chiron, a great physician, astronomer, and musician, who was the fabled preceptor of many of the heroes of antiquity. He was one of the principal Centaurs, and was the ideal instructor of the heroic age, and gives us a conception of what a Grecian education embraced. His form, half human, half ferine, shows that the instruction of that time embraced both the intellectual and the animal, in which the former, as the head, predominated. The name is derived from χιιρ, the hand, and shows the estimation in which surgery was held in these times. His cave was on the summit of Mount Pelion, a natural observatory for the study of astronomy ; the botanical fertility of the mountain was favorable to the study of plants ; and the enlivening character of the mountain air disposed to the musical recreations of the lyre. Hence Chiron, an ideal personage, was fabled to be a great master of astronomy, medicine, and music. There was probably a school of pharmacy upon this mountain height. Even at the present day, Thes- saly is said to furnish the principal portion of the medical practitioners of Greece. 172 N, quae per totam res est notissima Lesbon, Non audita libi est 1 Patrium temcrâsse cubile Nyctimenen? Avis ilia quidem ; sed conscia cujpœ, Conspectum lucemque fugit, tenebrisque pudorem Celât; et à cunctis expellitur œthere loto. Talia dicenti, Tibi, ait, revocamina, corvus, Sint precor ista malo: nos vanum spernimus omen. JNec cœptum dimittit iter: dominoque jacentem Cùm juvene Hœmonio vidisse Coronida narrât. Laurea delapsa est, audito crimine amantis : Et pariter vultusque Deo, plectrumque, colorque Excidit. Utque animus tumida fervebat ab irà, Arma assueta capit ; flexumque à cornibus arcum 10 NOT.Œ. 1. Lesbon. Lesbos, now Miiy- lene, a large and celebrated island in Mare jEgEeum, the Archipelago, about sixty miles long and one hundred and seventy in circum ference. Alcasus, Sappho, Terpander, and other celebrated Greek poets were born here. 2. Temprasse: defiled; put for temera- visse by syncope. 5. Cunctis: by all the birds. All the birds pursue the owl when it comes out in daylight. 6. Revocamina ista: this recalling of me; this detention of me. 7. Sijit malo: be a curse to thee. narrât : tells hie master, Ischys, a young 8. Domno Apollo. 9. Juvrne Hœmonio. man of Thcssaly. 10. Laurea. The laurel crown which Apollo wore. 10. Amaniis: of his lover; viz. Coronis. 11. V-ultus: the countenance fell; the cheerfulness of countenance. 11. Plectrum. The bow with which the lyre was played. It is derived from to strike. 11. Color. The color of the god. countenance became pale. 12. Tumida ira : swelling rage. effect is here put for the cause. Ρ 2 173 His The 174 P. OVIDII NASONIS Tendit ; et ilia suo loties cum pcctore juncta Indevitato trajecit pectora telo. 15 Icta dedit gemitum, tracloque è vulnere ferro, Candida puniceo perfudit membra cruore : Hactenus : et pariter vitam cum sanguine fudit : Corpus inane animas frigus lethale secutum est. Pœnitet heu serò pœnas crudelis amantem: 20 •que, quòd audierit, quòd sic exarserit, odit ; 'it avem, per quam crimen, causamque dolendi bcire coactus erat : nervumque, arcumque, manumque, Odit ; cumque manu, temeraria tela, sagittas : Collapsamque fovet; serâque ope vincere fata 25 Nititur; et medicas exercet inaniter artes. Quas postquam frustra tentata, rogumque parari Sensit, et arsuros supremis ignibus artus, Turn vero gemitus (neque enim coelestia tingi Ora decet lacrymis) alto de corde petitos 30 Edidit : haud aliter, quàin cùm spedante juvencâ, Lactentis vituli, dextrâ libratus ab aure, Tempora discussit claro cava malleus ictu. LIBER II. 12. Utque animus fervebat ab tumida iru, capii urma assue- ta ; tenditque arcuiti nexum ù cornibus : et trajecit indevitato telo, ilia pectora loties juncta cum »uo pec- tore. FABULA Vili. METAMORPHOSE Ο Ν. 27. Quœ poâlquam sensit tentata frustra, rogumque parari, et artus arsuros supre- mis ignibus ; turn vero edidit gerrtitus petites de alto pectore. NOTTE. 15. indevitato télo : with unerring wea pon. 16. Jeta: being wounded ; from the verb ito. 16. Dedit gemitum: she uttered a groan. 19. Inane aninus: void of life. 20. Amantem: the lover, viz. Apollo. 21. Sic exarseril : that he had been so enraged. 22. Crimen. The infidelity of Coronis. 25. Collapsam fovet : he presses her to his bosom, after she had fallen. 25. Vincere fata : to conquer fate ; to recover her from death. 27. Eogum: the funeral pile. This was constructed of wood, in the form of an altar, with four equal sides. The sides of the pile were rough and unpolished, but were frequently covered with leaves. On the top of the pile the corpse was laid, with the couch on which it was carried. The nearest relative set fire to it with his face averted. 29. Neque decet. Ovid, in his FASTI, lib. iv-, expresses the same sentiment : Neque cnim lucrymare deorum est. Other writers have thought differently, and have presented us wilh instances in which tears have added to the comeliness and interest of the celestial countenance ; as when Venus intercedes with Jupiter for ./Eneas, or laments the untimely fate of Adonis ; or when Apollo mourned for Bion. The height of the sublime of tears i» reached in the Scriptures, where God head sanctifies sorrow and friendship, when, at the tomb of Lazarus, ' ' Jesus wept." Atque ilium tales jactantem pectore curae, Tristior, et lacrymis oculos eumisa niteutes, Mloqtiitia· Venus.—JEsmv i. 227. Thus Cypris wailed ; but, dead, Adonis lies ; For every gout of blood that fell from him. She drops a tear ; sweet flowers each dew sup pliée— Roses his blood, her tears ancmonies. BION'S LAMEST FOB ADOXIS. Apollo wept, I wis For thee, eweet Bion ! and, in mourniug weed, The brotherhood of Fauns, anil nil the Satyr breed.—MOSCHUS'S LAMEMT FOR Bios. 30. Lacrymis ; with tears. Similar to this is the lamentation of Herod over Ma- riamne, after lie had slain her. The ac count is given in Josephus. 31. Jlaud aliter. It is not a very dig nified account of Apollo, that, when he saw the dead form of his mistress before him, his immortal godship uttered a cry like the dam of a sucking calf when she sees it slaughtered before her eyes. By ron, in the following, is more happy : What cleaves the silent air So madly shrilt, so passiug wild ? That, as a mother's o'er her child Done to death by sudden &fol0, To the sky these accents go, Like a soul's in endless wo. PARISIXA xviii. 31. Juvencâ. A young cow that has had her first calf. 35. Injusta justa : the unjust funeral ceremonies. These obsequies are called justa, because they are the last offices due to the dead. They are here called iniusta, as Coronis died before her time, ana by a violent death. There is an Oxymoron in the use of these words. Ut tarnen ingrates in pectora fudit odores ; Et dedit amplexus, injustaque justa peregit: '35 Non lulit in cineree labi sua Phoebus eosdcm Semina : sed natum flammis uteroque parentis Eripuit; geminique tulit Chironis in antrum. Sperantemque siti non falste prsemia linguas, Inter aves albas vetuit considère corvum. 40 175 34. Tarnen Phoebus ut fudit ingrates odo res in penerà; et de dit amplcxus, peregit· que justa injusla, non tulit sua semina labi in cosdem cineree. NOTTE. 36. Non tulit: did not suffer; did not permit. 37. Sua semina : his offspring, viz. the unborn child of Coronis. 37. Natum. His son, TEsculapius. 38. Chironis. The most celebrated of the Centaurs, and the son of Saturn and Plitlyra. To escape discovery by Rhea, Saturn transformed himself into a steed, and Fliilyra into a mare ; hence their off spring, Chiron, was half man and half horse. He was skilled in surgery, the medical arts generally, and in music. Ho mer praises nis justice, and hence he is said to be the eon of Saturn, who reigned in the golden age. His mother's name, Philyra, a lover-of-Uie-lyre, explains his skill in music. 39. Speranlem prœmia; expecting a re ward. The crow looked for a reward in consequence of his fidelity to Apollo, in reporting the conduct of Coronis. 40. Albas aves .· the white birds. He changed him to a different color—to black. This color figuratively expresses dislike and hatefulness. Things unlucky were said to be marked with coal. QU^STIONES. Into what was Nyctimene changed? Why? Why is vice assimilated to the owl ? What suggested the idea of the trans formation ? Did the warning of the Crow deter the Raven from going to Apollo ? What effect did the disclosure of the adultery of Coronis produce upon the god ? What did he do in his passion ? Did lie repent of his rashness immedi ately after ? What did he dp with his son ? Who was Chiron? What arts did he practise ? What punishment did Apollo inflict on the Raven? , How do you explain the love of Apollo for Coronis ? How do you explain her destruction by the arrows of the god ' What similar instance is given ? Was Chiron a real, or an ideal personage ? Where was his cave ? What circumstances connected with the locality and character of his residence ex plain his fabled accomplishments Ì Is Thessaly still rich in botanical plants ? Is it still celebrated for masters of the healing art ? FABULA IX. OCYRRHOE IN EQUAM MUTATI. Ocyirhoe, the daughter of Chiron by the nymph Chariclo, besides learning her father's arts, covets the gift of prophecy, and under an oracular frenzy, predicts future events. She predicts the medical ability of JEscuIapius, and his destraction by a thunderbolt. She also foretels the sufferings and death of her father, whan her further prophecies are prevented by her own transformation into a mare. EXPLICATIO. THIS fable is somewhat complicated, as it relates to no less than three personages. ./Esculapius, according to Sanchoniatho, was the same as the Phenician Esmun, and the brother of the Seven Cabiri. He is the same as the Egyptian Ptha, and, like him, is the guide of the Cabiri, who are the seven planets. As a solar deity, the son of Apollo, he is like the Phrygian Atis, the fair Adonis, or the chained Hercules, and represents the sun without strength, in the Spring, and in Autumn, as the author of health. As the insalubrious seasons follow the period \\ hich is designated by this solar deity, hence, he who is the giver of health, is fabled to be slain by Jupiter, or the pestilent air which falls out in the unhealthy seasons of the Spring and Autumn. Purged from these infections, and assuming recovered vigor, he is fabled to be changed ini υ a deity. Or, his fabled deification and immortality may represent the continued succession of the seasons. In the story of the death of Chiron, by one of the poisoned arrows that were dipped in the blood of the serpent of Lerna, we have an astronomical and physical fact presented to us. The constellation Scorpio is intended to represent the pestiferous airs and miasmata that abound during the period when the sun is in that constellation ; and as Sagittarius follows next in order, and is fabled to be the Centaur Chiron ; hence, the latter is said to be slain by the poisoned arrows of a deadly serpent ; in other words, by the malignant rays of the autumnal sun during the sickly season. The account of Ocyrrhoe involves a good deal of difficulty. Considered as an actual personage, it is to be presumed she was instructed by h er father in all his accomplishments, and that being expert at horsemanship, she was fabled to he changed into a mare ; since the Centaurs were described as lialf man and half horse, because they were skilful horsemen. Or, as Chiron, the ideal physician, dwelt upon Mount Pelion, we may consider Ocyrrhoe a stream flowing from Pelion, as used for medical purposes, and, hence, said to be the daughter of Chiron, and changed into a mare; for several streams (among them one in Colchos flowing into the Phasis) have the name of Hippos, a mare. 176 ^ta^," EMIFER interea cnvinae stirpis alumno Lœtus erat ; mistoque oneri gaudebat honore. Ecce venit rutilis humerns protecta capillis Filia Centauri: quam quondam nympha Chariclo, .. Fluminis in rapidi ripis enixa, vocavit 5 Ocyrrhcën. Non base artes contenta paternas Etlidicisse fuit: fatorum arcana cane bat. NOTJE. 1. Semifer.. Chiron, who was half man ana half beast. 1. Alumno: his fosier-child ; viz. ./Esculapius. 4. Cintuuri: of the Centaur; of Chiron. The Centaurs were a race of beings half man and half beast, said to be born of Ixion and a cloud. They were a rude race of mountaineers, who first taught the practice of riding on horseback, and who, descending from the cloud- capt heights of Thessaly, were fabled to be born of a cloud. Again, the fiction may have arisen from their coming from the city of Nephele, which signifies a cloud ; or, as they probably were predatory in their habits, they may have been called in the old Greek language, which contained many Phenician words, Nephclim, which means /rwnls ; and by mistaking Nephde, a cloud, for the root of Neplielim, the Cen taurs may have been called the sons of the cloud. _. _..-.._.._. Was a nymph beloved by ther, viz. Astronomy, Music, and Medi Chiron, and the mother of Ocyrrhoe and cine. Tircsias. 7. Arcana cantimi: she sang the eecreis 6. Ocyrrhoën. The daughter of Chiron of the fates. Cano is employed, because and Chariclo; she was born on the banks oracles were given, for the most part, in of a rapid stream, and hence her name, verse. which signifies flowing swiftly. Sola milii Tales casus Cassandra canttat 6. Artes Tater-nox : the arts of her fa- Vitjc. *J Π7 4. Cliariclo. ,1 i 178 P. OVIDII NASONIS Ergo ubi fatidicos concepii mente furores, Incaluiique deo, quern clausum peciore habebal ; Aspicil infanterà, Tolique salulifer orbi Cresce, puer, dixil: libi se mortalia scepe Corpora debebunl ; animas libi reddere ademplas Fas eril ; idque semel dìs indignanlibus ausus, Posse dare hoc ilerum fiamma prohibebere avilâ; Eque deo corpus fies exsangue ; deusque, dui modo corpus eras ; el bis lua fata novabis. Tu quoque, care paler, non jam mortalis, el œvis Omnibus ul maneas, nascendi lege crealus; Posse mori cupies lum, cùm cruciabere dirae Sanguine serpenlis per saucia membra receplo : Teque ex celerno palienlem Numina morlis Efficienl ; Iriplicesque dece lua fila resolvenl. Reslabal falis aliquid ; suspiral ab imis Pectoribus, lacrymceque genis labunlur oborlœ : Atque ila, Prceverlunl, inquii, me fala ; velorque Plura loqui ; vocisque mero prcecludilur usus. Non fueranl arles lanti, quce numinis iram Contraxêre mihi ; mallem nescîsse fulura. LIBER II. P. Ergo ubi concepii falidicos furores men te, incaluilque deo in qnem habebal clau- 1υ sumpectore. 15 20 17. Tu quoque, care pater, jam non mortii- lis, et crealus lege nascendi ul maneas omnibus œvis. 23. Aliquid reslabai feus: ilia suspiral ab imis pecloribu», lacry mteque obortae labun- tur genis. 27. Arles quœ con- traxere iram numinis milii non fueranl lan- NOTJE. 8. Fatidicos furores: the oracular fury. 9. Intaluit deo. When she became heated by the divine impulse. 10. Salutifer: the bringer of health. This is a sublime spectacle where the prophetess Chariclo takes in her arms the child who is the giver of health to the world. It reminds us of one more sublime, when the prophetess Anna takes in her arms the infant Jesus, (physician,) who is to heal alike the maladies of the souls and bodies of a sin-sick world ; and, the spirit of prophecy resting upon her, beholds "the Sun of righteousness arise with healing in his wings." Great .ffisculapius, skilled to heal mankind, All-ruling Preuu, and physician kind ; Whose ans medicinal can alone assuage Diseases dire, and stop Iheir dreadful rage. Strong, lenienl god, regard my suppliant prayer Bring genlle Heallh, adorned with lovely hair : Convey the means of mitigating pain. And raging deadly pestilence reslrain. O, power all-flourishing, abundani, brighi, Apollo's honored offspring, god of lighl; Husbnnd of blameless llealln, Ihe constant foe _ god ; and again rendered immortal alter death. 17. Tu quoque. Ocyrrhoe predicts also the death of her father, Chiron. 17. Nonmortalis: immortal. That Heaven to me the final seal Of all earth's sorrow would deny, And I eternally must feel The death-pang, without power to die 1 Moons 18. jEw's omnibus: throughout all time. 18. Nascendi lege: by the condition of O f dreud disease, llie minister of wo. Come, blessed Saviour, human health defend. And to tliis mortal life afford a prosperous end. 11. preste pua.- giù·» «*p, uvj. 13. Semel. When he shall restore Hip polytus to life. 14. Fiamma avita: by the thunder of his grandfather. 15. Corpus exsangue: a pale body; lifeless body. 16. Bis novabis: thou shah twice renew • . . , i r __ î.}· . ,. , , , - D·** serpente: of the dread serpent. Chiron was wounded by one of the poi soned arrows of Hercules, which had been dipped in the gall of the Lernœan serpent. 22. Triplices dece. The three fates. Clo- tho, Lachesis, and Atropos. They were said to be the daughters of Jupittr and Themis ; or of Nox, or Erebus, according to others. They spun the thread of human life ; the first holding the distaff, the second spinning the thread, and the third culling it : Cloiho colura retinet, Lachesis net. et Atropos occat. iiuiuuuic ««,,.._,.._,.-.— —- 23. Eestaiat aliquid: something re- OBPHHUS'S HYMS TO jEscuLAi-ius. rnained to the fates of her father. She was Cresce puer: grow up, boy. about to foretel his transformation to the ""' ' ' " '—"" constellation Sagittarius, but her own me tamorphosis prevented. 25. Fataprœvertunt: the fates prevent. 26. Prœcluditur: is stopped; is pre cluded. 27. Artes. The art of prophecy. 28. Conlraxere mihi: have drawn upon ID. als novuvis: ι nu u »imi ι LTVI^ y··"·· - ihy fate ; once having become mortal from | me, 30 S.. METAMORPHOSEON. Jam mihi subduci facies humana videtur : Jam cibus herba placet ; jam latis currere campis Impelus esl ; in equam, cognataque corpora verlor. Tota tarnen quare ? Pater est mihi nempe biformis. Talia dicenti pars est extrema querelce Intellecta parùm : confusaque verba fuere. Mox, nee verba quidem, nee equce sonus ille videlur ; 35 Sed simulanlis equam ; parvoque in tempore certes Edidil hinniius ; et brachia movil in herbas. Turn digiti coëunt, et quinos alligai ungues Perpeluo cornu levis ungula : crescit el oris Et colli spalium ; longce pars maxima pallse Cauda fil ; ulque vagi crines per colla jacebant, In dexlras abiere jubas ; pariterque novata est Et vox el facies : nomen quoque monslra dedêre. 179 ti ; mallem rescisse futura 38. Turn digiti coi- um et levis ungula alligai quinos ungue» 40 P.erpetuo cornu: spa- Hum el oris el colli crescil NOTjE. 29..Mila, subduci: to be taken from me. 31. Cognata corpora: into a kindred bo dy. Her father was half horse. 32. Tota qttare: wherefore entire 1 She wonders why she should be changed en tirely into a mare, when her father was half man and half horse. 36. Simulanti} equam: of one that imi tates a mare. 37. Certo» tinnitus: true neighings. 37. Erachia movit: she moved her arms. She went upon all-fours, lut her arms were not yet changed into fore-legs. 40. Longœ pallee: of her long robe. The clothes of Lycaon, in like manner, were changed into hair. 41. Vagi jacebant: lay scattered. 43. Nomen. The metamorphosis also caused her to have a new name ; she was called Evippe, which signifies one skilled in horsemanship, from ttonroj, expert in horsemanship. QUjESTIONES. Who was Chiron 1 Who were the Centaurs 1 How do you explain their double na ture? Who was Ocyrrhoe ? What arts did she possess Î What prophecy did she make in refer ence to ./Esculapius ? By whom was ./Esculapius slnin ? After the prophecy relating to ^Escula- pius, what prediction did she utter 1 How did Chiron die ? What became of him after death Î . _. .._r(,jned to Ocyrrhoe 1 Whom did Sancboniatho consider JEe culapius to be ? Who are the Cabiri considered to be ? What character of the sun does JEscn- lapius represent ? Explain how he is slain by Jupiter. How do you interpret his deification ana immortality ? How do you explain the death of Chiron I How do you explain the account of Ocyrrhoe as a real personage ? How can yon explain it physically Î FABULA X. BATTUS IN INDICEM MU TATUS. Apollo, whilo tending the herds of Admetus, and singing on his pipe the love of his mistress, forgets his cattle, and a part of them are stolen by Mercury Battus witnesses the theft, but on rcc.iving from Mercury the present of a cow, ho promises silence. Mercury i. sûmes a different fcrm, and returns to Battus, and inquires if he had seen any stray cattle ; and promises him a greater reward if he would tell him where they are. Battus directs Mer cury to the place where they are to bo found, when the gcd makes himself known, and, for his perfidy, changes him into a touchstone. EXPLICATIO. APOLLO, according to Homer, is sometimes fabled to be a herdsman, because the solar influence is the chief cause of the nutriment and growth of all things upon earth. As the country of Phera was particu larly noted for its fine pastures, he is therefore said to have fed flocks in that fine pastoral country. The theft which Mercury practised upon Apollo, is related by Homer in his Hymn to Mercury ; and by Horace, in his Hymn to the same deity, in Lib. i. Ode x. The great point of difference between them is, that Homer describes the theft as committed by Mercury when an infant, not yet done with the cradle ; Horace represents it as committed when the god was a boy ; while Ovid places it at a more advanced period, when he had grown up and become the messenger of his father, Jupiter. The story, as related by Homer, ex tends through four or five hundred lines, and although related in polished language, is protracted and tedious. The story of Battus contains a good moral, as it shows the baneful effects of avarice. When the love of gain comes to be an absorbing pas sion, it shakes the foundation of all the virtues, and involves the ruin of truth, fidelity, and integrity. The breast is hardened against all the finer feelings of humanity; pity, benevolence, generosity, and charity plead in vain for the unfortunate ; while on the footsteps of unhallowed cupidity follow not unfrequently treachery, perjury, theft, robbery, and even murder itself. When Battus had consented to lie for a bribe, he was fitted for the treachery which he afterwards committed, when a larger bribe tempted his avarice. The petrifying effect which it has upon the soul, may be adumbrated by the metamorphosis of Battus into stone ; or as the Index, or touch stone, is used to test the qualities of gold, and is therefore a discoverer, Battus may be fabled to be changed into that stone, because he perfidi ously discovered the place where Mercury had hidden the cattle, con trary to an es press promise, extracted too by a reward. 180 LEBAT opemquc tuam frustra Philyrrïus héros, Delphice, poscebat: sed nee rescindere magni Jussa Jovis poteras ; nee, si rescindere posses, Tune aderas; Elin Messeniaque arva colebas. Illud erat tempus, quo te pastoria pellis 5 Texit ; onusquc fuit baculum sylvestre sinistrtE ; Alterius, dispar septenis fistula cannis. Dumque amor est cura, dum te tua fistula mulcet ; NOTjE. f 1. Piiilyreïue héros. Chiron, the son of Saturn by Philyra. 2. Rescindera to rescind ; to moke void. 4. Eliti. A principal division of Peloponnesus, the Marea, lying west of Arcadia, bounded on the north by the Larissus, which sepa rated it from Achaia ; on the south by the Neda, and on the west by the /Egean sea. It was fertile, and used for agriculture and grazing. The city of Elis was in the north. 4. fllrssenia arva. Messenia, a district of Peloponnesus, the Marea boumied on the north by Elis and Arcadia, on the east by Laronia, and on the south and west by the Ionian sea. It is a mountainous country, with rich and well-watered plains, suitable for pasturage. 5. Paxloria pellis : the pastoral skin. The shepherd's coat, made of skins. When Apollo killed the Cyclops for making the thunderbolts with which his son ./Escula- pius was destroyed, he was driven from heaven, and compelled to tend the flocks of Ailmetus. 8. imor est curœ : love is your care ; while your thoughts are turned to love. While in Messenia, Apollo fell in love with the daughter of Admetus. 8. Fistula mulcel : your pipe solaces you. Ea sola voluplos, Solamenquc mali : du collo fistula pendei. Chnrming shell. Apollo's love, VlEon. And pleasing 10 the priests of Jove ! Hear tliy poet's solemn praj er, Thou solace of each anxious care.— HORACE. Q, 181 182 P OVIDII NASONIS LIBER Π Incustoditœ Pylios memorantur in agros Processisse boves : videt has Atlantide Maiâ Natus ; et arte sua sylvis occultât abactas. Senserat hoc furtum nemo, nisi notus in ilio Rure senex : Eattum vicinia tota vocabant. Divitis hie saltus herbosaque pascua Nelei, Nobiliumque greges custos servabat equarum. Hüne timuit, blandäque manu seduxit ; et, eja, duisquis es, hospes, ait, si forte armenta requiret Hsec aliquis, vidisse nega ; neu gratia facto Nulla rependatur, nitidam cape proemia vaccam ; Et dédit. Accepta, voces has reddidtt hospes ; Tutus eas ; lapis iste priùs tua iurta loquatur ; Et lapidem ostendit. Simulât Jove natus abire, Mox redit : et, versa pariter.cum voce figura, Rustice, vidisti si quas hoc limite dixit, Ire boves ; fer opem : furtoque silentia deme ; Juncta suo pretium dabitur ubi fcemina tauro. At senior, postquam inerces geminata, sub illis Montibus, inquit, crunt ; et erant sub montibus illis. Risii Atlantiades : et, Me mihi, perfide, prodis ? Me mihi prodis ? ait : perjuraque pectora vertit In durum silicem ; qui nunc quoque dicitur Index : Inque nihil merito velus est infamia saxo. 10 15 20 IG. Mtreurius thnuît hune, eeduxitquQ blanda manu, et ait, eja hospes, quisquis es. 20. Vacca accepta, hospes reddidit has voces : eae tutus ; iste lapis priùs loquatur tua iurta, et oeiendit lapidem. 25 27. At senior post- quom merces est ge minata, inquit, erunt sub illis montibus, et erant sub illis monti- 30 bus. NOTJE. 9. Pylio!. Pylos was a maritime city of Messenia, built by Pyloa, king of Me- gara. It was captured and held by Nele- UB, the father of Nestor. It is now almost in ruins. There were two other towns of the same nam£ in Elis. 10. Processisse; had advanced; had wandered away. 11. Natus. Mercury, who was the son of Jupiter by Main, one of the daughters of Atlas. 14. Arte suai by his art; by theft. Mercury was the god of thieves. Great lire-supporter, lo rejoice is thine, In arts gymnastic, and in fraud divine. ORPHEUS'S HYMN TO MEKCUKY Artful and cunning to conceal Whate'er in pia)lui theft you steal; When from the cod, who gilds the pole, Even ) et a boy, nis herds you stole. With ongry look, t.he threotening power Bude thee thy fr&udful prey restore, But of his quiver, too, heguiled, rieased with the theft, Apollo smiled. HORACE. 14. Nelei. Nelcus was the father of ISestor, king of Pylos. 16. Hunc timutt: he feared him. Mer cury was apprehensive that Battus would betray him. 18. Vidissf netta : deny that you have seen them. When Mercury required of Battus tu lie on his account, it was hardly to be expected that one so lost to principle would keep faith with him. 19. Prœmia. The unprincipled, who will accept bribes to commit crimes, or to conceal them, are seldom to be trusted when more tempting offers are addressed to their cupidity, as was shown in the case of Battus. 22. Simulât alire: he feigns to depart. 23. Versa ßgnra. Having changed his form and his voice, that Battus might not recognise him. 28. Et erant. Some writers, and among them Erasmus, imagine that Battus was a silly poet, who indulged in vain repetitions. These reiterations are called tuttologìa. The following are in this Fable : Sub illls Montibus, inquit, erunt, et erunt sub tnontibui illis. Et, me mihi, perfide, prodis? Me mihi prodis? 29. Atlantiades. Mercury, the grandson of Atlas. Thou god of-wit, from Atlas sprung, Wlio by persuusive power of tongue, And graceful exercise refined The s&vage race of human kind.—HORACE. 31. Index: touchstone. A stone called by some Lydius lapis, which is used to try the purity of gold. Tests of gold are now made by assay, when a portion of the me tal is dissolved, and tried by acid. 32. Nihil merito : that deserves none viz. no infamy. FABULA X. METAMORPHOSEON. QUjESTIONES. 183 Why did Apollo become a pastor Î Whose herds did he attend? What happened while he was solacing himself with his pipe ? Who witnessed the theft ? What present did Mercury make him to insure his silence Î Did Mercury suspect his fidelity ? How did he test his honesty Î Did Battus yield to the temptation ? What did Mercury do to him? What is the touchstone Î now is gold tested at present ' How does Homer explain the pastoral character of Apollo? Why was he said to feed flocks in Pherœ Î Of what is Mercury the god ? What moral does the story of Battus teach ? How do you interpret the transformation of Battus? FABULA XI. AGRAULOSIN SAXUM MUTATA. itfercury beholds a procession of virgins who are carrying presents into Uio temple of Minerva at Athens, and falls in love with one of them, Herse, the beautiful daughter of Cecrops. and asks the aid of Agraulos, her sister, to favor his suit. Minerva, displeased with Agreulos for former disobedience of her orders, engages Envy to infect her with her evil nature. Moved with envy and hatred of her siirter Herse, she attempts to exclude Mercory from the house, when the god changes her to stone. EXPLICATIO. IN the Explicatio and Notes of Fable VI. of this Book, we have shown, that, by the three daughters of Cecrops, we are to understand, not real personages, but personifications of the Athenian people. This mode'of interpretation must be continued in the explanation of the present Fable ; and in the jealousy of Agraulos, consequent on the love of Mercury for her sister Hcrse, we are to contemplate some oivil dissension, owing to the manner in which trade or commerce was conducted, and possibly the collection and appropriation of imposts consequent thereon. Mercury, as the god of gain, presided over commerce, and hence in all cases his statue stood at the head of the agora or forum. His winged hat and talaria beautifully represent the white-winced ships that skim the surface of the deep. As by Herse we are to understand the people of Athens and those immediately adjacent, who would participate more particularly in the advantages of trade ; it is easy to perceive why Mercury, or com merce, falls in love with this daughter of Cecrops. Pandrosos, or those engaged in maritime pursuits, like Herse, the emporium, would enjoy their advantages from trade, and be satisfied ; while Agraulos, the inha bitants of the country, might envy the opportunities of wealth and fortune possessed by the city. If duties imposed upon the importation of mer chandise were expended mainly upon the city, as was probably the case, still greater cause for disaffection would exist. Efforts were possibly made to obstruct trade in some way by the inhabitants of the country, and hence that part of the Fable in which Agraulos endeavors to prevent Mercury, or commerce, from passing to Horse, or the emporium. That something of the kind did take place is certain, from the fact that walls, five miles in length, and hence called the long walls, were constructed from the Piraeus, anrl other ports of Athens, to protect merchandise as it passed up to the city; and thus Agraulos, or the countrymen, who attempted to prevent the ingress of Mercury, may be fabled to be changed into stone, while the god is at liberty to pass in. In relation to the pa lace of Cecrops containing three chambers, it is possible the Cecropium, dedicated 19 the majesty of the Athenian people, embraced in the personi fication Cecrops, had a sanctuary dedicated to Herse, one to Pandrosos, find one to Agraulos ; for the Erechlheum had two chambers, one for Pandrosos, the other for Herse, under the form of Minerva Polias ; while· the sanctuary of Agraulos stood near. 184 ' i :>{**'/ -·' . ^^ se sustulerat paribus Caducifer ahs : ? eundem. " \ NOTE. 1. Hinc. After the transformation of Bat- ' tus. - 1. Caducifer. The wand-bearer; Mercury,_ who bears the caduceus. y 1. Paribus alis : with equal wings; with=^ poised wings. Τ ^ 2. Munuchios agros. The Athenian fields, (. / BO called from Munycliium, a promontory near j - Alhens. . gAl 2. Gratam Minerva : dear tQ Minerva. Athens was under |7 ^ the particular protection of Minerva. |> 3. Calti Lycœi. The polished Lycteuni—where Aristotle^^g and other philosophers lectured. : 5. Festas arces: the festal citadel. The feast of the Pana- thenœn was celebrated at that time. 5. Vertice supposito: with the head placed under. 6. Coronatis: crowned with flowers. 6. Pura sacra: the pure offerings ; frankincense, &c. 8. /n rectum: direct. , 8. Sed curvai: but bends in a circle. Throws his sleep flight in many an airy whirl.—MILTON. SF^ff/^iSFTiV Ip·*/ i.-,,i' '/ * Ji ' . . fir/' i'i »^iii^ . *',·' i\< Ά& A 4 Si*. ', .'x * , tì ^'* ' · ·- ' r* I' fft J 3 '*efulget splenrlìdìor te OLucifer; tanto Herse ibat prœstantior omni bus virginilius. 25. Quœ forma, quanquam est justa, tarnen adjuvat illam cura : permulcetque comas, collocatque clilamyden ut pendeat apte. 31. Quorum tu Fan drose posséderas dex· tjum, Agraulos posse- NOTJE. 9. Milüus. This is a very beautiful similitude. The circular flight of the kite is well known. But cawing rooks, and kites that swim sublime In still repeated circles, screaming loud. COWPEK. 10. Sum timet. While the kite is afraid to make n swoop upon the entrails. 10. Circnmstaitt: stand around, inspect ing the entrails. We have just been told that the entrails were laid open to view ; exlis visis. 12. Spem: his hope; the thing hoped for, viz. the entrails. 12. Motis alis: with flapping wings. 13. Artfts arces : the Actœan towers ; the AtliCTjiaii towers. Attica is so called, from ακτή, shore, because much of its terri tory lies upon the sea. 13. Lucifer. The planet Venus is called Lucifer when it is the morning star, and Hesperus when it is the evening star. 18. Pompas : of the pomp ; of the pro cession. 19. Qtslupuit forma : was struck wilh her form. 20. Bnlearica funda: the Balearic sling. The Baléares were two islands in the Me diterranean sea, near Spain, now called Majorca and Minorca. The inhabitants Were celebrated in the use of the sling, from which ihey threw stones and balls of lead. 21. Incandescit eundo: becomes healed as it goes. Virgil, in his account of the games at the tomb of Anchises, represents the arrow of Acestes as shot with a force which caused it to ignite. The feathered arrow gave a dire portent And latter Augurs judge from this event. Chafed by the speed it fired ; and as it flew, A trail of following flames, ascending drew . Kindling they mount ; and mark the shining way, Across ihe skies as falling meteors play, And vanish into "wind ; or in a blaze decay, JÜwo. 24. Nee se dissimulât : nor does he dis guise himself. He does not conceal who ne is. 26. Cldamyden collocai : he adjusts his mantle. The cldamys was a Grecian outer garment, something like a scarf, being about twice as long ns broad. It was woollen, of fine material, variegated in color, and susceptible of great ornament. It was generally worn by passing one of the shorter sides round the neck, and con fining it by a. fibula, or brooch. 27. iimbus totumque; the border, and all its gold embroidery. 29. virgo: his wand ; the cadilccus. 29. Nileant talaria: that his winged shoes may glisten. 30. Testudine: with tortoise-shell. It was customary to decorate bedposts with ivory and shell. Nee varios inhiant pulchra testurline postes, Illusasque auro vestes.—VIEOIL, Geòrgie ii. FABULA XI. METAMORPHOSEON. Cluse tenuit Icevum, venientem prima notavit Mercurium ; nomenque dei scitarier ausa est, Et causam adventûs. Cui sic respondil Allanlis 35 Ple'ionesque nepos: Ego sum, qui jussa per auras Verba patris porto. Pater esl mihi Jupiter ipse : Herse causa vise, faveas oramus amanti. Adspicit hune oculis îsdem, quibus abdita nuper Viderai Agraulos flavœ secreta Minerva : 40 Proque ministerio magni sibi ponderis aurum Postulai : inlerea leclis excedere cogit. Vertit ad hanc torvi dea bellica luminis orbem, El tanto penilus iraxil suspiria molu, Ul pariter pectus, posilamque in peclore forti 45 .ffigida conculeret. Subii, hanc arcana profana Detexisse manu lum, cùm sine maire creatam Lemnicolae stirpem contra data federa vidil ; Et gratamque dec fore jam, gralamque sorori ; El ditem sumplo, quod avara poposcerit, auro. 50 Protinus Invidia nigro squallenlia tabo Tecta pelit. Domus esl imis in vallibus antri Abdita, sole carens, non ulli pervia venlo ; Tristis, et ignavi plenissima frigorie ; el quœ Igne vacel semper, caligine semper abundel. 55 Hue ubi pervenil belli meluenda virago ; Oonslilil ante domum, (neque enim succedere lectis Fas habet) el posies extremâ cuspide puisât. 187 derni lœvum, Hers» medium. 36. Ego sum ille qui porto jussa verba pa tris per auras : Jupiter ipse est pater mihi. 4fi. Subit, hanc de- texisse arcana ejtts profana man υ turn, cum con Ira data foe- dent, vidit stirpem LemnicoUc, creatam sine matre 56. UM metuenda virago belli pervenit hue, constitit anta do- mum (neque enim ha- NOTjE. 33. Quœ tenuit: who had the bed-cham- oer on the left, viz. Agraulos. 34. Sritarier. 'For scitari by paragoge. 36. Plewnes. Pleione was one of the Oceanides, who married Atlos, king of Mauritania, by whom she had twelve daughters. Seven of them were changed into the constellation Pleiade». 36. Jussa per auras. The termination of this line is a good deal like one in Vir gil: El celeres defer mea dicta per auras. ^ENEID iv. 220. 37. Verbo patris. Mercury was not only the messenger of Jupiter, but of all the Te canam magni Jovis et Deorum Nuncium.—HOR. Lib. i. Od. x. "AyycXof αθανάτων tpiovviav ov τεκέ ΜαΓα. Hon. Hymn, in Mercur. 39. Oculis îsdem. She had beheld with profane eyes the secret contents of the basket committed to her by Minerva )· with the same unholy eyes she looks haughtily at Mercury. 41. Pro ministerio. For her service in favoring the suit of Mercury. 42. Interea. Until he produces the gold she will not permit him to enter the house. 43. Dea bellica. Minerva, the goddess of war. 46. JEgida. The agis was originally a goatskin, whence its name, used as a pro tection for the breast, and was peculiar to Jupiter and Minerva. It was afterwards made of brass, and had in the centre the terrible gorgon's head. 4G. Subit: it occurs to her. 48. Lemnicolœ stirpem. Erichthonius, the son of Vulcan, who was called Lemni- cola, because he lived in the island of Lemnos. 51. Invidio?: Envy. This is a fine per sonification, and is sustained throughout with much ability. 52. Imis in valMrus: in the lowest re- 53. Sole carens: void of sunlight. See'st thou yon dreary plain, forlorn and wild, The seat of desolation, void oflight.—MILTON. 56. Metuenda virago: the dread heroine. Pallas was tremendous principally for the head of the Gorgon which she bore upon her shield. Pallas Insedit, nimbo eflulgens et Gorgone Kcva. jDNElD ti. 015 57. Ncque enim. There is a good mora, here ; for it is the part of wisdom and pu rity to avoid all haunts of vice. 58. Pulsai. To express the abhorrence of Minerva for Envy, she does not knock 188 P. OVIDII NASONIS 60 65 Concussa patuêre fores : videt intus edentem Vipereas carnes, vitiorlim alimenta suorum, Invidiam ; visâque oculos avertit. At ilia Surgit humo pigra ; semesarumque relinquit Corpora scrpentum : passuque incedit inerti. Utque deam vidit formaque annisque decorarli, Ingemuit; vultumque ima ad suspiria duxit. Pallor in ore sedet : macies in corpore loto : TNTusquam recta acies: livent rubigine dentés: Pectora felle virent. Lingua est sufFusa veneno. Risus abest ; nisi quem visi movere dolores. Nee fruitur somno, vigilacibus excita curis : Sed videt ingrates, intabescitque videndo, Successus hominum. Carpitque et carpitur una ; Suppliciumque suum est. ûuamvis tarnen oderat illam ; Talibus adfata est breviter Tritonia dictis : Infice tabe tua natarum Cecropie unam, 75 Sic opus est : Agraulos ea est. Haud plura locuta Fugit : et impressa tellurem rèppulit basta. lila deam obliquo fugieiitem lumine, cernens ; • Murmura parva dedit : successurumque Minerva LlBSR .1. bet fas succedere tec- tis) et puisât poste· extrema cuspide. 70 CG. Pallor Bcdet m ore, macies in loto corpore : acies est nusqnam rtc-ta. deu- tes livrnt ruLiifinf·, pectora virent ielle, lingua est sull'usa veneno. 74. Tritonia quam vis odcrat, tarnen ad fata est ipain brevitep talibus dictis. NOT.Œ. at the door with her hand, but with the end of her spear. Horace, in like manner, makes Death knock at the palaces of kings with his foot : Pallida mors ccquo puisât pede Pauperum tabernns Hegumquc turres.—LIB. I. Od. iv. GO. Vipereas carnes: ihe flesh of vipers. The poisonous food upon which she feeds is intended to represent the evil passions in which she indulges. Cl. Visa. Minerva lurns her eyes from the loathed view of Envy. The virtuous can never look upon vice with any com placency. 62. Surgit Jiumo. Envy is seated on the ground, an attitude of gloom and despon dency. 63. Passa inerti: with sluggish step. This also is an evidence of a disposition gloomy, morose, and sullen. 65. Inffcmuit: she groaned. On seeing 'he comeliness and beauty of the goddess ehe was filled with sorrowful and malig nant feelings. 65. Ima suspiria: deep sighs. C6. Pallor sedet: paleness is seated on her countenance. Her gloom is perpetual. 66. Macies in corporei there is emacia tion in all her body. Her evil passions have wasted her away. 67. Nusquam recta: her eye is never straight. She nlways looks askant. This a the manner of envious persons. 68. Perforo felle : her breast ÌB green with gall. Poisonous serpents are oilen green beneath the throat. 68. Lingua est: her tongue is suffused with poison. With their tongues they have used deceit, the poison of aspe is under their lips. ROMANS iii. 13. 69. Quem movere dolores: which sorrow has excited. Hate. Ambition, Guile Betray no further than the bitter smile —BÏROH. There wns a laughing Devil in his sneer That raised emotions bolli of rage and ftar.—ID. 71. Videt ingrates : beholds ungrateful the success of men. 71. Inlalescitque videndo : and pines away at the eight. For, like llie soul, pale Envy braves the tomb, Nor with the body shares an equal doom; But one, who sickens at another's joy, Prone lo insult, and eager to destroy. STATIUS'S THEBAID. 73. Supplicium suum est : is her own punishment. It is ihe righteous punish ment of envious persons, that the fortune and condition of others always appear to them grtater than they really are ; while iheir own seem less than they are. 74. Tritotiia. Minerva was called Tri tonia, either from rpir.i, which, in the lan guage of the Cretans, signifies heart, in al lusion to her origin; or Irom the lake Tri- tonis, near which she was born and wor shipped. 75. Tabetua: with thy poison; with envy. 78. Obliquo lumine: with eye askant. FABULA XI. METAMORPHOSEON. 189 Indoluit : baculumque capit, quod spinea totum 80 Vincula cingebant : adopertaque nubibus atris, Quacunque ingreditur, florentia preterit arva, Exuritque herbas, et summa cacumina carpii : Afflatuque suo populos, urbesque, domosque Polluit : et tandem Tritonida conspicit arcem, 85 Ingénus opibusque, et festa pace virentem : Vixque tenet lacrymas ; quia nil lacrymabile cernii. Sed postquam thalamos intravit Cecrope natœ ; Jussa fach; pectusque manu ferrugine tinctâ Tangit : et hainatis prsecordia sentibus implet : 90 Inspiratque nocens virus : piceumque per ossa Dissipât, et medio spargit pulmone, venenum. Neve mali spatium causa per latiûs errent : Germanam ante oculos, fortunatumque sororis Conjugium, pulchraque Deum sub imagine ponit, 95 Cunctaque magna facit. Quibus irritata, dolore Cecropie occulto mordetur : et anxia nocte, Anxia luce gémit ; lentâque miserrima tabe Liquitur, ut glacies incerto saucia sole ; Felicisque bonis non seciûs uritur Herses ; 100 Q,uàm cìiin spinosis ignis supponitur herbis ; Q,uœ neque dant flammas ; lenique tepore cremantur. Sœpe mori voluit ; ne quicquam tale videret : Sœpe velut crimen rigido narrare parenti. 88. Sed postquam intravit Thalamos na- tae Cecrope ; facit jussa. 93. Neve cansic ma li errent per latins spa tium ; ponit ante ocu los ger-manam, conju- gìumque fortunatum sorons, deumque sub pulclira imagine 103. Sœpe voluit mori, ne videret quic quam tale ; sœpe nar rare velut crimen ri gido parenti. NOT.Œ. 81. Adoperiti mtbitus. investiture ! What a gloomy She with the dark of air her form arrays, And walks in awful grief the city ways. HESIOD. 82. Protcrilarw: blights ihe flourishing fields. The meagre fiend Blows mildew from heftveen her shriveled lips, And taints the golden ear. — COWPER. 83. Exurit herbat: consumes the grass. Her elfin blood in madness ran, Her mouth foamed, and the grass, therewith besprent, Withered at dew so sweet and virulent. — KEATS. 83. Summa cacumina. She is enviously affected towards the crass and shrubs, and cuts down the tallcsl heads. 84. Af/lalu suo: by her breath. 85. Polluit: infects; blasts. 1.0, ill-rejoicing Envy, winged with lies, Scattering calumnious rumors as she flies, The steps of men with hatred doth pursue AVith haggard aspect, blasting lo the view. JlESIOD. 86. Ingénus: in arts. Thus Athens grew, the nurse of arts and arms, The eye ol'Greece. — AKESSIDE. 86. Festa pace: in festal peace. Shows, festivals, and amusements are common in limns of peace. 87. Quia nil. There is keen epigram matic point in this sentence. • 88. Cecrope natta. Agraulos, the daugh ter of Cecrops. 89. Ferrugine: with canker ; the rust of envy. 90. Pnecordia. The parts that encom pass the heart. 90. Ilamatis sentibus : with jagged thorns. 91. Inspiratque: inspires her with; breathes into her. He breatltts into it the fire of hie own courage, a daring and desperate thirst for glory ; an ardor panting for great enterprises, for all the storm, and bustle, and hurricane of life.—WIKT. 93. Mali: of unhnppiness. 95. Germanam ponit. Envy ever sets before the eyes of Agraulos a lively pic ture of the happiness of her sister to excite her malevolent feelings. 97. Mordetur: is consumed ; is corroded. 99. Incerto sole. By a slight degree of heat. 100. Urilur: she is consumed. 103. Λ/ΟΓΪ voluit : she even wished to die, that she might not be ihe witness ot her sister's good fortune. 104. Rigido parenti: her austere father She threatens to accuse her sister as a harlot. 190 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER II. Denique in adverso venientem limine sedit Exclusura Deum : cui blandimenta, precesque Verbaque jactanti mitissima, Desine, dixit : Hinc ego me non sum nisi te motura repulso. Stemus, ait, pacto, velox CyUenius, isto ; Cœlatasque fores virgâ patefecit. At illi Surgere conanti partes, quascunque sedendo Flectimur, ignava nequeunt gravitate moveri. Ilia quidem recto pugnai se attollere trunco : Sed genuum junctura riget, frigusque per artus Labitur; et pallent amisso sanguine venie. Utque malum late solet immedicabile cancer Serpere, et illœsas vitiatis addere partes ; Sic lethalis hyems paulatim in pectora venit : Vitalesque vias, et respiramina clausit. Nee conata loqui est ; nee, si conata fuisset, Vocis haberet iter: saxum jam colla tenebat; Oraque duruerant : signumque exsangue sedebat. Nee lapis albus erat : sua mens infecerat illam. 100 110 110. At partes, quat- cunque flectimnr, se dendo, nequeunt mo Teri ignava gravitate illi conanti Bürgere. 115 120 130. Nee conata eit loqui; nee si conata fuisset, haberet iier vocie. NOTJE. 105. Denique. Uncharitable and male volent feelings towards man, cannot fail in the end to produce malignity against God. He that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen, how can he k>ve God whom he hath not seen Ï—1 JOHN iv. 20. 109. Isto pacto : to that agreement. Having told Mercury that she will not move until she has driven him away, he tells her, that it shall be so ; for she will be changed to stone, and will not have the power of moving. 109. Cyllenius: the Cyllenian. Mer cury, who was so called from Mount Cyl- lene, where he was born. 110. Illi: of her ; the dative being used for the genitive case. 113. Recto trunco: with erect body; with erect trunk,—that part of the body between the hips and neck. 114. Genuum junctura: the joint of her knees. 115. Labitur: glides; diffusée itself; creeps. 116. Cancer. A diseased tumor, which has its name from its supposed resemblance to a crab. It becomes enlarged, ulcerates, and continues to spread, destroying the parts in succession, till the whole texture becomes diseased. 118. Lethalis hyems: the deadly winter; the deadly cold. Thomson uses the term winter for cold : On every nerve The tteadly winter seizes ; shuts up sense ; And, o'er his inmost vitals, creeping cold Lays him along the snows a stiffened corse. THOMSON. And, again : As thus the snows arise, and foul and fierce All winter drives along the darkened air. THOMSON. 122. Signum exsangue: a bloodless sta tue. 123. Sua mens. The dark and gloomy nature of the envious woman affected even her statue. QUjESTIONES. What festival was celebrated at Athens as Mercury was passing along Î With whose beauty was he affected Î Who was she Î What were the names of the daughters of Cecrops Î What is the meaning of these several names ? Were they real or ideal personages Î Which one of the sisters attempted to prevent the ingress of Mercury Î Why did Minerva dislike Agraulos ? FABULA XI. M ET AM O R PH O SE O N. 191 For what purpose did Minerva visit the house of Envy Î Did Envy affect Agraulos with her poison? Moved with envious feelings towards her Bister, what did Agraulos attempt I What did the god do to herî What color was the stone Î How is this fable to be interpreted? By Mercury what are we to understand? How must we interpret his love for Henet How must we regard the envy of Ag raulos ? » What renders it probable there were contests with the country people about the foreign trade of Athens ? For what were the long walls constructed that reached from the Pirœus and other harbors to Athens ? How are we to regard the three cliarn bers in the palace of Cecrops ? FABULA XII. JUPITER IN TAUIIUM MUTATUIl; RAPTUS EUROPEE. J'-r'tor smitten with the love of Europa, the daughter of Agenor, orders Mer cury to drive the herds of that prince to the sea-shore, where Europa v/ith ether vir0' is -was accustomed to take the air. Jupiter chan^, ss himself to a beautiful bull, and joins the herd. Europa, struck with his beauty, and en- coura "»ed by his gentleness, takes a seat on his back, when he immediately takes to the sea, and swims acre >s into Crete. EXPLICATIO. Tins Fable, no doubt, rests upon an»historical foundation—the forcible abduction of the Tyrian princess. Events of this kind were common in the early ages ; and by no means rare in later times. The conquest of Ireland, by the English, was in consequence of an act of this kind. Herodotus, in his History, book i. Clio, says : Certain Greeks, concern ing whose country writers disagree, but who really were of Crete, are reported to have touched at Tyre, and to have carried away Europa, the daughter of that prince. Diodorus Siculus, lib. iv. 70, says : Asterius reigning in Crete, Jupiter carried Europa from Phenicia to Crete on a bull, and, united with her, begot three sons, Minos, Rhadamantllus, and Sarpedon. Afterwards, Asterius, the prince of the island, married Eu ropa. Again, in lib. vi. 5, he says : Picus, the brother of Ninus, who • had also the name of Jupiter, was king of Italy for one hundred and tvventy years. He had many sons and daughters of the most beautiful women ; for,using certain mystic prestiges he corrupted them, while they believed they were possessed by a god. About to die, Jupiter ordered his body to be buried in Crete. His sons raised a temple there, in which they laid their father; which monument even now remains, and its inscription is read, " Here lies Picus, or Jupiter, whom they also call Zeus." Callimachus, in his Hymn to Jupiter, speaks of this tomb existing in the isle of Crete. As we never have mention of more than one Cretan Jupiter, it is plain, from what has been quoted above, that Asterius, Picus, and the fabled Jupiter, were all one and the same person. It is to be noted, that Diodorus does not mention that Jupiter was changed into a bull, but that he carried her away " on a bull," or " in a bull," (for ΪΛΙ toxfov may be so rendered.) Europa, then, was evidently carried away by the Cretan prince, who had assumed the name of Jupiter, in a ship called Taurus, or whose figure-head was a bull; and hence arose the fable. Some would regard Europa as the Sidonian Astarte, and refer the fable to the cycle of the lunar worship. They consider the mythus to have arisen from some statue of Diana drawn by bulls. The Sidonian money was stamped with the representation of Jupiter, in the fovm of a bull carrying away Europa. It is possible, that the rape of Europa is a myth, founded upon the going out of some colony from Asia, in a ship called the Bull, or bearing the figure of that animal. 192 i? AS ubi verborum pœnas mentisque profana; i*-1 Copii Allanliades ; dictas à Pallade terras Liiifjuit, et ingreditur jactatis aîthera ponnis. Sevocal hune gcnilor ; née causarti fassus ainoris. Fide minislcr, ait, jussoruin, nate, meoruin, Pelle moram, soliloque celer dclabere cursu : Gluseque tuain matrcm tcllus à parte sinislrâ Suspicil, (indigence Sidonida nomine dicunl,) Hanc pelé ; quodque procul montano gramme pasci Armonium regale vides, ad liltora verte. Dixit : et expulsi jamdudum monle juvenci Litlora -jussa petunt ; ubi magni filia régis Ludere, virginibus Tyriis comitata, solebat. Non bene conveniunt, nee in una sede morantur, NOTjE. 10 i. Verkomm : of the speech of | Agraulos. 2. Dictas à faüade: named from Pal las. 7. Tuam matrem. Moia, the mother of Mercury, and one of the Pleiades. 7. Tettus. Phenicia, which lies on the left to those who look towards the Ple iades. 8. Sidonida. Sidonii, the name of the country of Phcnieia, taken from Sidon, its capital. 11. Jamdndutn pctu-nt: are already peek ing. No sooner does Jupiter command than Mercury executes. 12. Filia regia. Europa, the daughter of Agenor. 25 13. Ludere : to sport So said, and bounded up, and sought her Irain Of dear companions, till of noble strain. Of equal years und stature; penile, kind, Sweet to the sight, mid pleasant to the mind ; Wiih whom she sported, when sh*· led the choir Or in the river's urn-like reservoir She hnthert he- limbs, or in The meadow clept, And from its boe^rn odorous lilies cropl. MOSCHUS. 13. Tyriis virgìnìhux: with the Tyrjon virgins. Tyre was o city ol Phenicin, near Sidon. 14. Non be?ie conveniunt .· do not well aprec. He expresses the same idea in hie Epistles. Nunc male res jnnctœ caler et reverenti» pug liant.—EPISTOLA xviì. R 193 194 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER II 15 Majestas et amor. Scrptri gravitate relicta, Hie pater rectorque deûm ; cui dextra trisulcis Irrnibus annata est, qui nutu concutit orbem ; Ititluitur tauri faciem ; mistusque juvencis Muiîit, et in teneris furmosus obambulat herbis. Oluippe color nivis est ; quam nee vestigia duri Calcavere pedis, nee solvit aquaticus Auster'. Colla toris extant : armis palearia pendent : Cornila parva quidem ; sod quae contendere poss'is Facta manu, puraque ina^is perlucida gemma. Nullse in fronte mina; ; nee formidabile lumen ; L'arem vultus habet. Miratur Agenore nata, Q,ur>d tain fonnosus, quod prœlia nulla minetur. .Sed, quamvis mitem, inetuit contingere primo. Mox adit ; ct flores ad candida porrigit ora : Gaudet amans nunc oscula dal manibusile,vultue babel pueem. NOTjE. 16. Trisulcis ignita*. This epithet; tri sulcis, is applied to thunderbolts, because they blast, cleave, and burn. Consider the threefold effect of Jupiter's fri- svlc. to burn, discuss, and terebrate.—BROWN. Within the grasp Of thy unconquerable hand is held Thy minister, the ever-ltvine bolt. Hv», 17. Conculil orbem: shakes the world. Tlij sacred thunders shake the West abodes, The shining regions of the immortal gods ; Thy power divine the rlarning lightning shrouds W Uh dark investiture in fluid clomls. rris thine to brandish thunders strong and dire, To scatter storms and urendful darts ot fire: -- :.-..-,,.,;„„ «|| îlTOUllll. 22. Ton's extant: stands out wilh hra\vn. The necks of bulls have great ridges ot heavy muscle, which indicate remarkable strength. So Virgil, in speaking of a horse : Luxuriatque toris auimosum pectus GKÜRGIC iii. 81. 22. Falearia pendent : his dewlap hangs down. The flesh that hangs from the throat and neck of oxen, like a ruffle. Et crurum tenus α mento palearia pendent. VIRGIL. 25. Kullee mince. The corrugations in the forehead of the bull are well known, 1 · - - ·—-:i.i» nsDect. In the And holts ol immuti *·ι >iv......— -__ Rapid, ethereal holt, descending fire The earth, ail-parent, trembles at thy ire ; The sen, all-shining, mid each beast, that hears The sound terrifie, wnh dread horror fears. HYMÏI op ORPHEUS TO JUPITER. 18. Tauri fiifiem: the form of a bull. To show the rage Of liera, and the virfrinV mind engage. To draw her i'jes. und her altciuitjii claim, Hu hid hisgodliejd, and ahull became. MOSCHUS. 19. ìlupit: he lows. SjftK he lowed ; no lowing of a lirilte It iH-rtnrd, lull murmur of M)gdoniaii flute. MOSCHUS. CO. Toior n'vi*.· the color of snow. Moschus, on ihe conirary, describes his color as yellow : His hody «II« vi-llow hue did own. lint u white circle in his lurehead shone. IDTL ii. 21. Λ/ec tolvit. When snow becins to melt it takes a leaden color. Hut beauliml *ud wir as unsunned »now. ASOK. TOW Ol thlS UUll wuie in, ........... 25. Nee formidabile lumen: nor was lite eye frightful. So Moschus : His sparkling eyes with lo\e's soft lustre gleuiaed : His arched horns like Dian's crescent seemed. IDYL ii. 28. Contingere: to touch him. He came into the meadow, rnr Hie sicht Fluttered the virgins into Aiuldi-n rli»lil : liut the} desired to Irwtk and see linn nonr. Mosctiti. 29. Flores porriffil : offers flowers. Eu ropa was eatheriniï flowers when she was carried off by Jupiter ; and 1'roserpine was employed in like manner when seized by Pluto. Nuper in prati* studiosa floruïn, et DcbitîE N> niphis opilex coronit —HORACE. 30. Oscula dal: kisses her hands. Before Kurcipa's feet he hulled meek, lacked her tuir neck, and eke her rosy cheek. M<»*CHLS 32. Lalus deponil: lays his side in the grass. FAOTJLAXII. MET AM O RPHOSE ON. Paulatimque metu demto, modo pectora prtebet Virginea pJaudenda manu ; modo cornua sertis Impedienda novis. Ausa est quoque regia virgo, Nescia quem premerei, tergo considère tauri. Cum Deus à terra, siccoque à littore, sensim Falsa pedum priinis vestigia ponit in undis. Inde abit ulteriùs, mediique per acquerà ponti 195 35 35. Regia virgo ne>- cia quem premerei, ausa est quoque con- tidcre tergo tauri NOTjE. Down on his knees he slunk ; nini first her eyed. And then his Lack, ns asking her to rule.. WOSCHÜI 34. Plaudenda: to be patted. Et plausœ sonitum ccrvïcis amare. VinotL, Geòrgie iii. 36. Ifescìaquempremerei: ignorant whom she pressed. Dido, in like manner, when pressing Cupid to her bosom, is ignoran of the deity that is plotting her ruin: Inscia Dido, Inskleat quantus misere deus. VmuiL, .flüneid i 36. Tergo considère. She dared to si on his back. This scene is beautifully de scribed by Moschus : The long-haired maidens she began to call : " Come, let us ride, his back will hold us all, E'en as a ship ; α bull, unlike the rest, As if a human heart was in his breast, He gentle is, and tractable and rneek, And wants but voice his gentleness to speak. IDYL ii 88. Folta vestigia: the false footsteps. They are called false, because he was not a real bull ; also, because they nre em ployed in practising an imposition upon the maiden. She cnid, mid mounted smiling, but before Another did> he bounded lor the shore. Die ro>nl virgin struck uiih infant lear, Stretched out her hands, and called her play mates dear ; But how could they the ravished princess reach lie, like a dotphiu. pushed out from the beach. MOSCHUS. 40. Pavet ittec : she is afraid. So Ho race: Sic et Europe niveum doloso Credidit tauro lulus, et scatenlern Helluis pontutn mediusque fraudes Palluit audax.—LIB. in. Od. 27. 40. Liltus respicit : she looks back to the shore. She turned her e\ es to the fading stranii That she ne'er would gaze on more.—AVON. 41. Dcxtru cornu : with her right hand she holds his horn. It is very evident, that Ovid hns closely imitated the Europa of Moschus, and especially at the close of the Fable. Horace, also, has followed the Greek poet very closely. From their sea-hollows swift the Nereids rose, Sente.1 on seats, and did his train compose; Poseidon went betöre, und smooth did make The path of waters for his brother's sake; Around their king, m close array, did keep The load-voiced Tritons, minstrels of the deep, And with their conche proclaimed the nuptial song. But on Jove's bull-back; as she rode along, The maid with one hand grasped his branching horn, The flowing robe, that did her form adorn. Raised with the other hand, and tried to save From the salt moisture of the saucy wave j Her robe, inflated by the wunlon breeze, Seemed like α ship's sail hovering o'er the seas MOSCHVS, Idyl ii. Lucian, in his Dialogues of Marine Dei ties, has also copied Moschus very closely, though, according to his custom, he has thrown an air of the burlesque over the whole. His description would aflbrd a painter a subject for rich and splendid de lineation. ZEPHYRVS. No ; never have I beheld such » brilliant scene upon the ocean since I first be gan to blow ! Dkl not you see it, Southwind ? NOTVS. What scene are you speaking of Zephyr ? Who were tlie performers ? ZEPHYRUS. You have missed a eight, the like of which may never be seen again. NOTUS. I had business to do on the Red sea. and then to blow through the whole coast or India: I therefore understand nothing about what you are talking of. ZEPHYHUS. You know Agenor, at Sidon ? fcoTus. The father of Luropa? Certainly; wh> do you ask ? ZEPHYRVS. What I have to relate concerns that same Europa. NOTUS. Mny be, that Jupiter is in love with her ? That I knew long ago. ZEPHYRUS. That he is her lover, you know : hear now what were the consequences. Europa, with a number of girls of her own age, had come down to the shore to divert themselves in juve nile sports. Unexpectedly, Jupjter presented himself in the shape of an amazingly fine bull, and mingled in their pastime ; he was all over white, had horns gracefully turned hack, and a lovely leering eye, leaped and capered about the shore as if maddened with joy, and lowed so amiably, that it was α pleasure to hear it. Emboldened by this, the young Europa took the fancy to get on his back. Unt no sooner was Jupiter aware that she was firmly seated, than he ran off full stretch to Ihe sea, and 8\xam away with her. The good girl, dreadfully frightened at her situation, as well she might, grasped hold with her left hand of one of his horns, to prevent herself from tailing off, while with the other she drew her veil about her, which was fluttering in the air. NOTUS. To »ee Jupiter, in the shape of an ιχ, swimming away with his charmer on hie ack. Then you had, indeed, a curious ani ileasant spectacle, Zephyr ! r P. OVIDII NASONIS METAMORPHOSEON. LIBER!!. 196 Fert prœdam. Pavet hœc ; littusque ablata relictum Respicit : et dextrâ cornu tenet ; altera dorso Imposita est : tremulœ sinuantur flamine vestes. 40 NOT JE. ZEPHTETIS. Oh! what now ensued was siili pleasanler! In an instimi, thè Bea drew, ta il were, n carpel o'er ils wave?, and became as smooth and unruffled as a meadow. We all held our breaths, and followed as silent specta tors at a distance. Before them, flew myriad» of cupids, so near lo Hie surface, that sometime« their loes fealhered Ihe waters, having torches in their hands, and chanting hymeneels. The Nereids, rising from Ihe waler, mostly half naked, rode upon llie hacks of dolphins on either side, and clapped their hands for joy. The Tri tons, also, and the other inhabitant of the sea, that were not of frightful aspect, danced around the lovely maid. Aye, Neptune himself liad ascended his car, with Amphilrile by his side, and exuliingly wem before, as if lo emoolli Ihe way for his swimming brolher. And, that no thing might be wanting, a couple of vigorous Tritons bore the goddess of love, recumbenl in her shell, strewing flowers of every kind uçon the bride. It was one continued procession from the coast of I'henicia quite to Crete. They had scarcely landed on that island, when away went the bull, and Jupiter, in his own form, taking ^Europa by the hand, led her, glowing with a delicious blush, and hardly daring to open her eyes, lo Ihe Diclean cave. This done, we all retired, some this way, and some lha· upon Ihe sea, and eel about blowing and blus tering as usual.—DIALOGUES OF MARINE DEIUIS. QU^ESTIONES. Whither did Mercury go after the pun-1 ishment of Agraulos Ï For what purpose Î "With whom was Jupiter in love 1 Into what did he transform himself? Was Europa at first fearful of him Ì Did his gentleness overcome her timi dity Î Did she venture to sit upon him ? What did he do then? Was she affrighted ? How is the fable to be explained? "Were virgius often carried off in ancient time·? What writers speak of the rape of Eu ropa? Did princes often assume the names of the gods to give dignity to their preten sions t Who was Asterius ? Who was Ficus Î Were Asterius, Ficus, and the Cretan Jupiter probably all the same individual? How, then, is the transformation into a bull to be regarded ? How would some others explain the Fable? P. OVIDII NASONIS METAMORPHOSEON. LIBER III. ARGUMENTUM. JUPITER carries Europa to Crete, and resumes his true form, and makes himself known to her. Agenor sends his son, Cadmus, in quest of Eu ropa, and orders him not to return home, unless he recover her. Find ing the search fruitless, Cadmus consults Apollo where he shall fix his residence, and is directed by a heifer to the spot where he is to found a city. About to return thanks to the gods by a sacrifice, he sends his companions to a fountain for water, when they are all devoured by the dragon that guards it. Cadmus arrives and slays the dragon, and at the command of Minerva sows the teeth of the serpent in the earth, from which rise armed men, a part of whom assist him in building Thebes. Cadmus now becomes happy, though in exile, until his grandson, Actaeon, is changed into a stag by Diana, (because surprised by him while bathing,) and is afterwards devoured by his own dogs. Juno rejoices in this calamity of the house of Agenor, and now contemplates the destruction of Semele, the daughter of Cadmus, who had become a favorite of Jupiter. Assuming the form of Beroë, the nurse of Semele, she persuades her to ask Jupiter to visit her, attended by all the insignia of his majesty. He consents, and Semele is consumed to ashes ; but her son, Bacchus, is rescued from destruction. Tiresias, afterwards a famous prophet, delivers his first oracle in the case of Narcissus, a beautiful youth, who, slighting Echo and other nymphs that loved him, pines away with love of himself. Pentheus treats the prophet with indignity, when the old man declares the horrible fate that awaits him when Bacchus shall visit Thebes. Bacchus comes to Thebes with his attendants, when Pentheus seizes Acostes, one of them, who gives an account of his own attachment to the new god, and of the transformation of the Tyrian sailors to dolphins. After this, Pen theus goes to Cithœron to behold the rites of Bacchus with sacrile gious eyes, when he is torn to pieces by the Bacchanals. R 2 197 FABULA I. CADMUS DRACONEM INTERFICIT. Guided to the spot where he is to found a city, Cadmus is actuated by gra titude to offer sacrifice to the gods, and sends his companions to bring water for that purpose. These are devoured by the Dragon that guarda the fountain. Cadmus goes to look after them, and finding their deact bodies, encounters the Dragon, and days him after a desperate conflict. EXPLICATIO. THE Dragon is an animal remarkable for its keenness of sight, and its deadly nature. Hence it has been the fabled guardian of all important places, and precious treasures, such as the Gardens of the Hesperides, the Golden Fleece, and the Fountain of Mars. It is therefore to be con sidered a careful and powerful leader, who has vigilance to watch over, and prowess to defend whatever is committed to his guardianship. In this Fable, we must regard the Dragon as a powerful chieftain, perhaps the prince who held Bœotia at the time that Cadmus came to the country. As he was sacred to Mars, it is evident that he was devoted to military pursuits. Some have imagined that his name was Dercyllus ; and, hence, the fiction of his being a dragon. When Cadmus left Phoenicia to look after his sister, as is fabled, which probably means some emigration from Asia, there is no doubt that he led a considerable colony with him, for the purpose of settling in some foreign country. After overrunning Greece, and coming to Bœotia, it is likely that he met with considerable opposition from the prince of that country, and lost many of his followers in different engagements. If the forces of the chieftain lay concealed in an extensive forest, and near a fountain of water, and a part of the followers of Cadmus fell into the ambuscade, and were cut off; or, if they were attacked and discomfited while going for water, ample historical grounds would exist for the foun dation of the fable. By the arrival of Cadmus, his contest with the dra gon, and his triumph over him, we are to understand that the Phœnician leader brought up a second party, to support the first, and avenge the death of those who had fallen in battle ; and, that he succeeded in de stroying the forces of the Bœotians, and probably killed their leader. The imagination of the poet has thus increased the interest of the sub ject, by describing the conflict of the two chieftains and their adherents, not as an ordinary contest ; but, by representing one as a dragon, has invested the deeds of heroism with a higher and miraculous interest. Spenser, in his Faerie Queene, has drawn largely upon this Fable for the description of the contest of his Red-cross Knight with the Dragon, as will appear in the different extracts which we have made from that poem. 198 AMCIUE Deus posila fallacie imagine tauri, Se confcssus eral : Diclœaque rura lenebat. Cùm pater ignarus, Cadmo perquirere raplam Imperai : et pœnam, si non invenerit, addii, Exilium, faclo pius, el sceleratus eodem. Orbe pererrato (quis enim deprendere prssil Furia Jovis ?) profugus palriamque iramque parenlis Vital Agenoridcs ; Phoebique Gracula supplcx 2. Coii/esaiis crai: had made himself known. So Virgil : Alma Venus confessa Deam. qualisqne videri Ccclicolis, et quanta solct.—./ExEiD ii. To her the horned hull with »pcents cleur:— '•Take courage virgin ! nor the billow fear; The seeming bull is Zeus; for Ï, with ease, Can take, at will, whatever form I please : My fond desire for thy sweet beauty gave To me Uiis shape—my footstrp to the wave "—MOSCHUS'S lit HOP* 2. DìcltBuque rara: the Cretan fields, by metonymy; for Dicte is a mountain of Crete. Λ ml instantly they were in Crete: his own l'orni JiKIPIDES 11. Immuni* aratri: free from the plough ; that hiid never drawn the plough. 13. Bœolia. Boeotian. These walls «ere to be BO called from ßaos, of the heif?r. Thebes, the city whirh Cadmus built, had its name from Tlnbe, which, in the Syriac tongue, signifies a heifer. 14. Caslalia antro: the Casialian cavp. It is here used hy metonomy for the Del phic cave ; for Castaliue was a mountain., and a fount between Delphi and Par nassus. 17. Presso gressu : with filackrncd speed. 19. Cepiiisi. Cephisits, a river that rises at J/illta, in Phoris, and, after passing at 'he north of Delphi, enters Go?o'ia, where it flows into the lake Copais. 13. Panapes. A ciiy of Phocis. 22. Comila. Cadmus and his friends, who were following her. 24. Apit grates. He gives thanks to Apollo, who had been the author of his ourupy. 25. Agras salutai. It was customary for strangers on first coming to any new placo, to adore the genius that presided over it. Tims Virgil : Alulta movens animo Nymplias vencrabar agrestes, Gradi inmqnc pairem, Gelicid qui prœsidet nrvie—*KNEID iii. Satan, in like manner, when he enters Pandemonium, sdlmes his future gloomy abode : Hail, horrors', hail. Internal world ! and llion, proloandest Hell, Kccrivc thy new possessor !—one who brings Λ mind not to he chnngcd by place or lime. AllLTON. 27. E vivis font ibus. Water was neces sary as n sign of purification in all eacri- fices, and was taken in all cases irom run ning streams. 27. Libandas: to lie offered in libation. 28. ki/len veins: an ancient forest. Gave the lall, ancient forest io the axe. THOMSON. 28. Nulla viohita: violated, by no axe. Λ venerable wood Thut iong exempted from the avr luld stood. STATIUR'S TIIEIIAID. 31. Hoc condilus: hid in thi" cavern. A speeMed eerpeni. terrible, and vast, Gorg.-d with blooil-banquels, trailing her hug« Tulds Deep in the hollow» of the blessed en'tli. There in the ulterrnosl ilepth her cavern is lieiiealh η vaulted rock.—MzsioD. Martius anguis erat, cristis proìsignis et auro ; Igne micant oculi ; corpus turnet omne veneno : Tresque vibrant linguœ ; triplici stant ordine dentés. Quern postquam Tyriâ lucum de gente profecti Infausto tetigere gradu ; demissaque in undas Urna dedit sonitum ; longo caput extulit antro Cœruleus serpens ; horrcndaque sibila misit Effluxére urnœ manibus : sanguisque reliquit Corpus, et attonitos subitus tremor occupât artus. lile volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes Torquet, et immenses saltu sinuatur in arcus : Ac, media plus parte levés erectus in auras, Despicit omne nemus ; tantoque est corpore, quanto Si totum spectes, geminas qui separat Arctos. Nec mora : Phœnieas, (sive illi tela parabant, Sive fugam ; sive ipse timor prohibebat utrumque) Occupât ; hos morsu, longis complexibus illos, Hos necat afflatos funesti tabe veneni. Fecerat exiguas jam Sol altissimus. umbras : Q,uœ mora sit sociis miratur Agenore natus, Vestigatque viros. Tegimen direpta leoni 201 pngibue lapidum, et fœcundua u he rib u· aquie. 35 35. Quern lucum postquam iUi profecti de gente Tyria teti gere infausto gradu ; urn&que demiesa ia undas dedit sonitum. 40 40. Urnœ effluxêre manibus, sanguisque reliquit corpus, et eu- bttus tremor occupât attonitoB artus. 45 50 46. Noe est inora * occupât Phœnieas ; (sive illi pnrabant te la, sive fugam, sive ipse timor proliîbebat utrumque) necatçwe bas ino r su, itlos louais complexibus; bas af flatus tabe funesti ve neri i. NOT-ffi. 32. Martins angui s: a serpent eacrcd to Mars. 32. Cristi* prœsignis : remarkable for hiß crest. Three rows of leeih his moutb expanded shows, And from his crest terrific glories rose. SxATiue'e THEBAID. 33. Turnet veneno: iß ßwollen with pot- eon. So Spenser, in describing the dragon : Approarhing nigh. >ie renred high afore His hotly monstrous, horrible, mid viiste ; Svilirli, to i nc re u se his womlrouB grentnes more. Was swolen with wrnth and poyson, and wiili bloody gore —F AEDI E QUEE\E. A drnprin thrre in scales of cold Around hi« fiery t-yebnlls rolled, P> Mnrs assigned that humiil shade, Tu gu.irtl ilie green extender! glade, And EUvcr-ftlrL-nmmc tide —lit BIFIDES. 34. Très lingua·. The serpent hod not three tongues; but the vibrai ione of ite tongue were eo quick, that it nppeared to be three longues. And while, with threatening longue, And dcntliful jnws ereel. the monster curie His flaming crest, nil other thirst uppalled, Or shivering flies, or check'd, ut distance stands. THOMSON. 34. Triplici in ordine: in a triple row. And. timi more wondrous was, in either jaw Three r.inckes ofyron leelli. enriiuiigetl were, in which yt-ri trirkhng blood, and gobbets raw, Of laic devoured bodies did appcare. SpEXsEa'B FAERIE QUEEXE. 33. Tyria. The companions of Cad mus from Tyre, a city of Phcenicia. 39. Efßuxere urnte. The urne which 26 they had taken to bring water in, fell from their hande with fear. 39. Saligni* reliauil. In cases of great fright, it ie usual for the blood to forsake the extremities of the body and rush to the heart. 40. Attonilos artus : their affrighted limbs. 41. Squamoso* orbes: BCaly orbe. Ser pents wreathe their toil into spires. Thus in Virgil: Immensis orbibus anpues Iiicunibunt pelago, parilerque ad lilora tendunt. „ÏNEID ii. S04. Lo ! the green serpent, from his dark abode, Which even Imnginnlion fears to ircad, At iiuoii forth issuing, gathers ap bis train In orbs immense.—THOMSON". 42. Sinuatur: is bent. 44. Despicil nemus: overlooks the grove. 45. Qui srparal. He ie as large as the serpent whien lies between the ronstclla* lions of the Greater Bear and I/esser Bear. Vast as the starry Serpent, tbat on high Tracks the clear ether, and divides the sky; And southward winding from the Northern Wnin. Shoots to remoter spheres its glittering Irnin. STATIUS. Here the vast Dragon twines Between the Hears, anil like a ri\cr winds. VIKGIL. Geòrgie i. 46. P rot Untat utnimijue : prevented both ; viz. flight, and the use of weapons. 50. Exißuas utnbras. As the sun ia nearly vertical at noon, the shades are, in consequence very small. 52. Tesfimen. The different heroes oi 202 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER III. Pellis erat ; telum splendenti lancea ferro,· Et jaculum ; teloque animus prcostantior onini. Ut Aenius intravit, lethataque corpora vidit, Victoremque supra spatiosi corporis hostem Tristia sanguinea lambentem vulnera lingua : Aut ultor vcstrœ, fidissima corpora, mortis, Aut comes, inquit, ero. Dixit : dextrâque molarem Siistulit, et magnum magno conanimo misit. Illius impulsa cum turribus ardua celsis Mœnia mota forent ; serpens sine vulnere mansit. Lnricœque modo squamis defensus, et atrze Duritiâ pellis, validos cute reppulit ictus. At nnn duritia jaculum quoque vincit eâdem ; Q.uod medio lcntas fixum curvamine spinss Constiti! ; et loto descendit in ilia ferro. Hie, dolore ferox, caput in sua terga retorsit, Vulneraqiie adspexit : fixumque hastile momordit. Idque, ubi vi multa partem labefecit in omnem, Vix tergo eripuit; ferrum tarnen ossibus hroret. Turn vero, pustquam solitas accessit ad iras 55 60 Cl. Mcenia ardua cum celais lurribus forent mota impulsa illius. 63 6S. lile ferox dolore retorsit caput in sua tergu, udspexttque vulnera, moinorditqut fixum hastile. ΝΟΤΙΕ. antiquity wore skins of lions and bears for a protection in hunting and in battle. Dat Ni*o Mnestheus pellem. horrenlisque leonis Exuvias: galcam fidus permutât Alethes. STATIUS'B TIIEBAID. 54. Animât. A courageous spirit is the most certain defence. 56. S/iatiosi corporis: of huge body. 59. Molarem: a millstone ; a stone large enough tor a millstone. This is a strong luperbole. Different heroes, on the loss of their weapons, have used this means of offensive war. Thus Diomed, in Homer : Tydicles raised a stone, With his one hand, of wondrous weight, and poured it mainly on The hip of Anchisiades. wherein the joint doth move.—II.IAU v. In like manner. Statine represents his hero, Tydeus. in the fifth book of the The- baid, as throwing a stone of immense weight. So Turnus, in the twelfth book of the ./Eneid of Virgil. Him, as with pious haste he came To draw the purifying stream. Dauntless the Tyrian chief repressed; Dashed wiih a rork his sanguine crest, And crushed his scaly pride. EURIPIDES. 60. Magno coiianime: with mighty efibrt. 62. litote vulnere: without a wound. But the :dle stroke yet back recoylcd tn vtiine, And found no place his deadly point to rest. SPENSER. Fi.-st stoops Ilippomedon, and from Hie fields Heaved -with vast force, a rocky fragment wields. As when l»y vast machines a ponderous stone Descending on some hostile gate is thrown, Titus fell the craggy rock, but fell in vain. STATIUS'S THEBAID. 63. Ijoricœ modo: like a coat of matt So Spenser, in describing the conflict α the Knight with the Dragon: And Over all with brazen scales was armed, Like plated cote of steele, so couched neure That nought rnote pierce i ne might his corse be harmed With diut of sword, nor push of pointed speare. FAERIK QUEENE. 65. Non vincit : does not overcome ; does not repel. Though late in vain assailed my keener dart. Shall through thy scales a latal wound impart. STATIUS'S THEBAID. 66. Medio curvamine: in the mid cur vature. 67. Tola ferro : with the entire iron ; with the whole iron point. So Spenser: The steely head stuck last stilj in his flesh, Till witti his cruel clawes he snatelit the wood, And quite asunder broke: forth flowed fresh A gushing river of blucke gory blood. That drowned all the land, whereon he stood. FAERIE QUEEN«. 68. Eetorsit : shot back. There is great rapidity of motion expressed by the use of this word. 69. Hostile momordit : champed the spenr. This shows the rage into which the wound had excited him. 70. J aliefecil: loosened the weapon. 71. Tergo eripuit: tore it from his back. 'Hie furious monster, unftppelled with pain, ϊιι rapid mazes houlldg along Hie plain. Then, wrenched the javelin from his bleeding head.—STATUS'S THEBAIU. 72. Solitas ad iras. His accustomed anger ; his usual fierceness. In like man ner, the Drapron, described by Spenser, rages more fiercely after he is wounded : FABULA I. METAMORPHOSEON. 203 Plaga recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis ; Spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus ; Terraque rasa sonat squamis ; quique halitus exit Ore nigcr Stygio, vitiatas inficit auras. Ipse modo immensum spiris facientibus orbem Cingitur : interdum longâ trabe rectior exit : Impete nunc vasto, ceu concitus imbribus amnis, Fertur ; et obstantes proturbat pectore sylvas. Cedit Agenorides paullum; spolioque leonis Sustinet incursus ; instantiaque ora retardât Cuspide pratentâ. Furii ille ; et inania duro Vulnera dat ferro; figitque in acumine dentés. Jamque venenifero sanguis manare palato Cœperat ; et virides aspergine tinxerat herbas : Sed leve vulnus erat ; quia se retrahebat ab ictu ; Lœsaque colla dabat retro ; plagamque sedere Cedendo arcebat, nec longiùs ire sinebat. Donec Agenorides conjectura in gutture ferrum Usque sequens pressit ; dum retro quercus eunti Obstitit ; et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix. Pondère serpentis curvata est arbor, et imze 75 80 77. Ipse modo cin- jritur spiris facientjbus imrnensumorbein: iu- terdum exit rectior longd trabe. 85 87. Sed vnluus erat levé, quia rctrahebat ee ab ictu, dabatque lœsa colla rétro, ce- dcndoquearcebat pia* 90 gam eedere, nee eine bet ire longiue NOT JE. Trebly augmented was his furious mood With bitter sence of bis deepe rooted ill. That flames of fire he threw forth from his large nostril.—FAEEIB QUBEXB. 73. Tumuerunt guttura. The heads, and even the bodies of many serpents, swell when they are enraged. 75. Terra rasa: the earth scraped by his scales sounds. So Spenser : Which, as an eagle, seeing prey appeare, His eery plumes doth rowze full rudely dight ; So shakcd lie, that horror was to heare : For, as the clashing of an armor bright. Such noyse his rowzed scales did send into the knight.—FAERIE QLEESE. 76. Stygio ore: from his Stygian mouth ; from his infernal mouth. But his most hideous head my tongue to tell Does tremble; for his deepe devouring jaws Wyde gaped, like Hie gricsly mouth of hell, Through which into his darke abysse ell ravin fell.—SPEXSER. 7C. Infcit auras: infects the air. Which to increase, and ell et once to kill, A cloud of smoothering smoke, and sulphure senre ; Out of his stinking gorge forth steemed still, That all the nyre about with emoke and stench did fill—SPEXSER. 78. Exit : goes out ; unfolds himself. 81. Cedit Agenorides. The son of Age- nor fell back a little, to avoid the terrible onset of the serpent. So in Spenser, the Red-cross Knight is dismayed at the ad vance of the Drngon : So dreadfully lie towards him did pass, I'orclimng up aloft his r.peckled breast, And oAen bounding on the bruised grass, As for great joyance of his new-come guest. Eftsoones he gali adance his haughty crest ; As chmiffed bore his bristles doth upreare ; And shoke his scales to battaile ready drest, That made the Red-crosse Knight nigh quake for fenrc. — FAERIE QUEENE. 81. Spolio leonis. The lion skin was used in conflict as a defence to the body, after the manner of the Grecian chlamys. 82. Ora retardât : stops his mouth. Spenser represents his hero as thrusting his spear into the mouth of the Dragon, and thus killing him : And in his first encounter, gaping wyde, He thought at once him to have swallowed quight, And rusht upon him with outragious pryde; Who Iiim rcnconnting fierce as huuke in flight, Perforce rebutted back ; the weapon bright Taking advantage of his open jaw Ran through his mouth with so importune might, That deepe emperst his darksome hollow maw, And. back retyrd, his life-blood forth withal} did draw. — FAERIE 86. Aspergine. With the sprinkling of blood. ' Swift through his gaping jaw the javelin glides. And the rough texture ot'his tongue divides; The point was seen above his crested head, Then stains the ground with gory filth dispread. STATIUS'S ΤΗΕΒΑΙΙΛ 87. Leve vulnus. The wound was a slight one, because the serpent drew buck his head from the spear. 91. Usque sequent : still following him up. 93. Eunti obstitit. Opposed the serpem as he fell back. 204 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER III. Parte flagellar! gemuit sua robora caudae. Dum spatium victor vieti considérât hostis ; 95 Vox subito audita est : (ncque erat cognoscere promptum promptum cognoecere Unde ; sed audita est) Quid, Agenore nate, peremptum unte, sed audita est Serpentera spectas ? et tu spectabere serpens. lile diu pavidus, pariter cum mente colorerà Perdiderat; gelidoque comae terrore rigebant. 100 96. Neqoe erat Quid, nate Agenore. Epectae serpente m pe- remptum? Etluepec- tabere serpens. 94. Flacellari. The tree was laehed by the tail of the serpent. In Spenser's Faerie Queene, the Dragon beats the air, and overturns the forest and rocks that are " around : Then gun he tosse aloft his stretched traîne, And therewith scourge the buxom aire sa sore, That to lii« force to yielden it was filine; Ne ought his sturdy strokes might stand afore, That high trees overthrew, and rocks in pieces tore.—BOOK i. Canto xi. 94. Sua robora: its wood; its trunk. 94. Gemuit. The oak groaned beneath the weight of his huge body. " Po downe he fell, and forth his life did breathe That vaiiieht into smoke and cloudës swift; So downe he fell, that th1 earth him underneath Did grone, as feeble so great load to lilt. SPENSER. 95. Spatium vieti hostis: the magnitude of his vanquished enemy. 98. Tu spectaberis. Thou shah be seen in the form of a serpent. This prediction was fulfilled, as related in Lib. IV., Fab. V. Cadmus and his wife, Hermione, by some called Harmonia, were both changed into serpents. According to Euripides, they were metamorphosed into serpents because of Iheir impiety. BACCHUS. O father, for my state now changed thou seest, Thou und Uiy loved Harmonia, who from Murs Descended, graced thy bed, though moriul, thou Shall wear u dragon's savage form. AYith her, For BO the orucle of Jove declares, Toils after toils revolving shall thou bear. Leading barbarians ; und wiih forces vast Level great towns and many to the ground : But when the shrine of Phœbus their rude hands Shall plunder, intercepting their return. Misfortune shall await them : thee shall Mars Deliver and Harmoniu from the ruin, And place you in the regions of the blessed. This, from no mortal father, but from Jove Descended, Bacchus tells thee; had you known What prudence is, but you would none of her, You might have flourished in a prosperous state. Blessed with the alliance of the son of Jove. CAD. \Ve have offended; we entreat for giveness. BAC. Too late you learn: you would not when you ought. CAD. We own it; yet thy vengeance is se vere. BAC. Though born a god, I was insulted by you. CAD. Ill suits the gods frail man's relentless wrath. BAC. Long since my father Jove thus graceû his son. AGAV. Ah me ! ii is decreed, unhappy exile. CAD. Alas, my daughter, in what dreadful ills Are we all plunged, thy sisters, and thyself. Unhappy! I shall bear my wretched age To sojourn with barbarians, fated yet To lead a mixed barbarian host to Greece. Hurmonia too. my wife, the child of Mars, Changed to a dragon's savage form, myself A dragon, to the altars, to the tombs Of Greece, a chief with many a ported spear - Shall I lead back; and never shall my toils Know respite; never shall I pass the stream Of Acheron below, and there find rest. BACCHJB. 100. Cornee rigebant : his hair became stiff with terror. Thy knotted and combined locks to part, And each particular hair 10 stund on end, Like quills upon the fretful porcupine. SHAKSPBABE. Obetupui -steteruntque cornee et vox faucil)us hœsit.—VIHGIL. QUjESTIONES. Was Cadmus able to find his sister Eu ropa? What punishment had his father de nounced against him in consequence ? What oracle did Cadmus consult rela tive to a future residence ? What was to direct him to the place where he was to found a city Ì What was he to call the place 1 What is the meaning of this 1 What is the word Tliebœ derived from, and what is its meaning 1 Did the heifer direct Cadmus, as foretold by the oracle ? How did Cadmus show his gratitude to the gods Ì Whither did he send his men, and for what purpose ? FABULA I. What serpent guarded the fountain 1 Did the men succeed in getting water 1 What was their fate 1 Did Cadmus avenge their death 1 Give the account of his conflict with the lerpent. What voice was heard after the serpent was slain ? Was the prophecy ever fulfilled 1 What is the character of the dragon ? Why is it fabled to guard the most pre cious things, and important places? When we are told that a dragon guards • place, how are we to interpret it Î METAMORPHOSEON. 205 How are we to regard the serpent, or dragon, of the present fable? What are we to understand by his beino eacred to Mars ? How must we regard the serpent's station in the wood and beside the foun tain ? How his devouring the Phconicians sent by Cadmus? How are we to regard the contest of Cadmus himself with the dragon? What modern poet has borrowed from the incidents of this Fable ? Who was Spenser? FABULA IL DRACONIS DENTES IN MILITES MUTATI. Bv thè direction of Minerva, Cadmus sows the teeth of the Dragon ir. the earth, whence spring armed men. These turn their arms against each other, and fall by mutual slaughter, till one of them throws down his arms, and addresses his brethren, when the battle ceases. The survivors, five in number, assist Cadmus to build Thebes. EXPLICATIO. FOLLOWING the interpretation of the preceding Fable, we are to con sider the Dragon as the ruler or chieftain that held sway in Bœotia. As the power of the dragon consists in his teeth, and that of a chief in his soldiery, we must understand by the dragon's teeth the troops of the country. Pallas, the goddess of Wisdom, then, that is, prudence, directs Cadmus to repair the loss of his men, which he had sustained, by sowing the dragon's teeth, and thus raising from the soil a crop of men ; in other words, to recruit his army by soldiers of the country drawn over to his service. The destruction of their chieftain and many of his soldiers by Cadmus, would show the Boeotians that they had to contend with a supe rior enemy, and this consideration would induce many of them to accept the advances, and follow the fortunes of Cadmus ; whence the soldiers may be said to spring from the buried teeth of the slain Dragon. Another view: the Boeotian states held their deliberations in the temple of Minerva Itonis, and may have determined to raise an army, which afterwards fell into dissensions ; hence Minerva may be said to advise the sowing of the Dragon's teeth. Again, the myth may be founded on the burial of the slain Boeotians by Cadmus, and the raising of a new army to avenge their death. If these new troops were first seen by the Phoenician leader while they were ascending an eminence, they would justify the highly poetical fiction of their gradual emerging from the earth ; while dissensions among them afterwards would verify the concluding part of the Fable. Some mytho- logists say Cadmus threw a stone among these earthborn brothers, and thus caused them to slay one another. As the same word, xaoj, signifies both a stone and people, the explanation is, he sent his people among the- Boeotian troops, and excited them to a civil battle, in which many were slain. By the five soldiers that remained, we are to understand either five leaders, or five divisions of the people. There is another interpretation of this Fable, which turns upon its verbal peculiarities. In the Phœnician language, the same word signi fies either serpent' s-tecth. or brass-pointed javelins ; and the word which signifies five, signifies also en army. Hence, the Greeks, in following the Phœnician annals, represent the Boeotian troops mustered into service by Cadmus, and armed with brass-pointed javelins, ajs sprung from the teeth of a serpent : and the army drawn to his interest, as five men assisting him to build Thebes. 206 * -Ss&UTfr J'^'^ll^m"'S - , . ^ V- A", ij-:··-^ ^*^>#λΏ^! '5j^v,'.l\Jc3f;' '-'ί^έ^ν^4'-' " "7-ì^r-·^ ^ ? -^_-7f-_ *ί^~^ΓΓ- -»—-· ·* ~%S!rS5-^'~ viri fautrìx, superas delapsa per auras, Pallas adest : motœque jubet supponere terras Vipereos dentés, populì incrementa futuri. Paret ; et, ut presso sulcum patefecit aratro, Spargit humi jussos, mortalia semina, dentés : 5 Inde, fide majus, glebce coepêre moveri ; Primaque de sulcis acics apparaît hastœ. Tegmina inox capitum picto nutantia cono ; Mox humeri pectusque, onerataque brachia telis NOT^E. 1. Viri fuutr'ix. As Minerva was not only the goddess of wisdom, but of valor too, she is properly styled the favorer of man. These virtues enable men to overcome all difficulties. 2. Motte terne: the ploughed earth. Then, at Oie maniul maid's command, With his deep ploughshare turns the land. The dragon's teeth \\ ide scattering round ; When sudden, from the furrowed ground Kmliatilcd hosts arise —EURIPIDES. 3. Incremento: the seed of a future pco, pie. Cadmus now needed men to repair his loss of troops. 5. JJortalia stmina: human seed. Seed to produce men, not corn. A modern writer, in a spirited poem entitled Seventy- Six, in like manner describes the blood of patriots as producing warriors : For though a patriot be o'erthrown, The blood timi folleth then, Springe up—like teeth liy C.idmus sown- A host of armed men.—W. 11. CARI-ESTE« 6. Fide majus: greater than belief; be yond belief. 8. Termina capitum: the coverings of their heads, viz. their helmets. 8. Fido cono: with pointed rrest. The crest was the upper part ot the helmet, where the plume was set. iff] 208 P. OVIDII NASONIS Exislunl, crescilque seges clypeala virorum. 10 Sic, ubi lollunlur feslis aulœa ihealris, Surgere, signa solenl ; primumque estendere vullum Cœlera paulalim : placìdoque educta tenore Tota patent ; imoque pedes in margine ponunt. Territus hoste novo Cadmus capere arma parabal : Ne cape, de populo, quem lerra creaveral, unus Exclamât; née le civilibus insere bellis. Alque ita tcrrigenis rigido de fralribus unum Cominus ense ferii: jaculo cadil eminus ipse. Hic quoque, qui loto dederat, non longiùs ilio Vi vit, el exspirat, modo quas acceperat, auras: · E\emploque pari furii omnis turba ; suoque Marte cadunl subili per mulua vulnera fralres. Jamque brcvis spatium vitae sortita juventus Sanguineam irepido plangebani pectore matrem ; Gluinque superstilibus: quorum fuit unus Echion: Is sua jecit humi, moniiu Trilonidis, arma; Fraternœque fidem pacis petiitque dedilque. Hos operis comiles imbuii Sidorius hospes, Cùm posuil jussam Phccbeis sortibus urbem. , 30 III II. Sic ubi aulœa tollunlur festis thea- iris, signa «oient sur gere ; primumque oe- lendere vultum, pau- Inlim effilera: totaque educia placido tenore patent. 24. Jamque juventus sorlila spuliuni brevi· 1 viloe. plaagebant san- guineam matrem tre pido pectore. NOTJE. 10. Sfges clypeata : a shielded crop of men ; Ά crop ot shielded men. · Enrlh. which from the seed produced a crop Waving wilh golden helms.—EUBIPIDES. 11. Tolluntur aulœa: the curtain is raised. On the Roman stage it was customary to let the curtain fall upon the floor (premere aulœa) at the beginning of a play, and to raise it up (tollere αιιΐιεά) at the close of the different acts. In lifting up the curtain from the floor, the figures pointed on it would appear as they are here described. 11. Festis theatris: in the festal'theatres ; the theatres on festal days. 12. Signa: the figures. The represen tations of men woven in the curtain. Vet ecena ut versis fronlibus, utqne Purpurea imexii tollant aulœa Britanni. VIRGIL, Geòrgie iii. 13. Placido tenore: by a gentle tenor. 15. Hoste now. With the men just produced from the soil. 17, Nec te insère: nor meddle yourself. 17. Cimlibus bella. Of all calamities, civil wars are the most distressing, in which the bonds of a common nationality, and even of friendship and brotherhood, are rent asunder. 18. Terrigena fratribus : earthborn brothers. The people just sprung from the earth. 21. Aurat: the breath of life. 22. Suoque marte: by their own slaugh ter. Mars is here put for helium by meto nymy. But Slaughter's iron arm again Consigns them to their native plain ; And weir loved earth, that to the day Show'd them in heaven's ethereal ray, With streaming crimson dies 25. Platisfebant matrem : beat their mother. They lay palpitating on the earth. 26. Quinque superstitibns. In the Phoe nician language, the same word that means five also means nrmy. In this latter sense we must regard it. 26. Echion. A pollodorus gives the names of the five persons. They must either be regarded as leaders of the Bœotian army, or as divisions of it. Their names were Echion, vtper : Udaeus, watery ; Hypore- nor, mighty; and Pelorus, vast. Taking the latter view, we might consider Ecliiou as representing that part of the army which had belonged to the chieftain; Udaeus as that part bordering upon the sea, or Copaic lake: Hyperenor as a division noted for ils bravery ; and Pelorus one distinguished for stature, or for numbers. 28. Fraterna pacis: of fraternal peace. Oh shJSthe your swords, my friends, contend no more, Nor slain your impious arms with kindred gore. STATUÌ». 29. Sidonius hospes; the Sidonian stran ger, viz. Cadmus. 30. Pltaibeis sortibus. By the oracle of Apollo, which was given by lots FABULA IL METAMORPHOSEON. 209 QU.ESTIONES. Why was Minerva said to advise Cad mus to sow the serpent's teeth î What do we understand by the serpent? How are we to consider his teeth î What ig the meaning of raising a crop of armed men from the earth î How might the burial of the Bœotian soldiers by Cadmus be considered î How might he be said to raise armed men from them î What might give rise to the account of their gradual emergence from the earth ? How are we to interpret the battle of the earthborn brothers ? RnîÎnW TSt wf interPret the stone thrown among them by Cadmus, as related by some mythologists î ' ble°sfu±p' n How many men, of the soldiers sprung from the serpent's teeth, are said to sur vive the battle î Are we to consider this literally? How are we to interpret it î What assistance did they render Cad- rnue? FABULA III. ACTION IN CERVUM MUTATUS. Actseon, the son of Aristams and Autonoe, overcome with heat, comes to the valley of Sargaphie, where he surprises Uiana and her nymphs bathing Covered with confusion, and resolved to prevent his relation of the acci dent, she changes him into a stag, when he is torii in pieces by his own dogs. EXPLICATIO. THIS Fable most probably rests upon an historical basis, and records the destruction of Actseon for some interruption of the worship of the goddess Diana. Diodorus Siculus, lib. iv. 81, says, that he attempted to offer violence to the goddess, and was, in consequence, changed into a stag, and devoured by his own dogs ; but Euripides says, he was pun ished because he boasted himself superior to Diana in hunting. Stesi- chorus relates that he was not changed into a stag, but that the goddess sewed him up in the skin of that beast, and caused his dogs to tear him to pieces. It is possible, that anciently with the worship of Diana, as with that of Minerva, the ceremony of the Bath may have existed, which Actseon with profane eyes may have witnessed ; and, in consequence, been driven from the society of men. As the stag is a fearful and timo rous animal, Actseon's flight from his pursuers may have given rise to the fabulous transformation. While a wanderer from men, he may have died in solitude, and his docs may have preyed upon his corse, and hence the fabulous dilaceration while he was alive. Again, if, after his impiety towards the goddess, he became affected with lunacy, and wandered from the society of men, it might be said he was transformed by Diana, or the Moon, into a stag, which is noted for its timidity. His dogs may have preyed upon him after death, as in the supposition above ; or, what is by no means unusual, his dogs may have gone mad during the intense heat of the canicular days, and may have torn their master to pieces. Scaliger says, that various hunters in Cor sica have been destroyed thus by their own dogs. Again, he may have been pursued by bloodhounds after his impiety towards Diana. Some would interpret this Fable morally, by supposing that Actseon, neglecting the pursuit of virtue and heroical deeds, while daily frequent ing the woods, and contending with wild beasts, is fabled to put off the nature of man, and to degenerate into a beast ; when, impoverished at last by his dogs, he is said to be devoured by them. Pakephatus takes this latter view of the Fable. Others, again, are disposed to regard the destruction of Actseon by his own dogs, as an allegory, in which is set set forth the fact, that his substance was eaten up by the parasites that had caressed and fawned upon him. 210 AM stabant Thebse : poteras jam, Cadme, videri Exilio felix. Soceri tibi Marsque Venusque Contigernnt : hue adde genus de conjuge tanta, Tot natos, natascjue, et pignora cara nepotes ; Hos quoque jam juvenes. Sed scilicet ultima semper 5 Expectanda dies homini : dicique beatus Ante obitum nemo, supremaque funera débet. NOT./E. 1. Slalant Thelœ: Thebes stood. The city was now built. 1. Cadme. The poet now addresses Cadmus, by way of apostrophe. 2. Mars Venusque. Cadmus married Harnioma, or Hcrmione, the daughter of Venus and Mars. To grace the nuptials, all the gods of Olympus attended, and presented the bride with gifts. If Yet to his arms The queen of love consigned her beauteous daughter ) I armonìa; and from her, to crown liis joys, Sprung Polydorus.—EURIPIDES. 4. Tot natos. Polydore. 4. Nalasque. Four daughters are men tioned. Agave, Autonoe, Semele, and Ino. 4. Nepotes. The grand-children of Cad mus weie, Actœon, the son of A utonoë and AristEoua; Bnrdms, the son ol Semele and .Tupiier; Pentheus, the son of Agave and Echinn ; and Melicerla and Learcnus, by Ino and Aihamns. 5. Jam juvejiis: now adult. 5. Ultima semper. This sentiment was The different mythologists mention but one son, Lydia, when the latter was vainglortously displaying his riches and power, and considering himself the hnppiest of_men. . . first uttered by Kolon to Crœsus, king of When conquered afterwards by Cyrus, captured, and tied to a pyre, nbout to be slain, he recalled to mind tlic words of Solon, which, in his case, had been ora cular: Call no man happy till you know the nature of hifl death : he is, et best but fortunale. .... He who possesses the nxsl advantages., and 211 212 P. OVIDII NASON1S Prima nepos inter tot res tibi, Cadme, secundas Causa fuit, luctûs, alienaque cornua fronti Addita, vosque canes satiatœ sanguine herili. 10 At bene si qureras : Fortunre crimen in ilio, Non scelus inveniea : quod enim scelus error habebat ? Mons erat, infectus variarum csede ferarum : Jamque dies rerum médias contraxerat umbras ; Et sol ex sequo metà distabat utrâque ; 15 Cùm juvenis placido per devia lustra vagantes Participes operum compellat Hyantius ore : Lina madent, comités, ferrurnque cruore ferarum : Forturaequc dies habuit satis. Altera lucem Cùm croceis invecta rôtis Aurora reducet, 20 Propositum repetamus opus : nunc Phœbus utrâque Distal idem terra ; finditque vaporibus arva : Sistite opus prœsens ; nodosaque tolllte lina. Jussa viri faciunt; intermittuntrjue laborem. Vallis erat, piceis et acuta densa cupressu, 25 Nomine Gargaphie, succinctœ sacra Dianas : Cujus in extrême est antrum nemorale recessu, Arte laboratum nulla ; simulaverat artem Ingénie Natura suo. Narn pumice vivo Et levibus lopins nativum duxerat arcum. 30 Fons sonat à dextrâ, tenui perlucidus undâ, Margine gramineo palulos incinclus hiatus. Hîc dea sylvarutn, venalu fessa, solebal Virgineos arlus liquido perfundere rore. Quo postquam subiit ; Nympharum Iradidit uni 35 LIBER III. 8 Nepos fuit Cedine, E rima causa luctûe ti· i inter tot res secun- dus FABULA III. METAMORPHOSE O N. 14. Jamque diescon- truxerat médias um bras rerum, et sol di- stubut ex œquo utrâ que meta. 85. Erat vnllis densa piceie, et uculâ cu- pressu, nomine Gur- gaphie, sucru succinc- tse Diunœ. 31. Föns perlucidue sonai à dextra tenui unda,»incinctus quad patulos hiatus grami- neo margine ΝΟΤΙΕ. afterwards leaves the world with composure, he alone, O Crœsus. is entitled to our admiration. It is the part of wisdom to look to tlie event of things; for the Deity often overwhelms with misery those who have formerly been placed at the summit of felicity.—HERODOTUS, Clio. 8. Nepos. Actacon, for the story of whose fate the following is preparatory. 9. Alima; foreign; not his own, but those of p etag. The poet here glances at the principal heads of the story. 11. Forlunœ crimen: the crime of for tune ; the crime of accident. 13. Mons. It occurred on Mount Ciihae- ron, as related by Apollodorus and others. 15. Mela utrâque : from each goal, viz. from the cnst ana the west. 1C. Juvenis Hyanlius : the young Hy- antian, viz. Actaeon. The Hyantcs were a people of Bceotia. 18. Lina: the nets. Flax, of which nets arc made, is here put for the nete themselves, by metonymy. 19. Fortuna: satis: sufficient luck. 20. Croceis rolis: in her saffron chariot. Rolu is put for curms by synecdoche. Aurora is said to be drawn in a saffron chariot, because that color is common at sunrise. 21. Proposition opus: our purposed labor, viz. hunting. 22. Idem. Supply spalium. It is evi- dent that idem cannot agree in the nomina tive case with Phœbus, for the first sylla ble is short. 22. Findit arva : cleavee the fields ; causes the fields to crack open. 25. VaUit. The poet gives a descrip tion of the vale and grotto in which Diana, and her nymplis were accustomed to re fresh themselves at noon. A spot so beautiful was meet for their presence. 2G. Succinctœ Dianœ. The goddess wore her dress thus, that she might fol low in the chase with more convenience. 28. Simulaverat arlem: had imitated art. 29. Pumice vivo: with living pumice; with natural pumice-stone. 30. Naiivum duxerat arcum: had formed a natural arch. 32. ilargine graminea: with a graeey bordiT. 31. Liquido rore: with the liquid dew with the clear water. Armigerse jaculum, pharetramque, arcusque retentos. Altera depositre subjécit brachia pallse : Vincla dure pedibus demunt. Nam doctior illia Ismenis Crocale, sparsos per colla capillos Colligit in nodum ; quamvis erat ipsa solutis. 40 Excipiunt laticem Nipheleque, Hyaleque, Rhanisque, Et Psecas, et Phiale ; funduntque capacibus urnis. Dumque ibi perluitur solita Titania lymphâ ; Ecce nepos Cadmi dilata parte laborum, Per nemus ignotum non certis passibus errans, 45 Pervenit in lucum : sic ilium fata ferebant Qui simul intravit rorantia fontibus antra · Sicut erant, viso, nudre sua pectora Nymphas Percussore, viro ; subitisque ululatibus omne Implevere nemus : circumfusseque Dianam 60 Corporibus texere suis. Tarnen altior ilJis Ipsa dea est, colloque tenus supereminet omnes. 213 38. Nam I&mems Crocale doctior illis, eolligit in nod urn ca- pilloB pparsos per col la; quamvis ipsa erat capillu eolutis. 44. Ecce nepos Cad mi, parte I abonna di lata, (errane non cer- tis pD&sibus per igno- tum nemue,) per v cuit in lue u m. SO. Circumfusœque, texere Diauum sui* corporibus. NOT^E. 37. Subjccit brackia: laid her arms un der her cloak ; received her cloak in her arms. 38. Vincla: her eandale. 39. Ismenis Crocale: the Ismenian Cro cale. She was the daughter of Ismenus, a river of Bceotia. The name is derived from κρόκη, a pebble. 41. Excipiunt laticcm: take the cup, Viz. the water in cups. 41. NipJiele. The name of this nymph Ì3 derived from νίπτω, to viash. 41. Hyale* The name of this nymph is from ΐαλΐ7, transparent. 41. Rhanis. This name is derived from /αίρω, to sprinkle. 42. Pgecas. The nymph has her name from ψ«ύΐ, drops of dew. 42. Phiale. The name of this nymph is derived from ψίάλ·;, a cup. 45. Nemus ignotum: the unknown grove. He did not know that a part of it was sa cred to Diana. 45. Non certis passibus : with uncertain steps ; with random steps. 4C. Lucitm. The grove, or forest, that ie set apart for the worship of some deity, is designated by the term Incus, as dis tinguished from nemus. 4(i. Fata /erebant: the Fates lead him. They led him hither to his destruction. Thomson very beautifully describes the Loves as leading Danion to a similar scene with a happy termination. The de scription is so beautiful that we copy it : Thrice happy swain! A lucky chance, that oft decides the fate Of mighty monnrchs, then decided thine. For lo! conducted by the laughing Loves, This cool retreat his Musidoru sought: Warm in her cheek the sultry season glowed; And, robed in loose array, she came to butlie Her fervent limbs in the refreshing stream. "What shall he do ? In sweet confusion lost. And dubious flutlerings, he awhile remained : A pure ingenuous elegance of soul, A delicate refinement, known to few, Perplexed his breast, and urged him to retire: But love forbade. Ye prudes in virtue, say, Say, ye severest, what would j ou have done ? Meantime, this fairer nymph than ever blessed Arcadian stream, with timid eye around The banks surveying, stripped her beauteous limbs, To taste the lucid coolness of the flood. Ah then ! not Pnris on the piny top Of Ida panted stronger, when aside The rival-goddesses the veil divine Cast unconfined, and gave him all their charms, Than, Damon, thou; as from the snowy leg, And slender foot, th' inverted silk she drew ; As the soft touch dissolved tlie virgin zone; And, through the parting robe th1 alternate breast, "With youth wild-throbbing, on thy lawless gaze In full luxuriance rose. But, desperate youth, How durst thou risk the soul-distracting view; As from her naked limbs of glowing while, Harmonious swell'd by Nature's finest hand, In folds loose-floating fell the fainter lawn; And fair-exposed she stood, shrunk from her self, With fnncy blushing, at the doubtful breeze Alarmed, and sinning like the fearful fawn? Then to the flood she rushed ; the parted flood lis lovely guest with closing waves received; And every beauty softening, every grace Flushing anewj a mellow lustre shed : As shines the lily through the crystal mild; Or as tlie rose amid tlie morning dew, Fresh from Aurora's hand, more sweetly glows While thus she wantoned, now beneath the wave But ill concealed; and now with streaming locks, That half embraced her in a humid veil, Rising again, the latent Damon drew Such maddening draughts of beauiy to the soul As for awhile o'erwhelmed his raptured thought. THOMSON'S SEASONS. 50. Circumfusas Dianam. Having en compassed Öiana, that she might not be seen naked by Acteeon. II 214 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER III Qui color infectis adversi Sous ab ictu Nubibus esse solet, aut purpureœ Aurorse, Is fuit in vultu visœ sine veste Dianse. 55 Gluœ quanquam comitum turba stipata suarum, In latus obliquum tarnen adstitit ; oraque retro Flexit ; et, ut vellet promptas habuisse sagittas ; Gluas habuit, sic hausit aquas ; vultumque virilem Perfudit : spargensque comas ultricibus undis, 60 Addidit hœc cladis prconuntia verba futura? : Nunc libi me posilo visam velamine narres, Si poteris narrare, licet. Nee plura minata, Dat sparso capiti vivacis cornua cervi ; Dal spatium collo: summasque cacuminal aures ; 65 Cum pedibusque manus, cum longis brachia mutât Cruribus ; et vêlât maculoso veliere corpus. Additus et pavor esl. Fugit Autoneïus héros, Et se tarn celerem cursu miratur in ipso. Ut verb solilis sua cornua vidil in undis, 70 Me miserum ! dicturus eral ; vox nulla secula esl. Ingemuil ; vox ilia fuil ; lacrymteque per ora 62. Nunc si poterie narrare, licci narres me visam libi, posilo velamine. 68. Autoueïus héros fugil, et miratur in ipso cursu se esse tarn celerem. NOTjE. 53. Salis ab ictu: by the ray of the sun. 56. Turba stipala: surrounded by troops of her attendants. 61. Cladis futures: of his approaching destruction. 62. Me visam. That I havs been seen by you. The ancients believed that there was great danger in seeing any of the dei ties. They probably obtained this idea from traditions of the Old Testament, for Callimachus says the laws of Saturn esta blish this. We have shown lhat by Sa turn is to be understood Jehovah. And he »aid, Thou canst noi see my face : (or there shall no man see me and live. EXODUS xxiii. 20. ΚβόΥιοι ο" ώδε XcyofTi τάμοι. "Όστί TU'1 αθανάτων, οκά μη 5εόΐ αϊτοί Ιληται, 'ASprjay μισ§ω τούτον ίδεΐν μεγάλ'ρ. ' CALLIMACIIIIS. Even the passage which speaks of the disclosure of a part of the glory of the Deity, has its parallel in Homer, and a re semblance in a passage of Pacsanias. And I will take away mine hand, and thou shall see my back parts ; bui my face shall not be seen.—EXODUS xxiii. 33. *ΙχϊΊα γαρ μετόπ-ισ^ε ποίων ήδε κνημ&ων θεϊ' Ιγνων άτΐίύνΓοί-—HOMERLS ILIADOS Γ. It appears thai ihe words of Homer are Irne, thai ihe goils cannot be distinctly seen by men, with any good —PALSANIAS IN P'UOCIDE. 64. Vivacis cervi: of a vivacious stag. Pliny says stags will sometimes live four hundred years. This is allogcther fabu lous. Ter liinos deciesque novem super exit in annos Justa senescentum quos implet vita virorum: Hos novies superai vivendo garrula cernii, Et qualer egredilur cornicia specula ccrviis. AUSOMIM. 65. Summas auras: the tips of his ears. 66. Cum pedtbus. See Grammar, Rule xxviii. n. 9. 68. Additus et pavor. Stags are the most fearful of animals. 68. Autoneïus héros. Actaeon, the son of Aulonoë. 69. Miratur. He wonders at ihe speed of his flight, not conscious that he lias been changed into a stag. As when unconscious of the form imposed. The Rhoutinc youlbs and eager hounds enclosed Actrcon, who by faial sleallh surveved The naked beauties of Ihe balhing maid. STATICS. 70. Ut cornua videt: when he saw his horns. The stag, in limpid currents, wilh surprise Sees cr> sia! branchée on his forehead rise. 1'uiLLirs. 72. Ingentilii. The stag utters very pi teous cries when in pain. 72. Vox ilia. He could not speak now ; groans were the only language he could employ. 72. Lacrymœ. The tears which the stags shed have been witnessed by different hun ters. See the close of the note on gemit ille, line 107. To the which place, a poor sequestered stag. That from the hunter's aim had taken Imrt, Did come to languish : and, indeed, my lord, The wretched animal heaved forlh such groans That their discharge did stretch his leathern con Almost to bursting; and the big round tears Coursed one another down his innocent nose FABULA III. METAMORPHOSED N. 215 Non sua fluxerunl : mens tantùm pristina mansil. Üuid facial ? Repetatne domum et regalia tecta ? ' An lateat sylvis ? Timor hoc, pudor impedii illud. 75 Dum dubitai, videre canes : primusque Melampus, Ichnobatesrjue sagax latratu signa dedere ; Gnossius Ichnobales, Spartana genie Melampus, Inde ruunt alii rapida velociùs aura, Painphagus, el Dorceus, el Oribasus ; Arcades omnes : 80 Nebrophonosque valens, el Irux cum Lœlape Theron, El peclibus Plerelas, el naribus ulilis Agre, Ilylseusque fero nuper percussus ab apro, Deque lupo concepla Nape, pecudesque secula Pcemenis, et nalis comilata Harpyia duobus, 85 El substricta gerens Sicyonius ilia Ladon: El Dromas, et Canace, Stictcque, et Tigris, et Alce, Et niveis Leucon, el villis Asbolus alris, Prtevalidusque Lacon, et cursu fortis Aëllo, Et Thous, el Cyprio velox cum fralre Lycisce ; 00 El nigram medio frontem distinctus ab albo Harpalos, el Mclaneus, hirsulaque corpore Lachne ; 70. canes Dum dubitai, *.-.,~~ videre turn; Ïrimusque Melarnpiis, chnobatesque eagaz dencie signa lalralu. 81. El Harpalos di- stiiictus (jnfiad nipram fiOiileni ub albo mcdiOj In pileous chase: and thus the hairy fool, Much marked of the melancholy Jaques, Stood on the extremes! verge of the swift brook, Augmenting il \\ iiü lears.—SHAKSFEABE. 73. Ora noli sua: a face not his own, viz. a sing's face. 73. Mens pristina. It was a melancholy aggravaiion of his fate that he retained his reason, and was conscious of the full weight of his affliction. 74. Quid facial? Actaeon considers with himself what is the best to be done. 7G. Dum dubitai. Before he has come to a conclusion, his dogs see him, and give chase. 76. Melampus. Black-foot, from ptXaj, black, and ™Cf, a foot. The poet has taken up an undue space in giving the names, and enumerating the qualities of the different dogs. The reader naturally desires to haslcn on lo the catastrophe, and while a human being is aboul to be torn to pieces, has his humanity shocked by a cold detail of the stripes and spots of the dogs that are doing it. 78. Jctnobales. Tracer, from ivor, α track, and βαίνω, to fro. 78. Gnostius. Gnossian. Gnosos was a celebrated city of Crete. 79. I'ampiia^us. Glutton, from παν, all, and φάγω, to eat. 80. Damns. Quick-sight, from Ιίρκω, to see clearly. 80. Orilasus. Ranger, or Mountain- climber, from ορός, a mountain, and βαίνω, to go. 81. flebrophonos. Kill-buck, from fc/Jpt, a fawn, and ψονΐω, to kill, 81. Lœlape. Tempest, from λαίλοψ, a whirlwind. 81. Thero?i. Hunter, from hunt. 82. Pterelas. Wing, from πηρόκ. a wing. 82. Acre. Huntress, from υγρά, hunting. 83. Ilylcsus. Rmgwood, from ίλι;, a wood. 84. Nape. Forester, from rimi, a lawn, or forest. 85. Pcemenis. Shepherdess, from τοιμβκ, a shepherd. 85. Naia duobus: her two whelps. 85. Jlarpyia. Ravener, like the harpies which were ravenous birds. 86. Laiion. Watch, from the serpent that guarded the apples of the Hesperides. 86. Sicyonius. Of Sicyon, a city of the Peloponnesus. 87. Dromas. Runner, from Ιρίμος, a race. 87. mCaiiace. Yelper, from κανα\ή, a noise. 87. Slide. Spol, from ατίχτω, to diversify with spa's. 87. Tigris. Tiger, so called because of his fierce nature. 87. Aire. Strong, from αλκή, strength ; also Elk. 88. Leucim. White, irom Xii«if) ti-Aiie. 88. Asboliis. »Soot, from ίίσβολος, soot. 89. Laron. Spartan, so railed from the country from which lie came. 89. Alilo. Storm, from αελλα, a wJtirl- leittd. 90. T/ious. Swift, from Stu, to run. 90.· Cyprio. Of Cyprus, an island in the Mediterranean. 90. Lycifce. Wolf, a diminutive of twos, a wolf. 92. Harpalos. Snap, from αρπάζω, te snatch. 216 P. OVIDII NASONIS Et pâtre Dictœo, sed maire Laconide nati, Labros et Agriodos, et acutœ vocis Hylactor ; Quosque referre mora est. Ea turba cupidine prœdœ 95 Per rupes, scopulosque, adituque carentia saxa, Q,uà via difficilis, quàque est via nulla, feruntur. lile fugit, per quœ fuerat loca sœpe secutus. Heu famulos fugit ipse suos ! clamare libebat, Actœon ego sum: dominum cognoscite veslrum. 100 Verba animo désuni : resonat lalralibus œlher. Prima Melanchœtes in lergo vulnera fecil, Proxima Theridamas; Oresilrophus hœsil in armo: Tardiùs exieranl ; sed per compendia montis Anlicipala via esl. Dominum relincnlibus illis 105 Cetera lurba coïl, conferlque in corpore dentés. Jam loca vulncribus désuni. Geroil ille, sonumque, Etsi non hominis, quem non tarnen edere possil Cervus, habet : mœslisque replel juga noia querelis, El genibus supplex pronis, similisque roganti 110 Circumfert lacilos, lanquam sua brachia, vullus. LIBER I1L et Melaneus, Laclme- que hirsula corpore. 98. lile ftigit per lo ca per quœ sœpe secu- tus fuerat. Heu ip«o fugit suce famulo». FABULA III. METAMORPHOSE Ο Ν. 217 107. lile gémit, et habet sonum etsi non hominïs, tarnen quem cervus non possit edere. NOTJE. 92. j\Ielaneus. Black, from ρέλ«, black. 92. Ladine. Shag, from Xówu, thickness of hair. 93. Dictate. Of Dicte, a mountain in Crete. 93. Laronide. Of Laconia, a region of Peloponnesus, the Marea. 94. Lnbros. Savage, from λάβρος. 94. A«riodos. Fierce tooth, from άγριας, fierce, nnd tìeìf, a tooth. 94. Hylaclor. Barker, from ίλώττ-ω, to barii. 95. Mora est: it is tedious. 95. Ea turba: the pack. 97. Ferunlur : are borne ; precipitate themselves. 98. Fuerat secutus. He flies where he had been accustomed to follow in the chase. ( 101. Sesonat lalratibus: re-echoes with their barking. 102. Dlelanchastes. Black-hair, from pcXoj, black, and χαίτη, flowing hair. 103. Theridamas. Tamer, from Sip, π beasi, and ΙαμάΖ,ω, to tame. 103. Oresitrophus. Rover, or Mountain- bred, from Spas, a mountain, and τρέφω, to raise. 103. JTresit in armo: fixed his teeth in his shoulder. 104. Tardius exieranl : they had fol lowed slower lhan the others. 104. Per compendia montis: by a short cut across the mountain. ' 106. Cinterà turba : the rest of the pack. 106. Coi'i.· come up; join their compa nions. 107. Cernii ìlle. He groans. Thomson has given a very graphic description of the flight of the stag, and his death ; the con cluding portions of which resemble the ac count of Actœon in several respects : The stag, too, singled from the herd, where long He ranged the branching monarch of the shntles, Before the tempest drives. At first, in speed He, sprightly, puts his faith ; and, roused by fear, Gives U1Ì his swift aerial soul to Might : Against the breeze he darts, that way the more To leave the lessening murderous cry behind : Deception short '. though fleeter than the winds Blown o'er the keen-aired mountain hy the north, lie bursts the thickets, glances through the glades, And plunges deep into the wildest wood ; If slow, yet sure, adhesive to the track Hot-streaming, up behind him come again Til1 minimali rout, and from the shady depth F.xpel him, circling through his every shift, He sweeps the forest oft ; and sobbing sees The glades mild opening to the golden day; Where, in kind contest, with his butting friendfl He wont to struggle, or his loves enjoy. Oft in the full-descending flood he tries To lose the scent, and lave his burning sides : Oft seeks the herd; the watchful herd, alarmed, With selfish care avoid a brother's woe. What shall he do? His once so vivid nerves, So full of buoyant spirit, now no more Inspire the course ; but fainting breathless toil, Sick, sei/es on his heart: he stands at hay; And puts his last weak refuge in despair. The big round tears run down his dappled face ; He groans in anguish : while the growling pack, Blood-happy, hang at his fair jutting chest, And mark his beauteous chequered sides with gore.—THOMSON'S SEASONS. 110. Similis roganti: like one entreat ing ; like a suppliant. 111. Sua brachia. Since he has not hands to lift up in supplication, he turns his dying face towards them. Al comiles rapidum solids lalralibus agmen Ignari insliganl, oculisque Aclaeona quœrunl; El velul absenlem certalim Aclœona clamanl : Ad nomen capul ille referl. Ut abesse querunlur, 115 Nee capere oblalœ segnem spectacula prœdœ, Vellel abesse quidem ; sed adesl : vellelque videre, Non etiain sentire, canum fera facta sucrum. Undique circumstant : mersisque in corpore roslris ne. Circumstam Dilaceranl falsi dominum sub imagine cervi. 120 SS™:in "S™1™ Nee, nisi finità per plurima vulnera vita, diiacenmt dommum Ira pharetratœ fertur saliala Dianas. sub imagine falsi cer vi. ΝΟΤ,ίΕ. 1L2. Comités: his companions, viz. those who had been accustomed to hunt with him. 113. Instigat : urge on. 115. Caput rrfert. He turns his head when he hears his name called. 119. liostris: their snouts; their noses. It is more generally applied to the beak of birds. 121. Nee. The last two lines are thought to be spurious. 122. Ira pharetratœ : the wrath of the quivered Diana. This wrath, according to Euripides, was excited by the pride and boasting of Actaeon : Seest thou Actreon's miserable fate, Rent piecemeal by the ravenous dogs his hanfl Had cherished? For his skill he proudly vaunted More than Diana's in the woodland chase. QUÄ:STIONES. What sources of happiness had Cadmus in his exile ? What was the first interruption of that happiness ? Why was Actœon changed into a stag, according to Ovid ? Where was the goddess when discovered by Actœon ? Who attended her? What do the names of the different nymphs signify ? At what lime did this take place ? What happened to Actœon after his transformation ? Upon what does this Fable probably rest ? What was the real offence of Actaeon? What docs Stesichorus say of his de struction ? How may the surprisal of Diana when bathing be interpreted ? How can we explain his being changed to a stag ? How account for his being eaten up by his own dogs ? What second interpretation may be given of his being changed to a stag by Diana, or the Moon ? Have there been instances in which dogs have destroyed their masters ? How may the Fable be interpreted mo rally? Of what allegorical interpretation is it susceptible ? Are any lines in this Fable of question able authority ? 28 FABULA IV. JUNO IN ANUM MUTATUR: MORS SEMBLES. Juno, incensed at Semele as a favorite of Jupiter, resolves upon her destrao tion. Assuming the form of Beroë, she visits her, and excites suspicion of the fidelity of her lover. Semele desires Jupiter, as a proof of his affection, to come to her attended with, all his majesty; and perishes amid the ce lestial glories of the obsequious deity. EXPLICATIO. THERE are three deities of the name of Bacchus, the Indian, the Egyptian, and the Theban. Many things in relation to them are in com mon, which favor the opinion that there existed some one grand original from which the fabulous histories of these deities were framed. Osiris and Bacchus are each fabled to have taught men agriculture and the use of the grape. In the notes upon Fab. ix. Lib. i., I have shown that they are the same as Noah, who " began to be a husbandman, and planted a vineyard ;" and this will further appear in the notes on the subsequent fables relative to Bacchus. But Adam was a tiller of the ground, before Noah ; and as each was the father of a world, tradition would very naturally confound them. Hence we find Bacchus described both as Adam, and Noah. Here he is plainly spoken of as Adam : 1 He came first into light, and was called Dionysus. This title of Bacchus signifies the divine husbandman. Again, both as Adam and Noah : 2 First-born, two-fold, thrice-begotten, King Bacchus, rustic, mysterious, hidden. Allusion is here made to his three lives—antediluvian, arkite, and postdiluvian ; to his concealment in the ark, and to his being a husband man. Again, as Adam and Noah, with evident reference to the wander ing of the former over the earth, or of the latter on the deep : 31 invoke the great First-born, two-fold, wandering under the wiwle heaven. . See also note on Liber, page 248. The Dionysiacs of Nonnus, a lengthy Greek poem, abound with references to the Flood. The rites of Osiris commemorate Noah ; and are said by Diodorus to be the same as those of Bacchus ; but these latter refer more to the Fall of man. Probably in a later era, the symbolizing spirit of the Egyptians changed what had been a real history into an allegory, and regarded Osiris, the pristine Noah, as the Sun. A verse of Eumolpus, and one of Orpheus would intimate this. The solar orb would thus be the father of the vine, as his heat brought it into existence. The Greeks, whom Ovid has fol- Owed, enveloped the whole in a physical myth. Jupiter, as the ethereal heat, is the father of Bacchus, or the grape, by Semele, or the eaith. She nourishes her infant till the sap begins to return to the earth, and the vine is blasted, when Jupiter, or the ethereal heat, brings the young leitv to perfection ; that is, ripens the grape. There may, however, be an historical reference to Noah enveloped in he darkness of the flood, when Bacchus is hid in the thigh of Jupiter, or he air; and again to Noah as the son of the rainbow, when Bacchus is n lied the son of Semele, which is Scma-el, the token of God. ' Πρω«; ι!' if φίο; ?XSt, ΔιώΐΊκτθ{ έ:Γ»;λι;3ΐ7. OKFH. ΗΥΉΝ. 2 Πρωτσ^/ίνον, ά0υίϊ, r/jiyoMJi/, Ήακχ,εϊον ΰνακτα, "Aypio*-, affarmi, κρυφών. OKFH. HYM. XXÌX 3 Ιίρωτογόνοι καλέω tyvli, /*ί· 3vf αΐ&ρίιτλανκΓΟί/. ORFH. ΗΤΜ. ν. 218 ϊ *' ,*, iL-ifp^r.-i.Wy.i iF^ · •Ä7>^W -^/.^TVM „-, ·\^Ί - J-V ί >& ^UMOR in ambiguo est : aliis violcntior sequo Visa dea est: alii laudani, dignamque severa Virginitate vocant: pars invenit utraque causas. Sola Jovis conjux non tam culpetne probetne Eloquitur, quarti clade domus ab Agenore ductse b Gaudet : et à Tyriâ collectum pellice transfert NOT-iE. 1. Humor. The opinion of the public was divided in relation to the act of Diana in the transformation and death of Actseon. 1. JEquo: than was just; than was proper. 2. Severa virginitate: of austere virginity. The cold chastity of Diana, and the amorous character of Apollo, as given by Lucian, are susceptible of a beautiful physical explanation ; for the Sun is a great globe of flame, while the rays of the Moon do not impart heat. VEKUS. But what is the renson that you do not wound Dinna? CUPID. Oh! her I can never come at. She is perpetually hunting in the monnmine, and then is entirely taken up willi a passion of her own. VFNUS. What is that, my ftweet boy? CLTID. The passion for the chase, for the stags and fawns, which she pursue· the whole day long with such vehemence, thnt she is not susceptible of any oihrr passion. For, as 10 her brother, thouch lie, too. is an expert archer— Λ7Εκυβ. I understand what you mean, child ; him you have shot pretty often. DIALOGUES OF THE DEITIES. of Diana, in itself considered, as ehe re- A beautiful moral is contained in this, that exercise and industry keep the mind pure and chaste, so that it is not suscepti- They Lie of evil passions. 3. Invenit causât: finds reasons. find considerations to justify their opinions. 4. Non tam culjiet. Juno states that she does not so much blame 01 approve the act joices in the ruin of the family descended from Agenor. 5. Dapnus: the house, by metonymy for family. 6. 'Tyriâ pellice: the Tyrian harlotj viz. Europa the daughter of Agenor ot Tyre. 219 220 P. OVIDII NASON1S LIBER ΙΠ. In generis socios odium. Subit ecce priori Causa recens ; gravidarnque dolet de semine magni Esse Jovis Semelen. Turn lingiiain ad jurgia solvit: Profeci quid enim toties per jurgia? dixil. Ipsa petenda mihi est : ipsam, si maxima Juno Rite vocor, perdoni; si me gemrnantia dextrâ Sceptra tenere decet ; si sum regina, Jovisque Et soror, et conjux; certe soror. At pnto furto Contentarli; et Inalami brevis est injuria nostri. Concipit ; et mater, quod vix mihi contigli uni, De Jove vult fieri : tanta est fiducia formœ. Fallai earn faxo: nec sim Saturnia, si non Ab Jove mersa suo Slygias pénétrant in undas. Surgil ab his solio, fulvâque recondita nube 10 14. At puto Semelm 1 - esse contentarti t'urto: 15 et injuria nostri thala- mi est brevis. 20 9. Semelcn. Semele, the daughter of Cadmus and Hcrmione. 9. Ad jursia : for quarrels. As Juno is the lower air, her querulousness may be fabled of its turbulent agitation. 11. Ipsa petenda est. Juno determines to lay violent hands upon her. 12. Gemmantia fceptra : the jewelled sceplre. 1J. Pesino. The Queen of Heaven here proudly asserts her dignity. A part of the language which she employs is identical with a speech which she makes in Virgil : Ast ego qao3 incedo regina Jovisque Kt soror et conjux.—^LNEID i. 46. O roj ut Juno, of majestic mìen, ^Grinl-formed, ilivine, Jove's Messed queen. Throned in the bosom of celestial air. UYMX OF ORPHEUS TO JUNO. 1-1. Soror el conjux. Juno was fabled to be the sister and wife of Jupiter from the following considerations as given by different ancient authors : Natural philosophers intend Jupiter to be con sidered as the ether (œther), that is, the celes tial heat (ignis), but Juno, as the air (aër) ; and because these elements are similar in rarity, tliey have said that they are brother and sister ,' and since Juno, that is tlie air, lies beneath the ether (œtlier), the name of husband is properly given to the superincumbent element.—SEBVIUS. In like manner Macrobius says : Juno is said to be both sister and wife of Ju- Csr. But Juno is the air (attr). and is called sister, because the air is produced from the same first principles as the sky (cœlum), and is called his wife, because the nir is subjacent to the sky.—SOMKIUM SCIPIOMS, Lib. i. cap. 7. Cicero gives the same mythological ac count : The air, as the Stoics affirm, which lies be tween the sea and heaven, is consecrated under the nome of Juno, which is called the sister and v*ife of Jupiter, because it resembles the ether feether), and is in close conjunction »with it. JTiey have made it feminine, and attributed it to Juno, because nothing could be softer. DE NATUHA DKORUM, Lib. ii. Look up to the refulgent heaven above. Which all men cull unanimously Jove. EMNIUS So the Greek poet : Opyj rdv iti/olì, τόνδ* άπειρον afàêpa, Κοϊ γην πέριξ £%ον$' τιγράΐς Ιν dyifaXati Ί'υνΓον νόμιζε Ζήνα, τόνο1 ijyov θεόν. EURIPIDES. The earth is surrounded on all sides by the air which we breathe, (the word is originally (îreek. but by frequent use is now Latinizrd.) The air is encompassed hy the boundless ether (œtlier), which consists of the fires above. This word we borrow also ; for we use cbther in La tin as well as air; though Tacuvius thus ex- pressée it : Hoc quod memoro, nostri cœlum. Grau perhi- hent sethera.—Cic. DE NATURA DEOHUM. It will be seen here, that Jupiter is de signated by different ancient authors, as the upper air, the elfter, Ike shy, or heaven, the celestial heal, the fires above. Sic., of which we shall make especial use in inter preting this Fable. 14. Certe soror. On account of the adulteries of Jupiter, she thinks that she can hardly lay claim to the title of wife, but is certainly his sister. So Seneca : Soror Tonantis ? hoc enim solum Mihi rclictum nomen est.—HERCULES FURENS 1C. Quod eii. Juno had but four chil dren, Mars, Vulcan, Lucilia, and Hebe. 18. Fallal faxo: I will cause that he deceive her. 18. Nec sim Saturnia: nor may I be the daughter of Saturn. This form of ex pression is often used by the poets. Non Hercule is sim. qui sum, nisi hnnc injurinm, Neqne ultus pulchre fucro.—I'LAUIUS. Nec sum inulier, lice cumino spiro, nisi earn pessum de tmitis opibus ejecero—APULEIUS'S METAMORPIIOS. 19. Si non penetrarli: if she shall not descend. 20. Pcconditanvte: concealed by a cloud; enwrapped by a cloud. The gods gene rally clothed themselves and others in a cloud, when they wished them to be invi FABULA IV. METAMORPHOSED N. Limen adit Semeles; nec nubes ante removit, Quàm simulavil anum : posuilque ad lempora canos : Sulcavitque cutem rugis : el curva Iremenli Membra lulil passu ; vocem quoque fecil anilem. ë" isaque fil Beroë, Semeles Epidauria nutrix. rgò ubi, captato sermone, diuque loquendo, Ad nomen venere Jovis ; suspirat ; et Opto, Jupiter ut sit, ait; metuo tarnen omnia. Multi Nomine divorum thalamos inierc pudicos. Nec tarnen esse Jovem satis est: del pignus amoris; Si modo verus is est : quantusque et qualis ab alla Junoni· excipilur; lanlus, lalisque rogalo Del tibi complexus; suaque ante insignia sumat. Talibus ignaram Juno Cadmeîda dictis Formarat. Rogai ilia Jovem sine nomine munus: 25 221 22. Posuitque cano· caphloì nd tempera ; Biilcavitque cutem ru gis; et i u U t curva membra t r einen ti pa» su. 30 30. Tarnen nec est eatis etttn esse Jovem. Ts, sì modo est veruB, det pignus amoris. 35 ΝΟΤΛΕ. eible. Thus Venus withdraws the cloud which envelopes the warring gods at Troy, and shows them to tineas : Namque omnem, qure nunc obducta tuenti Mortalcs hebetat visus libi, et hnmida circam Caligai, ntitem eripiam.—JÈNEID ii. 004. And, again, where she enwraps in a cloud JEneas and Achates on their way to Carthage : At Venus obscuro gradientes aere sepsit, Ut multo nebulœ circum Dea fudit amiclu. ΛίΝΕΙΟ Ϊ. 411. 21. Limen: the threshold, by synec doche for house. 22. Simulai it anum: assumed [he dis guise of an old woman. 23. Sulcavit cutem: furrowed her skin. This is a strong yet beautiful metaphor to express the wrinkling of the fece. Byron represents the same in a powerful man ner. And o'er his clear, broad brow \vere wrought The intersected lines of thought— Those furrows which tlie burning share Of sorrow ploughs untimely there— Scars of the lacerating mimi, Which the soul's wnr has left behind. PARISINA. 25. Ipsa Beroc. The resemblance is so strong, that hyperbolically she is said to be Beroë herself. Juno here assumes the appearince of Beroë; in tlie JEneia, Juno sends Iris under the assumed form of a different Beroë to incite the Trojan women to burn the ships of ./Eneas : Fit Beroë, Tsmuriï conjux longxva Borycli. jExEiD v. 020. 25. Epidattria nutrix. Her nurse, of Epidaurup, a city of Argolis in Pelopon nesus, noted for a temple in honor of JEs- cnlapins. Her age, and her relation to Semelc, would necessarily give her great influence over her mind. Under the dis guise of friendship, it was easy to effect her ruin. Hence Ovid : I Tuta freqnensque vin per amici fallere nomen : Tula frequensque, licet, sit vin, erimen habet. ART. AMAI. Byron, with bitter sarcasm, used to ex claim : " Save me from my friends ! and I will take care of my enemies." 27. Ad nomen venere. They came to the name of Jupiter. Lovers are wont to mention those who are supreme in their thoughts. 29. Nomine divorum: under the namea of gods. Many were the impositions prac tised anciently by the heathen priesthood, under the assumed characters of their dei ties. Paulina, a Roman lady of rank, was contaminated by a gentleman of Rome through the contrivance of the priest of Serapis, in the temple of that god, at which the people were so incensed that they de molished the temple, put the priest to death, and banished the earthly lover who had assumed the character of an immortal. 29. Thalamos pudicos : chaste bed chambers. It was not considered un chaste to admit the embraces of a god. 30. Det pigmus amoris: let him give a pledge of his love. Let him evince his love by coming to you in godlike majesty. 31. Si modo: if lie be very Jupiter. Ef δε καΐ ως ενενεΐς σεω ννμφιος ieri Κρανίων 'Ελθετω Ις σεω λίκτρα συν ίιμερόεντι κεραννω. ΝΟΝΝ. DIONTS 31. Qiiontus et qualis : as powerful and such as. Virgil, in describing the celestial beauty of Venus on her appearing to ./Ene as, employs similar language : El pura per noctem in luce refuleit Alma pnrens confessa Denm ; qtialisqne videri Cœlicolis et quanta solet.—^ENEID ii. 5ÜO. 33. Insignia : his ensigns of royalty— the clouds, tempests, lightning, and thun der. 34. Ignorant Cadmetda. The unsus pecting Semelc, daughter of Cadmus. 35. Sine nomine: without a name. She τ 2 222 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER III. Cui deus, Elige, ait: nullam patiere repulsam. Quoque magis credas ; Stygii quoque conscia sunto Numina torrentis; timor, et deus ille deorum. Lœta malo, nimiùmque potens, perituraque amantis Obsequio Semele, GUialem Saturnia, dixit, Te solet amplocti, Veneris cùm fœdus initis, Da mihi te talem. Voluit deus ora loquentis Opprimere : exierat jam vox properata sub auras. Ingemuit : neque enim non hœc optasse, ne(jue ille Non jurasse potest. Ergo mœstissimus altum jEthera conscendit; nutuque sequentia traxit Nubila; quîs nimbes, immistaque fulgura ventis Addiilit, et tonitrus, et inevitabile fulmen. Q,uà tarnen usque potest, vires sibi demere tentât. Nee, quo centimanum dejecerat igné Typhœa, 40 44. Ingemmi: nequo . _ enim üla potest non 4o optasse hœc, neque ille non jurasse. 50. Née nunc arma· tur eo igne quo deje- NOTjE. asks a favor of Jupiter without designat ing it. 38. Timor ft deus: thnt drend, and god of gods. Men generally swore by the gods; the gods themselves swore by the Btyx ; hence it is called the god of gods. IÌ9. Lceta inalo : rejoicing in her own calamity, viz. in the promise of what wns about to be her ruin. 41. Cum fcedus iti ill's. The union of Jupiter and Juno was n physical allegory of singular beauty. The ancients regarded Jupiter as the ethereal fire, or upper air ; and Juno as the lower air. They believed that the union oi these caused thunder and lightning, and hence fabled that Jupiter, when he embraced Juno, was attended by the lightning and ihunder. Modern phi losophy has proved that the higher the re gion of the air is, the colder it is, and that thunder nnd lightning are electric pheno mena, produced by the passage of electri city between two durèrent clouds, or be tween a cloud and the earth. 42. Te talem. She asks that he would come to her attended with nil the glories with which he approached Juno. Moore, in the Loves of the Angels, appears to have copied after the story of Semele : Then come, O Spirit, from behind The curtains ot'lhy radiant home, Whether thoü wouldst as god be sliriued, Or loved and clusped as mortal, eome ! Bring all thy da7.7]in? wonders here, That I may waking know and sec— Or waft me hence to thy own sphere. Thy heaven, or—ay, even that with thfe.' Demon or god, who boldest the book Of knowledge spread beneath thine eye, Give me, with thee. but one bright look Into its leaves, and let me die ! SECOND ANGHL'& STORY. 42. Ora loquentis : her mouth as she spoke. 43. Vox properata : the rash word ; the word hastily pronounced. Nesclt vox raissa rev«rti —HORACE. 45. Neque potest. Semele cannot now recai her request, nor Jupiter his oath. 49. Qua usque potest. Wherever he can, he tries to diminish the force of hig power. Moore, in like manner, describes the endeavors of hig celestial lover: Sudden her brow a3ρωηονς εχειν. Και κατανελας νιν, ως εγερραφη Διός Μιϊρω, οιίάζΐύ σ' ίίς καλώ? έχει τύοε. Έττεΐ νιν ίίρπασ' εκ ιτνρος κεραννίον Ζευς εις r' ολυμπον βρέφος άνήγαγεν tteovt "ΙΙρα νιν ?5εΧ' ίκβαλλειν απ . Recinet jocosa nomcn imago. HOBAT. lib. i. ode 12. Saxa sonant, vocisque offensa résultat imago. VIRGIL, Geòrgie iv. 50. 49. Verbis favet: she favors her words. She goes to join Narcissus. 54. Sprfta: despised. Such is the con stitution of man's nature, that he is gene rally pleased with the coyness of a maiden, rather than her forwardness. 55. Solis in anlris: in lonely caverne. The cavities of thes~e are particularly cal culated to produce the echo. 56. Doiare repulses: with the pain of re pulse ; with the pain of rejection by Nar cissus. 58. Adducit cutem: shrivels up the skin. 60. Vox ma?iet: her voice only remains. 60. Ossa ferunt. Her bones were changed into stone. This is said, because the repercussion ofsound from rocks is the most forcible and clear. QU^STIONES. Who was Echo ? What did Juno do to her ? Why ? Who was Tiresias ? Who Narcissus Î Why was he fabled to be the son of the river Cephisos ? With whom did Echo fall in love ? Was her passion reciprocated Î What effect had the repulse of Narcissus ? Where did she hide afterwarfle ? What became of her eventually ? How must we interpret this Fable ? Why is Echo fabled to pine away? Why does she repeat only the last words ? Why are her bones said to be changed into stone ? U FABULA VI. NARCISSUS SE DEPERIT : MUTATUR IN FLOREM. Narcissus had slighted many of the nymphs, until one of them, suffering from his cruelty, entreated the £- J J --3 N^me-'i to punish his pride by permitti.ig him to induce, in like manner, a ho] ='053 p&^t;on. The joade'-s arswered her prayer, and Narcissus, violently inflamed with the love cf ruj_ own per son, -which he behe'd in a fountain, pin d away, and was at length changed into a flower of the same name. EXPLICATIO. THE following account, from Pausanias, would seem to give on air of historical probability to the s^ory of Narcissus : " There is α place near Thespiœ which is called Danacus. In this is the fountain of Narcissus, in which, they say, he beheld his own likeness, and not conceiving that it was his shadow, or how he was beloved by himself, pined away and died by the brink of the fountain. But how absurd it is to believe that any should be so distracted or besotted with affection, as not to distinguish a shadow from a substance? Yet something like this is recorded, not vulgarly known. Narcissus had a sister born at the same birth, so ex ceedingly like as to be hard!}' distinguishable ; alike also their hair in color and trim, and alike their habits ; who, accustomed to hunt and exer cise together, loved each other ardently; ajid when she died, he repaired oft to this fountain, much satisfying his affection in gazing therein, as not beholding his own shadow, but the image of his dead sister." But Pausanias misconceived the story, which was merely an allegory, and in attempting to explain it by a seeming historical account, which he had received, actually employs a second allegory, without being conscious of the fact. The flower called Narcissus is wont to grow by the side of streams, and hence \\as said to be the sen of the river Cephisus. This flower was abundant in Thespiœ, as related by modern travellers, and hence the fabulous transformation. Being one of the first flowers that decorate the earth, he would thus be fabled to be an especial favorite of the nymphs. The ancients had sufficient acquaintance with botany, to notice the sexual characteristics of flowers, and as the Narcissus belongs to CLASS VI., Hexandria, ORDER 1, Monogynia, thus having the characteristics of both sexes, he might be fabled to be loved by both males and females. Fur thermore, having thus stamens and a pistil on each individual flower, he may be said, in the language of Pausanias, to be in love with his sister, or in the language of Ovid, to fall in love with himself: " He alike ex cites and bears the flame of love." Now, the Narcissus does not stand straight, but is inclined to one side, -and generally towards the water, whence the fiction of its gazing in the fountain. As Spring is a season of the year corresponding to youth in the life of man, and as this flower blooms in the early spring, hence Narcissus is said to pine away in youth. 230 Γ r W^\\fâ.^*&7^»*^ ^·- ^n ; ,Γ*8ΑΓ* ΪΑ^^^Α^^ί^^.5^; v\ %>·. »\Œ^V^ï^inr "'* ' 'fv'^-"'•'ii ( ^vl-Λ^ .^ ^A W4 ^ A;^ lic-ii ,Υ". ν '^X: ···' „;i'^'.;^=s^=^ s-i V '/^l·"1.^ vx "-î--^^ -ίφ ^,^Ρ'Ι ^V1'1'^'·· jT li 1C hanc, sic alias, undis out montibus ortas, Luserat hic nymphas ; sic ccetus ante viriles. Inde manus aliquis despectus ad sethera tollens, Sic amet iste licet, sic non potiatur amato. Dixerat. Assensit precibus Rhamnusia justis. Fons erat illimis, nitidis argenteus undis, NOTA. So Pomona: 1. Sic luserat hanc: thus he had deceived her. E'en now when filent scorn is nil they gain, A thousand court jou, though !hey court in vain : A thousand sylvans, demigods, and gods, „„„„„ ,\v Thnt haunt our mountains, and our Alban woods.—METAMOEPH. xiv. Ì. Sic amet.· thus may he love. May he cherish an unfortunate passion for one that does not return his love. i. Sic non potiatur. The pangs of unrequited love are most ωΐπ- cult to bear. Hence Anacreon : XaXcirdv io fri) φιΧϋιται, Χαλιτάν II και φιΜσαι, ίί η-άιτων, φιλίιτα. which the Persians had brought with which to erect a trophy for the victory wlr.cli Of all rains, the greatest pom Is to love, but love in vain.—COWLEY. Miserable most to be unloved.—SHAKSPEABE. 5 ßhammuia. Nemesis, the avenger oi -bride and wickedness. She was the dauRlm'r ol Jupiter and Necessity, and was called Rliamnusta, because she had a temple .it Rhamnue, in Attica. Her sta tue at Rhamnus, 5*9 celebrated by V orro, was made by VMiidias, of the very niarble they confidently expected over the Athen ians. Hence Ausonius : Me loyiiilem quondam Pcrsœ ndvexere tro plixum Ut flerem bello: none ego sum Ni-rnesie. G. ÏOHS erat. The poet now introduces the story of the infatuation of ISari-issus, by describing ihc fountain in » h»-n he sa'.v u 232 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER 111 10 15 Quern neque pastores, neque pastas monte capellœ Contigerant, aliudve pecus; quern nulla volucris, Nee fera turbârat, nee lapsus ab arbore ramus. Gramen erat circa, quod proximus humor alebat; Sylvaque, sole lacum passura tepescere nullo. Hic puer, et studio venandi lassus et asstu, Procubtiit; faciemque loci, fontenique secutus. Dumque sitim sedare cupit; sitis altera crevit. Dumque bibit, visai correptus imagine formas, Rem sine corpore amat ; corpus pu tat esse, quod umbra est. Adstupet ipse sibi; vultuque immotus eodem Ha?ret, ut è Pario formatum marmore signum. Special humi posilus geminum, sua lumina, sidus, El dignos Bacche, dignes el Apolline crines; Impubesque genas, el eburnea colla, decusque Oris, el in niveo mislum candore ruborem ; Cunclaque miralur, quibus esl mirabilis ipse. Se cupil imprudens: el, qui probat, ipse probalur :' Dumque pelit, pelitur; parilenjue incendii, el ardet. 25 Irrild fallaci quolies dedil oscula fonti ! In mediis, quoties visum caplanlia collum, Brachia mersil aquis; nee se deprêndil in illis! Quid vidoal, nescit; sed, quod videt, urilur ilio: 12. Puer Insaus et studio venandi. et 808- tu, procubuit lile, se cutus faciemque loci, foiitemque. 19. Fositus huim, on special sua lumina, geminum sidus, et crines dignos Boccilo, dignos et Apolline. his image. It was in a quiet and seques tered spot, and had never been troubled before. Through the wild and devious solitude He iTireaiied the ma/e, alone. To a lake, that fringed with underwood, Like the eye of the forest shone. He parted the branches waving o'er The glassy water's brink, Ne'er parted, save by the fawn, before, As ii glided through, to drink. ANTIQUE CAMEOS. 6. Argmteuf: silvery; bright as silver. Ovid, in his Epietlcs, has another beautiful description of a fountain : A fount there is, whose silver waters show, Clear as a rlass, the shining sand» below ; A flowery lotus spreads its arms above, Shades all the banks, and seems iisclf a grove : Eternili greens the mossy margin grace. AVutched by the s> Ivan genius of the place SAPMIO το ΓΗ tot. 12. Studio venandi: with the engage ments of hunting. 13. Faciem foci scculus: having followed wîtît îùs eyes the appeiranre of the place ; being charmed with the appearance of the place. 11. Sllim sedare: to slake his thirst. So Lucretius: Et sedare shim prîus est, quàm pocula natam. 14. Sitis alierà: a different thirst, viz. the love of himself. 16. Aim sine corpore: a thing without a body ; a ihing without substance, viz. the shadow of himself. lo. Parìa marmore. The best and whitest marble was obtained from Paros, an island in the jEgean. 18. Hteret : he remains fixed. And leaves the semblance of n lover, fixed In melancholy siie, with hend declined, And love-dejected eyes.—THOMSON. 18. Signum: a figure; a statue. 19. llumi positus : thrown upon the ground. Straj s. in heart-thrilling meditation lost, Indulging all to love : or on the bank Thrown, amid droopi.ig lilies, swells the breeze AVitu sighs unceasing, and the brook with tears. THOMSON. 20. Dignes Docciai. His hair would ha\e graced Bacchus or Apollo. Tlte poets de- fiitht to dwell upon the beauty of the hair of those deities. Solis relerna est Phœfjo Gacchoque juventa; lit decet inioiisus crinis uirumque deurn. TlBULLrjS. 21. Tm/iuliS getias: beardless cheeks. 2t. Probat. As the lover and the be loved arc one and the same person, the poet lias, with address, represented the circumstance, by employing the same verb in different voices ; the active voice being beautifully expressive of the male charac ter, while the passive voice corresponds in its nature to the female. 2.Î. Accendit et ardet: inflames, and Ì3 inflamed. F tBULA VI. METAMORPHOSED N. 30 Atque oculos idem, qui decipit, incitât, error. Credule, quid frustra simulacra fugacia captas? Q,uod petis, est nusquam: quod amas, avertere, perdes. Ista repercussae, _quam cernis, imaginis umbra est. Nil habet ista sui. Tecuin venitque, manetque ; Tecum discedet; si tu discedere possis. 35 Non ilium Cererie, non ilium cura quietis, Abstrahere inde potest. Sed, opaca fusus in herbâ, Spectat inexpleto mendacem lumine formami Perquc oculos périt ipse sues. Paulumque levatus, Ad circumstantes tendens sua brachia sylvas : 40 Ecquis, ïo sylvas, crudeliùs, inquit, amavit? Scitis enim, et multis latebra opportuna fuistis. Ecquem, cùm vestraa tot agantur specula vitas, Qui sic tabuerit, longo merainistis in aavo? Et placet, et video ; sed quod videoque, placetque, 45 Non tarnen invenio : tantus tenet error amantem. Quoque magìs doleam ; née nos mare separat ingens, Nec via, née montes, née clausis mccnia portis ; 233 30. Atque idem er ror qui decipit oculos, incitât ton. 36. Non cura Cere rie illuni, non cura quietis polest abstrtt- here ilium inde. 43. Cum totssecula vestrae vitre apantur, meminislis er quern in longo œvo qui tttbuerit eie? ΝΟΤΛ3. 31. Simulacra fugacia: fleeting images. 32. Avertere: be turned away. The verb is in the imperative mood, passive voice. 33. RepercusscB imagiuis: of your re flected image. 34. Nil habet sni: hae nothing of itself; has no reality. Milton, in describing Eve at the fountain, has imitated this passage of our poet : That day loft remember, when from sleep I first awuked, and found myself reposed Unde«· a shade on flowers; much wondering where. And what I was—whence thiiher brought, and how. Not distant far from thence a murmuring sound Of waters issued from a cave, and spread Imo a liquid plain, then stood unmoved. Purr us ihe expanse of heaven : I thiiher went AVitli unexperienced though*, and laiil me down On the green bunk, to look into the clear Smooth lake, that to me seemed another eky. " As 1 bent down to look, just opposite A shape within tlie watery gleam appeared, Ucnrijiig to look ου me : I started back, It storied back; hut pleased I soon returned. Vleased it returned as soon, with answering looks Df sympathy and love : there I had fixed Vline e> es till now. and pined with vnin. desire, Had not a voice thus warned me: "\Vliai thou secst, What there thou seest, fair creature, is thyself; With thee it came and goes ; but follow me, And I will bring thee wnere no shadow slays Thy coining, and thy soft embraces, lie Whose im.ige thou nri; him ihou shall enjoy Inseparably ihine. to him shall bear Multitudes like tlijself, and thence he called Moiher ot human race. AYliat could I do, Hut follow straight, invisibly thus led. Till 1 espied thee. fuir indeed, mid tall, U i nler u planuiiii? yet, inrihoughi. less fair, Less \% inning soft, less amiably mild. Than thai smooih watery imuge : hack I turned ; Thou following, criedstaloud ; Return, fair Eve ' 30 Whom fliest thou ? whom Ihou Bib»., of him thou art, His flesh, his bone ; to give tliee being I lent Out of my side to thee, nearest my heart, Substantial life, to have thee by my side Henceforth an individual solace dear. PARADISE Losr. 36. Cura Cereria ; a regard for food. Ceres, the goddess of corn, is here put, by metonymy, for food mode of corn. Ceres was the daughter of Saturn and Vesta. She had B beautiful daughter by Jupiter, named Proserpine, who was carried away by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers at Enna, in Sicily. Disconsolate at her loss, ehe lit two torches, and travelled over the whole world in search of her daughter. Having learned the fate of Proserpine, she went up to heaven in a chariot drawn by two dragons, and besought Jupiter to cause her restoration; with which request he complied, on condition that she had not eaten any thing in the infernal regions. She had, however, tasted some pome granates, which rendered her constant stay on earl h conlrary to the fates. Jupiter then ordered Proserpine to remain six months of the year with Pluto, and the rest of the year with her mother, upon earth. She was the same as the Egyptian Isis. 37. Fusus : thrown carelessly. This word expresses a perfect abandonment of pel-son. 38.In explclo lumiue: with unsatisfied eye. 42. I^alibra opportuna: a convenient re treat. Many had rome thiiher to nourish, amid ils shades, an unfortunate passion. Sudden he starts, Phook from his tender trance, and resilcss rune To glimmering shades and sympathetic glooms TllOMSQK II 234 P- OVIDII NASONIS LIEER HI. FABULA VI. METAMORPHOSED N. 23Ï Exiguâ prohibemur aquâ. Cupit ipse teneri : Nam quoties liquidis porreximus oscula lymphis; 50 Hic loties ad me resupino nititur ore. Posse pûtes tangi: minimum est quod amantibus obstat' Quisquis es, hue exi. Quid me, puer unice, fallis; Quòve pctitus abis? Certe nee forma, nee setas Est mea, quam fugias: etamaruntmequoquenymphae. 55 Spem mini, nescio quam, vultu promittis amico: Cumque ego porrexi tibi brachia, porrigis ultro; Ciim risi, arridcs. Lacrvmas quoque siepe notavi, Me laciymante, tuas. Nutu quoque signa remittis: Et, quaìitum niotu formosi suspicor oris, CO Verba refers aures non pervenientia nostras. [11 te ego sum, sensi: nec me mea fallii imago. Uror amore mei : ilanuiias moveoque feroque. Quid faciain ? Roger, anne rogem ? quid deinde rogabo ? Quod cupio, mecum est; inopem me copia fecit. Co O utinam nostro secedere corpore possem ! Votum in amante novum ; vellem, quod amamus, abesset. Jamqne dolor vires adimit; nec tempera vitœ Longa mese superanl ; primoquc estinguer in sevo. Nec mihi mors gravis est positure morte dolores. 70 Hic, qui diligitur, vellem diuturnior esset. Nunc duo concordes anima moriemur in una. Di\it, et ad faciem rediit male sanus eandem; Et lacrymis turba vit aquas : obscuraque moto CO. Et quantum sue- picor inutu l'orinosi oris, refers verta non pervenientia ad nos tras aures. 72 Nunc duo c-on- cordcs _ moriemur in una unïmu. 49. Prohihemur: we are kepi asunder ; we are sepnrated. 49. Ti nei i: to be taken ; to be embraced. 51. Eesu]nno ore: with mouth turned up ward. 53. Pner unice: O matchless boy. 54. ferle me forma. Corydon, in like manner, is described by Virgil as praising his form to Alexis, after contemplating his image in the waler : Ne« sum adeo informis : nupcr me in lilore vidi, Cùm pliiciduni veutis starei mare; non ego Daplmim, Judice tc, mctuarn, si nunquam fallal imago. ECLOG. ii. 55. Nymphce. Echo and other nymphs of the mountains and streams. 60. filotu oris. He suspects, by the mo tion of his lips, that the youth in I lie foun tain is talking to him. 61. Aures nan pervenientia. Supply ad. G2. lYec me mra. He discovers that it is his shadow which interests him. 63. Fiamma* moveo tt fen: I excite and bear (he flame. 64. ßoser. arnie rosem ? The use of the verb here is like I hat of probat and probatur, petit and arlitur, lines 25 and 2C. r <:c /·--'.- Ί._- . · - NOT^E. r —- —— ,.. -.-., ——o ~-> a.uj *,u. ι scious ol Ins own infatuation, he y 65. Copia. Too much plenty had made not break the spell. So Terence : him noor. him poor. Si einieres aliuna, posses, Narcisse, potiri. K'.'nc tibi amoris adest copia: fructus »best. AUSONIUS. 67. Votum noKum. Lovers like to be near those whom they love; Narcissus would be absent. 69. Prtmor/?ie extinguor: I am carried off in my enrly age ; I am extinguished in the bloom of youth. He comelh forth like a flowr. ami is cui down : he flecth olso as a sliudow, mid conti- nueth not.—JOB xiv. 2. 71. Vellem diutnrnior. Horace, in like manner, expresses for Chloe a love 30 ar- dtnt that he would even die for her : Me Cliloe now possesses whole. Her voice oud lyre commands my soul ; For whom I'll gladly die, to save Her dearer heauties from the grave. Ου. ix. Lili i. 72. Concordes in anima una: united in one life. The two, in this case, lud but one life or soul. Affection unites lovers and friends so intimately, that it is said they have but one soul. _Nam ego sensi animim menm et anirnain tllius uuain fuisse anitnitm in dunlins corporibiis S. AUGUSIIV CIIN-FEKS JUb. iv. Et serves animne dimidium mcic—HORACE. 73. filale sanus : hardly sane. Con scious of his own infatuation, he yet could t k___|, 4L_ _. _1I n ... Kt illiim sceleslmi esse, et me misernm senno lit tccitet: et amore arduo ; cl prutlens, sciens, Vivus, viden?que pereo : nee quid agnm, scio. EUNUCU., Act. i. Sï. 1 Reddita forma lacu est ; quam cum videsset abire ; 75 Quo fugis? Oro mane; nec me, crudelis, amantem Desere, clamavit. Liceat, quod längere non est, Aspicere, et misero prœbere alimenta furori. Dunique dolet, summa vestem deduxit ab ora, Nudaque marmoreis pcrcussit pectora palmis. 80 Pectora traxerunt tenuem percussa ruborem ; Non aliter, quàiu poma soient ; qua? candida parte, Parte rubent : aut ut variis solet uva racemis Ducere purpureum, nondum matura, colorem. Quœ siimi] aspexit liquefactâ rursus in unda; Non tulit ulteriiis : sed, ut intabescere flavre Igne levi cerœ, matutinœve pruinœ Sole tepente soient, sic attenuatus amore Liquitur; et cceco paulatim carpitur igni. Et ncque jam color est misto candore rubori ; Nec vigor, et vires, et quœ modo visa placebant, Nec corpus remanet, quondam quod amaverat Echo. Qjuœ tarnen, ut vidit, quamvis irata memorque Indoluit : quotiesque puer miserabilis, Eheu ! Dixerat ; hrec resonis iterabat vocibus, Eheu ! Cùmque sues manibus percusserat ille lacertos, Hœc quoque reddebat sonitum plangoris eundem. ultima vox solitam fuit hœc spectantis in undam, Heu frustra dilecte puer! Totidemque remisit Vrerba locus : dictoque Vale, Vale inquit et Echo. 85 fiO. Sed ut flav33 ce- TEC soient iutabe_scere levi igne, matuûnccve pruiiiib lepeiite sole, sic attenuates amore liquilur; et carpilur 90 paulatim cieco igul. 95 100 NOT.Œ. 78. Alimenta furori: fuel to my unhappy passion. 80. Marmoreis palmis: with his marble palms ; wilh his hands white as marble. 87. Igne levi ceree: like wax by a slow fire. So Virgil : Ilice ut cera tiqucscït Uno eodemque igni : sic nostro Daphiiis amore. ECLOGUE viii. 89. Carpilur: is consumed. So Virgil : Vuiiuis ulit venie, et cicco carpitur igni. ./ENEID, iv. 90. Catidore. The white and rosy color for which he was remarkable, is lost. Candida candorem roseo sumisa ruhore Ante fuit.—OUD. Amor. iii. Kelog. 3. 92. Nec corpus. The comeliness, vigor, and grace which had charmed Echo, are all fled. So Terence : Quid hoc morbi est! adeone, homines imrnu- tarier Ex amore, ut non cognosces eundem esse ' EUNUCH., Act. ii. Se. 1 93. Quamvis irata. It is a beautiful pic ture of the iinchangeablencss of love, tha* even the spirit of the slighted Echo, aftei death, mourns for hitn. A modern poe expresses this in much vigor oflanguage : Planets may whirl through Cliaos uncoil· trolled. Stars from their conrses sullenly retirf. ; Systems may play the rebel, as of old ι single star did, and assail their sire. When the great death-bell of the Sun hath tolled, Consumed upon his own funereal pyre, The heavens may shrink and shrivel as a scroll. But love, triumphant love, shall overlive the whole.—T. C. AIKIMSON. True love never dies ; where it does not ex- st, it never has existed.—E. L. BULWER 98. Ultima vox: the last speech ; the last words. 100. Locus: the place ; viz. the echo of the place. 100. Ditto vale. The verb vale, which is in the imperative mood, is used here as a noun substantive. The English verb farewell, is often used in the same man ner. 100. Vale inquit Echo. Echo repeats the last word of the dying Narcissus. There is α truthfulness to nature m thrs descrip tion, fòt love treasures up in memory, and loves to repeat the last words of the de parted. Commoritnr, Narcisse, libi resnnauilis Fcho, Vocis ad extremes exanimam modos Et perennità adirne geinitiim resecuta querella. Ultima nunc ctiam verba loquentis amat. Aisoxius, Epigram XCVÌL I 236 P. OVIDII NASONIS lile caput viridi fessura submissit in herbâ: Lumina nox claudit domini miranda formam. Turn quoque se, postquam est infernâ sede receptus, In Stygiâ spectabat aquâ. Planxêre sorores Na'ides ; et sectos fratri posuêre capillos. 105 Planxêre et Dryades, plangentibus assonat Echo. Jamque rogum, quassasque faces, feretrumque parabant: Nusquam corpus erat: croceum pro corpore florem Inveniunt, foliis medium cingentibus albis. LIBER III. 103. Turn quoque, postquam receptus est, infernâ sede, spectabat se in Stygia aqua. NOTjE. 102. Npx claudit: darkness closes his eyes. Figuratively, nox is often used for death, as lux is for life. Nobis, cum semel occidit brevis lux Nox est perpetua una dormiendo. CATULLUS, v. 5. Swift roll the years, and rise, the expected morn, O spring to light, auspicious babe be born ! ΓΟΡΚ. Bea omnes una manet nox. HORACE, Lib. i. Od. xxviii. She closed her eyes in everlasting night. DHYDES. 104. In Stygia. We hear of the ruling passion being strong in deatb, but in this installée it is continued after death. This was in accordance with the philosophy of the ancients. Hence Virgil : Curœ non ipsa in morte relinquunt.—^NEID, vi. 105. If aide*. The daughters of the river Cephisus, and sistere of Narcissus. 105. Posi/ere capillos. The cutting of the hair was a sign of groat grief among the ancients. Thus Homer describes the custom at the funeral of Patroclus : There lay the hero's coree with curls o'erspread Lale shorn from every mounting prince's head. ILIAD, xxiii. Their curls are shorn : one breaks his Low ; another Hie arrows and the quiver. liiaaPs LAMENT FOB ADONIS. 106. Dryades. The Dryads were nymphs that presided over woods. Their name is derived from Ιρίς, an oak. 107. Quassas faces : split torches. Torches were carried before the_ dead at funerals, and were used lo set fire to the funeral pyre. They were pointed, and sometimes shattered at the point, to make them ignite more readily. 108. Croceum florem: a saffron flower. This flower grows, for the most part, near the water, which has contributed much to the fiction. Hence an ancient poet says : Hic est ille suis nïmium qui credidït undis Narcissus, vero dignus amore puer. Cernis ab irriguo repetenlem gramme ripam Ut per quas periet crescere possit aquae. SAB.EUS And again, Thomson : Narcissus fair. As o'er the fabled fountain hanging still. SEASONS. 109. CingetUibus albis : with white leaves enfolding the centre. The blood of Adonis was changed into the anemone, in a similar manner. By this the hoy that by her side lay killed Was melted like a vapor from her sight ; And in his iilood, that on the ground lay spilled, A purple flower sprung up, chequered wilh white.—SHAKSPEABE. .FABULA VI. METAMORPH OSE O N. 237 Narcissus be fabled to be the Nar- he be said to fall in love Why ÌB he said to 9ie in youth ? Who mourned his death ?.. What modern writer has imitated the description oFNarcissus at the fountain I What useful moral does the story 01 Narcissus teach 1 QU^STIONES. Who was Narcissus Î How did he treat the nymphs ? Who was Nemesis Î What prayer did she grant ? What infatuation possessed Narcissus in consequence ? Had he power to control this strange passion ? What became of him finally Î What metamorphosis did his body un- derpro ? What does Pausanias say in relation to the story of Narcissus i How does Pausanias explain the story Î Is this explanation a veritable account, or merely an allegory ? FABULA VII. ' ADVENTU£ BACCHI: IMPIETAS PENTIIEI. Pentheus, the son of Echion and Agave, endeavors to prevent the Thetar.3 from paying respect to Bacchus. He orders hU servants to seize the pre tended deity; and bring him before him. They cannot find Bacchus, but re turn with Acœtes, his chief priest, whom they have captured. EXPLICATIO. THE orgies of Bacchus were the same as the mysterious rites of Osiris, with such alterations and additions as suited the corrupt tastes of those among whom they were introduced ; for we are expressly told by Diodorus Siculus, that " Osiris is the same person that the Greeks call Dionysus ;" and again, " the rites of Osiris and Bacchus are the same." Now in the processions of Osiris, found sculptured on the monuments of Eg\pt, evi dent reference is made to Noah. First, a boat is carried bj priests, superintended by the pontiff clad in a leopard skin, after which arc two hieraphori with a staff, then a man with α tambourine, behind whom is a pomegranate, with the stalk bound with ivy, followed by two hieraphori bearing a staff with a jackall, then others with ivy-bound flowers. The processions of Bacchus are similar to the above, with some additions; for we find in them the tambourine, the ivy-bound thrysus, the leopard skin, the sacred basket, and sometimes the ark, containing fruit with serpents enclosed in the same. Besides these, were carried the mysterious phalli, in honor of the deity. Having before shown, that in their Bacchus, the Greeks had a con fused blending of the history of Adam and Noah, and that their cere monies were designed to commemorate early history, it is plain that the rites of Bacchus were a representation of the Fall of Man. The Bac chanals rushing· wildly along, half-clothed and covered with skins, were no inappropriate representation of our first parents, as they left Eden, clothed with the skins which God had provided them, and forced now to till the soil for a sustenance. They uttered wild and piercing· cries as they ran, and in the most sacred part of the ceremony, as they lifted the fruit from the mystic basket, or a serpent discovered itself from among the fruit, they shout Evœ ! Evre ! in commemoration of the Tempter who had thus rendered agriculture and the tillage of the vine necessary. The mystic pomegranate, too, was probably said to be the fruit of temptation, as it was fair to the sight, and its name, fioia (Rhca), lecame the name of the productive earth, the goddess Rhea, because by eating of it the earth came to be cultivated. The fig-leaves, and the serpents in Hippa's hair, also have their antctypes in Eden. The phallus, too, which was borne in the orgies of Bacchus, was not only a sign of tin· fructifying principle of the earth, but had especial reference to the Fall of Alan ; for it was not till after the Fall, that " Adam knew his wife." Such was the intention of the rites of Bacchus, lint corruptions had probably been introduced, and licentiousness, which induced Pentheus to resist their introduction into Thebes. 238 -τ ', *dC s&- Λ r. XyisM.v >·; '^"•Λ - ^.^ i:^«i^ Λ / '»•f-; %. - i^-tnr* **· *. *" « ΐςν -^ΡΓ^ΓΊΕ •feJé];^^^^^^' ;Ä * >')·· / \ r OGNTTA res meritam vali por Achaïdas urbes Attillerai famam ; nomenque erat auguris ingens. S pernii Echionides tarnen hune, ex omnibus unus Conlemplor Superûm Pentheus: prœsagaquc ridel Verba senis ; tenebrasque el cladcm lucis adempia; 5 Objicil. lile movens albenlia tempera canis, Quàm felix esses, si tu quoque luminis hujus Orbus, ait, fieres ; ne Bacchia sacra videres ! NOT JE. irophet. This word properly belongs lo α . Augurii: of ihe prophet. This word properly beloni ihsaycr who makes his predictions from ihe flight of birds. 2. Augurii: of ihe soot" No more the aufpir stands in snowy shroud, To watch each timing wing nini rolling cloud.—IlibTORV OF THE CHCBCH. 3. Echionides. Tenthcus, the son of Echion and Agave. What rage, what rage doth Pentlieus' bosom fire? tic from the dragon-brood, Thnt slaried from Hie ground, derives his blood. r.artli-Lorn Kcliiou was of old liU sire.—BACCHJS OF EVBIPIDES. 4. Contemplar snperûm: a contemijer of 5. Ttncbms: his darkness; his blind ine pods. The poet inculcates a good ness. moral, by making impiety to the pods the 6. RIoveuf allientia: shaking his temples, cause of his punishment. A distinction while with hoary hair, should be made, however, between true jarn ,rleu cyi-nt.|ie imitantur tempera plumos. religion and superstition. OVID, Tri»! iv. I.lcg. 19. He witli profane conpmpt against me ΛΤΒΓ«. 8. Ne Bacchia facra. The tiivsteries of Drivi-s me from the lilmiions. in his vows t]ie heal hen world were commemorations Dee'"oSu™ "°l W0rtl'y "ne"tior: fot wh'ch of the early history of ninn, preserved by To him'an'd all the Thebens, will I show ' tradition, but corrupted in many cases by Myielf a god —EUIIIPIDES. the lapse of time. Thus the ceremonies 10 15 240 P- OVIDII NASONIS Jamque dies aderii, jamque baud procul augurer esse;_ Qua novus hue veniat, proles Semele'ia, Liber; Quern nisi lemplorum fueris dignalus honore; Mille lacer spargere locis: el sanguine sylvas Fœdabis, matremque luam, malrisque sorores. Evenienl: neque enim dignabere numen honore; Meque sub his lenebris nimium ridisse quereris. ' Talia dicenlem prolurbal Echione nafus : Dicla fidos sequilur; responsaque valis agunlur. Liber adesl : feslisque fremunl ululalibus agri : Turba ruunl ; mislœque viris malresque, nurusque, Vulgusque, proceresque, ignoto ad sacra ferunlur. Quis furor, anguigenœ, proles Mavortia, veslras Allonuil menles? Penlheus ail; serane lanlum ^Erc repulsa valenl 1 el adunco libia cornu ? Et magicœ fraudes? ut quos non belliger ensis, Non luba lerruerint, non slriclis agmina lelis ; Fœmineœ voces, el mola insania vino, LIBER III. 16. Natus Echione proturbat vatem di- centem talia : fides se- quitur dieta, respon- saque vatis aguntur. 20 25 24. Ut fœmineai vo ces, et insania mota viuo, gregesque ob- scccni, et mania tym pana, vincant eoa quos non belliger ensis, non NO'IVE. · connected with the Syrian goddess, and the appointments of her temple, are in tended to preserve the history of the Flood, and are thought by Lucian to be the work of Bacchus, whom we have shown to be Noah. The mysterious phalli, there, bore the inscription of Bacchus. This ceremony, they say, Deucalion himself ordained to he observed in the temple, as an everlasting commemoration, no less of the uni versal calamity (the Flood), than of the won derful means by which the earth again became dry.—LUCIAN DE SIRIA DEA. They exhibited the first orgies (of Bacchus) around a mystic ark, and with these, the Aonian women secretly began the mysteries.—CYNE- GETICS OF OpPIAK. After the oath to the mystes, we commemorated the gad necessity that reduced the earth to its chaotic state ; also Saturn (Jehovah), who, after the darkness, restored earth to a serene sky. ARGONAUTICS OF ORPHEUS. The orgies of the just man (Noah), and of the Arkite Minerva, by night.—IDEM. Minerva, or the divine prudence, is said to have built the Argo or Ark. This is perfectly correspondent with God's warn ing Noah to build the ark. The follow ing have direct reference to the serpent Tempter, and to the depositing of the Ark of the Covenant in the Tabernacle which was covered with skins : Ilippa, placing α testaceous vessel on her head, and encircling the ßg-leaces that bind her temples with a serpent, receives Bacchus. TROCLUS l\ TIMJEUM, Lib. ii. They placed the divine offspring (Bacchus) in an ark of fir, and covered it with skins. CYXKGETICS OF OPPIAN. The following, from the Greek of Phi- lostratus, relates to the serpent of Paradise, which was erect before the curse, " On thy belly thou shall crawl." The ivy creeps, and the serpents that were met, an-1 the thyrsi, and the trees dropping ho ney : yon would say as to those uttering wild la mentation, there was, in like manner, to them the Bacchic (ofEcc) panting.—ICON. LIB. i. c. 18. 10. Novus Liber: the new Bacchus. The epithet Liber is an imitation of the name of Noah (resi). See note on Liber, p. 248. 10. Proles Scmeleia: Noah, after his egress from the Ark, may be figuratively styled ihe son of the Rainbow. Hence Bac chus, who is Noah, can with great beauty be called the son of Semele, which is Sema-el, the token of God. The Chinese say the mother of Foht (Noah), conceived on the bank of a lake, surrounded with a rainbow. Homer, in his hymn to Selene, in speaking of the iris, uses the very term, token: Ύέκμωρ êl ββωτοις και σήμα τίτνκται. I do set my bow in the cloud, and il shall be for a token of a covenant between me and ihe earth.—GENESIS ix. 13. See note on Iris, page 72. 16. Dicentem prvturlat : spurns him as he utters such things. 17. Fides sequilur: confirmation follows. 17. Aguntur.· are accomplished ; come to pass. \ 22. Pentheus ait. The speech of Pen theus ia full of generous aioor and patriot ism. 22. JErane tcre repulsa: brass resounding with brass, viz. brazen vessels beaten with brazen sticks. Pulsabunt œribns œra.—LUCRETIUS. 23. Adunco cornu: the winding horn. Sieva tene cum Berecyntliip Cornu tympana.—HORAT. Lib. i. Od. 18. 23. Striais agmma telis: squadrons with brandished weapons. £G. Familière voces: shrieks of women. Ye female troop, Whom from barbaric coasts I led with me FABULA VII. METAMORPHOSEΟΝ Obscœnique grèges, el inania lympana vincant? Vosne, sénés, mirer ; qui longa per œquora vecli Hâc Tyron, bac profugos posuislis sede Pénales ; Nunc sinitis sine Marie capi ? Vosne, acrior œlas, 30 O juvenes, propiorque mese ; quos arma tenere, Non thyrsos; galeâque tegi, non fronde decebat? Este, precor, memores quâ silis EtirrO croati : Illiusque animes, qai mullos perdidil unus, Burnite herpenlis. Pro fonlîbus ille lacuque 35 Inleriil : al vos prò fama vincile veslrâ. lile dedil loto fortes: vos pellile molles, El palrium revocale déçus. Si fala vetabant Stare diu Thebas; ulinam lormenla virique Mœnia diruercnl: ferrumque, ignisque sonarenl! 40 Essemus miseri sine crimine ; sorsque querenda, Non celanda forel; lacrymœque pudore carerenl. Al nunc à puero Thebœ capienlur inermi ; Qu-em neque bella juvanl, née lela, née usus equorum; Sed madidus myrrhâ crinis, mollesque coronœ, 45 Puipuraque, el piclis inlexlum veslibus aurum. tuba, non slriclis telii riiit? 241 agmîim terrue- 35. lile interiit pro fontibus lacurjue : at vos viucite pro vestra fama. NO1VE. Associ&tes, and attendants on my march. Resume your 1'brygian timbrels framed by me Ami mother Rhea ; round the royal house Of Penlheus let their hoarse notes roar, that Thebes May see you.—BACCH Έ OF EURIPIDES. 27. Inania tympana: hollow drums. Tympana tenta sonant palmis et cymbala circuiti Concava.—LUCRETIUS, ii. G3G. 28. Vosne senes. Pentheus makes a etrong appeal to the aged men who had come from Tyre, and had helped to found the city of Thebes. He is described by Euripides as making a similar harangue to his grandfather Cadmus : And Cadmus, too. Sly mother's falber, shake his Bacchic wand, Sigbt ludicrous ; nor, sire, can I approve To see your age of reason so devoid. AVilt tliou not shake the ivy from thy heat! ? Wilt thou not throw the thyrsus from thy hand ? BACCIIjB. 29. Tyron. Pentheus calls Thebes their second Tyre. So Teucer, when about lo leave Salamis, his native city, for a foreign country : Certus enim promieit Apollo, Ambiguam tellure nova Snlamina futuram. HORAT. Lib i. Od. vii. So ^îneas is described by Virgil : Ilium in Italiam portuns viclosque Penates. -ffiNEID, Ì. 68. 30. Sine Marte: without battle, by me tonymy. 32. Tftyrnos. The ihyrsus was a pole or «pear, enveloped with vine or ivy leaves, and was carried by Bacchus, the Satyrs, Mœnades, and others who were cnrraged in the Bacchic rites. It was often terminated by the apple of the pine or pomegranate, as that tree was dedicated to Bacchus, or 31 Noah, probably, because it was considered the forbidden fruit. Pampineis agitât velatam frondibus hastarn. ΜΕΓΑΜΟΚΡΙΙ. Lib. iii. Fab. 8 His light spear wreathed with ivy-twine. EURIPIDES. 32. Fronde. The mysltg wore myrtle, except in times of procession, when they wore ivy or vine leaves. Ipse racemiferis frontem circumdatus uvis. METÌMOKPII. Lib. iii. Fab. 8. 35. Pro fontibus. The serpent from which they were sprung, died in defence of his fountain, as related in the first Fable of Book III. 37. Leto fortes. There is a hearty ap peal to the manly courage of the Thcbans, which is heightened by the antithesis here employed. 38. Si fata. If it be fated that Thebes must fall. 39. Tormenta: engines, such as batter ing-rams, for demolition ; and balistee, and catapults, for throwing stones and beams of wood. 41. Miseri sine crimine: wretched with out a crime. Having made an honorable resistance, they would not fall ingloriously. Thus Lucius, in the Roman senate : Wliat men could do, Is done already: heaven and earth vpill witness, If Rome must fall, that we are innocent. ADDISOH'S CATO. 45. Caronte, purpuraque: garlands, and purple. The garlands with which persona were crowned, when drinking, were formed of the leaves and flowers of ivy, the rose, violet, lily, myrtle, and narcissus, to all of which peculiar properties were assigned. I Hence Plutarch : X I, 242 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBEK III. Gluem quidem ego actutùm, modo vos absistite, cogam Assumptumque patrem, commentaque sacra fateri. An satis Acrisio est animi, contemnere vanum Nume«, et Argolicas venienti claudere portas ; 50 Penthea terrebit cum totis ad vena Thebis ? Ite citi, famulis hoc imperai, ite, ducemque Attrahite hue vinctum : jussis mora segnis abesto. Hunc avus, hunc Athamas, hunc cseiera turba suorum Corripiunt dictis ; frustràque inhibere laboranf. 55 Acrior admonitu est ; irritaturque retenta Et crescit rabies ; remoraminaque ipsa nocebant. Sic ego torrentem, qua nil obstabat eunti, Leniùs, et modico strepitu decurrere vidi: J-ielllUS, Cl IllUUll/U ötl^jjii." ————————--- . At quâcunque trabes obstructaque saxa tenebant, 60 J^.^ Spumeus, et fervens, et ab objice ssevior ibat. Ecce ! cruentati redeunt: et, Bacchus ubi esset, 58. Sic ego vidi tor rentelli, qua nil ob- itabat eunti, decur- 60 rere lenius et modico NOT JE. Hederà crapuloni restingui .... améthyste herbi sicut et gemma vtnolentiam retundi . . . vinum si quando caput tentaverit. florum auram auxiliari, et munire adversùs crapulam; eo qubd flores colidi leniter spiramenta taxantes spiraculum vino prœstant : frigidi vero modice strìngendo repellunt inliibentque evaporationes : cen viola et corona ex rosis, &c.—STMPOS. Lib. iii. Te decet vernis comam floribus cìngi, Te caput Tyria cohibere mitra ; Hederam mollem baccifera Religare frontem.—SENEC. CErapns. it, when his fair course is hot hindered, e makes sweet music with the enamelled stones, iving a gentle kiss to every sedge e overtakeüi in his pilgrimage. Two GENTLEMEN OF VESOSA. 64. Dixere. The servants reported that they had not seen Bacchus, but had taken one of the Bacchanals, viz. the Tyrian Acœtes. The captive taken in the play f Euripides, is Bacchus himself, in die- 47. Assamptumque patrem: his father guise: assumed ; his father feigned. Thy presence, Pentheus, we approach, returned 48. Commenta: false ; counterfeit. Not unsuccessful from the chase by thee 49. Acrisio. Acrisius was the son of Enjoined: no savage we pursued, but tame v, „ .„Λ l-;„™ „f A ««.e, He fled not, nor unwilling gave his hands ; bas, and king of Argos. Nor from his warm cheek changed the roV Ll« M.Hm.0 hid aprvfintH TO l,l„nm ripides : retrace the haunts Jl'hat 'mong our women =-|,i^HUD » ..- And with pollution stains the nuptial *,~~. If you can take him, bring him hither bound, - *'- —~~i.~A tiriti, nVrwhelmir CAD Well halli Tiresias counselled thee,my son Abide with us, no outrage to the laws, Fcr now thou fliest from us, 'mid thy boast Ot wisdom most unwise.—BACCHJB. 54. Attorno*. He was the son-in-law of C.idmus, and uncle of Pentheus. 57. Kt-ntOramina ipsa: their very re struints did harm. They only served ti excite him more. 58. Sic ego torrentem: thus I have seen a torrent. The comparison instituted hcrr is very beautiful, and has been hoppil' imitated by Shakspeare. The more thou dam'st it up, the more it burns ·, The current, that with gentle murmur glides, Thou know'st, being slopped, impatiently dot! rage; 52. Ducem. He oraers his servants to *""bijom; seize the leader in these new rites, the Through fear, but smiling, yielded to be bound, pretended Bacchus. So Pentheus, in Eu- And hither led, obedient to thy will.—BACCILIE. 66. Secutum: that had followed. Keats, who was deeply imbued with the ancient gives an animated r——· ox me uiuruu of Bacchus, as related .,,, _~ if^yoücan'räke'him, bring him hither bound, of the Bacchanals. The whole description, Thut lie may die, crushed with o'erwhelming however, is characterized rather by the stones.—BACCHE. gentleness and innocence of the amiable 54. Amis. Cadmus, the grandfather of poet, than the actual fierceness of the Bac- Pentheus, and father of Agave. Euripides chic rites, represents him as counselling Pentheus : And as I sat, over the light-blue hills — -. . „.. .-___..——ii„.i.i,0„ «,τ,Εηιν There came a noise of revellers : the rills Into the wide stream came of purple hue— 'Twos Bacchus and his crew ! The earnest trumpet spake, and silver thrills From kissing cymbals made a merry di- — 'Twas Bacchus and his km ! Like to a moving vintage down they came, ike to a movng vi , Crowned with green leaves, and faces all on flame ; All madly dancing through the pleasant valley, To scare thee, Melancholy ! O then. O then, thou wast a simple name ! And I forgot thee, as the berried holly lîy shepherds is forgotten, when ill June, Tall chestnuts keep away the sun and moon :— I rushed into the folly ! Within his cur, aloft, young Bacchus stood, Trifling his ivy-dart, in dancing mooil, With sidelong laughing ; FABULA VII. METAMORPHOSEON. duserenti domino, Bacchum vidisse negârunt. Hunc, dixêre, tarnen cornitern, famulumque sacrorum Cepimus : et tradunt manibus post terga ligatis, 6 Sacra dei quondam Tyrrhenâ gente secutum. NOT JE. 243 64. Dixere tarnen, cepimus hunc comi- tem famulumque ea- ' CTOrum, quondam se- cutum sacra dei gente Tyrrhenâ : et tradunt eufn manibus ligatis. And little rills of crimson wine imbrued His plump white arms, and shoulders, enough white For Venus' pearly bite ; And near him rode Silenus on his ass, Felted with flowers as he on did pass Tipeily quuffing. Whence came ye, merry Damsels ! whence came ye, So many, and eo many, and such glee? Why have ye left your bowere desolate, Your lutes, and gentler fnte ? " We follow Bucchus ! Bacchus on the wing, A conquering ! Bacchus, young Bacchus ! good or ill betide. \Ve dance before him thorough kingdoms wide : Come hither, lady fair, and joined be To our wild-minstrelsy !" Whence came ye, jolly Satyrs I whence came ye, So many, and BO many, and euch glee ? Why have you left your forest haunts, why left Your nuts in oak-tree cleft?— " For wine, for wine, we left our kernel-tree : For wioe we left our heath, and yellow brooms, And cold mushrooms ; For wine we follow Bacchus through the earth ; Great god of breathless cups and chirping mirth !— Come hither, lady fair, and joined be To our mad minstrelsy !" Over wide streams and mountains great we went, And, save when Bacchus kept his ivy tent, Onward the tiger and the leopard pants. With Asian elephants: Onward these myriads—with song and dance, *· With zebras striped, and sleek Arabians* prance, Web-footed alligators, crocodiles, Bearing upon their ecaly backs, in files, Plump infant laughters mimicking the coil Of eeamen, find stout galley-rowers'toil : With toying oars anil silken sails they glide, Nor care for wind and tide. Mounted on panthers1 furs and lions' manes, From rear to van they scour about the plains; A three days' journey in a moment done ; And always, at the rising of ihe «un, About the wilds they hunt with spear and hori\ On spleenful unicorn. I saw Onïrian Egypt kneel adown Before the vine-wreath crown. I saw parched Abyssinia rouse and sing To the silver cymbals' ring ! I saw the whelming vintage hotly pierce Old Tartary the fierce ! The kings of Ind their jewel-sceptres vail. And from their treasures scatter pearled hail; Great Brahma from his mystic heaven groans, And all hie priesthood moans, Before young Bacchus' eye-wink turning pale. Into these regions come I, following him, Sick-hearted, weary—so I look a whim To stray away into these forests drear, Alone, without a peer : And I have told thee all thou mayest hear. EKDTMION QU^ESTIONES. Did the verification of the predictions of Tiresias lead Pentheus to respect him 1 What did Tiresias denounce against him when reviled for his blindness ? Did Bacchus and his train come to Thebes? Did Pentheus endeavor to prevent the Thebans from honoring him 1 What address did he make ? Why did he address the old men ? Did he reproach the young men also ? What was the thyrsus Î With what were the Bacchanals crowned in procession ? Whom did he exhort them to imitate ? Who was Acrieius ? What opposition did he make to the rites of Bacchus ? What order did he issue to the servants ? Who endeavoured to restrain him ? Whom did the servants of Pentheus capture ? What were the mysteries of the hea then? Of what were the rites of Bacchus com memorative ? State the different things in them that have reference to the Fall. FABULA Vili. TYRRHENI NAUTjE IN DELPHIN OS MUTATI. £aoorms while, asleep on the isle of Naxos, is found by some sailors, and carried on board a ship. Awaking from sleep, the god desires to be carried to Naxos ; but, after promising to take him thither, the treacherous sailors steer . in a contrary direction. Perceiving this, the god causes a sudden prodigy to happen ; the vine and ivy overspread the sails, and impede the oars, and ter rible forms of wild beasts appear m different parts of the ship, which affright the sailors. They throw themselves into the sea, and become dolphins. EXPLICATIO. MIRACLES were necessary to give some character to the clajns of the new deity, and hence arose the accounts of the Tyrrhene sailors, of the transformation of the daughters of Minyas into bats, and other deeds of power by Bacchus. The story of the transformation of the Tyrrhenian sailors was copied by Ovid from Homer, who gives a very spirited description of it. Homer assigns as a reason for their carrying off the youthful god, that they mistook him for the son of some king, and ex pected to obtain a large amount of money for him, by way of ransom. The story, as told by Ovid, is quite interesting. The youth, the beauty, and feminine tenderness of the child; his surprise on awaking; his yearning for home, and his tears at the discovery of the treachery of the sailors, are in striking contrast with the bold, reckless and murderous chaiacter of the wild and savage cre.vv around him, leagued against one whose helpless age and innocence appealed to every generous sentiment. The fable rests most probably on some historical basis which the poets have woven into an agreeable fiction. Some Tyrrhene pirates may have made a descent upon the island of Naxos, which was famous for the cele bration of the orgies of Bacchus, and having offered some insult to the ceremonies, or made an attack upon the Bacchanals, may have been pur sued to their ship, and been destroyed or thrown overboard by the Bac chantes, before they could get their vessel under weigh. And as the dolphins are accustomed to play around ships when at sea, and seem not to be afraid of mankind, hence it may have been fabled that they were at one time human beings. These dolphins were properly porpoises. The fable is also susceptible of another interpretation. The Tyrrhene sailors, while unacquainted with the properties of wine, may have seized some casks of it, and carried it away with them, and on discovering the pleasantness of its taste, may have indulged in drinking until they have lost the control of the ship, and running upon a rock, may have been wrecked and drowned, with the exception of Acœtes, whose reverence for the deity, in other words, his continence and consequent sobriety, may have enabled him to reach land. It is a beautiful moral sentiment, that the pure in heart, and honest in intention, though poor in fortune, are the especial objects of the regards of the deity. Thus the poor fisherman Acœtes is made the high-priest of Bacchus; and thus the simple-hearted fishermen of Galilee were made the companions of a manifested God and the apostles and priests of a more sublime faith, and a purer practice 244 "9- H SPICIT hunc oculis Pentheus, quos ira tremendos Fecerat ; et, quanquam pœnœ vix tempera differì, O periture ; tuâque aliis documenta dature Morte, ait ; ede tuum nomen, iiomenque parentum, Et patriam ; morisque, novi cur sacra fréquentes. ö NOTjE. 1. Àspidi Pentitevi. The king is only enraged the more when he sees the leader of the sacrifices before him. Some have imagined, because, in Euripides, the priest that is taken, is Bacchus in disguise, that we are to consider Acœtes in the same light ; but on a due exam ination of the story, as told by the two poets, it is evident that Ovid intends to represent Acoetes as the priest of Bacchus, and nothing more. 3. Documenta: an example ; a warning. 4. Ede tuum nomen. In Euripides, where Bacchus in disg-iiee is taken by the attendants of Penthcus, the dialogue is well calculated to exasperate the furious prince. PEN. But speak, inform me first whence is thy race. BAC. Wilhout proud prelude plainly will I lell ihee. Of flowery Timolus thou pcrrhance hast heard. ΓΕΝ. Ils heiphls, I know, wind round the walls of Sardis. BAC. From llience I coinè, and Lydia is my counlry. ΓΕΝ. Whence hast tliou brought these mys tic rites to Greece? BAC. Bncchus instructed us, the son of Jove. FEN. Have you a Jove there who begets new gods? BAC. No : but the Jove that here loved Se- mele. PEN. Taucht he his mj sue lore by night or day? IÌAC. Seeing and seen, and gave his sacred orgies. PEU. What ceremonious riles have these among you ? BAC. These to the unhallowed may not be revealed. FEN. Whal profit to their votaries do they bring? BAC. Thou mayst not hear, though worthy to be known. PEN. Well hast thou waived what is my wish to hear. BAC. The orgies of the god abhor ihe impious. PEN. The god was Been by tliee : what wa· his form? BAC. Even such as pleased him: this I or· dered not. x 3 2« 246 P. OVIDII NASON15 LIBER III, lile metu vacuus, Nomen mihi, dixit, Acœtes ; Patria Mœonia est ; humili de plèbe parentes. Non mihi, qua; duri celèrent pater arva juvenci, Lanigerosve grèges, non ulla armenta reliquit. Pauper et ipse fuit; linoque solebat et hamis 10 Decipere, et calamo salientes ducere pisces. Ars illi sua census erat. Cùm traderet artem ; Accipe, quas habeo, studii successor et hœres, Dixit, opes ; moriensque mihi nihil ille relinuit, - ... TJ _ * 1 „ A , „ cesser et lucres studii, rrœter aquas : unum hoc possum appellare paternum. 15 opes quas imbeo; mo- Mox ego, ne scopulis hœrerem semper in îsdem, nihu^mihi16 rel'cui! Addidici regimen, dextrâ moderante, carinœ aquas. Flectere : et Oleniœ sidus pluviale capellœ, Taygetenque, Hyadasque oculis Arctonque notavi, Ventorumque domos, et portus puppibus aptos. 20 FABULA VIII. M ET AMORPH O SE ON. 247 12. Cum trader«! ar tem dixit : accîpe suc cessor et lucres studii, NOTVE. FBM This too thy art hath waived, and told me nought. BAC. To instruct the wise in wisdom argues weakness. FEN. Games! thou bere first to introduce the god» BAC. These orgies each barbaric region holds. PEN. Less wise than the enlightened sons ol Greece? BAC. In this more wise, though differing in their laws. PEN. Hold you tnese rites by night, or in the day? BAC. Chiefly by night ; darkness creates an awe. PEN. This tempts aud poisons female chastity. BAC. Even in the day foul deeds are often found. PHN. Thou must be punished for thy sophistry. BAC. Thou for thy folly, impious 'gainst the god. BACCHJH. 5. Cur fréquentes: why thou celebratesi 6. Acceles. Homer, m describing the same story of Bacchus and the pirates, gives Mededes as the name of the pilot. 7. Mtsonia. A part of Lydia was for merly called Mœonia. Tyrrhenus, the son of Atys, led a colony into Tuscany ; hence Acœtes was a Mœonian by birth, and a Tyrrhenian or Tuscan by habitation. 10. Lino: with the line, or the net. Li- num, βαχ, the material, is put for the thing made, by metonymy. 11. Calamo: with the reed; with the fishing-rod. 11. Ducere: to draw out; to draw to land. 11. Salinités piscee: the leaping fishes. IS. Arti illi census: his art was his in come ; his art was his estate. Privatus illis census erat brevis. HORAT. Lib. ii. Od. 15. 13. Studiisuccessor: the successor of my employment ; my profession. 15. Unum Itoc paternum: this alone pa ternal. The waters were his only patrimony. 16. Scopulis îsdem: upon the same rocke, viz. the rocks where his father had fished, before him. 18. Oleniœ capellœ: of the Olenian kid. The goat Amalthea, which nourished Ju piter, was called Olenia, because it was kept in the town of lhat name, or because, when translated to heaven, it was placed in the shoulder (ώλέι/αί) of Auriga. Storms of rain are common at its rising, and hence it is called sidus pluviale, by Pliny and others. Virgil mentions the importance of the observation of this sign by husband men and mariners : Prœlereâ tarn snnt Arctiiri sidera nobie, llœdorumque dies servandi, el lueidus anguis ; C^uam quibus in p&triam ventosa per œquora vectis Pontus et ostriferi fauces tentantur Abydi. GEOBOIC i. 204 Post insania Capne sidera. HOEAT Lib. iii. Od 7. 19. Taygeten. One of the Pleiades, a constellation situated in the neck of the sign Taurus. 19. Hyndas. The daughters of Atlas and ,/Etnra, who lamented their brother Hyas with great violence, and were changed by Jupiter into a constellation, situated in the forehead of Taurus. 19. Arcton. He particularly mentions Arctos, or the Bear, because of their im portance to mariners. The poet here uses Arctos in the singular number. This is done either by virtue of synecdoche, or be cause the ancient Greek poets, Homer and others, appear to have known only the Greater Bear. The Greeks steered bj Helict, in that constellation, while the Sidonians steered by the Cynosura, or Little Bear. Hence Ovid : Esse duas Arclos, quorum Cynosura petatur Sidoniis, Hcliceii Graia carina iiotet. FAST. iii. 107 Forte petens Delon, Dise telluris ad eras Applicor, et dcxtris adducor littora remis : Deque levés saltus ; udœque immittor arenœ. Nox ubi consumpta est; Aurora rubescere primum Cœperat; exsurgo, laticesque inferre récentes 25 Admoneo ; monstroque viam quœ ducat ad undas, Ipse, quid aura mihi tumulo promittat ab alto, Prospicio ; comitesque voce, repetoque carinam. Adsumus, en ! inquit sociorum primus Opheltes ; Utque putat, prœdam deserto nactus in^agro, Virginea puerum ducit per littora forma, lile, mero somnoque gravis, titubare videtur ; Vixque sequi : spoeto cultum, faciemque gradumque : Nil ibi, quod posset credi mortale, videbam. Et sensi, et dixi sociis, Gluod numen in iste Corpore sit, dubito; sed corpore numen in iste est. Quisquis es, O ! faveas, nostrisque laboribus adsis, His quòque des veniam. Pro nobis mitte precari, Dictys ait ; quo non alius conscendere summas Ocyor antennas, prènsoque rudente relabi : Hoc Libys, hoc flavus prorce tutela Melanthus, Hoc probat Alcimedon ; et, qui requiemque modumque Voce dabat remis, animorum hortator Epopeus : Hoc omnes alii : prœdœ tarn casca cupido est. Non tarnen hanc sacro violari pondère pinum 45 Perpetiar, dixi; pars hîc mihi maxima juris. 30 35 27. lp.se prospicio ab alto tumulo quid aura premiila! mihi 40 41. Libys hoc, fla- vus Melanthus tutela prore hoc, Alcimedon probat hoc. NOT.Œ. 20. Venlorum domos. The different quarters of the winds are spoken of as their regions or habitations. In Fable I., Book I., Ovid eives an account of the different regions of the winds. So Virgil : Eurique Zephyrique tonat domus. GEORGIC i. 371. 21. Dilon. Delos was an island in Mare ^Egœum, or Arcliijielapo, one of the Cy- clades, where Apollo and Diana were born. 21. Dia. Dia was an ancient name of the island of Naxos. 25. Lalices inferre. To take in fresh water for the use of the voyage. 27. Quid aura promittat: what the wind may promise. Virgil, in like manner, de scribes Palinurus, the pilot of ./Eneas, as anxious to forecast the weather : 1 loud negnis strato surgit Palînurns, et ornnes Kxplorat venins, alque auribus ae'rri capiat. „T:NF:ID. iii. 513. 31. Viminea forma: of virgin-like form. This is the nppcnrance always attributed to the Tbcban Bacchus : PEV. Vet not nnprneeful, stranper, is thy form. Charming the « omen, and for this tliou comesi To Tin-lies : tliy lenplli of hair, pnl i-slric toils Denoting not, flows Inosely round Ih\ cheek, Awakeninl snfr tlp-»ires; mill that fair skin Of elicrisi ctl w lulfiiess never felt the touch Of the sun's beams ; but, nursed in sheltering shades. Aims with its beauty to enkindle love.—BACCHE. Qualis iratam metuens novercam Crèveras fnlsps. imitatus anus. Crine flavemi simulata virgo Luteam vestem relinente zona.—SENEC. Œrtp 33. Gradum. As Bacchus comes stum bling along, videtur titubare, Acœtes re cognises in his ga\t a deity. With our modern views of the virtue of temperance, on seeing him reeling, we would have been more likely to have recognised a beast. But from subsequent statements of the poet, we are led to infer that Bacchus as sumed this appearance of intoxication, that the sailors might carry out their own wicked intentions, and thus draw down up on their heads merited punishment. 35. Quod nvmen. Homer, in his Hymn to Bacchus, relates the same story. The captain of the vessel takes the deity to be Jupiter, Apollo, or Neptune. 40. Rudente relati: to glide down a rope. 41. Prorre tutela: the guard of the prcw. He stood there on the lookout, or for the purpose of sounding ihe depths. 42. Qui requiem. There was an officer, who, by his voice, or by the stroke of a 248 P..OVIDII NASONIS LIBER 111. Inque aditu obsisto. Furit audacissimus omni De numéro Lycabas ; qui Thuscâ pulsus ab urbe, Exilium, dira pœnam pro cœde, luebat. Is mihi, dum resto, juvenili guttura pugno 50 Rupit: et excussum misisset in œquora; si non Hœsissem, quamvis amcns, in fune rctentus. Impia turba probat factura. Turn denique Bacchus, Bacchus enim fuerat, veluti clamore solutus Sit sopor; èque mero redeant in pectora sensus; 55 Quid facitis? quis clamor, ait? qua, dicite, nautœ, Hue ope perveni ? quo me déferre paratie ? Pone metum, Prbreus, et quos contingere portus Ede velis, dixit : terra sistêre petita. Naxon, ait Liber, cursus advertite vestros ; GO Ilia mihi domus est : vobis erit hospita tellus. Per mare, fallaces, perque omnia numina, jurant, Sic' fore : meque jubent pictse dare vela carinse. Dextrâ Naxos erat : dextra mihi lintea danti Quid facis, o démens: quis te furor, inquit, Acœte, 65 Pro se quisque, tenet? Icsvam pete. Maximanutu Pars mihi significat ; pars, quid velit, aure susurrât. Obstupui ; capiatque alius moderamina, di\i : Meque ministerio scelerisque artisque removi. Increpor à cunctis ; totumque immurmurat agmen. 70 E quibue ^Ethalion, Te scilicet omnis in uno SS. Proreus alni pone metum, et ede quos portus velis con- tincere, sistere terra petita. 71. E quib lion ait : scilicet nos mace, kept time for the rowers, who struck with the precision of music. 45. Pinum. The ship, by metonymy. 46. Por» maxima juris : the principal right ; the chief command. 51. Si non Jiœsissem: if I had not held on. 52. Quamvis amene: though senseless: though stunned by the blow. 3-Ì. Retentus in fune: holding on by a rope. 54. Veluti. Here again we are led to believe that the Bleep of Bacchus was merely feigned. 59. Sistere: you shall be set ; you shall be landed. 60. Naxon. Naxos is the largest of the Cyclades, a number of small islands lying in a circle, whence their nnmp, in the Mare -ffigseum, the Archipelago. It was cele brated for its fertility, its wines, its mar ble, and for the agrecaMe diversity of scenery. It was celebrated also for the pre valence of the worship of Bacchus. Hence Virgil : Baccliatamcjue jnpis Naxon, viridemque Do- nysnin.—.ENEID, Lib. iii. 125. 60. Tsiber. Bacchus, according to Seneca, was called Liber, not on account of free dom of epcech. but because he frees the mind from cares, and renders it more con fident and daring. But as Bacchus was the same as Noah, which signifies " rest" or " comfort," it is better to consider the epithet of Liber, (in Greek, Avmoc), applied to Bacchus, as intending the same thing. The propriety of this will appear from the following extracts : And he called his name Noah, saying. This same shall comfort us concerning our work, and toil of our hands.—GENESIS V. S). ΐΐανσίπονος ννητοϊσι φανείς, an'if, Ιερόν dv$0(t Χάρμα βριτοΐς φιλάλνπον. ΟΗΙΊΙ. HYMN το BACCKI.S, xlii. 5. A reft from toil to mortals you appear, Blest flower, «Zif/i pain-freeing cbarm to men. Λνιτιε, $ι·ρσομανη, βρ6μι'ί cric, ιτασιν ενφρων. IDEM. O Lysian, thyrsus-raging, comforting to ali. Γαία φντηΛΟμέειν ivo λνσιιτύνω Διονΰσω. OFF. CYNBGBT. Eurtll to rear vines for toil-relrasing Bacchus. Λΰσεΐ{ éf τε πόνων χαλεπών, ir«ì amicniOf οίστρου —ΟΚΡΗ. HYMN. AFiD OLYMFIODOB You free trom grievous toils and endless care. Ύανρογενης Διύννσος εύφροσΰνην πόρε 3vi)roîç. OKPIIIC. FBAG. The ox-born Bacchus comfort brought to men. 65. Quis le. Supply tenet, vexat, or some such word. 68. Alius moderamina: let another take the helm. G9. Miuisterio sceleris artisque: from the execution of their wickedness, and of my office. FABULA Vili. METAMORPH OSEO-N. Nostra salus posila est ? ait. Et subit ipse : meumque Explet opus; Naxoque petit diversa relictiì. Turn deus illudens, tanquam modo denique fraudem Senserit, è puppi pontum prospectât adunca. 75 Et flenti similis, Non hœc mihi littore, nautœ, Promisistis, ait : non hsec mihi terra rogata est. duo merui pœnam facto? qucs gloria vestra est; Si puerum juvenes, si multi fallitis unum? Jamdudum flebam. Lacrymas manus impia nostras 80 Ridet; et impellit properantibus œquora remis. Per libi nunc ipsum, née enim prœsentior ilio Est deus, adjure, tam me libi vera referre, Q,uàm veri majora fide. Stetit œquore puppis Haud aliter, quàm si siccum navale teneret. 85 lili admirantes remorum in vertere persiani ; Velaque deducunt; geminâque ope currere tentant. Impediunt hederœ remos, nexuque recurvo Serpunt ; et gravidis distringunt vêla corymbis. Ipse, racemiferis frontem circumdatus uvis, 90 Pampineis agitât velatam frondibus hastam. Q,uem circa tigres, simulacraque inania lyncum, 249 tra omnis ealus est posila in te uno? et ipse subit, expletque meum opus. 62. Adjuro nunc ti- bî per îpBum (née enîm deus ullus est prœsentîor ilio) me tam referre vera tini ; quam majore fide veri. 00. Ipse circumda tus tfiwad frontem ra- cemiferis avis, agitet hastam velatam pam- piiieïs frondibus. NOT^E. 79. Si puerum juvenes. The double an tithesis, m this sentence, the more keenly points the rebuke of the cowardice of their conduct, in which men circumvent a boy, a multitude an individual. It recalls to mind a similar sentence in Virgil, in which Juno upbraids Venus, because she and her eon, two deities, had plotted the ruin of one woman : TalibuB »gpredjtur Venerem Saturnia diciis : Egrcgiam vero laudem. et spolia ampia refertïs Tucjue puercjue tuus, magnum et memorabile nomen. Una dolo Divûin si fœmina vieta dnorum est. -flJNEID, ÎV. 02. 60. Jamdudum ßebam. Though inno cent, Acœtes wept for the guilt of his com panions. The pious are often more con cerned for the ungodly than they are for themselves. 82. Präsentier: more present ; more pro pitious ; of more immediate power, either to reward virtue or punish crime. So Virgil : Nee tam prœçepies alibi cognoscere divos. Γ-CLOG. Ì. 43. 85. Siccum navale: a dry dock. The ships of the ancients, when not in use, were drawn up on the land. Hence Homer : NCc £' aye, νήα /aXaicai' ερνσσυμεν ei& «λα ίΐαν. ILIAD, Λ. 141. Trahuntque siccus machina; carinas. HORAT. Lib. i. ud. 4. 86. Remorum in verbere: in the stroke of the oars ; in rowing. 87. Gemina ope. They endeavor to run by means of the sails and oars. 32 88. Hederce. Bacchus and his followers were crowned with ivy. Seneca describee the some, but extends the description far beyond proper limits. Te, Tyrrhena puer rupuit manus, Kt tumidum Nereus posuit mure, Cerula cum praiis mutât prata. I line verno plntunus folio vi ret. Et Pliœlio kiiirus charum nemus; Ciiirrula per ruinös avis obstrepit: Vivaces hederas ramus tenet, Summa ligjit vitis curchesiu.—ŒDIPUS. 89. Gravidis corymlis: with heavy clus ters of ivy-berries. Homer describes the same occurrence : Now wandering o'er the bellying sail overhead, With pendent clusters, the lush vines were spread ; The verdant ivy up the tall mast rolled With fruits and flowers of purple and of froid ; Ami living garlands o'er the benches wound In winding; mazes, and the oar-locks crowned. HYMN TO BACCHUS. 92. Tigres. Tigers, lynxes, and pan thers were sacred to Bacchus, because wine, if used without restraint, fosters a cruel and savage disposition. Id,eus proni fremnit leo Tigris puppe sedi-i (îmigelk-a Tu m lumia freto pii v id us iiaint; Et sequiiur curvus fugientia curboea delphin. SENEC. ŒDIP. 92. Simulacra litania: empty images ; vain apparitions. So Homer : Grim o'er the prow his crest a lion reared, Guarding the centre, a huge hear appeared. With threatening aspect und appalling sound. HYÛIN TO BACCHII» 250 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER III ; Pictarumque jacent fera corpora pantherarum. Exiluére viri : sive hoc insania fecit, Sive timor: primusque Medon nigrescere pinnis, 95 Corpore depresso, et spinse curvamine flecti Incipit. Huic Lycabas : In quoe miracula, dixit, Verteris? et lati rictus, et panda loquenti Naris erat, squamamque cutis durata trahebat. At Libys, obstantes dura vult obvertere remos, 100 In spatium resilire manus breve vi< it ; et ilJas Jam non esse manus; jam-piunas posse vocari. Alter ad intortos cupiens dare brachia funes, Brachia non habuit ; truncoque répandus in undas Corpore desiluit. Falcata novissima cauda est, 105 Qualia dividuœ sinuantur cornua Lunse. Undique dant saltus; multâque aspergine rorant; Einerguntque iterum; redeuntque sub œquora rursus; Inque chori ludunt speciem ; lascivaque jactant Corpora; et acceptum patulis mare naribus efflant. 110 De modo viginti, tot enim ratis ilia ferebat, Restabam solus. Pavidum gelidumque trementi Corpore, vixque meum finnat deus, Excute, dicens, Corde metum, Diamque tene. Delatus in illam n*· Deiatu» in iilam . . . ^ * i. P . t -e^ msulam frequento Accensis ans Baccheia sacra frequento. 115 Bacciiein sacra ac- Prœbuimus longis, Pentheus, ambagibus aures, cens" aris· Inquit; ut ira mora vires absumere posset. Prœcipitem famuli rapite hunc; cruciataque diris Corpora tormentis Stygiœ dimittite noeti. ΝΟΤΛΕ. 94. Viri exiJuere: the men leaped over board. Affrighted at the terrible appari tions, they jumped into the sea. Homer, in his Hymn to Bacchus, says that a lion seized the commander of the ship, where upon the sailors threw themselves into the sea. The ovve-struck crew the pilot gathered round, Until the lion, with terrific roar Sprung forward, and their faithless leader tore ; Then urged by fear, they sought the sea divine, And changed to dolphins, tossed the foaming brine.—HYMN TO HACCHUS. 96. Corpore depresso .· with flattened body. 97. In quœ miracula: into what a pro digy ; into what a monster. loi. Kesilire: to start back ; to shrink. 101. Trunco corpore : with mutilated body ; with body deprived of arms and legs. 105. Novissima cauda: the extreme part of the tiil. 106. Dividine lunrr: of the half-moon. 109. In speciem rfori.· after the manner of a chorus of dancers. This sportive mo tion of the dolphin is noticed by Virgil : Hand alitrr Teucrum nati vestigia cursu Impediunt, texuntque fugas, et prœlialudo, Delphinum similes, qui per maria numida nando, Carpathium Libycumque secant, luduntque per undas.—vlÎNKîn, v. 592. 110. Naribus eßant: spout from their nosirils. 111. De viginti. Ovid describes the crew as consisting of twenty persons ; Hyginus says there were but twelve. Acœtes was the only one that was saved. The inno cent are otten punished with the guilty. Hence jEschylus : "II yttp ζννειαβας ιτλοΓοι* ενοεβής àvfipt NaiirijCTi 5εομοΐς εν κακονργία τινι, "Ολωλ«* ανδρών σνν Άεοπήστω yivti. SEPTEM AD TIIEBAS. 113. Ercute metum: banish fear. 117. Ut ira posset. Pentheus tells Aeœtes that he had been relating a long story, in order that his anger might be mitigated by delay. 121. Claitditur: isshutup. So Euripides: Tn iron chains * The leader of our choir his pride detains. Hid in some dreary place Where night, with all its horrors darken* round.—BACCHJE. FABULA Vili. METAMORPHOSED«. Protinus abstractus solidis Tyrrhenus Acœtes 120 Clauditur in tectis; et, dum crudelia jussoe Instrumenta necis, ferrumque ignisque parantur; Sponte sua patuisse fores, lapsasque lacertis Sponte sua fama est, nullo solvente, catenas. 5>51 123. Fama est fo.-e» patuisse sua spente : catenasgue fuisse lap- sas lacertis sua sponte, nullo solvente tus. NOTJE. 124. Sponte sua: of their own accord ; spontaneously. This appears to have been imitated from Euripides, who describes a like occurrence with the Thyades : The dames, O king, Seized by thee, and confined, with chains of iron Bound in the common prison, are escaped Far from thy sight and to the hallowed groves Win their free way : spontaneous from their feet The chains fell off, and of their own accord Back rolled the opening gates, by mortal hands Untouched.—UACCH.S. In sublimity, how infinitely is this ficti tious release of the high-priest of a fabu lous deity, beneath a similar, but veritable divine interposition in favor of the apostles of the true God : And at midnight. Paul and Silas prayed, ana sung praises unto God ; and the prisoners heard them. And suddenly there was a great earth quake, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken; and immediately all the doors were opened, and every one's bonds were loosed.—ACTS xvi. 85, 86. QUjESTIONES. What account does the leader of the rites of Bacchus give of himself? If Acœtes was of Mseonia, how is he said to be of the Tyrrhene nation Ï What was the former occupation of Acœtes? For what did he exchange it ? What is Taygete? The Hyades? Arctos ? By what star did the Greeks steer ? By what star the Sidonians ? Upon what island did Acœtes and his companions land ? Whom did Opheltes, the pilot, capture ? Whom did he suppose him to be ? Whom did Acœtes recognise him lobe ? Did he try to prevent the carrying off the god? Where is the island of Naxos Î For what was Naxos famous ? Did the Bailors promise to carry Bacchus thither ? Did they steer for Naxos or not Î What prodigy happened ? What impeded the oars, and overspread the sails ? What forms of animals appeared ? Into what were the sailors changed ? How many were in the ship ? How many were spared from" transfor mation ? After relating the foregoing story, what was done to Acœtes by Pentheus? WhaVniraculous interposition was made in his favor ? Of what interpretation is this fable sus ceptible ? What incident at Naxos may have given rise to it ? What other explanation can be given Î FABULA IX. PENTHEUS A BACCHIS DISCERPTUS. Pcntheus, unmoved by the miraculous release of Aerates, priest of iacjhus, and burning with increased rage, goes to Mount Cithssron for the purpose of restraining the celebration of the orgies : v/hile thus looking on the mysteries with profane eyes, he is seen by his mother, Agave, who, under Bacchic furor, mistakes him for a wild boar. She wounds him with her thyrsus; the other Bacchantes join in the pursuit, and tear the unfortunate prince to pieces. EXPLICATIO. IN this Fable, the poet intends to exhibit the justice of Heaven in trie punishment of a cruel and implacable tyrant, who had no reverence for piety and age, nor any veneration for the gods. Pentheus had dis honored Tiresias, a hoary-headed prophet of approved oracular power, and refused to admit the claims of Bacchus, a deity manifested by miracles. Unaffected by the admonitions of the aged seer, and the power of the youthful god, he is hurried on by reckless impiety, and madly rushes upon his own destruction. Under a blind impulse, he attempts to witness the Bacchic rites, but is discovered and attacked by the Baccha nals. He discovers his error when too late, acknowledges his fauJt, and implores in vain the forgiveness of his impiety. According to the pre dictions of Tiresias, he defiles with his blood his mother and sisters, and in his miserable end affords an example to others : Discite justitiam moniti et non contemnere divos.—VIKGIL. The real character of Pentheus was that of a prince zealous for the public interest, but carried by violence beyond a prudent opposition toths rites of Bacchus, which, in their origin religious, and commemorative of the Flood and Fall of Man, became afterwards scenes of corruption and debauchery, as will appear from the following extract from Livy : " These mysterious rites were at first imparted to a few, but afterward communicated to great numbers, both men and women. To their reli gious performances were added the pleasures of wine and feasting, to allure the greater number of proselytes. When wine, friendly discourse, night, and the mingling of sexes, had extinguished every sentiment of modesty, then debaucheries of every kind began to be practised, as every person found at hand that sort of enjoyment to which he was disposed by the passion most prevalent in his nature. Nor were they confined to one species of vice, the promiscuous meetings of freeborn men and women ; but from this storehouse of villany proceeded false witnesses, counterfeit seals, false evidences, and pretended discoveries. In the same place, too, were perpetrated secret murders ; so that, in some cases, even the bodies could not be found for burial. Many of their audacious deeds were brought about by treachery, but most of them by force ; and this force was concealed by loud shouting, and the noise of drums and "cymbals, so that none of the cries uttered by the persons suffering outrage or murder could be heard abroad."—Book xxxix. 252 ERST AT Echionides; nee jam jubet ire, sed ipse ."* Vadit, ubi electus facienda ad sacra Cithasron, Cantibus et clarâ Bacchantûm voce sonabat. Ut frémit acer equus, curn bellicus cere canoro Signa dédit tubicen, pugnasque assumit amorem : 5 Penthea sic ictus longis ululatibus œther Mnvit ; et audito clangore recanduit ira. Monte ferè medio est, cingentibus ultima sylvis. NOTA;. 1. Perstat. Pentheus persists in his impiety, in rejecting the new deity, though he had witnessed his miraculous interposition in favor of his leader Accetes. 2. Cithceron. A mountain of Brcotia, where Actœon and Pcntheus were torn in pieces. It was sacred to Bacchus, and from its wild and precipitous character, was well suited for the rites of Bacchus, and the fearful scenes connected with them. 4. Ut fremii ei/Mas, 'ïlie excitement of the spirited charger, when he hears the trumpet, has been described by many writers, but by none more forcibly than by Job : iler of the captains and the shouting.—CHAP xxxix. IS—25. No feur nlurms him, nor vuin shoute molest; Rut at the clush of urmg, his ear nfur Drinks the deep sound, mid vibrates to the war : Flnnies from eaeli nostri] roti in gathered stream. His quivering limbs with restless motion£]eum, And o'er liis shoulder, floating full uiul fair, Sweeps his tliick mane, mid spreads its pom? of hair.—GEORGIC lii. 6. Penthta tic irtut. A modern poet has Y 253 Hast thou given the liorse strength ; hast thou clothed liis neck with luunderr—Canst thou make him afraid as a grasshopper ? Tlie glorv of hie nostrils is terrible. lie paweth in Uie valley, and rejoicetli in his strength—he goelh on to meet the armed men. lie moeketh at fear, and is not affrighted ; neither turnrth he back from the sword. The quiver rattleth against him ; the glittering spear and the shield. He swalloweth llic ground with fierceness and rage ; neither beheveih he that it is the sound of the trumpet. He saith among the trumpets. Ila! la ! and he smelleth the hattle afar off, ihe thun- 254 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER 111. FABULA IX. METAMORPHOSED N. 255 IP "Ί Purus ab arboribus, speclabilis undique campus. Hic oculis illum cernenlem sacra profanis Prima videi, prima est insano concita motu, Prima suum misso violavit Penthca thyrso Mater : Io geminœ, clamavit, adeste sorores. lile aper, in nostris errat qui maximus agris, lile mihi feriendus aper. Ruit omnis in unum Turba furens : cunctœ eoe ^«it, cunctœque sequuntur, Jam trepidum, jam verba minus violenta loquentem, 10 14. Hie aper qni er- ικ ratmaximusinnoitris 10 ngris; ill e aper e« feriendus raihi. ΝΟΤΛ:. also compared the roused energies of man to an excited war-steed : Over the mountains, and far down the valleys, Their voices cheer me like a bugle, now, And my worn spirit, like a war-horse, rallies, And my first day-dreams flash npon my brow. F. W. THOMAS. 7. Reconduit ira : his anger glowed again. This is α strong and beautiful metaphor. y. Purus ab arboribus: free from trees. •Ό. Oculis profanisi with unhallowed eyes. BAC. Thou who wouldst see what to thy curions eye Is not permitted; thou who wouldst attempt Things not to be attempted, Pentheus, ho ! To thee I call ; rome forth ; appear in sight, In female vesirbents, like the Mrenades : Accoutred, on thy mother and her train To be n spy, thy graceful figure show : A daughter sure of Cadmus meets our eye. BACCHÄ. 11. Prima videi. The mother of Pen theus was the first one that beheld Pen theus profaning the rites of the deity. So Euripidee : Him from Cithœron's rocky head, Or some enclosure's rising mound, His mother first shall view in ninbush laid. Then shouting call the Mœnades around :— u These heights, these heights, ye Bacchus, who Ascends, our mountain-ranging train to view? Whence is Iiis lineage traced ? His birth he to no woman owes; But from some tigress in the howling waste, Or Libyan Gorgon rose." Vengeance, in all thy terrors clad, appear ; High lliy thundering falcinoli rear; Stain it in IHS unrighteous, imjuous gore, And ruin on this earlh-born tyrant pour. BACCHJE. 12. Prima violavit. Agave was also the first to wound her son, Pentheus. Thus Euripides : Agave, as the priestess of the rites, Degan the murderous work, and rushes on him : The mitre from his hair he rent, that, known, His mother might not kill him ; on her cheek He placed his soothing hand, and suppliant said, * 'Tis I'dithcus, O my mother ! 'tis thy son, Thine and Echion's son, who sues to thee : Have pity on me, mother ; do not kill Thy f=on tor Ins oflence."1 She foamed with rage, Rolling lier eyes askance, nor harbored thoughts She ought to harbor, frantic with ti e god, i Nor listened to his prayers ; but his left hand She seized, and pressing*on his side, tore off His shoulder, with a force not hers, the deed Made easy by the god. On the other side Ino assisted m the dreadful work, Rending his flesh : Autonoë hung upon him, And all the Bacchœ : every voice was raised At once ; his dying breath was s[ eat in groan». BACCH.M 13. Adente sorores. Agave calls on her sisters Ino and Autonoë to come and as sist her. 14. Aper. Inspired by fury, Agave mis takes Pentheus for a wild boar, and pur sues him. Euripides says she mistook him for a lion ; Valerius Flaerus, a bull ; Mar tial and others, a calf. Thus Euripides : AOAV. I caught him without toils, with a troop Of hunters, this young lion : thou mayest see him. CHO. In what lone wild Î AOAV. Cithteron. Cno. Of Cithaeron What? AOAV. Killed him. Cno. But whose hand first wounded him ? AOAV. 'Tis mine, it is my prize. Cno. Happy Agave ! AGAV. My name amid the Bacchic train u famed : What other dame from Cadmus— CHO. What of Cadmus ! AOAV. Who sprung from Cadmus, save my self, myself, Once touched this savage ? CHO. Happy in thy prize ! AOAV. Phare then the feast. Clio. Alas ! what should I share ? AGAV. 'Tis but a whelp : benealh his shaggy head The hair yet soft begins to clothe his cheeks : This brindcd mane is the rough grace that marks The mountain savage. Bacchus to this chase, The hunter Bacchus, roused the Mœnades, Showing his skill.—BACCHE. Ει raptum vitulo caput ablatura Superbo Bassaris.—PEESICS, Sat. i. 100. 17. Jam trrpidum. There is a regular gradation in the change of sentiment nere, concisely and beautifully expressed. What is here affirmed of one who was infidel in the case of the Bacchic rites, may be weil predicated of modern infidèle. When trouble comes upon them, but especially when death is approaching, they generally evince cowardice, abate their impiety, con demn their course of wickedness, and re cant their infidelity. Altumont, Spire, and Jam se damnantem, jam se peccasse fatentem. Saucius ille tarnen, Fer opem, matertera, dixit, Autonoë : moveant animos Actœonis umbrœ. Ilia quid Actœon nescit ; dextramque precanti Abstnlit ; Inoo lacerata est altera raptu. Non habet infelix quœ matri brachia tendat: Trunca sed ostendens disjectis corpora membris ; Adspice, mater, ait. Visis ululavi! Agave ; Collaquc jactavit, movitque per aera crinem. Avulsumque caput digitis complexa cruentis Clamât, Io comités, opus hœc victoria nostrum est. Non citiùs frondes autumno frigore tactas, Jamque male hœrentes alta rapii arbore ventus ; Q.uàm sunl membra viri manibus dircpla nefandis. 20 25 20. Non ventus rapii citiùs ab alta arbore, 30 frondes tactas au- lumno friguie. jamqae hœrenles male, quam NOTTE. Voltaire are illustrious examples of the kind. 20. Arltumn umbra·. He conjures his aunt, Autonoë, by the remembrnnee ot the awful deaili of her son, Aciaxin. to rescue him iroin the tuiy ot the Mœnades. 21. Dextmm. While he extends his hands to her in entreaty, ehe teal's his right hand from his body. 22. Alterœ: the other, viz. the left hand. This arm, according to Euripides, was torn off by the mother of Actœon. See note on prima violuvit, line 12. 27. Cnput. His mother, Agave, tore off his head, and held it up in her bloody hands. Euripides enhances the horror of the scene by the circumstances : The miserable head His mother, as she caught it in her hands, Fixed on her thyrsus; o'er Cithceron bears High litied, as some mountain lion's spoils. Leaving her sisters with the Macnades, And proud of her ill-fated prize, her steps She this way bends, on Bacchus calling loud, The partner of the chase and of the pri/e, The glorious conqueror, who this conquest giiined Of tears to her.—BACCHJE. 28. Victoria. It is an aggravation of this horrid catastrophe, that the mother, as she cluiches the head of her murdered son in her blood-stained hands, is oil un conscious of lier crime, and rejoices in it as a victory : Do Heaven's rich stores, does Wisdom know A ineetl more glorious, than with conquering hand To çrnsp the proud head of a foe ? Rapturus still rise where Glory takes her stand. UACCHJE 30. Mali hœreiitcs: ill adhering. 31. Virepta sunt: were torn in pieces. They sliouled wild : one snatched an arm, an one A sandalled foot : dismembered hy their force Lay the bare trunk ; in tlieir ensanguined hands Each hurled the flesh ol I'enlheus to and fro ; His limbs were scattered ; on the craggy rocks Come, on the close-entwined thickets some. Ho easv search.—BACCH.B. 32. Sacra. To commemorate the history if the Flood, rites were established, in 'Inch rcicrcnce is made to Noah, the tbyss, the ark, ihcdove, the rainbow, Ate., iraees of which were to be found among all ancient people, even the niosi rude "•ome of thesu rues, according to Lucian, 11 lus treaiise De Syria Dea, were esta- ilished by Deucalion (Noah) himself. Now, ihe ark which God ordered Noah to make, was called nan, Thela; and as Thebes, in Egypt, was a prominent seat of the Arkite worship, there is no doubt that it took its name from Theba, the ark in which Noah and his family were pre served. In fact, Nonnus, in his Diony siacs, expressly says, that Thebes, on the southern part of the Nile, was named after the original Théba, or ark : lOrtr.j παρά Νίίλω ΘΠΒΙΙΣ Άρχηγονοΐο φερώννμος επλίτο θή/?ι}. The Arkite worship was introduced into Eœotia and the adjacent regions, and names were given to the places around, corresponding to the things commemorated. Arcadia signifies the land of Ihe ark. Deu calion's (Noah's) ark was said 10 have rested on Parnassus, anciently Larnassus, so called Irom XopmJ, an ari. Polion, is named of ircXciu, a dove. Nysa, at the toot of Parnassus, is the city of Nus (N.ms), the husliandman (Noah). Thebes is called of Theba, the arlt; and Bceotia it self signifies, alike, the land of the ark, ana the land cf the ox, or heifer; for we are r.xpressly told by the Scholiast on Lyco- plnon, that with the Syrians (Irom whom the Arkite worship came), the ark is ihe same as heifer or bull : Θήβα yùp ή βοίς κατά Σίρουί, Now, as θή/Μ, an ark, and Boiïç, or Toipcij, a bull, are synonymous, the epithet TuupoyEKn», ox-born, applied to Bacchus, is the same as e>j/3aiy«*|' / Γ,·* V, ^»S, " * ' "JZIL". ^L^ · w% i V:··,^ ,ω,τ -, . x Τ non Alcithoë Minyeïas Orgia censet Accipienda dei : sed adhuc temeraria, Bacchum Progeniem negat esse Jovis : sociasque sorores Impiotatis habet. Festum celebrare sacerdos, Immuncsque operum dominas famulasque suorum, {· Pectora pelle tegi, crinales solvere vittas, Serta Cornis, manibus frondentes sumere thyrsos, lusserai : et sœvam lœsi fore numinis iram, ΝΟΤΛΕ. 1. At. By the use of this particle, the poet artfully connects this fable « ith the last one of the preceding book. Although Pentheus had been punished for his impiety, Alcithoc is unwilling to own the deiiy. 1. Orgia.. Regarding Bacchus as a blending of the Scriptural Noah and Adam, and the rites of Bacchus as a commemoration of the Fall of Man, and of the Flood, it is possible that όργια is derived from οργή, wrath, inasmuch as the anger of God was manifested at the expulsion from Paradise, when man was forced to till the earth, and at the Flood, when a guilty world was submerged for its impiety. 3. Sororfs. Antoninus names the sis ters Alcithoë, Arsippa, and Leusippa. 4. Sarerdot The priest was most pro bably Tiresias, or Arrêtes. fi. relie tcffi. To be clothed with skins. This was in commemoration of God s clothing our first parents, when man \\RS ordered to till the ground. The skins of fawns and foxes were employed. The latter was probably an addition of later times. Foxes were slain because they hurt the vines. 6. Crinales solvere. In these sacrifices, women were accustomed to let the hair flow dishevelled, in token of the distress of our general mother when rushing wildly forth from Eden, a wanderer over the earth 8. ία-si numinie: of the insulted deity. If they should refuse to attend his rites. 10. Calathot. Baskets in which they 259 260 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER IV. Vaticinatus erat. Parent matresque, nurusque ; Telasque calathosque, infectaque pensa reponunt : 10 Thuraque dant ; Bacchumque vocant, Bromiumque, Lyœumque Ignigenamque, satumque iterum, soJumque bimatrem. Additur his Nyseus, indetonsusque Thyoneus, h^ Et cum Lenœo genialis consitor uvœ, det'onsus, t Nycteliusque EJeJeusque parens, et lacchus, et Evan : 1 5 f Et quœ prœterea per Grains plurima gentes uvœ cura NOT.«. were accustomed to put the distaff, wool, and balls of thread. 10. Infecta pensa. They received Bac chus with readiness, not even taking time to finish their tasks. 11. Thuraque dant: give frankincense, viz. offer incenso to him, in sacrifice. Frankincense is a gum resiu which distils from the Boswellia lliurifera. a tree inha biting Arabia and India. When burnt it exhales α strong aromatic odor, on which account it was much used by the heathens in the worship of their gods. 11. Bromiumque. A surname of Bac chus, from βρίρω, to groan, in allusion to the frantic cries of the Bacchanals. Fair-haired Euion, Bromian, joyful pod L) sian, insanely raging with the leafy rod. To these our rites, bLMiignant power, incline. When favoring men, or when on cods you shine. OEPHEUS. Hymn 1. 11. Lyœum. This name is from λίω, to free; it is the same as the Latin Liber, and is given to Bacchus in imitation of the name of Noah (resi). Sec note on Liber, page 248. Bacchus was also calledZysius, which is also derived from λίω, and has the game signification as Lyixus and Liber. Hear me, Jove's son, blest Bacchus, god of wine, Born of two mothers, honored and divine ; Lysinn Euion Bacchns, various-named, Of pods the offspring, secret, lioly, famed ; Fertile and nourishing, whose liberal care Augments the fruit that banishes despair. ORPHEUS, Hymn 1. 12. Jgmeenam. The epithet ßre-born is applied to Bacchus, from the circumstance of his being taken from Semele when stricken with thunder. Henco Orpheus : Thee, Semele, I call, of beauteous mien ; Deep-bosomed, lovely, flowing loeks are thine. Mother of Baechns, joyful and divine, The mighty offspring, whom Jove's thunder bright Forced immature, and frightened into light. HYMN xliv. 12. Saturn iterum. Bacchus, according to a physical interpretation, was born first of Scmele, and again of Jupiter, that is, of the earth and of the ether ; or, histori cally, considered as Noah, once of his mo ther, and again of the Ark. Nonnus, in his Dionysiacs, calls him 'ApxtywiB, ark- born. 13. Nyseus. This surname was in con- eequence of his residence at Kysa. Bacchus, phrenruc, much named, blest divine, Bull-horned, LcliJ3an, bearer of the vine ; From fire-descended, raging, N>si:in king. From whom initial ceremonies spring. ORI>HEUS, Hymn lii. 13. Thyoneus. Bacchus, considered as Adam, may have been called Thyoneus, from 8ίω, to sacrifce, because sacrifice was first instituted by God himself, when he offered the beasts, with the skins of which he afterwards clothed Adam and Eve. It may be derived from Thyone, a title of Semele. But considering Bacchus as Noah, and tbe son of Semele, (which is Sema-el, the token of God, i. e., the Rainbow), the title ot Thyone, as applicato Semele,may allude to the sacrifice offered to Deity at the close of trie Deluge, when the Rainbow of peace spanned the earlh. Similar to the above mythological birth of Bacchus is the Chinese account of the birth of Folli (Noah) : his mother, while walking on the bank of a lake, conceived, being sur rounded with a rainbow. 14. Lenœo. A surname of Bacchus from ληνίς, a wine-press. Sounding, magnanimous. Lenìcan power, O various formed, medicinal, holy flower ; AToctals in thee repose from labor find. Delightful charm, desired by all mankind. OBPHEUS, Hymn 1. 15. Nycteleus. The name of Nycteleus (KMcrfj), is applied to Bacchus, in conse quence of his orgies being celebrated by night. Come, rouse to sacred joy thy pupil king, And Brumal nymphs with riles LeiKcan bring; Our orgies shining through the night inspire, And bless, triumphant power, ihe sacred cho_ir. OHPHEUS, Hymn liv 15. Eleleus. The Bacchanals often re peated ίλτλεΑ, as a cry of animation. It was used in war in like manner, and also in singing Paeans. 15. lacchus. A name derived from ϊαχχη, a brawling. 15. Evan. -Evan (έναν), was a title applies to Bacchus, the meaning of which is not known. Considering the Bacchic rites as in part a scenic representation of the Fall, Evan, like euœ.weuldseem tohave reference to Eve, by whose temptation, agriculture, the rearing of the vine, and human society were established. 16. Plurima nomina. The ancient» im- METAMORPHOSEON. Nomina,Liber, habes. Tibi enim inconsumpta juventas; Tu puer acternus, tu formosissimus alto Conspiceris ccelo : tibi, cum sine cornibus adstas, Virgineum caput est : Oriens tibi victtis, ad usque 20 Decolor extreme qua cingitur, India Gange. Pjenthea tu, venerande, bipenniferumque Lycurgum Sacrileges mactas: Tyrrhenaque mittis in asquor Corpora. Tu bijugum pictis insignia frsenis Colla premis lyncum : Bacchœ, Satyrique sequuntur, 25 261 28. Tu, venerande, mactaa i'enthea, bi- penniferumque Ly curgum sacrilego«. NOT.«. agincd that it wae agreeable to the deities to invoke them under a multitude of names. 17. Tibi enim. The poet appears to in troduce here a hymn to Bacchus, in which he records his exploits. VI. Inconsumata juventas : unfading youth. 18. Tu formosissimus. Osiris, Bacchus, and Noah were the same. When in Egypt the allegorical spirit began to displace his torical tradition, it is probable that Osiris was considered as the Sun. Hence, in an inscription on a pillar erected to him at Memphis, are the words, "I am related to the god of day." In Egypt, Osiris was considered as the Sun, and Isis as the Moon ; and in Greece, the correspondent deities, Bacchus and Ceres, were also con sidered as the Sun and Moon. Hence Virgil: Voe o clarissima ninnili Lumina, labentem cœlo quœ ducitis annum, Liber et alma Ceres.—GEOHGIC i. 5. 19. Cornibus. As horns are weapons both of offence and defence, they are used to signify strength, confidence, daring, and violence. Thus : But my horn shall thou exalt as thehorn'of un unicorn.—PSALM xcii. 10. Horns may be attributed to Bacchus, then, since wine gives confidence, and be cause immoderate drinkers are accustomed to strike whomsoever they meet. Viresque ; et addls corntia panperi. HOH. Lib. iii. Od. SI. Tune pauper corntia sumit.—Ovn>. Am. AM. Plutarch says horns were given to Bac chus, because he first taught ploughing and sowing. But properly, Bacchus is repre sented as wearing horns, because,in Syriac, ΙΡρτκ signifies both a bull, and an ark or flap. And hence Bacchus is alike called βνίίαιγενής, born of the Ark, or born at Thebes, and Bonycfn, born of a hill. He is therefore described by Orpheus as having the face of a bull : EXSi, μάχαρ Cianci, mifitrxoft, Tauponcrwirt. HYMN iliv. A bull thou seem'st to lead us, on thy head Tliou bearcsl horns.—BACCIIJH OF EUBIPIDES. Some have imagined that horns were as signed to Bacchus because they were an- savor of slang. By the words, sine cornibus, in this place, we are to understand Bacchus in a pleasant, mirthful mood, before excited to madness and fury by wine. 20. Virgineum caput. A head gentle and virgin-like. Hue averte favens virginfvm caput, Viiltu sidereo discute iiubila Et tristes Eretti minas. Avidumque fatum.—SENEC. ŒDTP. 20. Oriens. Bacchus is said first to have subdued India, and to have erected pillars in commemoration of the achievement. Itec et Thebani Dionysi terra columnas Monetrat ad Oceunum, atque extremi littore ponti Montibus Tndorum. qua vasto gurgite Ganges In mare se volvit, Nyssœamque impulil undam DioHisiue. 20. Adusque. An anastrophe for usque ad. Supply earn partem. 21. India. India was an extensive and rich country of Asia, the boundaries of which differed at different times. It took its name from Indus, its principal river. 21. Gange. The Ganges is a large river of India, the sources of which are un known. It is generally believed to rise in the mountains of Thibet. After receiving many tributaries, it forms a delta twice as large as that of the Nile, and empties into the Bay of Bengal. 22. Lycurgum. A king of Thrace, and a violent opposer of Bacchus. He took an axe, and commenced cutting down the vineyards, when, inspired by madness, he cut off his own legs. Teciaque Penthei Disjecta noil levi ruma, Thracis et exm'um Lycurgi. HOB. Lib. li. Od. IO. 25. Sat;rri. Rural deities of a licentious nature, having the horns, ears, legs, and feet of goats, and the rest of their body human. As licentiousness is the effect of drinking, the Satyrs are suitable compa nions of Bacchus. See note on page C2 Lucian gives a most ludicrous account ot the advance of Bacchus and his train, and of the conquest of India : 262 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER IV duique senex ferula titubantes ebrius artus Sustinet ; et pando non fortiter hœret asello. Quacunque ingrederis, clamor juvenilis, et una Fceminese voces, impuJsaque tympana palmis, When Bacchus, with his strange army, in vaded India, the natives at the first formed such a contemptuous idea of him, that they turned both himself and his enterprise into ridicule, or rather pitied him for his presumption, whom they, if he HI good earnest meant to attack them, »aw by anticipation ulready with Jiis whole troop Irort under foot by their elephants. In trulli, according to the intelligence they received from their spies, they could entertain no great opinion of a conqueror who was marching against ι he m with so ridiculous an army. The flower of his troops, it is said, consisted of a few regiments of half-naked mad women, and these women had, instead of armor and weapons, ivy-wreaths about their brows, aprons of doe-skin round their waist, short spears twined with ivy, unarmed wilh iron, in their hands, and light round shields on their arms, which, 011 being struck, gave a dull sound; for they held, ns >ou see, the thyrsus of the Mœ- natlcs ibr javelins, and their labreia for a sort of shield. They had likewise with them, they Bay, a parcel of sturk-naked rustics, with tails to their bucks, and budding horns, as they sprout from kids, on their foreheads, making the most ludicrous caperinga and gesticulations. The general of this spruce band (Uacchus) had eo little heard, that not the ftlighest tra», e of down was discoverable on his cheeks; but to make amends for it, he had ram's horns, a circlet of vine leaves and grapes around hie temples, and the hair plutted in tresses like a. woman's coif fure ; wore η Loose purple robe unii gill buskins, and rode in a car, drawn by leopards. Under him were two oilier commanders, (Silenns and l'un), one n short, thick, old. shrivelled fellow, xvuh η pendulous ρ mine h, a Hat, upish nose, and long, pointed ears, wore a yellow, womanish gown, supported himself, when walking, on a sniff, but when riding, as he could not keep long together on his legs, mounted «feue roll y ou an ass; the other a most grotesque figure, his lower hnlt resembling a goat, with shaggy-hatred thighs, a long goat's beard, just the same horns, and of a very wsirm tempérament. .In one hand lie held a pipe of reeds, in the other u crooked »lick : and so he hopped, and frisked, mid skip ped nlwui in great leaps mnoiigthe wliole troop, tuul frightened the women, who, at the sight of him, run up and down \\ iili dishevelled hair, cry ing Kvœ, Evœ. which I suppose was the name of their coinmander-m-chiei. Moreover, these frantic wenches had committed great ravages among the flocks; tliey without ceremony tore a live sheep io pieces, and devoured the nesli, I believe, quite raw. Mow could the Indians and their king do any thing but laugh at such intelligence ? They nu- lurally thought it no ι worth while to march a regular urmy ucuinst such u rnbhle ; should they come up, suiti they, our women will soon despatch them: for that they should go in per son to deliver battle to such mad trulls, with a general in a woman's cap nt their head, and en counter the -little drunken old mongrel, and the middle being between man and goat, and his naked dancers, was quite out of the question: even victory itself over such a ridiculous mj- *«r»ry, would be disgraceful. But hearing afterwards what devastation the god had al ready committed in the country ; how lie had laid whole cities in ashes, with all their itilia- liitams; had set on tire one forest after another, and that in a short time, tf he was suffered to proceed, all India would be in flames: they now saw that the affair was of a more serious naturo than they had imagined. All immediately ran to arms, the elephants were caparisoned, and were drawn up, with castles upon their backs, against the enemy, whom they still despised, yet, fired with indignation at the mischiefs they had wrought, could not run fast enough to charge the beardless general with his frantic troops. The two armies stood facing each other. The Indians formed themselves in close ranks be hind the elephants, which were led on in the van. Uacchus was likewise busied in ranging his troops in battle array: lie himself com manded in the centre, Silenus brought up the right wing, l'an the left; the satyrs were posted as the officers : Kvœ was the word. Now the tabrets were beat, the cymbals sounded, one of the satyrs performed the office of trumpeter, blowing wilh lull cheeks his horn, and even the aesot'Milcnus brayed a·*martially as he could, to bear lus part in scaring the foe The MOU indes, in the mean time, girt wilh snakes which bared the iron points of their thyrsus from under the ivy, and wilh tremen dous jells, rushed among the enemy. The poor Indians hud not the courage to endure the shock ; they und their elephant? fell immediately into disorder, freed about, and sought their satety in a disgracctul fliifhi ; in short, they were van quished and taken prisoners, by the very ad versaries whom they had before derided : and thus, from their own experience, learned that uncommon warriors should not be scorned upon hearsay.—UACCHUS. 26. Qtiique. senex. Silenus, who was the nurse, preceptor, and attendant of Bacchus. He was represented as old, bald, and flat- nosed, riding on an ass, and carrying his can. Te senior turpi sequitur Silenus asello. Turgida pampiiieis redimitus tempera «ertis. SENEC. ŒDIP Great muse of Bacchus, to my prayer incline, Silenus, honored l»y the powers divine ; And by mankind, nt the triennial feast. Illustrious daemon, reverenced as the best: Holy, miglisi, the si m r ce öl Inwtul rites. Phrenetic power, whom vigilance delights, Surrounded In thy muses \oung and fair, Nai.uls and Buccliic ny mpns who ivy bear, VViih ulI thy satyrs on our incense shine, Dumions wild-formed, and bless the rites divine OnpHEUS, Hymn liv. 26. Ferula. Silenus Is represented as bearing the fentitàt the stalk of a certain weed, that as drunkards are apt to strike, it may be in inir'h, and with no dangerous consequences. 27. Non fortiter: not firmly ; insecurely FABULA T. METAMORPHOSED N. Ccncavaque sera sonant, longoque foramine buxus. 30 Pacatus mitisque, rcgant Ismenides, adsis : Jussaque sacra colunt. Solse Minyeides intus, Intempestiva turbantes festa Minerva, Aut ducunt lanas, aut stamina pollice versant, Aut hœrent telœ, farmiJasque laboribus urgent. 35 E qiiibus una, levi deducens pollice filum : Dum cessant alise, commentaque sacra fréquentant, Nos quoque, quas Pallas melior Dea detinet, inquit, Utile opus manuum vario sermone levemus : Perque vices aliquid, quod tempera longa videri 40 Non sirtat, in médium vacuas referamus ad aures. Dicta probant, primamque jubent narrare sorores. lila, quid è niultis référât (nam plurima rtôrat), Cogitât : et dubia est, de te, Babylonia, narret, Derccti, quain versa squainis veJantibus artus 45 263 3l. Ismenides ro- gnul ut adsis mitis pa- catusque ; coluntqu· ïussa sacra. 40. Ferque vices re feramus in medium ad vacuas aures aliquid, quud non sînat tein- pora videri longa. NOT^E. 30. Buxus. The box is here put, by metonymy, ior the flute made of box. 31. 1'acatui mitisque. The Theban wo men entreat that fie may be gentle and merciful to them. 32. Intus: within their house. Is there who comes along the way ? Are there who in their houses stay? Hence, bepone, whoe'er you are ! " To hallowed sounds let each his voice prepare, The eonp to Bacchus will I raise. Hymning, in order meet, his praise. BACCHE OF EURIPIDES. 33. Intempestiva Minerva: by their un timely Minerva ; by their unseasonable labors. Minervaishereput, by metonymy, for the arts which she taugilt, viz. carding, spinning, and weaving. 33. Turbante! festa: interrupting the festival. 33. Alelior dea: a goddess better than Bacchus. 45. Derceti. A goddess of the Assyrians, said to be a daughter of Venus, who hav ing suffered violation, slew her lover, and threw herself into the lake near Ascalon, where she became a fish. There is no doubt that Dercctis was a liieroglypliical personage, to designate the Ark. This will appear more readily, on reading Lu- cian's treatise on the Syrian goddess, and noting the ceremonies which he says were instituted by Deucalion (Noah), in com memoration of the Flood, which we have quoted in notes on pages 84 and 25C. A fish is held sacred at Hierapoli», and is never enten ; hut they eat all sorts of edible In« I. tin· dore alone excepted. which with them is sacred. These usages seem now, to the lol- lovM-rs of tliiil opinion, to have been introduced in liunor ol Derrclis mid Seminimi*., the tonner because out-liali of her ben» Ihe inrin of :i fish, the lauer hecimse Semiramis was nt lust meta morphosed into a dove. I, for my part, urn will ing to b« Qeve lhat Si miramie was Hie foundress of this temple, but not that it is dedicated to Dcrcetis, nt least not from the reasons adduced. LUCIAN. DE SYRIA DEA. Hyginus speaks of the Ark under the figure of an egg, from which Venus (re presenting, probubly, the renovated earth and the race of mankind), was born : There fell from heaven an egg of extraordi nary imipiitude·, into the Euphrates ; the fishes rolled it ashore ; the doves hatched it ; and thus came Venus out of the shell, who in the sequel was named the Syrian goddess. At the prayer of this goddess, Jnpiter, in honor of their virtues, transplanted the fishes among the stars. On this account the Syrians reckon the fishes and the doves among the gods, und do not eat them. FABCL. cxcvii. N ow Strabo calls this goddess Atargatis: Τι/ιωσι TÌJV Συρίαρ Scdv, rfti· 'Δτάργατιν. But Eratosthenes says she was Dercetis. Athenagoras makes Semiramis the Sy rian goddess, and the daughter of Der- cetis or Derceto : 'II Svyuriip της Δερκετους Σεμίραμις ίδοξε Σνρία £eu£. Hence it appears that Dcrcetis and Atar gatis were the same, and that the Syrian goddess was an imaginary deity, in whose honor there was a blended worship of two emblems of the Flood, the Ark and the Dove. Atargatis is t lie same as Atargatus, which is compounded of Alar or Atliar, and gatus or catus (*"ΪΓΟ$), which signifies a sea-monster, like a vvhalo, no inappro priate representation of the Ark. We may then consider the name Atargatis as equi valent to the god Cetus. Or, as Osiris (Noah) entcredtheArkon the seventeenth of Ihe month Atlior, we may refer the for mer part of the compound to that. By dropping the first letter of Alarpatii. and changing the letters i and g into their cog nates d and /r, we w ould have the name Dercens: or, by ihe Clialdaic particle da 264 F. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER IV Stagna Palaestini credunt celebrasse figura : An magis, ut sumptis illius filia pennis, Extrêmes altis in turribus egerit annos : Naïs an ut cantu, nimiùmque potentibus herbis Verterit in tacites juvenilia corpora pisces : Donee idem passa est. An, quœ poma alba ferebat, Ut nunc nigra ferai contactu sanguinis arbor. Haec placet : hanc, quoniam vulgaris fabula non est, Talibus orsa modis, lana sua fila sequcnte. 50 SI. An nt arbor qnœ ferebat alba poma, nunc ferai nigra con- tucul Banguima. NOTjE. (de), which signifiée the, and the word cetut (cetis), with the assumption of r for eupho ny, we will have the word Dercetis, signi fying the sea-monster. Hestod, in his Ί he- ogony, speaking of whot the Sea gave rise to, evidently alludes to Noah, under the character oi Nereus—to the central waters of the earth, or " fountains of the greot deep" that were broken up, under ihe character of Thaumas (own, Thäum, the ' nbyssi, and to ihe Ark, under the personi fication of Ceto : The Sea gave Nereus life, unerring: seer. And true ; most ancient of hie race, whom all Hail as ihe sage, lor mild and blameless he : Remembering siili the righi; still merciful As jitf,t in couivtds. Then embracing Earth, He fashioned the grent Tliaumas, Phorcys etronq, * And blooming Ceto.—THEOGONY, 233. See note on Sacra, page 255, in which Dercetis is plainly shown to be the Ark. 46. Falœstini. The inhabitants of Pa lestine, a province of Syria, and now a part of Asiatic Turkey. 47. Filia. Semiramis, the wife of Ninus, who built Nineveh. After her husband's death, she enlarged the empire by con quest, and is saia by some to have built Babylon. There is much diversity of opinion relative to her character and era. Many consider her altogether fabulous. She was doubtless an emblem of the Flood, and worshipped as such, at Hierapolis ; hence the sanctity with which doves were regarded. On Mount Eryx, in Sicily, was a temple to the Marine Venus, where sa cred doves were kept, with which two festivals were connected, the one called 'Αναγωγια, when they were let out, and flew over sea : and the Καταγώγια, when they re turned to the shrine of the goddess. On the occasion of the latter, were great re joicings. This no doubt commemorated the joy on the return of the Noachic dove. The doves of Eryx were carrier doves, it is to be presumed Nonnus, in his Diony siacs, plainly refers to the return of the Dove to the Ark : She first unbarred Her friendly window tu ihc auspici« Returning from ihe sen :iouB Dove, Clemens Alexandrinus says that the Syro Phenicians reverence doves and fish as the people of Elis do J upiter : Οϊ μίν τας πκριοτεραί οι ίΐ τονς ί\5νς, οντά σίβοναι ΐτερίΓτώί, ως Ιΐλείοι τον Δία.—ConoRT. Xenophon speaks of the same worship : ΊχΆνων οΰί oi Σνροι θεούς ίνΰμίζον, καϊ aStKfìr ουκ ειιύν, ovëji της περιστεράς.—ANABASIS. Hyginus mentions the same worship : Syri pisces et columhas ex Deorum numero habent; non edunt.—FAB. cxcvii. Diodorus mentions the worship of the Dove: Διί καϊ τοίς AoiCpioDs την npicTtpàv τιμαν ως Sea*. We will now show that Semiramis was not a real personage, but an emblem of the Dove of Noah. Hesychins says that Sem- irainis, when rendered in Greek, signifies the mountain dove : Σεμίραμίς,περιστερά δρειοςΈλληνιστί. It is evident this refers to the Dove which brought the olive leaf from α high moun tain, while the rest of the worm was still submerged. But in the Syriac original, it more plainly points to the Noachic Dove, which was the token of God's reconcilia tion, when it brought the olive branch ; for it is compounded of Sama or Sema, a token, and Hamas or Ramis, the most High. Hesychius says : 'Ράμαί δ'Υψίστοί θεός. 48. Altis in turrikue: in hoary towers. Semiramis, it is said by some, had usurped the government, on the death of her hus band, and when her son grew up, she was confined in a castellated building, and as the doves make their cotes in ancient houses, she was said to have been changed into a dove. 49. Ναΐι. The Naiads were nymphs who presided over springs' and fountains. 49. Cantu: by incantation. 52. Arbor. The mulberry tree, which bore white berries, that were changed to black, when sprinkled with the blood of Pyramus and Thisbe. 54 Lana ttquente: as the wool followed the thread, viz. as she was spinning. FABULA I. MET AMORPH O SE ON. QU^STIONES. 265 Was the punishment of Pentheus a warning to all the Thebans? Who were still unwilling to receive the god? What is the meaning of Bronuus ? Why is Bacchus called LyiEus ? Why Ignigena? Why Nysœusî Why Thyoneus Î Why Lenœus î Why is he called Nycteleus? Why Eleleus ? Why lacchus ? Why Evan î Wherefore is Bacchus said to be the most beautiful in heaven ? Why is he represented with horns ? What did Bacchus do after conquering the East ? What happened to Lycurgus ? Why are the Satyrs said to follow Bac chus ? Who was Silenus î Who gives a humorous account of the procession of Bacchus î Did the Minyeides join in the festivals of Bacchus ? How did they employ their lime ? By what figure i» Minerva put for the arts which that goddess taught ? While engaged in their employments, what does one of the eistere propose î What is the mythological story of Der cetis? How is this to be interpreted î Are Atargatis and Dercetis the same î Are there abundant evidences of Arkite traditions through the nations î What is the mythological account of Semiramis î Was she a real or a fabulous character î What is the meaning of the word when rendered in Greek î Why would she be known as the moun tain dove? What is the meaning in Syriac? How i« Semiramis the «often of Godi 34 If ι ι FABULA IL MORS PYRAMI ET THISBES: MINYEÏDES IN VESPERTILIONES. Pyramus and Thisbe, two Babylonian lovers, whose parents are hostile, slay themselves under a mulberry-tree; upon which the mulberries, formerly white, become of the color of blood. After the relation of their stories, the Minyeides are changed to bats. EXPLICATIO. LOVE stories, in the olden time, as at present, were subjects of attrac tion to gentle dames, and therefore the sisters preferred the fable of Py ramus and Thisbe, and especially as it was not a common one. The tragical story of these unhappy lovers was founded, possibly, on some historical occurrence that anciently took place at Babylon. The story .of their woes is told in simple, yet affecting language, and appeals the more strongly to the heart, that the poet lets unaffected nature speak in her own simplicity, rather than clothe his thoughts in the pomp of expression. Debarred all intercourse, their only language, for a time, is eloquent looks, and signs and tokens of love, until fortune discloses a cleft in the wall that divided their dwellings. Here they could sit and converse, and feel upon each other's cheek the warm breath as it came, and inhale it with a transport of love. How simple, and yet how natural, the momentary chiding of the envious wall, for parting them, and again the grateful recognition of what they owed to it ! Here sitting, they passed the time, and after they had said farewell, with the simplicity of love, which is always childlike, each gave a kiss to the wall, intended for the other. They arrange a meeting, and the timid Thisbe dares the darkness and the forest, to meet her lover ; " Love made her bold." Escaping from the lioness, she enters a cave with the loss of her veil, and returns to her appointment, to find her lover, through affection for her, slain by his own hand—unconscious—with the shades of death settling o'er his eyes, that open at the name of Thisbe, look upon her face, and then close for ever. Love, that had led her to dare the chances of death, now nerves her arm for death itself, and the same sword that had drunk his vital blood, is now driven to the heart of his unhappy mistress. She desires that the tree beneath which they are weltering, may record the story of their woes, and that the parents who opposed their union in life, may yet permit their dust to mingle after death. Of the mulberry there are three kinds, originally from three countries to which their colors are appropriate ; the white mulberry of Asia ; the red of America, and the black of Africa. Each variety of color is also distinguished by a different kind of bark and leaf. At Annapolis, in Maryland, there is a mulberry tree which has black fruit, although its leaves and bark evidently show it is of the white kind. A circumstance like this may have given rise to the Babylonian fiction. This Fable con tains a good moral, as it shows the evil consequences of clandestine attachments on the part of children, as well as the impropriety of arbi trary control on the part of parents 266 YRAMUS et Thisbe, juvenum pulcherriiiius alter, * Altera, quas Oriens habuit, prœlata puellis, Contiguas tcnuère domos, ubi dicitur altam Coctilibus mûris cinxisse Semiramis urbem. Notitiam primosque gradus vicinili fecit : 5 Tempore crevit amor : tœdœ quoque jure coîssent: Bed vetuêre patres. Q,uod non potuêre velare ; NOT^E. 4. Cocliliìms mûris: with walls of brick. The walls of Babylon were considered one of the Seven Wonders of the world. According to Pliny, they were CO.OOO paces in circumference, 200 feet high, and 50 feet thick. They formed a square, each side of which was about 15 miles long, and contained 25 gates, all of solid brass. 4. 411am vibim. Bubylon. This city is believed to have been planned by lielus. He built a portion of it, which was continued by Nebuchadnezzar. It was never finished. It was celebrated for its hanging gardens, pa laces, canals, and immense walls. 5. Primes gradite: the first steps; the first advances. 6. Ticdte jure: by the ceremony of the torch. In an cient marriages, after the oath of fire and water, five torches were carried before the bride by as many boys, whose parent» were still living. · 7. Sed vctnere patres: but their fathers forbade. There is much in the story of these ill-fated lovers that reminds us of Romeo and Juliet: Two households, bolh alike in dignity. In fair Verona, where \ve lay our scene, From ancient ^rudpe break lo new mutiny, Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. Froin forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-crossed lovers have their life ; AVhoae rnisadvenlured, piteous overthrows Do, with their death, bury their parents* strife. PROLOGUE TO ROMEO AND JVLIXT 267 If 268 P. OVIDll NASONIS 10 15 20 Ex aequo captis ardebanl m enti bus ambo. Conscius omnis abest: nutu signisque loquuntur. Quòque magìs tegitur, tanto magìs œstuat ignis. Fissus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olim, Cùm fieret, paries domui communie utrique. Id vitium, nulli per secula longa notatum, Quid non scntit.amor ? primi sensistis amantes, Et voci fecistis iter ; tutasque per illud Murmure blunditiae minimo transire solebant. Saspe ut constiterant, bine Thisbe, Pyramus illinc ; Inque vicem fuerat captatus anhelitus oris ; Invide, dicebant, paries, quid amantibus obstas ? Quantum erat, ut sineres nos loto corpore jungi ! Aut, hoc si nimium, vel ad oscula danda pateres ! Nec simus ingrati : libi nos debere fatemur, Quöd datus est verbis ad arnicas transitus aures. Talia diversa nequicquam sede loculi, Sub noctem dixére Vale : partique dedêre Oscula quisque suœ, non pervenientia contre. Postera nocturnes Aurora removerat ignés, Solque pruinosas radiis siccaverat herbas : Ad solitum coiére locum. Turn murmure parvo Multa prius questi, statuunt, ut nocte silenti Fallerò custodes, foribusque excedere tentent : Cumque domo exierint, urbis quoque claustra relinquant : Neve sit errandum lato spatiantibus arvo ; Conveniant ad busta Nini ; lateantque sub umbra Arboris. Arbor ibi, niveis uberrima pomis, 35 Ardua morus, erat, gelido contermina fonti, racla placent : et lux, tarde discedere visa, LIBEK IV. 7. Quod non poluerfl Telare, ambo arde- baut mentibas ex œquo captis. M. Aut si hoc tari nimium. pateres vel ad danda oscula ! neo simus ingrati. 30 33. Neve eie errnn- dum ili« spntianlibu· lato arvo, ut conve niant ad busta Nini. ÌÌOTJE. 8. Captis mentions : with captivated minds. 20. Quantum. This is spoken ironically —in the sense of minimum. 21. Ad oscula pateres : you might open so that we could kiss one another! 24. Diversa sede. Pyramus sitting on one side of the wall, and fhisbc on the olher. 27. Nocturne* ignes. The stars wliich grew dim, and disappeared before the light of the sun. The following description of morning by a modern poet far transcends the ancient : The dnwn was stealing up into the skj* On ils gray teet. the stars grew dim apnee, And fmlfd, lit] the Morning Star alone, Soil as α inolteo diamond's liquid fire, Burned in Hie iieavens. The morn grew freshlier; The upper clouds were faintly touched wiih gold; The fan-palms rustled in the early air; Daylight spread cool and hroadly to the hills j And still the star was visitile, and still The joung Hi-don in witli a straining eye Drnnk its departing light into his soul. It faded—mellud—and the fiery rim Of tlie clear sun came up.—N. P. WILLIS. 30. MuUa questi. Having complained of many things, viz. their unkind parente, their unhappy fate, &c. 34. Cnnvcmant. Unable to meet else where, they make an appointment at the tomb of Nintis. Being neld a foe, lie may not have access To breathe such vows ns lovers use to sweai , And she BO much in love, her means much len To meet her new-beloved any where : But passion lends them power, lime means to meet, Tempering extremities with extreme sweet. ROMEO AND JULIET. 34. Busta Nini. Ninus was the son of Belus. He was the builder of Nineveh, and the founder of the Assyrian monarchy. After his death, he had a magnificent tomb erected to his memory. 36. Morus. The trysting-place was un der a mulberry, near the tomb of Ninus. 37. Tarde discedere. Time always ap pears slow to t he expectant lover. So Juliet : Gallop apaee, you fiery-footed steeds. Towards Phœlms* mansion : euch a wagoner As l*haeihon would whip you to the west, And bring in cloudy night immediately. ROMEO AND JuLm FABULA II. METAMORPHOSED N. 269 40 45 50 PrEBcipitatur aquis ; el aquis nox surgit ab îsdem. Callida per tenebras, versato cardine, Thisbe Egreditur, fallitque suos : adopertaque vultum Pervenit ad tumulum ; dictâque sub arbore sedit. Audacem faciebat amor. Venit ecce recenti Caede leœna boum spumanles oblita rictus, Depositura sitim vicini fontis in undâ. Quam procul ad Lunae radios Babylonia Thisbe Vidit ; et obscurum timido pede fugit in antrum : Dumque fugit, tergo velamina lapsa relinquit. Ut lea sasva sitim multa compescuit undâ, ^ Dum redit in sylvas, inventes forte sine ipsâ Ore cruentato tenues laniavit amictus. Seriùs egressus vestigia vidit in al o Pulvere certa feras, totoque expalluit ore Pyramus« ut vero vestem quoque sanguine tinctam f~ Repperit ; Una duos nox, inquit, perdei amantes, E quibus illa fuil longâ dignissima vilâ: Noslra nocens anima esl. Ego le, miseranda, peremi, In loca piena metus qui jussi nocte venires : Nec prior hue veni. Noslrum divellile corpus, El scelerala fero consumile viscera morsu, O quicunque sub hâc habitalis rupe, leones ! Sed limidi est oplare necem. Velamina Thisbes Tollit, et ad pacte secum ferì arboris umbram. Ulque dedil note lacrymas, dedil oscula, vesti : Accipe nunc, inquit, noslri quoque sanguinis hauslus, 50. Laniavit cruen tato ore tenues ninic- tus, inventes forte siue ipsft Thüte. 55 56. Fgo peremi te miseranda, qui juisi ut venires nocte ία loca piena metus, nec veni hue priÙB. 60 38. Pritcipilaturaquis. The poets feigned that the Sun descended at night into the sea. 38. Nox exit. The poet describes the Day as precipitated into the Ocean, as the Night rises from the same. Hesiod bean- tifully describes them as alternately gliding across the threshold of darkness : There Night · And Day, near passing, mutual greeting still Exchange, alternate as they glide athwart The brazen threshold vast. This enters, '.hat Forili issues ; nor the two can one abode At once contain. This passes forth, and roams The round of earth ; that in the mansion wails Till the due season of her travel come. THEOOOSY. 39. Versato cardine: the hinge being turned ; the door being opened. 45. Ad luna; radios: by the light of the moon. 50. Amictus. The thin veil which Thisbe had dropped. 53. Festem sanguine tinctam : her gar ment stained with blood, viz. her veil. 54. Una nox: one night ; one death. Sed omnes vna manet «ox.—Hon. 55. Longa dignissima .· most worthy of a long life. So Pliny to Marcellinus, on the death of an amiable lady: Never was there a young person more woi thy of a long—I had almost said—an immortal life.—PLINY'S EPISTLES. CO. Leones. He calls upon the lions which he supposes to have destroyed Thisbe, to tear him also to pieces. 61. Ext timidi. He exclaims, it is the part of a coward to wish for death, since there is little difficulty in finding it by one's own hand. Stoicism taught the ancients to seek relief from the sorrows ef life by self-destruction. Christianity, on the con trary, teaches that it is ignoble to abandon the post which Heaven has assigned us, and directs us to fortify our breasts by the consolations of religion, and the hopes of another and a better world. Thus a Chris tian poet : Hope, with uplifted foot set free from earth, Pants for the place of her ethereal birth, On steady wings sails through Ih' immense abyss, Plucks amaranlhine joys from bowers of bliss, Anil crowns the soul, while yet a mourner here, With wreaths like those triumphant spirits>vear. Hope, as an anchor firm and sure, holds fast The Christian vessel, and defies the blast. COWPER. 64. Accipe teustus: receive the draughts of my blood. Virgil, in like manner, de scribes Dido as calling on the clothes cl II 270 F. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER IV. 70 74. Ecce Jllo, metu nonduin posilo, redit, "75 ue fallal amantem ; requirilque juvenem oculifl animoque. Quoque erat accinctus, dimittit in ilia ferrimi : 65 Nec mora ; ferventi moriens è vulnere tra\it. Ut jacuit resupinus humi ; cruor emicat alte, Non aliter, quàm cùm vitiato fistula plumbo, Scindilur, et lenues stridente foramine longò Ejaculatur aquas; alque iclibus aera rumpil. Arborei fœtus aspergine cœdis in atram Vertuntur faciem: madefactaque sanguine radix Punìceo lingit pendentia mora colore. Ecce metu nondum posilo, ne fallai amantem, lila redit: juvenemque oculis, anirnoque requirit: Quantaque vitâril narrare pericula gestii. Ulque locum et versam cognovit in arbore formam; (Sic facit incertam pomi color) hserel, an hœc sit. Dum dubilal, Iremebunda videi pulsare cruenlum Membra solum; relroque pedem tulit: oraque buxo 80 Pallidiora gerens, exhorruit œquoris instar, Q.uod frpmil, exiguâ cùm summum slringilur aura. Sed poslquarn rernorala suos cognovil amores, Perculit indignos claro piangere lacertos ; Et laniata comas, amplexaque corpus amatum, 85 Vulnera supplevit lacrymis ; fletumque cruori Miscuit : et gelidis in vultibus oscula figens, Pyrame, clamavil, quis te mihi casus ademit? Pyrame, responde: lua te, diarissime, Thisbe Nominai : exaudi ; vultusque altolle jacentes. 90 Ad nomen Thisbes oculos jam morie gravalos Pyiamus erexit, visâque recondidil illa. Q.U83 poslquam veslemque suam cognovil, et ense Vidit ebur vacuum; Tua le manus, inquii, amorque 94. Tua manu·, NOTJE. 91. Morte gravâtes: now weighed down with death. Dido, in like manner, roused by the voice and affectionate address of her sister, raises her dying eyes : Mila, graves oculos conata altollrre, rursus Defìcii: infix um stridei sub pectore vnlnus. .ffiKEID, ÌV. C88. 92. Eecondidit : closed them again. The poet does noi make the dying lover speak; ne has left all to the imagination of the reader. When the failing energies of na ture were for a moment roused at the name of Thisbe, what must have been the elo quence of those dying eyes, as he lifted them, weighed down with the dews of death, and gazed for an inslunt upon the face of his mistress ! 94. Ebur vacuum : ihe emply scabbard. Ebur, ivory, is here put for the scabbard, which was made of that material. The empty scabbard and ihe sword tell the tale of his self-destruction. Juliet, in like man ner, judges of the manner of Romeo's death by the fatal cup in his hand, and etabs herself with his dagger : ίΒ, her Inte lover, to receive the offer ing of her life : Duleee exuviee, dnm fata deusque sinebant, Accipite lianc oniinum.—jENEio, Lib. iv. G51. 68. Vitiato plumbo: the lead being de fective. Conduit pipes, made of pottery, und of lead, were in use at a very early period. 71. Cœdis: of the blood. The cause ΊΒ here put for the effect. 83. Silos amoreg: her loves; her lover. The celierete is here used for the abstract amator. 89. Tua te. Thy own Thisbe calls thee, dearest. How short, but yet how affec tionate nnd affecting the address ! 91. Ntimen Tiiisbts. Those only who bave loved, can tell the full power which the name of one beloved exercises o\er the heart. Campbell beautifully expresses this: Who hnth not owned, with rapture-smitten frame, The power of grace, the magic of a name. PLEA3UBE8 OF HorK. FABULA II. METAMORPHOSED N. 100 105 Perdidil, infelix. Est et mihi fortis in unum Hoc manus : est et amor : dabit hie in vulnera vires. Persequar exstinctum : letique miserrima dicar Causa comesque lui. Quique à me morie rovelli Heu sola poleras, poteris ncc morie rovelli. Hoc tarnen amborum verbis estote rogati, O multùm miseri mei illiusque parentes, Ut, quos certus amor, quos hora novissima junxit, Componi tumulo non invideatis eodem. Al lu, quœ ramis arbor miserabile corpus Nunc tegis unius, mo\ es tectura duorum; Signa tene csedis : pullosque, et luctibus aptos, Semper habe fœtus, gemini monumenta cruoris. Dixit: et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum Incutmit ferro; quod adhuc à csede tepebat. Vota tarnen tetigére deos, tetigér·· parentes : Nam color in pomo est, ubi permaturuit, ater ; duodque rogis superest, una n-quiescit in urna. Finis erat dictis ; et adhuc Mmyeìa proles Urget opus, spernitque di'uni, festnrnquc profanât: Tympana cùm subito non apparentia raucis Obstrepuere sonis ; et adunco tibia cornu, Tinnulaque sera sonant ; redolent myrrhieque, crocique : Resque fide major, cœpêre virescere telœ, Inque hederce faciem pendens frondescere veslis. Pars abit in viles : et quœ modo fila fuerunt, 120 OK amorque J0 infelix. 271 perdidit t· 1C2. Ut non mv*ae- atie tos quoe certi;» amor. quoB hora no vissima juiixit, com poni eodem tumulo 110 115 NOTJE. JUL. Go, get thee hence, for I will not away. Whai'e here î a cup, closed in my true-love's hand Ï Poison. I see, hath been his timeless end ;— . O churl ! drink all ? and leave no friendly drop To help me afler 7—I will kiss thy lips ; Haply, some poison yet doth hong on them, To make me die with a restorative. Tliv lips are warin. WATCH. Lead, boy. Which way? JUL. Yen, noise ? then I'll be brief. O happy dagger ! This is thy sheath : there rust, and let me die. SllAKSl'EARE 95. In unum hoc: for this one thing ; for death. 96. Dalil hie: this will give, viz. love will give. 98. Alarle rcvclli: be separated by death alone. 100. Estale rogati: be entreated. 103. Componi tumulo: lo be laid together in ihe tomb. 112. Quodsnperest: what remains; their remains, viz. ttie ashes and bones which would remain after they were burnt upon the funeral pile. 112. Urna. The vessel in which the ashes of the dead were deposited. 113. Finis. There is an end here to the •lory of PyramuB nnd Thisbe. The poet now returns to the account of the Mm« ye'ides. 114. Urget opus. They continue their labors of carding, spinning, and weaving, disregarding the rites of Bacchus. ~*1. Festumyue profanât : profanes the festival. The profanation of ihe holy day of the Lord was visited wiih the most severe punishment, boih divine and hu man, under the old Jewish law ; and in all ihe Christian codes, the violation of the Sabbalh is forbidden. Whal evil Iliing i« Ihrs tliul ye do, und profnne the ^ablm'li day ? Did nni }our lathers thus, and did not our God bring all lliis evil upon us, and upon this city? yet ye bring more wrath upon Israel by profaning ilie Sabbath. NEIIEMIAH xiii. 17,18. 115. Tympana nan apparcntin. Invisible drums were heard through the house. Plangebanl alii proceris tympana palrnis, Aut leren tenui'» tinnitus œre ciebant, Multi mucisonis eribllmnt curium bonibis. IjaiLiiruque bombili siriilL-liat tibia cuutu. CATULL. CIT. ii. 6t. 117. Virescere. Their webs began to grow green with ivy. 119. In hrtlertr faciem. The sails of the ship in which the Tyrrhene pirates were carried, put forth ivy in the suine manner I 272 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIB*» IV. Palmite mu tan tur: de starnine pampinus exit: Purpura fulgorerà pictis accommodât uvis: Jamque dies txactus erat, tempusque subibat, Q.uod tu nee tenebras, nee posses dicere lucem ; Sed cum luce tarnen dubiœ confinia noctis. Tecta repente quati, pinguesque ardere videntur Lampades, et rutilis collucere ignibus œdes ; Fiilsaque sœvarum simulacra ululare ferarum. Fumida jaradudum latitant per tecta sorores ; Diversœque locis ignés ac lumina vitant. Dumque petunt latebras ; parvos membrana per artus Porrigitur, tenuique induci! brachia penna. Née, quâ perdiderint veterem ratione figuram, Scire sinunt tenebra. Non illas pluma levavit : Sustinucre tarnen se perlucentibus alis. Conatœque loqui, minimam pro corpore vocem Emittunt; peraguntque levés stridore querelas; Tectaque, non sylvas, celebrant ; lucemque perosœ Nocte volant : seroque trahunt à vespere nomen. 125 ISO. Sorores jamdii- _ _ dum latitant per furai· loU da tectn, diver&eqne .ni ignés et 135 NOTA. 122. Purpura. The purple of the cloth | gives its brightness to the red grapes that make their appearance in the webs. 128. Falsa simulacra: false forms. Bac chus caused vain apparitions of wild beasts to move through the house. 128. Ferarum. Tigers, lynxes, panthers, &c. Oppian, in his Cynegeties, says that the panthers were formerly Bacchœ, and retaining their ancient fondness for wine, are the most readily taken by placing it where they can drink until they are in toxicated. 129. Latitant sorores. The sisters con ceal themselves through terror. 131. Membrana. A thin skin which en tirely covers the uody of the bat. 134. Non pluma levavit. Feathers did not bear them up into the air, but cartila ginous wings. 136. Pro corpore: vrhen compared with the body. 138. Tecta celebrant. Bats frequent barne and houses. 138. Lucemque perosœ: hating the light. The moral application of the metamorpho sis of the Minyc'ides is excellent. The profane and irreligious who fly from the light of truth, and love the darkness of error, are appropriately represented as changed into bats, animals- that come out at night. So the Evangelist : Light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil. For every one that doethevil./ιαεέΐΛ tht light, neither cometh to the licht, lest his deeds should be reproved.—Si. JOHN iii. 10, 20. 139. Vespere. Bats are called vesperti- Hones, from vesper, evening, because they fly in the twilight and night. From the similarity to tela, a web, which the latter part of vespertilio exhibits, may have arisen the ideft of their being weavers who were changed to bats. QU^ESTIONES. Who were Pyramus and Thisbe 1 Where did they live Î Was Babylon a remarknblc city Î By whom was Babylon built 1 What impediment was there to the union of Pyramus and Thisbe 1 How were they accustomed to converse Î What appointment did they make Î Who came first to ihe place of meeting? What happened to her as she came ? What induced Pyramus to suppose Thisbe was killed 1 What did he do in consequence Î Did Thisbe arrive before he expired 1 When she perceived ihe cause of his death, what did she do Î What petition did »he make before her death ? FABULA II. METAMORPHOSEON. Did her parents grant her request ? What change took -place in the tree be neath which they lay 1 How many kinds of mulberry-trees are there ? Do white mulberry-trees ever bear black fruiti Might this have given rise to the fiction Î After the Minye'ides had ended their relation, what took place ? 273 What sounds were heard Î What took place in the webs that the» were engaged upon Î ' What apparitions were seen Î lace "" lhe Min 'ere they eaid to be changed into What is the derivation of Vespertilio I At what time do bate come out! 85 FABULA ΠΙ. VU. AD INFEROS: JUNO TISIPHONEM EDUCIT. Juno, still incensed against the house of Cadmus on account of Semele, resolves upon the ruin of Ino, one of the daughters of Cadmus. For this purpose she descends to the infernal regions, and employs one of the Furies to avenge her on Ino and her husband Athamas. who were ene mies of her deity. EXPLICATIO. SOME erroneously say the account of Athamas and Ino is historical. They tell us that Athamas was the son of ^Eolus, the god of the winds, and the grandson of Deucalion ; and that on the death of Themisto, his first wife, he married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus. He divorced Ino for Nephele, by whom he had Phryxus and Helle. Divorcing Nephele in her turn, he took back again Ino, and had by her Learchus and Meli- certa. Ino, wishing to destroy the children of Nephele, in order to make room for her own children, bribed the oracle of Apollo to declare, that the children of Nephele must be sacrificed to appease the anger of the gods ; whereupon Athamas in a rage killed Learchus, and would have slain Ino also, had she not taken up Melicerta in her arms, and jumped with him into the sea. Now it is evident, from the etymology of the names employed here, that a confused account of the diluvial history is given. Ino, by meta thesis, Ion, is lona (the dove], and as she was the nurse of Bacchus (Noah), is the Dove of the Deluge. She was the sister of Semele (sema-el, the token of God), viz. the Rainbow. Athamas (a themis, without justice), was the race of ungodly antediluvians. He is said to be King of Thebes (theba, the ark), and was the son of ^Eolus, the god of winds, which we may suppose prevailed at the Deluge. His first wife was Themisto (Themis, justice), referring to the godliness of the early race of men. His next wife was Nephele (nephelim, giants'), referring to the daugh ters of Cain, from intermarriages with whom the " giants in those days" arose. The oracle that declares the children of Nephele (the Ncphelim) must be sacrificed to the anger of the gods, is the prophetic voice pro claiming, through Noah, the destruction of the wicked by the flood. This explanation will be pursued in the next Fable, with which this is con nected. By Juno's descent into the infernal regions, which the ancients believed to be in the centre of the earth, for the purpose of procuring a Fury to work the destruction of Ino (tona, the dove), we may understand the evoking of the vengeance of God for the destruction of man, when the bursting forth of the waters of the central abyss engulphed the world, at the breaking up of the " fountains of the great deep." The purifica tion of Juno by Iris, refers to the Rainbow that succotaed. 274 ,...,«,„ Ρ y M tf ^ UM vero totis Bacchi memorabile Thebis Ninnoli crat: magnasque novi matertera vires Narrât ubique Dei: de totque sororibus expers Una doJoris erat, nisi queni fecêre sorores. Aspicit hanc natis, thalamoque Athamantis habentem 5 Sublimes anirnos, et alumno nurnine, Juno. Nec tulit: et secum, Potuit de pellice-natus Vertere Mœonios, jielagoque immergere, nautas, Et laceranda suce nati dare viscera mairi, Et tripliccs operire novis Minye'idas alis ? 10 Nil potent Juno, nisi inultos fiere dolores ? Idque mihi satis est ? Hsec una potentia nostra est ? Ipse docet quid agam ? Fas est et ab hoste doceri. Quidque furor valeat, Pentheâ csede satisque ΝΟΤΛΕ. 1. Timi ten. After the punislj- ^« nient of the Minyeïdçs. 2· J\I phian shade ! AVith many a weary step, and many a groan, Up llie high hill he heaves α huge round stone ; The huge, round stone, resulting with a bound, Thunders impetuous down, und smokes along the ground —ODYSSEY xi. Nixanlcm trudere monte Saxum, quod lumen a suinmo juin vertice rursuni Volvitur.—LUCRET. Lib. iii. 1013. 46. Ixion. He was the son of Phlegyas, and a king of Thessaly. Abhorred by all for the treacherous murder of hia father-in- law, Jupiter took him up to heaven, where he sought to dishonor Juno, l'or this, Ju- pitcr struck him to Tartarus with light ning, and had him bound to a wheel, which revolved continually. Illic Jmioncm tenture Ixionis ausi Versuiitur céleri iinxia membra rola. TIBULL. Lib. i. Elüg. iii. 73. 48. Belidrs. The fifty daughters of Da mms, son of Bclus, who all, with (he ex ception of Hypermnestra, on their wedding night killed their husbands, who were ihe sons of their uncle jEgyptus. For this crime they were condemned iii the Infer nal Regions to fill with water a cask which was perforated in the bottom. Hence, their labor was endless. —lalicem perlusum confrerere in vas, Quod tarnen expleri nulla rutione polest. LuCHET. Lib. iii. 1031 El Daniu proles, Veneris quEe numina kcsit, In cava LethŒas doliu portât nquus. TIBULL. Lib. i. Kleg. iii. 79 50. Ante omnes. Juno is described as looking with aversion on Ixion, because of the insult which he had offered to her. 51. Car hie. Juno maliciously inquires, Why is Sisyphus punished in the Infernal Regions, while hia brother Alhamas reigns in a palace ? 57. Imperium, prontista, preces. There is a gradai ion here that forcibly expresses the violence of ihc hatred of Juno, and of the degradation which it involves. First, with royal digniiy, she commands; ehe then attempts to bribe a compliance ; and, lastly, like a suppliant, has recourse to humble entreaty. 62. Facta pula: consider done. It is the duly of a servant to obey a ruler promptly. A French courtier, in expressing his zeal in the service of his prince, once said, "It the thing is possible, consider it already done ; if impossible, still expect thai it will be done." 64. Roratis oquis : with sprinkled wa ter. As the Iris is produced from vapors, or small drops of rain, the term roratis (like dew) is used. 65. Lustrami. Iris purified Juno from the pollution which she had contracted by visiting the Shades below. The Romans were accustomed to purify themselves with waler after they returned from a house in which a dead body lay, or from a funeral. 65. Thaumantias. There is evident re ference here to ihe Rainbow of the Flood. That the ancients had preserved the tradi tion of the Bow being made a sign of the FABULA III. METAMORPHOSEON. 279 Lœta redit Juno: quam coelum intrare parantem Roratis lustravi! aquis Thaumantias Iris. 65 NOTJE. covenant between God and man, is evi dent from frequent passages in the poets. Iris, or ihe Rainbow, is mythologically said lo be ihe daughter of Thaumas. Now T/iaum-as is a compound word (ï'N-ainn), and signifies the alii/ss and ßre. It is well known, that the rainbow is formed by the rays of the sun falling on minute drops of rain : ihe Rainbow seen by Noah was pro bably produced by the sun's rays falling on ihe drops of rain which were exhaled from ihe waters of the retiring abyss ; and, hence, the propriety of the allegory. An allegory, by Piolemy Hephestion, in which Arke (the ark) is spoken of as the daughter of Thaumas, and sister of Iris, refers to the same Noachic history : Ή li Άρκη θανμαντος Jjv Άνγάτηρ, ης τι αίελφη *lpis.~Nov. HIST. Lib. iii. 65. Iris. The tradition of the Rainbow appears to have been widely diffused among the nations. It is designated by God nimself as a sign, or token, of his Covenant, or Oalh. Hesiod call« it the Great Oalh of the gods ; and various other authors call it a sign, or token. And God said, This is the token of the cove nant which I make between me and you, and every living creature that il with you, for per petual generations. I do set my bow in the cloud—and I will remember my covenunt, which is between me and you, und every liv ing creature of all flesh : and the waters shall no more become a flood lo destroy all fle»h.— GENESIS ix. 12, 15. Swift-footed Iris, nymph of Thunmas horn, Tukcs with no frequent embassy her wuy O'er the broud muiii's expanse, when haply strife Has risen, und controversy 'midst the gods, If there be one 'midsl those who dwell in heaven Thut utters falsehood, Jove sends Iris down To bring from far, in golden ewer, the wave Of multitudinous nume, the mighty oath, That from u high rock inaccessible Glides cold.—TUEOGONY. "Ιρισσιν ίοικότες, &ς τε Κρανίων Εν νίφιι στήριζε, ΤΕΡΑΣ μερίπων άιιΆρώπων. ILIAD χι. 27. Like to the bow, which Jove amid the cloud» Set us a token to desponding man. Ήυτί ιτορφνρεην^Ιριν ^ι/ητοίσι Tnvvoay Ζευς if υνρανύ§εν, τέρας ϊμμεναι- ILIAD xvii. 547. Just as when Jove amid the heavens displays His bow mysterious, for a lasting sign. Τέκμωρ Si ßporots και σήμα rcrvffrat. HOMER'S UYMN lo An intimation and a sign to men. QUjESTIONES. What effect had the punishment of the I Minye'ides ? Which one of the daughters of Cadmus had not met with some signal calamity Î What does Juno resolve to do to her Î For this purpose whither does Juno go ? What guards the entrance of Tartarus ? Who su before the gates of Tartarus ? Who was Tityusî What his punish ment/ Who was Tantalus? What was his punishment ? Who was Sisyphus Î How was he pun ished ? Who was Ixion ? To what punishment was he condemned ? HVho were the Belides ? What was their punishment ? Whom does Juno address ? Who were the Furies ? What request does she make of them Î Which one of the Furies promises her assistance to Juno ? Who was Iris ? Was she a real or alle gorical personage ? To what Biblical occurrence does the slory of Iris evidently referì Why was Iris called Thaumantias Î What is the derivation of Thaumas Î Was the Ark of Noah also made an »Jlecorical personage ? What allegorical personage was Ino, by metathesis Ion ? Who was Athamas ? Give the etymo logy of the name, and state its mytholo gical connection? How may we interpret the descent of Juno into the Infernal Regions ? Where did the ancients locate Tat tante? FABULA IV. INO ET MELICERTA IN DEOS MARINOS. Obeying the commands of Juno, Tisiphone left the court of Pluto, and came to the house of Athamas, where ehe affected him and his wife Ino with madness. Athamas now eeizes Learchus, his son, and kills him; whereupon Ino, to avoid his fury, throws herself into the sea together with her son Me- licerta. By the entreaty of Venus, they are changed into sea-gods. The companions of Ino, about to cast themselves into the sea through despair, are changed into rocks and birds. EXPLICATIO. TISIPHONE, whose name signifies desire of revenge, clothed with her bloody robe, girt with a serpent girdle, her head bristling with snakes, bearing her flaming torch, and a fearful poison, and accompanied by Sor row, Terror, Fear, and Frenzy, comes forth to execute the vengeance of the offended Juno. The door-posts tremble beneath her tread, the doors grow pale, and the very sun shrinks back from her presence. No won der that Athamas is affrighted, and feels the awful power of the dread deity before him. Having abundantly proved before, that Bacchus was the Noah of Scrip ture, it is easy to recognise in the nurse of Bacchus, Ino, by metathesis, Ion, the lana, or Dove, which is connected with the story of Noah, and which, on ancient coins—especially those of Apamea—is sometimes found brooding over an ark ; and is an allegorical representation of the Spirit of God watching over the human family when enclosed in that receptacle which divine wisdom had provided. As Venus and the Dove are always found associated, and as Venus is fabled to arise from the sea, de noting, probably, the new creation as coming forth from the sea, after the Deluge, we may regard Ino as the same as Venus ; for, in her name Leu- cothoe, or Leucothea, as it is more commonly written, we have the white- goddess, corresponding exactly to Venus Aphrodite, the goddess of the foam. Palaemori on ancient coins and medals is often found upon the back of a Cetus, which is a huge fish that is evidently a type of the Ark. Some times the Ark itself is represented, and above it a Cetus with Palœmon on its back. It is most proper to regard Palœmon as a type of the Ark of Noah. Mythologically the Ark may be said to be the son of the Dove. Its etymology will show it a type of the Ark, for Palaemon is Pake—Man, or Maon, the ancient moon. Now the moon has always been a type of the Ban's of Osiris, which is represented in the shape of a lunette. Hence, Osiris is said to have " entered the moon ;" and, hence, in allusion to the Ark as the mother of the renovated world, the moon was worshipped anciently as " the mother of the whole world." It has been shown be fore that Osiris and Noah were the same, and that the Baris of the former was the Ark of the latter 280 ,'·.- % (> V i,i. fyj/* " /suc S84 **"-> ».v··· ^&t&&&*^-^ <'^· ' ; '*· .,·' .*.?& ··; ar' * "i r^r·— _ »«i>ì^r EC mora; Tisiphone madefactam sanguine sumit Importuna facem: fluidoque cruore rubentem Induitur pallam; tortoque incingitur angue: Egrediturque domo. Luctus comitantur euntcm, Et Pavor, et Terror, trepidoque Insania vultu. 5 Limine constiterat; pestes tremuisse feruntur ./Eolii; pallorque fores infecit acemas ; Solque locum fugit. Mcnstris exterrita conjux, Territus est Athamas ; tectoque exire parabant. Obstitit infelix, aditumque obsedit Erinnys: 10 NOTJE. Ζ. Cruc'e mtenlem: red wiih blood. Virgil describes Tisiphone as clad in the same habiliments : Sublime on these a tower of steel Is reared, And dire Tieipboü" there keeps tile ward, Girt in her sanguine gown, by night and day.—JEHEID ΤΪ. 664. And o'er her shoulders was a garment thrown Babbled in human blood ; and in her look Was horror ! and a deep funereal cry Broke from her lips.—HESIOD'B SDIELD OF HERCULES. 3. Torto angue. A snake bound around her waist formed a girdle. Two grisly snakca ITung from their girdles, and with forked tongues Licked their Infected jaws, and violent gnashed Their fangs fell glaring. IlEbiou'e SHIELD OF HEHCÜI.EB Lnctus comitantur. 36 What a fearful troop forms ihc irain of the Fury. Seneca describes Wars as accompanied by a train ol similar terror : Letnm. Luesqnc, Mors, Labor, Tabes, Dolor, Comi tatuo ilio, dignus.—Œnmjs, Aet. iii. 8. Conjux. Ino, i he wife of Athamas. 10. Infelix: unhappy ; that causes un happiness ; pernicious. 2 A 2 281 282 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER IV Nexaque vipereis distendons brachia n od is, Caesariem excussit. Motœ sonuêre colubrœ; Parsque jacens humeris; pars circum tempera lapsse Sibila dant, saniemque vomunt, linguasque coruscant. Inde duos mediis abrumpit crinibus angues; 15 Pestiferâque manu raptos immisit. At iïli Inöosque sinus, Athamanteosque pererrant; Inspirantque graves animas; née vulnera membris Ulla ferunt: mens est, quœ diros sentiat ictus. Attuterai secum liquidi quoque monstra veneni, 20 Oris Gerberei spumas, et virus Echidnœ ; Erroresque vagos, cœcroque oblivia mentis, Et scelus, et lacrymas, rabiemque, et cœdis amorem ; Omnia trita simul: quœ sanguine mista recenti Coxerat œre cavo, viridi versata cicuta. 25 24. Quas mista re centi sanguine coxe- rat cavo cere versata viridi cicuta. NOT-ffi. J 1 . Vipercis nodis : with knots of vi pers ; wilh knotted vipers. Cooruleps implexm crinibus angues Eumenides — VIRGIL. Geòrgie, iv. 482. 14. Linguas coruscant : make their tongues quiver ; brandish their tongues. 15. Ahrumpit crinibus : tears from her hair. Virgil describes the Fury Alecto in like manner taking a serpent from her hair to wound Amata: From her blnck bloody locks the Fury shakes fier darling phigue, the favorite of lier snakes: Willi her full lorce ehe threw the poisonous duri, And fixed it deep within Amata's heart, That, thus envenomed, she might kindle rage, And sacrifiée to strife her house and husband's age. — yENElD vii. 18. Inspirant graves animas : inspire their banclul breath. So Virgil: Unseen, unfell. Ihe fi-ry serpent skims Between her linen und her naked limbs, His baneful breath inspiring us he glides. Now like a chain around her neck he rides; Now like n fillet to her head repairs, An«! with his circling volumes folds her hairs. At first the silent venom slid with ease, And seized lier cooler senses by degrees ; Then, ere Hi' infected mass was fired too far, In plaintive accents sue began the war. 19. Rleiis. Just in proportion as mind is superior to matter, so is the spirit capa ble of more intense suffering than the body. The spirit of a man will bear his infirmity, but a wounded spirit who can bear? — PRQ- VERI1S XVUi. 14. 20. Anulerai. Tisiphone had brought. 20. Jllonstra veneni : a monster of poi- eon ; a monstrous poison. 21. Ec/tîdnœ Echidna was a monster fabled to be sprung from Chrysaur and Calltrhoë, and represented as a beautiful woman above the waist, and a serpent be low it. The word is also used to signify the Hydra, or other huge venomous ser pent. Ilesiod thus describes her : Another monster dread she hare anon In the deep-hollowed cavern of a rock ; Stupendous, nor in shape resembling aught Ol human, or of heavenly : monstrous, fierce, Echidna: half a nymph, with eyes of jet And bennty-blooiuing cheeks : and half, again, A speckled serpent, lernble and vast, Gorged with blood-banquets, trailing her huge folds Deep in the hollows of the blessed earth. THEOGONY. 22. Errorrs. As restlessness nnd wan dering about are often characteristics of madness, they are here said to be a part of the compound. 24. Omnia trita simul: all bruised to gether. 25. JErecavo: in a brazen cauldron. The cauldron is said to be brazen, because brass is poisonous. Shakspeare gives a vivid account of rites practised by witches while mixing their terrible compounds in a pot. 1 WITCH. Thrice the brinded cat hath mewed. 2 WITCH. Thrice ; and once the hedge-pig whined. SWITCH. Harper cries,'tis time! 'tis time! 1 WITCH. Hoand about the cauldron go ; In the poisoned entrails throw.— Toad, that under coldest stone, Days and nights hath thirty one Sweltered venom sleeping got, Boil them first in the charmed pot ! ALL. Double, douhle toil and trouble ; Fire, burn ; anil, cauldron, bubble ! 2 WITCH. Fillet of a feuny snake In the cauldron boil and bake : Kye of llfwt, and toe of frog, Wool of bat, and tongue of dog, Adder's fork, and blind-worm's sung, Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing. For a charm of powerful trouble Like a hell-broth I »il anil bubble! ALL. Double, double toil and trouble ; Fire, burn; and, cauldron, bubble! 3 WITCH. Scale of dragon, tooth of wolf; ΛΥϊ^Ιιεβ' mummy, maw, and gulf, Of the ravined salt-sea shark ; Root of hemiock. digged j' the dark ; Liver of blaspheming Jew, Gall of goat, and slips of yew, Slivered in the moon's eclipse; I I FABULA IV. METAMORPHOSED Ν. Dumque pavenl illi, verlil furiale venenum Peclus in amborum; prœcordiaque inlirna movil. Turn face jaclnla per eundem sœpius orbem, Consequilur molos velociler ignibus ignes. Sic viclrix, jussique polens, ad inania magni 30 Regna redil Dilis : sumplumque recingilur anguem. Prolinus yEolides media furibundus in aula Clamai, Io comiles, his relia pandile sylvis : Hîc mcdb cum gemina visa esl mihi prole leœna. Ulque ferro, scquilur vesligia conjugis, amens: 35 Deque sinu malris ridenlem el parva Learchum Brachia lendenlem rapit, el bis lerque per auras More rolal fundro : rigidoque infamia saxo Disculil ossa ferox. Turn denique concila mater, (Seu dolor fecit, seu sparsi causa veneni); 40 Exululal ; passisque fugil male sana capillis. Teque ferens parvum nudis, Melicerla, lacerlis, Evohe, Bacche, sonai. Bacchi sub nomine Juno Risii: et, Hos usus prsestet libi, dixit, alumnus. Immiiicl œquoribus scopulus ; pars ima cavalur 45 FJuclibus, ci Icclas défendit ab imbribus undas: Summa rigel, fronlemque in aperlum porrigil sequor. Occupai hune (vires insania féceral), Ino: Seque super ponlum, nullo lardala limore, Miltil, onusque suum : percussa recanduit unda. At Venus immeritœ neplis miserala labores, 283 2G. Dumqite illi pa vent ; vertit furiale venenum in pectus amborum. 48. Ino occupât hune, (fnìm insania fecerat vires,) lardft- taque nullo timore mittitse NOT-ffi. Nose of Turk, and Tartar's lips ; Finger of a birth-strangled babe, Ditch-delivered by a drab. Make the gruel thick and slab. Add thereto a tiger's chaudron For Ihc ingredients ol'our cauldron. ALL. Double, doulile toil and trouble ; Fire, burn j and, cauldron, bubble ! MACBETH, Actii. Se. 1. 25. Versata cicuta : stirred with hem lock. The hemlock was a deadly poison, nnd, hence, employed in this pince. It is said to be viridis, because the poison is in the juice, and, consequently, more abun dant when it is green. 2G. Furiale veneìium: the poison that ex cites to madness. 29. Consequitur ignibus. The Fury whirls her torch so as to form a circle of flame, and thus confuse the eyes of the be holder. 30. Inania repna : the empty realms ; the shadowy realms. 32. JEolirtei. Athamas, the son of JEo- lus. 34. Gemina prole : with her twin off spring. 34. Leœna. It was a common error for persons under the Bacchic influence to mistake others for wild-beasts. Thus Agave nnd Autonoë took Pentheus to be a wild-boar. In modern times, on the con trary, we are accustomed to regard as the beast the person who is under the Bacchic impulse. 36. Eidentem Learchum. Learchus, the son of Athamas and Ino. slain by his fa ther. It increases the horror of the cir cumstances, that the innocent child, all unconscious of its fate, smiles upon its inhuman murderer. 42. Melicerta. Another son of Alba- mas and Ino. 43. Juno nsit. Juno laughed to hear Ino call on the name of Bacchus, her fos ter-child, who had been the cause of her calamities. 44. Hnensiis: these advantages ; these fruits. This is spoken in irony. 45. Jmminet tequoribu» : o'erhange the sea. The dreadful summit of the cliff That beetles o'er his base into the sea. SlLAKSPEABE. 50. Onus suum: her burden, viz. Meli- certa, whom she was carrying. 50. Reconduit : became white again ; was white with foam. 51. Neptis : her grand-daughter. Ino was the daughter of Harmonie, who was born of Venus by Mars. 284 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBIA IV Sic patruo blandita suo est: O numen aquarum, Proxima cui cœlo cessit, Neptune, potestas ; Magna quidem pesco : sed tu miserere meorum, Jactari quos cernis in Ionio immenso: Et dis adde tuis. Aliqua et mihi gratia ponto est; Si tarnen in dio quondam concreta profunde Spuma fui, Graiurnque manet mihi nomen ab illa. Annuii oranti Neptunus ; el abstulit illis Quod mortale fuit ; majestatemque verendam Imposuil; nomenque simul, faciemque novavil: Leucothoëque, deum, cum matre Patemona dixit. Sidonise comiles, quanlum valuêre, secutœ Signa peduni, primo vidêre novissima saxo: Nec dubium de morie ralœ, Cadmeîda palmis Deplanxere domum, scissse cum veste capillos. Utque parum justœ, nimiùmque in pellice sœvœ, Invidiam fecêre deœ. Convicia Juno Non tulit : et, Faciam vos ipsas maxima, dixit, Sœvilise monumenta meœ. Res dicta secuta est. Nam quas prœcipuè fuerat pia, Persequar, inquit, In fréta reginam ; saltumque datura, moveri Haud usquam potuit ; scopuloque affixa cohœsit. Altera, dum solito tentât piangere ferire 55 60 69. Faciam voe ip- _,~ saa maxima mpnu- TU menta meœ eœvitîœ. NOT^E. 52. Palruo: her uncle. Venus was the daughter of Jupiter, who was the brother of Neptune. 55. Ionio. The Ionian Sea was that part of the Mediterranean Sea which washed the « estern coast of Greece, and extended to the Mare Hadriaticum. 57. Concreta spuma. Venus was said to have sprung from the foam of the sea, and, hence, was called Aphrodite, from "if>5f, foam. Thus Hesiod : Till now, swift-circling, a white foam arose From that immortal substance, and a maid Was nourished in the midst. The wuflinjr waves First bore her to Cythera's heaven-blessed coast; Then reached she Cjprus, pin with flowing seas, And forth emerged a goddess, heautiful Tn modesiy. Green herbage sprung around Beneath her slender feet. Her gods and men Name Aphrodite, goddess of the foam, Since in the eea-fòam nourished, and again Wreathed Cytlierea, for lh.it first she touched Cythera's coast; and Cypris, for she rose On Cyprus, 'midst the multitude of waves. TlIEOGONY. 61. Nomen novavil: changed the name. Ino was called Leucothoë, or Leucothea, by the Greeks, mid Matuta by the Ro mans. Thus Cicero : Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, is she not called Leucothea l>y the Greeks, and Matuta by us ? Tracci. DISP. Lib. i. I call Leucothea, of great Cadmus born, d Bacchus' nurse, whom ivy leaves udom. Hear, powerful goddess, in the mighty deep Vast-bosomed, destined thy domain to_ keep : In waves rejoicing, guardi-in of mankind; For ships from thee alone deliverance find, Amidst the fury of th' unstable main, When art no more avails, and strength is vain When rushing billows with tempestuous ire Overwhelm the mariner in ruin dire. Thou hear'st, with pity touched, his suppliant prayer, Resolved his life to succor and to spare. ORPHEUS'S HYMN TO LEUCOTIIEA. Her name and attributes are the same as those of Venus Aphrodite. 62. Palœmona. Melicerta was called Palœmon. Ponti regna tenet nitidi matertera Bacchi, Nereiclumque clioris Cadmeia cingâur Ino. Jus habet in fluctus magni puer advena pomi Cognatus Bacchi, numen non vile Palœrnon. SENEC. tErar- Oh nursed with Dïonysius, doomed lo keep Thy dwelling in ihe widely-swelling deep ; AVith joyful aspect to my prayer incline. Propitious come, and bless the rites divine ; Tliy mystics through the earth and sea attend, And from old Ocean's stormy waves defend: For sliips their safety ever owe lo thee, \Vlio wanderest with them through the raging sea. Come, guardian power, whom mortal tribes de sire, And far avert the deep's destructive ire. OBPHEUS'S HYMN TO PALSEMON. 63. Sidomce. The Theban women are here called Sidonian, because they were originally from Sidon. FABULA IV. METAMORPH O SE O N. 285 Pectora, lentatos sentit riguisse lacertos. 75 lila, manus ut forte letenderat in maris undas, Saxea facta, manus in easdem porrigit undas. Hujus, ut arreplum laniabat vertice crinem, Durâtes subito digitos in crine videres. Quo quœque in gestu deprênditur, hœsit in ilio. 80 Pars volucres facias, quœ nunc quoque gurgite in ilio ^Equora distringunl sumplis Ismenides alis. NOTJE. 65. Caameïda. Ino, the daughter of Cadmus. 67. In pettice: in the case of the harlot, TÎZ. Semele, for whom Juno had cherished implacable hatred against the house of Cadmus. 82. Ismenides. Thebans, so called from the river Ismenus. QUjESTIONES. Whither does Tisiphone go? Who are her companions ? What was the effect of the appearance of Tiaiphone upon Athamas? What docs the Fury do to him and Ino ? Do the serpents wound their bodies ? What injury do the serpents do to them Î What poison had Tisiphone brought with ner? Who was Echidna? Where does the Fury throw the poison ? How is Athamas effected? What does he take Ino and her two sons tobe? What does he do to Learchus ? How is Ino affected ? What does he do with Melicerta? Who intercedes with Neptune for Ino and Melicerta ? Why was Venus called Aphrodite ? What did Ino become? Under what name? What did Melicerta become? What was his name ? What part of Noachic history does Ino, by metathesis Ion, appear to adumbrate ? How could the Dove be eaid to be the nurse of Bacchus ? Whom does Ino in her new name and character of Leucothoë, or Leacothea, ap pear to be ? Of whom is Palœmon a type Î What is the etymology of Palsemon? How does the Moon typify the Ark? Ί FABULA V. CADMUS ET HERMIONE IN DRACONES. Cadmus and Hermione, affected by the calamities that had happened to theiî family, abandon Thebes and go into Ulyricum. Here he suspects that his afflictions have been in consequence of the dragon which he slew being sacred to some god ; after which he and his wife are changed to serpents. EXrLICATIO. As some learned men contend that Cadmus was a real personage, in accordance with that view, and for the sake of heroic interest, we regarded him as an historical character, in our explanations of Fables I. and II. Book HI. But the achievements of Cadmus could not have been the work of tin individua], for he is said to have led colonies into Phenicia, Cyprus, llhodcs, Thera, Thasus, Anape, and Samothracia ; to have dis covered and have wrought mines of gold and copper in Cyprus and else where ; to have founded settlements, and one hundred cities in Africa : to have established colonies in Attica, Eubcea, Bceotia, and Illyrin ; to have reigned in Armenia, and, after reigning at Thebes for sixty-two years, to have reigned in Illyria. Besides this, he is said to have been tne in ventor of letters. Now, all these things may be referred to a tribe, but could not have been the work of an individual. We will, therefore, regarii Cadmus, (anciently written Κάδρων,) not as a real character, but a personification of the Cadmonites, a race spoken of in the Bible, who lived near Baal Hermon, in Syria. On this account, and probably bei-ause a body of Hermonians accompanied the Cadmonites to Bceotm, Hermione is alle- gorically the wife of Cadmus. The people around Baai Hennon were given to serpent-worship, and in consequence were called Hivites, from Hivia, β serpent. Ancient authors say, that in Hermon and Alount Libanus were many Bmrviua (Beth-el, house of God) ; these were the upright stones that formed the serpent-temples. Hence, Cadmus, who is de scribed as identical with the Taut* of the Phenicians, the Thouth of the Egyptians, and the Hermes of the Greeks, is said to have taught the worshipt of the serpent, and at last to have been changed into a serpent. As the temples used by the worshippers of the serpent were built of up right stones, disposed in the form of that reptile, it is a myth of easy ap plication to say that Cadmus was changed into a serpent. As Scmele (Sema-el, the token of God, i. e. the Rainbow), and Ino (Ione, the dove], are daughters of Cadmus ; and Bacchus (Noah) his grandson, it is readily perceived, that Cadmus (the Cadmonites) brought the traditions of the Deluge into Greece : as also the tradition of the serpent of Paradise, which, at first regarded as oracular, became a symbol—a talisman—and at length a god through the nations. * Ταπί is Hie firs! lhal inveinert tellers—whom the Egyptians called Tliouth, ihe Alexandrians Tholh. but Ihe Grceka renilerert Hermes—Pinr.o Ai'UD L.USEBIUM. Cmlinus. nnt only a rojnl epithet, liul tin epillicl of Hermes.—VETUS AUCTOR APUD PIIAVORIMM Cadmus, who is Ihe Suine as Hermes.—SCHOUAST ON ΙΛΟΟΙΊΙΚΟΝ". Γ Timi consecraled the J'orm of Ihe tirarmi and ofserpenls; and Ihe P!ienici»"s and Egyptians after him util Ihe snme.—EUSEBIUS, Ι'ΚΛΪΗ. EVANG., Iiib. i.. Cup. 10. The Greeks received Hie worship of Hie serpent from Ciclums.—Vosetus. 286 - . _/ β.. ί> - ' , '"·. ESCIT Agenondes natam parvumque nepotem > TEquoris esse deos. Luctu seneque malorum Victus, et ostentis, quse plurima viderai, exit Conditor urbe sua ; tanquam fortuna locorum Non sua se premerei : longisque erratibus actus Contigit Illyricos profuga cum conjuge fines. Jamque malis annisquc graves, dum prima rétractant Fata domûs, relcguntque suos sermone labores; Num sacer ille mca tnijectus cuspide serpens, Cadmus ait, fuerit: turn, cimi Bidone profectus Vipereos sparsi per hmnum, nova semina, dentés? ducin si cura deûm taln certa \indicat irà, Ipse precor scrpcns in longam porrigar alvum. Di^cit; et, ut serpens, in longam tenditur alvum: Duratasque cuti squamas increscere sentit, 10 15 ΝΟΤΛ3. 1. Agenoriilrs. Cadmus, ihe son of Ape nor. 4. Urìiffua. From Thebes, which he had founded. 6. lllyricns. Illyriemn, now Upper .Al bania, v, as n ronnl ry of Greece, the precise limits 'if whirh nre not known. It was bounded on tlie ej^l by a ranw of moun tains that sep.ir.ites it from Thes-wily; on the roulli by F.pirus. now Lower jiflmnin; and on the west by Marc HarJiiaticuin. 7. Malis iinnisque p*aves : weighed down wilh misfortunes and with years. AVhen ape ami waul, O ül-nxilcheil pair. Show man w is made to mourn.—BIBXS. 9. lili· serpeva. The srrpenl which he had sl.iin, as related in Lili. III., Fab. I. 12. Viniliral. Cadmus is led to suppose that I he mNfiirl unes which he has suffered, bave been inflieled by some deity, to whom ihe serpent which he slew was sncred. 13 ]jinf fcrjieny porripar: may I myself be extended, a Fcrponl. The ophite liicrosriiin is found wherever ihe pcrjjcnt- wor^hip prevailed. It nppcar1? on coins, medals, lemples, and pillars, undrr varioua modifications, as show n in Figures 1 to 7. The serpent of Paradise \vas the original of the whole. See note on Serpentis, page 92. 287 288 P. OVIDII NASONIS Nigraque cœruleis variari corpora guttis : In pectusque cadit pronus : commissaque in unum Paulatim tereti sinuantur acumine crura. Brachia jam restant : quœ restant brachia tendit Et lacrymis per adhuc humana fluentibus ora, 20 Accede, ô conjux, accede, miserrima, dixit; Dumque aliquid superest de me, me tange ; manumque Accipe, dum manus est ; dum non totum occupât anguis. lile quidem vult plura loqui : sed lingua repente In partes est fissa duas. Nec verba volenti 25 Sufficiunt: quotiesque aliquos parai edere questue, Sibilai : hanc illi vocem natura relinquit. Nuda manu ferions exclamât pectora conjux, Cadme, mane : leque his, infelix, exue monslris. Oadme, quid hoc ? ubi pes ? ubi sunl humerique, manusque ? 30 El color, el facies, et, dum loquor omnia ? Cur non Me quoque, coslestes, in eundem vertilis anguem? Dixeral: ille suce lambebal conjugis ora; Inque sinus caros, veluti cognoscerel, ibal : El dabal amplexus ; assuetaque colla pelebat. 35 Quisquis adest (aderanl comiles), terrelur : at ilia Lubrica permulcel crislali coDa draconis, Ει subito duo sunt ; junctoque volumine serpunt; Donec in oppositi nemoris subiére latebras. LIBER IV. 13. Precor ut inse porrigar serpene in longam alvum. 31. dir cœlestes, non vertìtis me quo que in eundem angu· era? NOTjE. 16. Variari: to be marked; to be streaked. And those fearful snakes were streaked O'er their cerulean backs with streaks of jet, And their jaws blackened with a jetty dye. HESIOD'S SHIELD or HERCULES. IB. Cœruleis guttis: with green spots. 17. In peclus cadit pronus : falls prone upon his breast. On thy belly «halt thou crawl, and dust shall thou eat all the days of thy life-—GENESIS, iii. 14. 23. Non totum occupât: does not possess me entire. 25. In partes duas. On account of its great volubility, the tongue of the serpent appears to be divided. 27. Sibilai. When he attempts to speak, he hisses. Thus Milton, in spenking of the fallen angels : He would have spoke, But hiss for hiss returned with forked tongue To forked tongue.—PAKADISB LOST. 29. Teque exue: free yourself. 36. Ittapermulceti she strokes; she ca resses. 38. Duo sunt. Hermione is now also changed into a serpent. 38. Juncto volumine: with joined spires. In the phrase jiincto volumine, we have the identical original ophite hierograrn pre sented to us, under the mistaken figure, however, of two serpents. As Sabseiam, or worship of the heavenly host, was con nected with serpent-worship, the globe, with the serpent passing through it, waa intended to represent the sun's disk, and the serpent's way, the sun's path among the stars. As the Cadmonites and Hermo- nians built serpent-temples of this kind in Illyria, Cadmus and Hermione were fabled to be changed into serpents in that coun try; Hence Scylax Caryandensis, speak ing of Enchelia in Illyria, says : The stones and the temple lacred to Cadnuu and iiermione are there.—GEOG. VET. The correctness of this will appear from the plate (Fig. 8) and description of an ancient serpent-temple in England. From a circle of upright stones (without im posts), erected at equal distances, proceeded two avenues, in a wavy course, il opposite di rections. These were the fore and hinder parta of the serpent's body, passing from west to east. Within this great circle were four others, con siderably smaller, two and two, described about two centres, but neither of them coincident with the centre of the great circle. They lay in the line drawn from the north-west to the south east points, passing tnrough the centre of the great circle. The head of the serpent wa· formed of two concentric ovals, and reeled on an eminence—which is the southern promontory of the link-pen (Serpent's head) hills.—WOBSHIP o» THE SBKPENT, p. 330. The etymology of Hakpen is Hak, a ser pent, and Pen, the head. The remains of a similar temple are evidently alluded to by Fausanias : FABULA V. METAMORPHOSE O N. Nunc quoque nee fugiunt hominem, nee vulnere kedunt: Quidque priùs fuerint, placidi meminêre dracones. 289 41 ΝΟΤΛΕ. On proceeding in a straight line from Thebes to Glisas, you will see a place surrounded with rough stones, which the Thebaiis cull the Ser pent's head. -DESCBIPTIOH op GREECE, Lib. ix. Cap. xix. The following refers to a serpent-temple of Cadmus ; for, as shown in the interpre- totio, Cadmus and Hermes are the same : In Pharœ, likewise, there is a fountain sacred to Hermes. Tlie name of the fountain is llama (Ham), worshipped as the sun. Very near this, there are thirty quadrangular stones. These me rimrenses venerate, calling each by the name of some particular god. indeed, it was toimwly the custom will, all the Greek's to re verence rude stones m the place of statues of „;f Od8'~DESCRIPTION op GREECE, Lib. vii. Can. As the Βα£Γύλιο severally represented a god, irom this may have arisen the myth that all the gods attended the marriage of Cadmus ana Hermione. QU^ESTIONES. How was Cadmus affected by the mis fortunes that pursued his family Î Whither did he go Î Where is Illyria ? What does he imagine was the cause of tne misfortunes that befell his house Î What request does he make Î Was he immediately changed into a ser pent? Is the tongue of the serpent forked ? Has he the vicious nature of the serpent ? Who accompanied him in his exile from Thebes ? Does she witness hia transformation Î What change takes place in her Î Was Cadmus a real character, or the personification of a tribe Î To what worship were the Cadmonites addicted ? How, then, are we to interpret the transformation of Cadmus and his wife Î In what form were the serpent-temples built ? In what country has one been found in good preservation Î Fig. 8. 2B FABULA VI. ATLAS IN MONTEM MUTATUR. Perseus having cut off the head of Medusa, on his return to the oourt of Poly- dectes, begs the hospitality of Atlas. Being refused by Atlas, and treated with indignity, Perseus turns upon him the head of Medusa, and transforms him to a mountain. EXPLICATIO. THE explanation of this Fable will necessarily differ, according to the view taken of Perseus. Some consider him as a real personage, some as the personification of a tribe, and others again, as an emblem of the Mithriac worship. Those regarding his birth historically, suppose that Proetus, by corrupting the fidelity of the guards of Danaë with money, gained access to her ; and, that by making Jupiter the fictitious father of Perseus, the usual scandal was avoided. Mythically considered, others regard Jupiter descending in a shower of gold, as Mithras, or the golden Sun, fertilizing Danaë, the dry and arid earth, from whom Perseus is produced. Considering Perseus as the personification of a tribe, we may regard him as a maritime expedition going out, which is said, there fore, to be the son of Danaë, from mîf, a ship. This appears the more probable, as, again, he and his mother are said to be enclosed in an ark and thrown into the sea. The Gorgone, whom Perseus visits for the purpose of obtaining the head of Medusa, appear to be forces of the sea, or savage nations infest ing the sea, who, on account of the fear which they excited, were said to transform beholders to stone. We will devote more particular atten tion to them hereafter, in another Fable. Diodorus Sjculus tells us, that Atlas was an ancient astronomer, and the inventor of the sphere. Tzetzes also states, that he was an astrono mer of Libya, devoted ardently to investigations of the heavens, and, that having ascended a lofty mountain for the purpose of observation, he fell into the .sea, whence both the sea and the mountain were named after him. This would appear the more reasonable, as he is said to be the father of the Ple'iades and Hyadcs. The golden apples, and the serpent by which they were guarded, it will be evident from the notes, were tra ditions of the events that took place in Paradise. Some, however, regard the golden apples as rich flocks of sheep, since μη·>α signifies sheep as well as apples ; while some regard them as gold mines in the vicinity of the mountain. If Atlas used the summits of Atlas as an ob servatory, it would be sufficient to connect his name with the range aftei death, and cause the myth of his transformation. 290 « f|i ED tarnen ambobus versas solatia formai Magna nepos fuerat, quem debellata colebat India, quem positis celebrabat Achaïa templis. Solus, Abantiades, ab origine cretus eâdem, Acrisius superest, qui mœnibus arceat urbis o Argolicaj ; contraque deum ferat arma ; genusque Non putet esse Jovis. Neque enim Jovis esse putabat Persea, quem pluvio Danaë conceperat auro. NOTJE. 2. Nepos. Bacchus, the son of Semele. 3. Achafa. Achaïa, a part of Greece, is here used to signify the whole of Greece. 4. Alanliades. Acrisius, the son of Abas. 4. Ab origlile eodem: of the same origin. Jupiter, the father of Bacchus, was also the father of Belue, who was the father of Atlas, and grandfather of Acrisius. 8. Pereea. Perseus was the son | ol Jupiter by Danaë, the daughter — of Acrisius. An oracle had told Acrisius that he would perish by the hands of his grandson, wherefore he enclosed Danaë in a brazen tower. But Jupiter is said to have entered the chamber of Da naë, in a ehower of cold, and Perseus was the reealt of their union. After his birth, he and his mother were exposed in an ark which was carried by the winds to the island of Senphos. The ark was found by fishermen, who carried Danaë and Per seus to Polydectcs, king of the island. Conceiving at length a passion for Dinaë, and contemplating her dishonor, Poly- dcctes sought to engage Perseus in an enterprise which would ensure his de struction. Perseus promised to bring him the head of Medusa, the only one of the Gordons which was mortal, and by the aid of Pluto's helmet, which rendered him in visible, Minerva's buckler, and Mercury's wings and taluna, and a short dagger of 291 Il ,ιΐ 292 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER IV. Mox tarnen Acrisium, tanta est prœsentia veri, Tarn violasse deum, quàm non agnôsse nepotem 10 Pœnitet : impositus jam coelo est alter ; at alter, Viperei referens spolium memorabile monstri, Aera carpebat tenerum stridentibus alis. Cùmque super Libycas victor penderei arenas ; Gorgonei capitis guttae cecidêre cruentse : 15 Cluas humus exceptas varies animavit in angues ; Undè frequens illa est infestaque terra colubris. Inde per immensum ventis discordibus actus, Nunc hue, nunc illuc, exemple nubis aquosae Fertur : et ex alto seductas œthere longé 20 Despectat terras ; totumque supervolat orbem. Ter gelidas Arctos, ter Cancri brachia vidit : Ssepe sub occasus, ssepe est ablatus in ortus. Jamque cadente die, veritus se credere noeti, Constitit Hesperio'regnis Atlantis in orbe; Exiguamque petit requiem, dum Lucifer ignés Evocet Aurora : currus Aurora, diurnos. Hìc hominum cunctos ingenti corpore praestans lapetionides Atlas fuit. Ultima tellus Rege sub hoc, et pontus erat, qui Solis anhelis 30 -lEquora subdit equis, et fessos excipit axes. Mille greges ilii, totidemque armenta per herbas 25 96 Dum Lucifer evocct ignes Aurora, et Aurora currua dì- urnos. NOTJE. diamonds, ho killed Medusa, and cut off her head. After this he slew a sea-mon ster, which was about to devour Andro meda, and married that bcauliful princess. After several other exploits, he engaged in the public games at Larissa, and unwit tingly slew his grandfather with a quoit. 8. Danae. 1 he daughter of Acrisius, and mother of Perseue. 8. Pluvio auro: in showery gold; in a shower of gold. 9. Acrisium. Acrisius was the son of Abas, king of Argoa. He was the twin brother of Prœtue, with whom he disputed the right of succession to the throne of Argos. After a pilched battle, in which neither had the advantage, they made a treaty, which secured the crown of Argoe to Acrisius, and that of Tirynthus to Proe- tus. Having learned from an oracle, that his grandson would cause his death, he confined his daughter Danae in a tower, to prevent her having offspring. Perseus, however, was born of Danne, and after many wonderful exploits, accidentally kill ed an old man with a quoit, at Larissa, who proved to be his grandfather Acrisius. 11. Alter: the one, viz. Bacchus. 11. Alter: the other, viz. Perseus. 12. Spolium monstri. The head of Me dusa, one of the Gorgone, whose hair con sisted, of serpents. 13. Alii : with wings, viz. the talana, which he had borrowed from Mercury. 16. Animavit. This fiction arises from the abundance of serpents in these regions, and is copied from Apollonius Rhodius : For when breve Pereeu«, (this her godlike son His mother ottener named £urymedon,) O'er Lfljya flew, Hie Gorgon's head to bring. Fresh-slain and dripping, to th' expecting king, From every drop, that dyed the eoil with blood, A serpent sprung, and thus increased the brood. ARGOKAUTICS, Lib. iv. 22. Arctos. The Bears, a northern con stellation. See note on page 134. 22. Cancri. Cancer, the Crab is the fourth sign of the zodiac. The Tropic of Cancer, the boundary of the sun's declina tion towards the north, is 23°, 28', or 1630 miles, from the Equator. See note on page 131. 24. Cadente die : day declining ; at the close of day. 27. Ignes evocet Aurora: calls forth the fires of Aurora. 29. lapetionides. Atlas, the son of la- petus, and the king of Mauritania, lapetus the ocean damsel led Light-footed Clymene, and shared her couch. Sim bare to him a son, magnanimous Atlas.—HESIOD'S THEOGOKY. 29. Atlas. Atlas was a king of Mauri tania, who had a great many flocks of sheep, and also the beautiful gardens which FABULA VI. METAMORPHOSE Ο Ν. 293 Errabant ; et humum vicinia nulla premebant. Arboreae frondes, auro radiante nitentes, Ex auro rnmos, ex auro poma tegebant. 35 Hospcs, ait Perseus illi, seu gloria tangit Te generis magni ; generis mihi Jupiter auctor : Sive es mirator rerum ; mirabere nostras. Hospitium requiemqiie peto. Mcmor ille vetustse Sortis erat : Thernis hanc dederat Parnassia sortem, 40 Tempus, Alla, veniet, tua quo spoliabitur auro Arbor : et hunc prsedae titulum Jove natus habebit. Id metuens, solidis pomaria clauserat Atlas Mœnibus, et vasto dederat servanda draconi ; 43. Atlas rnetuen· id, clauserat pomaria solidis mcenibus, et NOTjE. contained the golden apples. These gar dens were guarded by a watchful dragon that never slept. Informed by an oracle that he would be dethroned by a son of Jupiter, he refused hospitality to Perseus, and was changed into α mouniain. 35. Ex auro poma: apples of gold. Ambrosinl trees their buds and fruits unfold In silver flowers and vegetable gold. HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 38. Serum : of exploits. Perseus sets forth his claims to consideration, and boasts not only royal and celestial descent, but royal deeds. 40. Themis Parnassia. The Scholiast on Lycophron, v. 129, describes Themis as the daughter of the sun. She is the same as Themas, or Thaurnas, the rain bow of the Deluge, and is called Parnaasia, because the ark is fabled to have rested on Parnassus, which, according to a very an cient writer, was at first called Larnassus, from Larnax, the ark of Deucalion (Noah): ίίαρνησσοζ· έκάλεΐτο èi πρότεμον λάρνασσος ila το την Δευκαλίωνα; λάχανα airtâi ir/WTEvcxdrii/ai. STEPH. ΒΥΖΑΝΤ. As Thaumas, or Thè- mie, the rainbow, was a sign of the end of the Deluge, it became oracular under the name of the goddess Themis. The dove, in like manner, became oracular. At Dodona, doves, which Euripides says came from Thebai (the ari), were fabled to give oracles. The Argo (Ark) is also de scribed as giving oracles : The Argo was theirs» ship that ever was (mill: it was moreover built in the most early times, or at the very beginning i and was an ora cular tessei.—ERATOSTHENES, CATAST. C. zzzv. l'rima ;3t€i;-:W^ ; *· ν •^ν'χΓ^^.·· %te - ΊίΓ', k, S < " .^&*·^Λ>ίΛ···.! . *ν*^&?';%*! £ .-' rfAç*^· -.'.,·* .;tJ) VJ ^* _ LAUSERAT Hippotades esterno carcere ventes : Admonitorque operum cœlo clarissimus alto Lucifer ortus erat. Pennis ligat ille resumplis Parte ab utraque pcdcs ; tcloque accingilur unco; Et liquidum motis talaribus aëra findit. 5 Gentibus innumeris circùnique infràque relictis, ^Ethiopum populos, Cepheïa conspicit arva. NOTJE. 1. Clauseral. · Ile hnd shut up the winds; it was calm and still. 1. Hippotades. JEoliis. the god of the winds. He was the son of Jupiter by Arcesta, and the grandson of Hippotas. And sage Hippouules tlieir answer brings, That not a Mast was from his dungeon strayed ; The air was calm, and on the level brine Sleek Panope with all her sisters played.—MILTON'S LYCIDAÄ. 1. JElerno carcere ; in their eternal prison. It was firm and strong and could not decay with time, nor be broken by force. The prison of the winds is described by Virgil as formed of huge rocks: —tenet ille immania saxa, I Swift e'en as thought lie flew ; the visone grim Of monstrous (ïoi'iron all his back o'er*preadf Anil wrought in silver, wondrous to behold, Veetras. Eure, domos: ilia se jaetet in aula JEolus, etclauso ventorum carcere regnet. ι. Lib. i. 139. 4. Telo unco: with Ins crooked weapon, ' 3. Pennis lieatpedes: he binds his feet with wings. So Hesiod: There w as the horseman, fair-haired Danae's son Pe.-sens: nor yet the buckler w^th his feet ,,. 1 eto unco. Wltn llls crooned weapon, S'"°r yet "' : etrange '° v'2·the ft"'c'iion, called Harpe, which wae . ' , » » . formed of diamonds, and given to him by Bound to his feet were sandals winged; a sword ™ercu''y· ,./-,, Of brass, with hilt of eable ebony, 7. Ctpheia: of Cepheus, the son of Pho- Hung round him from the shoulders by a thong : nix, and father of Andromeda. 38 287 . A veil WHS drawn u round il, whence in gold Hun«: iïlitiprinp fringes ; and the dreadful hel Of Pluto clasped the temples or the prince, Shedding a ni^hi of darkness. SHIELD OF HERCULES. Jli 298 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER IV. IIIîc immeritam maternas pendere linguae Andromedam poeiias injustus jusserat Ammon. Q,uam simul ad duras religatam bracha cautes Vidit Abantiades ; nisi quod levis aura capillos Moverat, et trepido manabant lumina fletu ; Marmoreum ratus esset opus. Trahit inscius ignés ; Et stupet ; et, visas correptus imagine formas, Pêne suas quatere est oblitus in aëre pennas. Ut stetit, O, dixit, non istis digna catenis, Sed quibus inter se cupidi junguntur amantes : Pande requirenti nomen terraeque tuumque ; Et cur vincla géras. Primo silet illa, née audet Adspcctare virum virgo ; manibusque modestes Celâssel vultus, si non religata fuisset. Lumina, quod potuit, lacrymis implevit obortis. Saepius instanti, sua ne delicta fateri Nolle videretur, nomen terrœque suumque, Quantaque maternas fuerit fiducia formée, Indicai ; et, nondum memoratis omnibus, unda 10 15 18. Fände mua re quirenti nomenque luum, terrœque, et OA cur géras vincla 8. Maternas linguai. Cassiope, the mo ther of Andromeda, had boasted that she was fairer than the Nereids; wherefore, they sent a sea-monster to ravage the coast of Ethiopia. 9. Amman. A name of Jupiter, who was worshipped in Libya under this appellation, which signifies sondi/. While traversing these sandy deserts, Bacchus and liis army suffered much from thirst, when Jupiter appeared in the form of a ram, and showed them a fountain of water. Hence, Bac chus built a temple in the place to his fa ther, whom he designated Jupiter Ammon, and placed in the temple the image of that god with the head of a ram. The ruins of the temple are still seen in the Oasis of Siwah. No more the Augur stands in snowy shroud, To wntch each flitting wing and roiling cloud ; Nor superstition iu dim twilight weaves .Her wizard song among Dodona's leaves ; Phcebus is dumb, and votaries crowd no more The Delphian mountain and the Deliaa shore ; Aud lone, and still, the Libyan Ammon stands, His utterance stifled by the desert sande. N. C. BBOOKS. 10. Quam vidit. Perseus saw Androm eda bound to α rock. lie saw upon the golden sand Of thi1 sea-shore, a maiden stand, liefere whose feet the expiring wavte Flung their last tribute with a sigh— As, in the Hast, exhausted slaves Lay down the far-brought gift, and die.— MOOKE. With agonizing nir, In all the desolation of despair, She «loud ; her liands to heaven uplift and claspt. MoHTGOMEKY. 13. Marmoreum opus : a work of mar ble ; α statue. 18. Nomen terree : the name of your country. 20. Adspectare. I have substituted this word for appellare, which is properly the reading ; for appellare signifies to accost ; whereas, if the virgin spoke, it would have been in reply. Besides, we are just told she is silent, silei. What an interest is given by the poet. She is not only silent, but through modesty cannot even look upon Perseus. Lucian specially refers to the modesty of Andromeda, as represent ed in a picture which he saw : On the right hand, as you enter the hall, a transaction is represented, to which the Grecian and Ethiopian histories lay equal claims.—Per seus, when remrning from his Bight against the Gorgon?, kills the sea-monster by the way, sets Andromeda free, and eoon after marries and takes her along with him to Argos. Remark how much the artist has here exhibited in small space. Shame and fear are beautifully ex pressed in the attitude of the virgin, as she looks down from the rock to observe the youthful hero engaged in fight for love of her, and how diffi cult it proves to him to subdue the monster, making up to him with his impenetrable scales, prickly points, and wide gaping jaws. Perseus with his left hand holds before him the head of Medusa, wbile lie makes a powerful stroke at him wiih the sword in his right; already the monster is turned into stone on the side thai he had turned towards the Gorgon, whilst the other 3 et shows signs of life by the blood that gushes from the wound it had received from the cimelar of the hero.—ENCOMIUM osi A MAGNIFICENT HALL. 23. Sua ne delifta. Lest Persftus mav think she is confined there on account at her own crimes, she gives him the relation of her mother's presumption, and the pe nalty wh ch was inflicted. FABULA VII. METAMORPHOSED Ν. Insonuit ; veniensque immenso bellua ponto Eminet; et latuin sub pectore possidet aequor. Conclamai virgo : genitor lugubris, et amens Mater adest ; ambo miseri, sed justiùs illa ; 30 Nee secum auxilium, sed dignos tempore fletus, Plangoremque ferunt ; vinctoque in corpore adhaerent. Cum sic hospes ait : Lacrvmarum Jonpa manere 1* I'LfJ ICtlMJ' Tempora vos poterunt; ad opem brevis hora ferendam est. pore. Hanc ego si peterem, Perseus Jove natus et illâ, 35 Q,uam clausam implevit fcecundo Jupiter auro, Gorgonis anguicomae Perseus superator, et alis ./Ethercas ausus jactatis ire per auras : Praeferrer cunctis certe gener. Addere tantis Dotibus et meritum, faveant modo numina, tento : 40 Ut mea sit, servata meâ virtute, paciscor. Accipiunt legem, quis enim dubitarci I et orant, Promittuntque super regnum dotale, parentes. Ecce ! velut navis, prœfixo concita rostro, Sulcat aquas, juvenum sudantibus acla lacertis : 45 Sic fera, dimolis impulsu pecloris undis, Tantùm aberat scopulis, quantum Balearica lorlo Funda polest plumbo medii transmittere coeli : Cùm subito, juvenis, pedibus tellure repulsa, Arduus in nubes abut : ut in asquore summo 50 Umbra viri visa est, visam fera sœvit in umbram. 299 31. Née fé r uni aux ilium lecum, eed plan« gorem, fletusque dig- nos tempore; adhre- rentque in vincto cor 4-1. Ecce velut na vis concilo,, acla su da mil. i IR t aceri i s ju- venum, sulcat aqua· prœfijco rostro NOTJE. 30. Jusfiùs ilia. The mother is said to be more deservedly miserable, because ehe lind been the occasion of the exposure of her daughter to the monster. 34. lireiis hora: the time is short. As the monster is fast advancing, on account of the shortness of the time and the urgen cy of the occasion, Perseus briefly recounts his origin and exploits. 35. Jlanc si peterem : if I ask her in marriage. 35. Wa. Danaë, the daughter of Acri- sius. 36. Quam dausam : whom shut up. Hence Horace : Inclusam Danaën lurris ahenea; Rolmslœque fores, et vigilimi cniium Trisies cuculiile, inuiiiernnt satis Noclurnis ab ml niter is.—Lu. iii. Od. xvi. 36. Fœcundo auro: with fecundating gold. So Horace : Custodein pavidum Jupiter ct Venue Haussent : fore enim tutum iter et patens Converso in prelium deo.—LIB. ili. Od. jcvu 41. Paciscor : I stipulate. 44. Velili navis. This simile is lively and expressive. It presents a clear idea of the size and force of the monster. 47. Torlo plumbo: with leaden ball whirled round. 50. Arduus in nulies aliit ; mounts up Vito the air. This appears to have been copied by Spenser, in the fight with the dragon : Then with bis waving? wings displayed wide, Himself upright lie lifted from the ground, And with strong flight did forcibly divide The yielding air, which nigli too feeble found Her flitting pans and elements unsound, To bear so great a weight.—FAERIE QUKEHK. 51. Viri. Of Perseus. We give a de scription of the destruction of the monster by Perseus, which we wrote as a school exercise. As it was inspired by the text, it may not be altogether inappropriate, though a juvenile production : Entranced in \vo, fair Cassiope's child, The victim of a mother's wanton hoast, Beheld the rugged crags that reared their wild And threatening heads above the stormy coast And as she gazed upon the sea before, In mockery through her bosom stole n host Of pleasant memories, while with angry roar The death-denouncing waves broke on the roclcy chore. The ample treasure of her raven locks In darksome beauty streaming on ilie wind, Upon a pedestal of blackened rocks Like Parian statue stood the maid, Confined By chains which marred the tender wrists thejr bound : The thoughts of home came thronging on her mind,— Her bosom heaved, her eyes in tears were drownedf And grief burst from her lips in sorrow's plain tive Bound. II 300 P. OVIDII NASONIS LÌBEK IV. Utque Jovis prsepes, vacuo cùm vidit in arvo Prœbentem Phœbo liventia terga draconem, Occupât aversum : neu sœva retorqueat ora, Squamigeris avidos figit cervicibus ungues : 55 Sic céleri fissum przepes per inane volatu Terga ferse pressit ; dextroque frementis in armo Inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo. Vulncre hesa gravi, modo se subJimis in auras Attollit : modo subdit aquis : modo more ferocie 60 Versât apri, quern turba canum circumsona terrei, lile avidos morsus velocibus effugit alis : Quaque patent, nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis, Nunc laterum costas, nunc qua tenuissima cauda Desinit in piscem, falcato vulnerai ense. 65 Bellua puniceo mistos cum sanguine fluctus Ore vomit : maduêre graves aspergine pennée. Nee bibulis ultra Perseus talaribus ausus Credere ; conspexit scopulum, qui vertice summo Stantibus exstat aquis ; operitur ab œquore moto. JVixus eo, rupisque tenens juga prima sinistra, Ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum. Littora cum plausu clamor superasque deorum Implevere domes. Gaudent, generumque salutant, Auxiliumque domûs servatoremque fatentur 75 Cassiope, Cepheusque pater. Eesoluta catenis Incedit virgo, pretiumque et caussa laboris. 70 63. Nee Perseus au- 6U8 credere ultra bi buli» talaribus, con spexit scopulum qui exit stanubus aquit Bummo vertice. NOTJE. She thought of early childhood's summer hours, Of sportive glee beneath the my rile shade, Of garlands wreathed for youthful friends in bowers Of myrrliine sweets, through which her feet hud strayed— Thought of her father's hnlls—the dance—the lay Of minstrel, unti the mellow lute of maid— Then of her doom ; and saw with dread dismay The monster of the deep roll on, prepared to slay. One piercing shriek of anguish wildly roee Above ilie moaning ocean—fear represt The hapless cry of agony, and froie The fount of life within her virgin breast; While from each starling orli, the tear-drops, • o'er Her snowy bosom showering pearls, con fessed Her lorn despair, as rushing towards the shore The ravenous monster seemed her beauty to explore. She trembled like an nepen; and the blood Was curdling in her veins, as mute she gazed Upon his hulk, now stretched upon tlie flood, Now rolled in spires, as o'er the waves he raised His towering crest, high gleaming in the air; And marked his eyes, which like two meteors blazed Upon his burnished front, with iheir red glare, Portending darksome death, destruction and despair. Blill onward rolled the portent, till his breath Came warm upon her, and his nostrils shed The dew y Lriue : and armed witli pointed deaih Appeared the jagged teeth within his dread And terrible jaws, expanded to devour; When from the upper air flashed on her head A sudden light, and in that fen r fu I hour. An unseen arm was raised that broke the mon ster's power. K'en as his giant body smote the snnd, Swift rushing from the foam-engirdled tide, With nostrils spread but breathless on the sand lie lay immense,—with jawsexpnnded wide— And sinews bent—but rigid as the pile Of endless crags, that, reared on either side With everlasting adamant did lile The rocky ramparts of the sea-defying isle. And as the maiden slowly raised her eyes, Again lite's fear-chilled current freely gushed, Her eyes that tears had dimmed, agaiu grew brighi; And lik" the rosy morning, sweetly blushed The blanched and pallid cheek by love's deep lieclic flushed,—N. C. BROOKS. 52. Prcepes Jovis: the bird of Jove, viz., the eagle. 58. Tenus hamo: up to the hilt. 61. Turba canum: the pack of dogs. 67. Aspergine : wirh the sprinkling ; with the epray. 67. Pluma. The wings of Perseus. 7O. Stantibus aquis: the waters during a calm. 77. Prêt turn cf. causa: the reward, and the cause. FABULA VII. METAMORPHOSE*) N. 301 Ipse inarms haustâ victrices abJuit undâ: Anguiferumque caput nuda ne lœdat arena, Mollit humum fouis: natasque sub œquore virgas Sternit, et imponit Phorcynidos ora Medusœ. Virga recens, bibulâque etiamnum viva medulla, Vim rapuit monstri, tactuque induruit hujus, Percepitque novum ramis et fronde rigorem. At pelagi Nymph» factum mirabile tentant Pluribus in virgis, et idem contingere gaudent; Seminaque ex illis iterant jactata per undas. Nunc quoque coraliis eadem natura remansit, Duritiem tacto capiant ut ab aere ; quodque Vimen in sequore erat, fiat suppr eequora saxum. 80 85 82. Virga recent, etiamnumque viva^ rnpuit vim monstri bibula medulla, indu ruitque tactu hujua 90 NOTJE. 79. Anguiferum caput: the snaky head, viz. the head of Medusa. 80. Notas sub tegiiore virgas: the twigs formed in the sea, viz. the coral. Where the waters murmur tranquilly Through the bending twigs of the coral grove. J. G. PEHCIVAI. 81. Phorcynidos. Of Medusa, the daugh ter of Phorcys. 83. Vim rapuit 'monstri: contracted the power of the monster, viz. Medusa. 87. Semina ex illis: slips from them, viz. the branches of com. 88. Coralità. A marine taophyte that often grows in branches like a tree. On removal from the water, it becomes as hard as a stone. It is used for ornaments. QU^ESTIONES. Who was Cepheus ? Who was Andromeda ? To what was she exposed Î Why Î Who discovered her thus exposed? What proposal did he make to her pa rents Î Did they accede to his proposal ? Did he slay the monster Î What happened -to the twigs that he placed under the head of Medusa? What probably gave rise to this Fa ble? How will you interpret the crime of Cas siope ? How will you explain the monster ? In what two ways can we explain the exposure of Andromeda? What description in the Fable would induce the belief that a piratical ship was the monster ? How do Pliny and Mela regard the monster ? Whom does Pliny say brought the bonea to Rome ? « FABULA Vili. CRINES MEDUSAE IN SERPENTES MUTANTUR. Perseus, having killed the sea-monster, marries Andromeda. At the feast he is desired to relate the manner in which he slew the Gorgon. After this re·, lation, he describes to them the prior transformation of Medusa's hair into serpents. EXPLICATIO. t GREAT diversity of opinion exists in relation to the Gorgone. Diodorus says they were female warriors that inhabited Libya, who inspired their enemies with great terror, but were at last conquered hy Perseus, and their queen, Medusa, slain. Tansanias says, that after the death of Phorcys, his daughter Medusa reigned over the people that inhabited near lake Tritonis, and caused great terror by her incursions, that her flying camp was destroyed by Perseus, and the queen herself killed among the throng. Others have regarded them as princesses possessing great wealth and a golden statue of Minerva called Gorgon. The one eye of the Graiœ, their guard, they consider a minister of theirs, whom Perseus forced to disclose the secret of their wealth. Two of the sisters consented to surrender this, hut Medusa, refusing, was slain, when he obtained the Gorgon or golden statue. Pegasus and Chrysaor may then be considered ships which they had, for Artemidorus tells us, that by " the horses of Neptune are meant ships, for the analogy is strict between a horse on land, and a ship in the sea." The Graise and the Gorgons are personifications of the terrors of the sea ; which are thus said to transforra beholders to stone : the former are the white crested waves that dash against the coast : the latter the strong billows of the wide ocean. The Graiœ were the half-sisters of the Gor gons, and are themselves called Gorgons hy some. Their one eye is the disk of the moon, which influences the tides, for the moon was anciently called yopyaiwv. By the stealing of this eye, we are to understand that Perseus learned the nuture of the tides. The Gorgons were Stheno, /Ac powerful, meaning the force of the waves ; Euryale, wide-rolling, their fluctuation ; and the Medusa, directness, their course as altered or affect ed hy TV imls, or the seasons of the year. The force and fluctuation of the waves remain the same, hence then Stheno and Euryale are said to he immortal ; while Medusa, denoting change in the course of the billows, is said to he mortal. Since a serpent moving in a wary manner denoted water, the serpents of Medusa's head, disposed as they are, represent the undulations of the ocean. See note on Serpenfis, p. 02, and the plate which accompanies it. By learning to command wind and tide, and thus direct his vessel at will in the ocean, Perseus is said to have cut ofF the head of Medusa. Probably he is regarded, or the expedition which he represents, as making the first voyage in the open ocean. Pegasus and Chrysaor are ships, which were built in consequence of having overcome the terrors of navigation. 302 IS tribus ille focos totidem de cespite ponit ; Lœvum Mercurio ; dextrum libi, bellica virgo ; Ara Jovis media est : mactatur vacca Minerva ; Alipedi vitulus ; taurus libi, summe deorum. Protinus Andromedan et tanti pœmia facti 5 Indotata rapit : tsedas Hymenœus Amorque ΝΟΤΛΕ. 1. Di» tribus. Three gods had assisted him, and he erects in con sequence an altar to each. Help from heaven should always be grate fully recognised. Thus Samuel acknowledged the assistance of God in conquering the Philistines, by setting up a pillar for sacrifice : Then Samuel took a stone, and set it between Miipeh and Shcn, and called the name of it Kben-ezer, saying, Hitherto hath the Lord helped us. 1 SAMUBL, vii. 12 2. Bellica virgo. Minerva, the goddess of war. Minerva had given him a shield, which, like a polished mirror, reflected every thing. He looked on the head of Medusa as reflected in this shield. Minerva also guided his hand as he struck the Gorgon. By this shield we are to understand that prudent circumspection and counsel which are so necessary in war. Though Cepheus had offered his kingdom. the brave deliverer loved her for hersel/ alone. 4. Alipedi. Mercury, so called because he has wings to his feet. Mercury fur nished him with his winged shoes, and the faulchion (Itarpe). By the winged shoes we are to understand swiftness of execution in general. Here, most probably, it means a ship. 6. Indotata : dowerless. Her only dower wae her beauty and her innocence. Dos est magna parentìum Virtus—HOBAT. Lib. iii. Od. 24. 6. Tcedas prtccutiunt : shake theii torches. The torches of Hymen were those that were anciently carried before the bride, as ehe was led to the house oi 303 304 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER IV, FABULA Vili. METAMORPHOSED N. 305 Prsecutiunt : largis satiantur odoribus ignes : Sertaque dependent tectis : lotique lyraxjue Tibiaque, et cantus, animi felicia lœti Argumenta, sonant. Reseratis aurea valvis Atria tota patent, pulchroque instructa paratu ; Cepheni proceres ineunt convivia régis. Postquam epulis functi, generosi muncre Bacchi Difïudêre animos : cultusque habitusque locorum Gluœrit Abantiades. Guarenti protinus unus Narrât Lyncides, moresque, habitusque virorum Q.U33 simul edocuit, Nunc, ô foltissime, dixit, Fare precor, Perseu, quanta virtute, quibusque Artibus abstuleris crinita draconibus ora. Narrât Abantiades gelido sub Atlante jacentem Esse locum, solidœ tutum munimine molis ; Cujus in introitu geminas habitasse sorores Phorcydas, unius partitas luminis usum : Id se solerti, furtim dum traditur astu, Suppositâ cepisse manu : perque abdita longè, Deviaque, et sylvis horrentia saxa fragosis Gorgoneas tetigisse domos : passimque per agros, Perque vias vidisse hominum simulacra ferarumque In silicem ex ipsis visa conversa Medusa : Se tarnen borrendo clypei quod Iseva gerebat, 30 ./Ere repercusso, formam aspexisse Medusse : Dumque gravis somnus colubrasque ipsamque tenebat, Eripuisse caput collo : pennisque fugacem Pegason et fratrem matris de sanguine natos ; 10 15 20 25 25. Per Iota longè abdita, deviaque, et saxa horrentia frago sis silvis. NOTjE. her husband. The torch of Love is the allegorical one that inflames the heart. Here Love his golden shafts employs, here lights His constant lamp, and waves his purple wings. MILTON. Concutil tœdas geminus cupido.—SBNEC. ŒD. 7. Largii odoribus: with copious per fumes. 8. Loti. By metonymy for instruments made of the lote tree. 11. Patent: are thrown open. 19. Crinita draconibus : having dragons for hair ; haired with dragons. 23. Phorcydas. The Phorcydes, called also Graite, were the daughters of Phorcys and Ceto. They were hoary-haired from their birth, whence they were called Graiœ. They had but one eye, which was in com mon. This was stolen by Perseus. They were the guardians of the Gorgone. Their names were Pephredo (Horrißer), Enyo (Shaker), and Deino (Terrifier). 23. Unius luminis. The Graia; had but a single eye among them. Till thou shall come to the Gorgonian plains Of Cislbene, where dwell Ihe swan-like forms Of Phorcys' daughters, beni and wliite wilh age ; line common eye have these, one common loolh, And never does Ihe sun with cheerful ray Visit them darkling, nor Ihe moon's pale orb Thai silvers o'er the nighl. 'S PROMETHKUS CHAINED 27. Gorgoneas domos: the habitations of the Gorgone ; where the three Gorgone, Medusa, Enryale, and Stheno lived. Me dusa alone was mortal. The Gorgone nigh, Their sisters there, spread their broad wings and wreathe Their horrid hair with serpenls, fiends abhorred, Whom never mortal could behold, and live. -aiscHYLus's PKOMETIÌEUS CUAINED And Gorgous dwelling on Ihe brink of night Beyond the sounding main; where, silver- voiced, Th' Hesperian maidens in Iheir watches sing; Euryale, and Slheno, and Medusa. Sad is her lot, since mortal ; bui lile two Immortul and of undecaying youth. Yet her alone the blue-haired god of waves Enfolded, on Ihe tender meadow-grass, And bedded flowers of spring. HESK IOD'S ΤΠΕΟΟΟΝΤ. 34. Pegason. A winged horse, which, like his brother Chrysaor, sprang from ihe blood of Medusa, at the time Perseus severed her head from her body when asleep. On seeing the light, he immedi Addidit et longi non falsa pericula cursus : 35 Q.U8B fréta, quas terras sub se vidisset ab alto ; Et quaî jactatis tetigisset sidera pennis. Ante expectatum tacuit tarnen, excipit unus Ex numéro procerum, quœrens, cur sola sororum Gesserit alternis iministos -crinibus angues. 40 Hospes ait, quoniam scitaris digna relatu, Accipe quœsiti causam. Clarissima forma, Multorumque fuit spes invidiosa procorum Ilia, nee in tota conspectior ulla capillis Pars fuit ; inveni, qui se vidisse reierrent. 45 Hanc pelagi rector tempio vidasse Minerva Dicitur : aversa est, et castos segide vultus Nata Jovis texit. Neve hoc impune fuisset ; Gorgoneum turpes crinem mutavit in hydros. Nunc quoque ut attonitos formidine terreat hostes, 50 Pectore in adverse, quos fecit, sustinet angues. 43. lila fuit clarissi- rna_forrna, spesque in vidiosa multorurn pro corum; nee ulla pars in ea tota, fuit con spectior capillis. NOT JE ately fled to Mount Helicon, on which, by β stroke of his foot, he produced the foun tain Hippocrene, which was sacred to the Muses. AVhen Perseus smote Her neck, and snatched the severed bleeding head, The greal Chrysaor Ihen leaped inlo life, And J'egasus Ihe sleed, who, born tieside Old Nilus1 fountains, thence derived a name. For a thrilling description of a spectral horse, I would refer the reader to " The Buccaneer," a powerful poem, by Richard H. Dana, Esq., of Cambridge, Mass. 35. NOJI falsa pericula : the real dan gers. Slheno and Euryale pursued him after he had cut off the head of Medusa. 38. Aille expectatum: before he was ei- pecicd to stop. This is the charm of all relating of stories, to stop before the audi ence is weary. 39. Sola sororum. Why Medusa alone of the sisters Î 51. Sustinet angues. Minerva bears the Gorgon's head on her shield. It is some times found in the lorica that encases her breast. QU^ESTIONES. What did Perseus do after his conquest of the monsier ? To which of the gods did he assign the principal aliar? What took place after ihis Î Αι the feast, what request was made of Perseus Î Where did he say ihc Graiœ resided? What was there peculiar about them Î Who were the guards of the Gorgone? Where did ihe Gorgone reside, according to Ovid ? Where does Hesiod say ihey resided ? How did Perseus look on Medusa with out being changed to stone ? 39 What sprung from the blood of Medusa t Why was the hair of Medusa turned into serpents ? By the Grains, whom are we to under stand ? How arc they said to have one eye ? How did Perseus steal it ? By the Gorgons, what are we to under stand ? Give the names of the three, and their explanation ? How may Perseus be said to cut off the head of Medusa ? How will we interpret the springing of Pegasus and Chrysaor from her blood t \ I PERORATIO. 307 il PERORATIO. * ι ' > ' -· -jr AMQ.UE opus exegi, quod nee Jovis ira, £ ' ' ' %. nee ignis, '·· jj, ι - ^ Nee poterit ferrum, nee edax abolere ve- f*l. '5 I)«: tustas. Cum volet ilia dies, quœ nil nisi corporis , ; ι * hujus _ - Λ IVt "^us habet, incerti spatium mihi finiat œvi ; iì ι)'11 Λ Pnrte tarnen meliere mei super alta pe- \^*1. \ rennis 5 ^1 T V h Astra forar ; nomenque erit indelebile nos- , ;'' L (rum. (Î'jijvi. ι, i Quâque patet domitis Romana potentia ,'„,('' terris, i'r "' Ore legar populi ; perque omnia sœcula .'·''! ,| , fama, «ι Si quid habent veri vatum prsesagia, vi- vam. ΝΟΤΛ;. .. *· I. Jamijue opus ctepi. It was custo mary, especially with the ancient poet», to make some reference to themselves at the close of tlieir poems, and this was done, in many casce, in no measured tones of self- laudation. This Perorano of Ovid is un worthy of the poet, and the reason is, that in writing it, he abandoned his own origi nal genius, to be the copyist of another. The above is an imitation of a poem by Horace on a similar occasion. With a few remarks on the first lines, I will permit the reader to institute the comparison be tween them, and make his own conclu sions. Horace says, "I have finished a monument more enduring than brass, and more lofty than the royal site of the pyra mids." Here is a beautiful metaphor; like the Pharaohs of old. the poet, during his lifetime, had been building his own monument. It was not only more lofty than ihe pyramids, but more enduring,— though lofty, neither the rain, nor the storm, nor the flight of time, could destroy it by force, nor waste it by decay. Ovid says, " I have finished a work, which nei ther the anger of Jove, nor fire, nor steel, nor consuming time can destroy." How spirit Ii 98 and prosaic is the word opus, when compared with monumentum ; and DOW little of forceful and poetic application 306 have the "storm," and the "lightning, and "corroding time," when applied to a work, in comparison with what they have, when connected with α monument, lofty and cloud-capt, exposed to the rushing hurricane, the driving rain, and the riving bolt. Thus Horace : Exegi monumentum cere pcreiinius, Regalique situ pyramidum allius; Quod non iinber edax, non Aquilo impotent Tossit diruere, aut iniiurnerabilis Annonim series, et fuga lemporum. Non qmnis moriar ; multaque pars mei Vilabit Libitiimin. Uaque epo posterà Crescam laude recens, diim Capilolinm Scarnici eum tacita virgine ponlifex. Diear, qnn vinlens ohsirepit Aufidus, Kt qua pauper aqua: Daunia u^resliurn Regnava popiilorum, ex humili polene Princena JJolium dirmeli ad Italps Deduxisse modns. Sume supcrbiam QutEsiiam mentis, et mihi Dclphica Lauro einge volens, Melpomene, coinam. The Peroratio of Virgil, at the close of the Gcorgics, is more modest : While thus I sing of trees, niid flocks, and fields, Great Cicsar, thundering, Avar o'er Euphrat wields, Viclor, o'er willing realms his law extends, And from the world to opening heaven ascend· I, Virgil, Ihm, 'mid Naples' syren bowers, In ease inglorious nursed my studious hours, I, whose bold >outh the pasloral strain essayed And sung Ilice, Tilyrus, in the beechen «hade. We will give three concluding addresses by modern poets. The first is by Herrick, an English poet, born in 1591. It was evidently stiggesied by the poem of Ho race, and is ingeniously constructed, so as to resemble a real column, with emablature and pedestal : THE PILLAB OF FAME. Fame's pillar here at last we set, Oul-during marble, brass, or jet ; Charmed and enchanted so, As to withstand the blow Of overthrow : Nor shall the seas, Or outrages Of storms, o'erbear What we uprear: Tuo' kingdoms fall: This pillar never shall Decline, or waste at all ; Hut stand forever by his own Firm and well-fixed foundation. The second is by Sir Walter Scott : Vel, once again, farewell, thou Minstrel harp ! \ et, once again, forgive my feeble sway, And little reck I of Ihe censure sharp -May idly cavil at an idi« lay. Much have I owed thy strains un life's long way, Through secret woes the world has never known, When 011 the weary night dawned wearier day, And bitterer was the grief devoured alone. That I o'erlive such woes, Enchantress, is thine own. Hark ! as my lingering footsteps slow retire, Some Spirit of the Air has waked thy string! Tis now α seraph bold, with touch of fire, 'Tis now the brush of Folly's frolic wing. Receding now, the dying numbers ring Fainler and fainter down the rugged dell, And now the mountain breezes scarcely bring A wandering witch-note of the distant spell— And now, His silent all ! Enchantress, fare thee well! The following, by the late E. C. Pink- ncy, of Baltimore, is distinguished for its poetic merit, and the tender melancholy that pervades it. The firstlings of my simple song Were offered lo thy name; Again the altar, idle long. In worship rears its flame. My sacrifice of sullen years, My many hecatombs of tears, No happier hours recall— Yet may thy wandering thoughts restore To one who ever loved thee more Than fickle Fortune's all. How I have lived imports not now ; I am about to die, Else I might chide thee that my life Has been α stifled sigh ; Yes life; for time, beyond the line Our parting traced, appears not mine, Or of a world gone by ,· Anfl often almost would evince. My soul had transmigrated since. Pass, wasted flowers! alike the grave, To which I fast go down, Will give the joy of nothingness To me, and to renown : Unto its careless tenants, fame Is idle as that gilded name, Of vanity the crown, Helvetian hands inscribe upon The forehead of a skeleton. List the last cadence of a lay, That closing as begun, Is governed by a note of pain, Oh, lost and worshipped one ! Nnnc shall attend a sadder strain, Till Memnon'3 statue stand again To inourn the setting sun,— Nor sweeter, if my numbers seem Tu share ihe nature of their theme. L n 1 111 II l i CLAVIS OVIDIANA. ABBREVIATIONS. I ,/,/...... «Γ ·-· -conjunction. freq...:. Gr- .··.·· ind- -··..- inf.-.··.. in/r ...... ·· . Greek ·- -.indicative. ••••intransitive. part······· prj.. -...*- subì ····—- • 'participle. - -pronoun. --•subjunctive CLAVIS OVIDIANA. A. "A. used before a consonant—"Ab, mostly before vowels—"Abe, before t and q, prep, with abl.from; after, at; in respect of', mi account of; fit/; on, at, in, among. In composition, signifying generally pri vation ; sometimes separation. "Abactus, a, urn, part, of Abigo, ere, cgi, which sec ; dr'nvn off. "Abantiâdes, œ, m. patronymic, «o»,grand son, or descendant of Abus, an Argive king. Abditus, a, um, part, of Abdo, hidden, re mote, private. Abdo, ere, didi, dïtum, a. (ah and do, i. e. to put or place away), to hide, conceal ; remove, put away. Abduco, ere, xi, cium, a. (ab and duco), to lake away, remove, take off, lead off, carry away. "Abeo, ire, Tvi and ii, ïium, n. (ab and eb), to go away, depart, go, pass away, stray away, banish ; to be changed into, turn. to. Abiës, ëtis, f. n fir-tree: by metonymy, α vessel; or any thing made of the tree. Abïgo, ere, tgi, actum, a. (ab and ago), to drive away, drive, drive off. AbHtus, a, um, part, of Aufej-o, erre, abstuli, ablatum, takrn away, removed, borne away, carried off. Abluo, ere, ui. uïtum, nnd fitum, a. (ab and luo, to wash), to wash off, wash, make r'ean, purify; wash away; to expiate. Abrumpo, ere, upi, upturn, a. (ab and rumpo), to break off, break away, break asunder, sever, burst, tear off. Abruptus, a, urn. part, from Abrumpo, brokfn asunder, broken to pieces. Abscòdo, ere, essi, essum, n. (abs and cedo) to depart, withdraw, retire, go away from. Abscmdo. Cre, ïdi, issiim, a. (ab and scin do), to cut off, cut away, tear off, rend, sever, divide. Absens, tis, (abs and ens, unused particip. of Sum), absent, away, not in sight, •ronr away; remote. Absisto, ere, stTti, stitum. n. (ab and sisto, fi·, sto), to stand, stand aloof, go from : ίο retire from, r litiquish, destst. Abstract«?", Λ, um, part, of Abstraho, hitrrifd off, dragged away. AbstrSho, ere, a\i, acuirò, a. (abs and traho, to draw), to draw off, pull away, tiar off, drag awai/, take Inj force, separate. Abstuli, pcrf. used in conjugating Aufero, erre, to carry away, bear off, remove, tear away; properly perfect of an old verb tulo. · Absum, esse, fui, irreg. n. (ab and sum), to be absent, to be away, be distant, be re moved from, be wanting ; to stand aloof i ta fail. V:g. to be far from, be disin clined to. Absümo, ere, mpsi, mptum, a. (ab and su mo), to lake away, to consume, use up destroy, waste, spend. Abundo, are, »vi, at mu, n. (ab and undo, to be full), to abound, overflow ; to be wealthy ; to be full with. "Ac, copul. conj. and; after adverbs aeigue, comra, juxta and those of a similar kind, as, than. Accèdo, ere, essi, essum, n. (ad and cedo), to draw nigh, come mar, approach, come to, reach ; to accost ; to adjoin ; be added to, be annexed. Acrendo, Ere, ndi, nsum, a. (ad and cando, obsol. vb. to make shine), to set on fire kindle, light up, set fire to ; to burn, make bright ; excite, mjflame. Accensus, a, urn, part, of Accendo. Acceptais, a, um, part, of Accipio, as adj. received, accepted ; grateful, pleasing t acceptable, beloved, welcome. Accinctus, a, urn, part. fr. Accingo, girt begirt, equipped, accoutred. Accingo, ere, nxi, nctuni, n. (ad and cingo^ to gird up, gird on, begird, to equip, ae contre. Accïpio, ere, épi, eptiim, a. (ad nnd cnpioX to take, to accept, to receive; to entertain; to hear, comprehend ; to obtain, acquire ; to admit ; to undertake ; accept of. AccITvus. a, urn, and Acclivis, is," e, adj. (ad and clivus, a hill), steep, sloping up, ascending, up-hill. "Acer and Acris, is, e, adj. ourij, a point) sharp, sour, pungenl, acrid ; fig. brisk, active, quick, vehement, vigorous, cruel, furious, impetuous, spirited, brave, bold, strenuous, &c. "Acerbus, a, um. adj. (acer), unripe, sour, tart, harsh ; premature, imperfect ; in imical, unfriendly, bitter; troublesome; morose, austere. "Acernus a, urn, adj. (acer, a maple-tree), of maple-wood, maple. "Acervus, i, m. a htap, hoard, pile, mais ; crowd, multitude. "Achaia, a, f. Achaia. properly the northern province of the Peluponr'esiiB along the Corinthian gull : under the Romana, the province of Achaia comprehended the Peloponnesus and the rest of Greece as far north as Thcs^aly and Epirus. "Achofe, ïdis, f. adj. Acìtaian, belonging to Achaia. SII 111'-; ACIES. "Aciës, êi, f. lias, a point), tharp edge, sharp point, the organ of sight, the ken, the eye: a line of soldiers, squadron, bat ~ talion; an army, i»e of battle; a tattle; prowess, influence. "Aconlium, i, n. (Ariwn»), a poisonous plant, supposed lo be akonite, monfcshood, wolfs- lane. "Acrïsius, ii, m. Acrisius, king of the Ar- gives, son of Abas, and father of Danae. Aetœus, a, urn, ('Airi, a beach, hence pr. n. Attica), of Attica, Attic, Athenian. Actœon, unis, m. Auœon, son of Aristœus and Autonoe, the daughter of Cadmus, changed by Diana into a stag, and torn asunder by his own dogs. Actirides, œ, m. patronym. descendant of Actor. Actus, a, um, part. fr. Ago, conducted, led, driven ; pursued ; directed, moved ; done, performed ; gpen-t, &e. Actutum, adv. (ago), forthwith, instantly, anon, presently, immediately. "Acumen, ïnis, n. lacuo, to sharpen?, the sharp point, extremity of any thing : sharpness, pungency of taste .· acuteness, sagacity, acumen. Acütus, a, um, adj. (acuo, to sharpen), sharp-edged, sharp-pointed, sharp ; pun· gent ; shrill, penetrating ; ingeniout, acute, guide, tubile. Ad, prep, with aec, ta, unto; at, near, among, by, even to, a« far as, towards ; for, on account of, according to ; after, with ; against. With numerals, it sig nifies to the number of, about. Addico, Ere, ixi, ctum, a. (ad and dico), io give up, make over, assign, gurrender, adjudge ; to alienate ; to regign ; to de vote, doom, condemn; to impute, as cribe. Addisco, ere, -didict, a. (ad and disco), ίο team ; to find out, be apprigcd of, hear. Addo, ere, didi, dïtum, a. (ad and do), ίο add; to throw in, mingle; appoint, as sign ; to place upon, put on. Adduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (ad and duco), to conduct to, bring, fetch: to draw, pull; draw together, contract; to reduce; to induce, persuade. "Ademptus, a, urn, part, of Aclimo. Adco, (ad and eo), ndv. so, eo much, so far. "Adeo, Ire. ivi, and ii, ïtum, η. (ad and eo), fo go to ; come to, approach, come near ; arrive at ; to approach hostilely, altacJc. Adfatus. See Affatus. Adfero. See Afferò. "Adhœreo, ere, fusum, n. (ad and hrerco), ίο stick to, adlere, grow to, grow near ; to be near, adjacent ; to cling to, hang upon, hang about. "Adhïbco, ère, ui, ïtum, a. (ad and habeo), ίο adopt, uge, employ; to take, receive, admit ; to applt/, to lay on ; to bring, offer, pay ; to add, join; to treat, use. "Adhüc, adv. (ad and hue), hitherto, thus far, as yet : even yet, still. Adjïrio, tre, éct, ectimi, a. (ad and jacio), 312 ADSUM. io throw towards, cast against, apply to t toplacenear, annec, add; to apply, devote. "Adimo, ere, emt, emptum, a. (ad and cmo). ίο take away, remove, deprive of, carry off. "Aaïlus, us, m. (adeo), a going to, approach, accegg, entry ; a paggage for entrance, a pass ; liberty of access, opportunity. Adjuro, are, ävi, ätum, a. (ad and juro, to swear), ίο swear, solemnly gwear ; swear by ; to conjure, adjure. Adjiitus, a, urn, part. fr. Adjuvo, assisted, aided, befriended. Adjuvo, are, jûvi, jûtum, a. (ad and juvo), to help, assigt, aid, succour, befriend. Admlrabïlis, is, e, adj. (admiror), admira ble, worthy of admiration, wonderful, un- ugual. Admîrans, antis, part. près, of Admiror. Admiror, ari, âtus, dep. (ad and miror), to wonder at greatly, to marvel ; to admire, regard with admiration, esteem, or love. Admissüs, a, urn, part, (admitto), admit ted; let loose, hurried on, swift, i. 532, committed. Admissum, i, n. (irom pan.). crime, fault. Admitto, ere, misi, miseum, act. (ad and mitto), ίο send forward, send to ; to give a loose to, push forward ; to admit, let in; hurry on, gallop. Admonëo, ère, ui, itum, act. to put in mind, admonish, warn. Admonïtus, us, m. putting in mind; counsel; admonition, reproof. Admunïtôr, uris, m. (admoneo), a monitor, he who reminds, or admonishes ; one who incites, or instigates. Admôtus, a, um, part, (admoveo), applied to, laid or put on. Admtjvuo, ère, movi, mötutn, act. io move to, convey to, carry near, 7iold to, lodgenigh. "Adûlëo, ere, ui, and évi, ultum, neut. and act. (ad and olco), n. to smell; a. to burn, consume by ßre. "Adülesco, ere, évi, ultum, neut. (ad and olesco), to grow up, to grow, increase; fig. to grow greater. "Adüpertus, a, um, part, (adoperio), co vered, covered over, veiled; closed. "Aduru, are, ävi, ätum, (ad and oro), lo adore, worship, revere; to pray to. "Adspïcïo and Aspïcïo, ere, Dxi, ectum, act. (ad and specio), io benold, look upon, or at, see; to look favorably upon; to look up to, esteem. "Adstërno and "Astürnü, ere, stra\i, act. ίο strew at, or about; pass, ίο be cast or lie prostrate. "Adstu and "Astô, are, ïti, ïtum, neut. (ad and sto), io stand, stand al, stand near; to be at hand; astare in latus obliquum, ίο stand on one side, to stand sideways. "Adstrictüs and A6trictus,(adstringo), bound up, faftlu bound. "Adsum, adesso, adfui, futürus, neut. ίο be present, to be here; to be at liand. be near; to come to, near, or among; to assist, aid, attend, stand by. ADULTER. "Adultër, i, (ad and alter, or adulor), m. an adulterer, paramour, seducer. "Adultera, ae, f. an adultress, paramour. "Adullerïum, i, n. adultery, intrigue. "Aduncus, a, urn, adj. (ad and uncus), curved, hooked, crooked. "Adusque (usque ad), prep, even to, unto, as fur as, unto where. A poetical word, jEneid xi. 262. "Advëna, œ, com. gen. (ad and venio), a stranger, a foreigner, a new-comer. "Adventüs, us, m. (verb), a coming, an ar rival, approach. "Advêrsus, a, um, part, and adj. (ad verto), in the way, over against, opposite ; ad verse, hostile ; a. limine, the front of it, opposite to you as you advance; in ad- versum, against; peetore in adverse, in front. "Adverto, ere, ti, sum, act. (ad and verto), to turn ίο, or towards,to aim, or steer for. ./Ens, antis, m. pr. n., also "Aoiis, i, m. name of a river emptying into the Ionian sea. jEdis and ./Edts, is, f. a house, habitation, dwelling ; a temple ; properly, any build ing, but in this sense usually in pi. JEgison, Cnis, m. pr. n. (Aiymo»). In Ho mer, a giant, same as Briareus, having a hundred hands ; but, in Ovid, α sea- god, son of Neptune. JEgtr, gra, grum, adj. weak, infirm, faint, sick ; sorrowful, sad, unhappy, despond ing ; sickening, disheartening, dismal. JEgis, idis, f. (oiy's), a goat's skin; the shit-Id of Jupiter (Virg. JE. viii. 354) and of Minerva : in the latter case bearing on it the head of Medusa; generally, breast-plate, coat of mtiil ; but, particu larly, the cegis, or shield of Minerva. Aëllo, us, f. (αελλά), Storm; Whirlwind, the name of a dog. Ä!müla, IE, f. (prop. fern, of adj. temulus), an emitlatress, imitatrefs, female rival. JEnKus, a, um, also äeneüs and Shënëus, with the poets, adj. (aes), made of copper, brass, or bronze ; nf the color of copper, bras*, or bronze: fig. firm, lasting, &c. ^Eulides, œ, m. the sonofJEolus, viz. Atha- mas, Ovid iv. .ASuIius, a, um, adj. Pertaining to .SSoIus, god of the winds. Ovid iv. 487, belong ing to Athamas, son of ^Eolus : JEolian, belonging to llie JEolian islands; jEolian. /Equalis, is, c, adj. (œquus), equal, like to, similar; equable, consistent, uniform; even, smooth, level, plain. ./Equo, are, ävi, ätum, a. (œquus), ίο level, make smooth ; to equal ; to make equal. /EquCr, iris, n. (œquus), any level or smooth surface, a plain, a flat, as tequore campi, Virg., œquor spcculorum, Lucret.; more usually, the level surface of the sra, the sea ; also, waters, generally, especially when flowing gently; aoquora ponti, the unbroken water beyond the surf, the deep, the open sea. iEquüs, a, um, adj. level, smooth, plain ; 40 AFFIXUS. equal, like; just, equitable; also, in thi* sense as a subs., justia·, equity ; reason I able, right, fair, moderate; honest, up· \ right, favorable, friemlly, propitious ; ι calm, composed, unruffled; ex œquo, I equally. "Aër, ôëris, m. (ar,pì the air, atmosphere; blast, gaseous exhalation, (ii. 397), sky, h •nììenu, wrnfher. cens, n. ore, copper-ore, bronze. Arti cles made of ore, copper, and bronze, as tables for the inscription of laws, cymbals, trumpets, helmets, &c. JEstäs, ätis, f. (œstus), the hot part of the year—summer—commencing, according to Varrò and Columella, on the 9th of May ; according to Ovid, on the 14th of May ; ending, according to Varrò,on the 7ih August ; according to Pliny and Co- lumella, August 12. ./Estuo, are, avi, atum, v. n. (estue), to be very hot, boil with heat ; ίο ßash up, stream up, roar, as fire ; ίο burn, to glow, as with love or desire ; ίο boil, as the sea, estuate, fret. ^Sstus, us, m. (αΓ3ω), violent, boiling; heat, fierce and glowing heat ; summer, or Aoi weather ; also, cubing and flowing of the tide, the tide. .flStas. ätis, f. (contr. fr. tevttas), the time of a man's life, age, or period of life ; gene ration of men, era, age. ^Sternfis, a, um, (contr. fr. teviternus), eter nal, endless, perpetual, immortal ; dura ble, permanent. ./Eiliälion, onis, m. JE&alion, one of the Tuscan sailors that attempted to carry off Bacchus. .flSther, Pris, or eros, m. (aiSip), the upper, finer air, ether; the gky, heaven, firma ment ; the air. ^Sthërëus (and ïus), a, um, (ai&ipms), be longing to ether, ethereal, heavenly. JEtinops, Cpis, m. an Ethiopian, adj. ElM opian, (οί'βω and ώψ). ^Ethon, onis, m. (oiS«), Burning; JEthon, the name of one of the four horses of the sun. ^Stue, es, (poet, for JElnti), f. pr. n. JEtna. A mountain in Sicily, the workshop of Vulcan and of Cyclops. ΛΞνίίτη, i, η. (αιών), length of time, duration, eternity; mostly poetical, for œtas, the time o/j man'g life, lifetime, age; a ge neration or age ; time. Affatus, a, urn, part, from affor. Afiecto, (adf), are, ävi, ätum, v. frequ. (afficio), ίο strive after, to long after, geek to attain, affect. Afferò, erre, attuti, allâtum, and adfSro, act. (ad and fero), ίο bring to ; to take, bring, carry ; to impart, assign ; to pro duce, cause. Affixûs, a, um, firmly fixed, fastened, cling ing to, adhering. 2 D 313 ni MI v t, IH : M:, Jr AFFLATUS. Afflatus, a, urn, part, from afflo. Afflatus, us, (adfT), m. a blowing on, breath ing on, breath, blest, panling. Afflo, (adf.), are, avi, alum, v. a. and η. ί breathe on, blow on, to inhale, to blast. Affor, (adf.), ari, atus, v. dep. a. to speak to, address, accost ; commune with. ArEre, from Adsum, affui, (adi.), adesse v. n. f. inf. of Adsum, which see. Agave, es, f. pr. n. Agave, daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, mother of Pen theus. Hor. s. 2, 3, 303. "Aeënor, Cris, m. pr. n. Agenor, king in Phoenicia, father of Cadmus and Europa. "AgênirëuB, or ïus, a, um, belonging to Agenor, Agenorian. "Agênurïdes, ae, m. patronym. male de scendant of Agenor, Agenoride. Cad mus iii. 8, Perseus. "Ager, agri, m. a portion of land, acre; a field, a farm; groU7td, land; a country, tract, territory. "Agïlïs, e, movable, light, swift, agile. "Agïtabïlïs, e, light, movable, easily moved, volatile. "Agito, are, avi, alum, v. int. a. and n. (ago), strongly, violently to set in motion, move ; to hunt, chase, to conduct, drive ; shake, agitate, drive to and fro ; to de bate, discuss. Agmën, ïnis, n. (ago), an army; detach ment on marcii; company, troop, crew, body ; pack of dogs or other animals ; also, march, motion, course. Agnä, K, {.female lamb ; ewe lamb. Agnosco, ure, ôvi, itum, act. (ad and nosco), to acknowledge, recognise, to know. "Ago, ëre, ëgi, actum, act. (άγω), to con duct, to lead, to drive; to pursue; to force, direct, move ; to do, perform, exe cute ; require ; live ; spend time ; to be ; ofien translated by giving the noun it qualifies a verbal form, as agere gratias, to thank; a. rimas, to cape, (as chasms.) "AgraulCs, i, f. pr. n. Agraulos, daughtei of Cecrops, changed by Mercury io a stone. "Agre, es, f. name of a dog (αγρενω), Catcher, Hunter. Agriodos, ou, m. (άγρί; and lias; or άγριο; and ièovs), Field-path; Fierce-tooth, the name of a dog. "Ah, interj. (Si), ah ! alas ! "Abe-ileus, a, uni, for .ffineus, which see. Aio, ais, ait, aiuni, dcf. ν. (φάω), to affirm, sny, respond. "Ala, ac, f. (axilla), the wing, pinion, fea- liters ; also, the armpit : ihe wings of the Roman army—alae. Albens, émis, part, (albeo), whitish, hoary. Albïdus, a, urn. adj. (albeo), whitish, ra- Iher while. Albus, a, um, adj. white ; properly, a pole white, ae candidus, u shining while. Alee, es, f. pr. n. (strengih), Sirong, Elk (?) the name òf a dog. Cf. Plin. 8, 15, 16, taken from Gen. de Venat. 314 ALVUS. AlcTmtdon, ontis, m. Alcimfdon, one of the Tuscan sailors that attempted to carry off Bacchus. Alcithoc, ce, f. pr. n. daughter of Minyas, in Thebes. IV. 1, sq. "Ales, ïtis, adj. (ala), winged, fying; Deus ales, Mercury; swift, fleet, light; subst. com. gend., a bird; gener, a large bird, a fowl. 'Alienüs, a, urn, adj. (alius), belonging to another, from another source, of another, foreign, alien ; unmeet, strange, foreign to the nature of the object ; unseasonable, inconsistent, incoherent ; unfavorable, disadvantageous. "Alimentimi, i, n. verb (alo), nourishmetU, food, aliment ; fig. fuel, rain (?) any thing which nourishes. "Alïpes, ëdis, c. g. (ala and pes), wing- fooled, swift; the wing-footed, epithet of Mercury. "Alïquando, adv. of time, past and future; at some time; sometimes, occasionally; at length ; hereafter, Jtencefcrth. "Alïquïs, äliqua, allquod, or quid, (alius and quis), some, some one, something, one. "Aliter, adv. (alis for alius), otherwise, in different directions, in another manner. "Alms, a, ud, gen. alius, dat. ahi, (αΧλο;), another, one of many, some other ; the other ; the rest, else. Alligo, are, act. (ad and ligo), to bind to, tie to ; bind, or wrap up, entangle, seize. Allùdo, ere, si, sum, neut. (ad and ludo), to play and sport with one, to play around, fnsk. Almüs, a, um, adj. (alo for alimus), cherish ing, nourishing; genial, gracious; sa cred, beautiful; kindly, mild. "Alo, ere, ui, Itum, and altum, act. to in crease or support by feeding ; to nourish, feed, cause to grow, strengthen. Alpes, ium, (sometime in sing. Alpis, is), f. (Albus, because of its snows), the Alps, mountains between Italy and France and in Switzerland. AlphSos, pr Alphêus, i, m. pr. n. Alpheut, a river in Arcadia and Elis. Alte, adv. iùs, comp. issime, sup. (altus), on high, aloft. Alter, era, erurn, adj. gen. alterius, dat. alteri, one of two, the other, the iecond ; another, different; the one, the other, when alter is repeated. Alternus, a, urn, adj. (alter), one after an other, alternate, interchangeable, mu tual. Altus, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, (alo), high, lofty, on high, stately, tall ; deep, pro found, deep rooted ; noble, ernlied, grand. "Alumna, te, f. (alo), a foster-child, nurs ling. "Alumnus, i, m. (alo), a foster-cltild, nurs ling, puf a. AlyCus, ei, m. cavity, the channel of a river. Alvüs, i, m. and f. (alluo), the belly, the ι womb. AMANS. Amans, lis, part, (amo), lovtng, used subsl. in poet., a lover, a mistress, and adj. loving, fond, ior, issimus. 'Amärüs, a, um, adj. or comp. (from Chal- dee), bitter, biting, pungent ; diiagreea- blc ; harsh, sail, grievous. Ambages, pi. f. (am and ago), windings, "yarns," tedious stories, long-winded discourses, subterfuges : of the sing, only the abl. ambage is found. Ambïguus, a, urn, adj. (anibigo), ambigu ous, doubtful, equivocal; assuming va rious forms, uncertain in shape or sex, changeable; in ambiguo, in doubl. Ambïo, ire, ivi, and iî, ïtum, act. (am and ' eo), to go about; encompass, surround ; to canvass. Ambitus, a, um, port, (ambio), surrounded, encompassed, girdled, enclosed. ι Ambo, bae, bo, ndj. pi. (, ïdis, f. Aonian, poet, for Kantian, (female), in pi. des, the Muses, as dwell ers on Helicon. "Aunïiis, a, urn, poet. liaOtian : A. \ir, Hercules, born at Thebes ; A. juvenis, Hippomeiies; A. dcus, Bacchus: also, pertaining to the Pluses. "Apenmnus, (Apennin), the mountain chain which traverses the length of Italy, the Apennines. "Apër, pii, m. (amps), loar, a wild hog; brawn. "Apërïo, ire, Ci, tum, act. (ab, parlo), to open; uncover, lay bare; make visible, display, show, malte accessible, unveil, reveal, explain. "Apertus, a, um, part, (apcrio), adj. open ; free from trees or woods ; Wide, unbound ed ; uncovered, bare; unclouded; clear, plain ; hortest. Apidanus, i, m. Apidanus, a river of Achaia, that joins the Enipeus near Fharsalus, ana flows wiih it into the Penfe'us. "Apollïnëus, a, urn. Apollinean, belong ing to Apollo ; A. urbs, Deloa ; A. vates, Orpheus; A. ara, prophetic art and me dicine. "Apollo, ïnis, m. Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, god of the Sun, of prophecy, medicine, poetry, and music. Appârëo, (adp.), ere, ui, Ttuin, neut. to come to light, appear, show one's self, or itself; be evident, clear. Appello, are, avi, âtum, act. ίο call, name, term, designate; to address, speak to; call on, invoke ; to appeal. Applico, (adp.), are, ui and avi, ïtum and âtum, act. to lay on, apply, bring, or put near, approach ; drive, direct, steer. Apporrectua, a, urn, (ad, porrigo), stretched aloni;, near by, stretched out, extended near. Apposïtiis, α, um, part, (appone), lying on, or near, contiguous, adjacent; well adapt ed; bent upon. "Apncus, a, urn, adj. (apericus), sei out in the sun, exposed to the sun; tunny, lovitig tite sunshine ; warm. Aptatua, a, urn, part, aptor), fitted to, adapted, adjusted to ; prepared. Apte, adv. ius, comp. issïme, aup. (aptus), lightly, closely, compactly; but, more usually, fitly, aptly, properly, becom ingly. Aptiia, a, urn, part, and adj. (apo or apio), fastened, dependent, connected; fitted, 316 ARCTOS. adapted ; apt, apposite, suitable, conve- nitnt. 'Apûd, prep, with accus. at, close by, next to, near, with, by, in, among ; before, in pretence of. "Aqua, œ, fi (from Celtic, ach), mater ; A. perennis, running water ; waters, the sea, &.C., rain. "Aquâtïcus, a, urn, adj. (aqua), of the water, aquatic, water, watery, moist, rainy. "Aquila, as, (gen. aï, Cic), f. an Eagle, a name given to one of the constellations ; also the Roman standard. "Aquïlo, unis, m. (aquila), north wind; same as Greek Boreas ; and, properly, a wind from N. N. East. In mythol., husbandof Orithyia, and father of Ca lais and Zetcs. "Aquusus, a, urn, or comp. asimus, aup. watery; rainy, bringing rain: mater a. T/ietis. "Ara, œ, (αίρω), {. orig. any elevation of earth, stone, &c., an altar; the Altar, a constellation. "Aranëa, œ, (Αράχνη), a spider; spider's web, cobweb ; weblike down of tne willow. _ plinv- "Aratrum, i. 11. (aro), a plough. "Arbiter, tri, m. (ar or adand beto), to walk, to go / a witness, an eye, or ear witness; arbitrator, judge, overseer, mas ter, lord, arbiter. Arbïtrïîim, ïi, n. (arbiter), the being present at ; judgment or sentence of an arbitra tor ; a determination, decision ; will, choice, disposition, privilege. "Arbor or "Arbös, uns, f. a tree ; Peliaa a. the ship Argos; generally, any thing made of wood, as a mast, an oar, &.C. Arbireua, a, urn, (arbor), of, or belonging to a tree, tree ; treelike. Arbustüm, i, n. (arbos), a tree-planting; plantation, thicket, orchard of trees for vines to.trail on, vineyard; shrubbery. Arbütcus, a, urn, adj. (arbutus), of the ar- bute, or strawberry tree. Arcadia, œ, f. pr. n. Arcadia, a mountain ous country in the centre of Peloponnesus, whose inhabitants were noted for sim plicity and innocence of life and manners. Arcânûs, a, urn, adj. (arceo), secret, hid den, mysterious, mystic, arcane; actively, concealing. Areas, adis, m. a descendant of Areas, an Arcadian ; also, as an adj. A. tyrannua, Lycaon ; A. bipennifér, Ancaus. Areas, adis, m. pr. n. Areas, son of Jupi- ter and Callisto, and ancestor of the Ar cadians. Arceo, cére, cui, ctum, or tum, act. (ιίρκέω), to keep, or ward off, keep at a distance, drive of, prevent; restrain, hold, con tain ; save, protect. Arcïtënens, (also arquitenens), entis (arcus, teneo), the bow-holding: epith. of Apollo. Arctos, or Arctus, (apxruc), i, f. the double constellai ion of the greater andless Bear; the nerth-pole, north. ARCTUS. Arctus, ior, adj. (arceo), tiarrow, small, confined; difficult, afflictive. Arcus, and, anciently, Arquus, us, and i, m. and f. a bow ; the rainbow ; an arch, vault, semicircle, arc of a circle ; any thing curved or arched ; arcus Hsemo- nius, the sign of the zodiac, Sagitta rius. Ardens, tis, part, and adj. lardeo), burning, glowing, hot, fiery, bright, ardent, violent, strongly desirous. Ardco, ere, si, sum, neut. and act. to be in fiâmes, blaze, take fire, to burn ; glow, glitter, flash, sparkle, shine; inßame; love, desire, burn with love, be enamored, be eager. Ardesco, ere, neut. incept, to begin to burn, to begin to glow. Arduus, a, urn, adj. high, steep, deep; hard, difficult, arduous; erect, stately, tall; of ten used in the aense of raising one's self, rising. 'Aléna, œ, f. (area), sand, grit, gravel; sandy place ; soil, earth ; sea-coast, shore; the place of contest in the amplti- theatre ; place of contest, arena. "Arênosus, a, urn, adj. full of sand, sandy. "Arëo, ere, ui, neut. to be dry, withered, dried up, parched ; to be dry with thirst, to be thirsty, to thirst. Argentëus, a, um, adj. silvery, of silver; adorned with silver; silver-colored, bright as silver. Argentüm, i, η. (άργηείί), silver; articles of silver, plate, silver-money, money. Argolïeus, a, urn, belonging to Argalis, Argolic; Grecian. Argos, pi. Argi, ôrum, m. pr. n. Argos, principal city of Argolis, in Pelopon nesus, sacred to Juno. "Argiimentum, i, n. argument, reason, proof; sign, token, evidence. Argus, i, m. pr. n. the hundred-eyed watch er of Io, Arguì. "Arïdus, a, um, adj. (areo), dry, dried up, withered, parched, arid, thirsty, shrivelled, meagre. Aridum, t, dry land. "Arista, œ, f. the beard of grain; an ear of grain, grain; summer. Nardi a., spikenard-ears. "ArïstûrÎdês, œ, m. patronym. descendant of Aristor, applied to Argus, his son. Arma, ôrum, pi. n. (from armi, the shoul ders, or from Sfa, to fit), any thing that encloses or fits another; defensive ar mor; then offensive and defensive armor, arms ; war, warfare ; battle, action ; deeds of arms; all means of offence and defence; equipments, implements. Arm.itus, a, urn, part, (armo), and adj. armed, equipped, accoutred; furnished, fitted, provided, fortified. Armentum, i, n. (arnmentum aro), plough- cattle, large cattle, oxen ; horses, deer ; head; head of cattle; herd. ArmTger, era, Erum, (arma gero), adj. bear ing armor, armed; subst. armor-bearer. Armue, i, m. fauos, ft. fy", fitting together), Ì.STRJEA.. the shoulder, mostly of brutes ; shoulder- blade, fore-quarter, shoulder, arm, side. "Aro, are, âvi, âtum, a. and η. (άρίω), lo plough; to till, cultivate : arare lit t us, to labor in vain. Arreptus, a, um, (adr.) part, (arripio), seized, &.C. Arrideo, ere, si sum, a. and n. (ad, rideo), to tmile, to smile upon ; to approve. Arrïpio, (adr.) ïpùï, eptura, to snatch, seize upon, take away, pluck, catch; to attack, invade, take forcible possession of; to drag to court, arrest. Ars, tis, βρω, άρήω, or αρετή), f. an art, faculty, quality; means, method, way; contrivance, skill, ability, dexterity ; science, profession, occupation; strata gem. Arsurus, a, urn, part, (ardeo), about ta burn, &.C. Artus, us, m. and pi. uum, (npSpw), the joints; limbs, members; the body. vArundo, (har.), dïnis, f. a reed, cane; shaft, arrow, pipe. Arvum, i, η. ο field, ploughed but not sown; a fallow field; arable land, glebe; afield, a plain; a region, country; the world. Arx, arcis, p. (arceo), any high place, heighth; a citadel, temple, palace; Heaven. A rx may also be derived from άκρα, the summit, such being alwaya fixed on for the citadel of a place. Asbolus, i, m. (aaß&w, soot), Soot; Soot- black, the name of a dog of Acteeon. Asellus, i, m. a little ass. Aspcr, a, urn, adj. rough, rugged, harsh, sour, tart ; savage, cruel; troublesome ; dangerous, formidable; arduous, hard to travel. Aspergo, ïnis, f. a besprinkling; spray. Aspïcio, ere, exi, ctum, act. (ad, specio), look to or upon, behold; look favorably up on; look up to, esteem, admire; view, examine. Aspiro and AdspTro, are, avi, âtum, a and n., (adspiro), to breathe upon; favor, pro mote ; inspire, infuse; aspire to. Assensus, us, m. (assentio), assent, ap proval, mark of agreement. Assentio, ire, si, sum, act. (ad, aentio), to assent, approve, agree, yield assent, sub scribe. Assëro, ere, ui, tum, act. (ad, sero), to claim, assert, lay claim to; vindicate, maintain, d,fend. Assïduus, a, urn, adj. (assideo), settled; constantly present, or in attendance; dili gent, assiduous; constant, incessant, fre- quettt. _ Assono, are, ui, neut., (ad, sono), to return sound for sound, reverberate, re-echo; respond. Assuêtua, a, uni, part, and adj. accu» tamed, habituated, inured. Assùmo, ere, psi, tum, act. (ad, sumo), ta take to, taie, assume, choose, adopt; claim. Assumptus, a, urn. part, taken, assumed. "Asmea, a?, f. pr. n. Astrcea, the goddes» 2D2 317 ASTRUM. of Justice, daughter of Jupiter and Themis, (Gr. Αστείο, wh. f. άστρου*, star ry, bright.) Astrum, i, n. (iarpaii),aconsteUation; attar, equivalent to Samp. Astus, us, m. rarely used except in abla tive, guile, craft, subtlety, knavery. At, conj. adv. (lirùp), lut, yet; at least, but yet; clad in black; foul, loathsome; sad, mournful. Atque, (at, que), conj. and, as, than, but: after contra, aliter, secus, magis, alius, &c., than : after «eque, juxts, similis, par, &c., as. "Ater, tra., trum, adj. Hack, sable, dusky. "Atliainântïs, Tdis, f. the daughter of AtJia- mas, Helle. "Athamäs, antis, m. Alhamas, king of Thessaly, son of jEolus, husband of Ino. "Allies, or u, gen., dat. and abl. o, ncc. o or on, m. a mountain of Macedonia, now Monte Santo. Atlântïadês, se, m. a male descendant of Atlas; Mercury. Atlnnrfdes, urn, t. pi. the daughter of Alias, sing. Atlantis. Atlas, antis, m. a mountain of Africa, fa bled to bear up the heavens ; name of a king of Mauritania, father of the Pleiades and Hyades ; name of a giant. "Atrium, i, n. (atrum, en fumo), α court, the inner hall of a Roman house, sur rounded by covered galleries, and being the common Kitting «nd eating room oi the family. Attënuâtus, a, urn, part, thinned, lessened; thin, slender. Attenuo, are, avi, atum, act. (ad, tenuo), to thin, diminish, attenuate; to enfeeble. Attingo, ere, lìgi, taciûm, act. (ad, tango), ίο touch, touch on, approach, reach; to border on, Attollo, ere, attilli, act. (ad, tollo), io lift or raise up: ehvate. Attumtus, a, uni, paît, (attono), thunder struck, amazed, astounded; rapt, divinely inspired; of righted. Aitino, óre, ui, ïtum, act. (ad, tono), io thunder-strike; to amaze, stupify; Jmrry away, astound. Attrailo, ere, xi, ctum, act. (ad, traho), ίο draw, draw towards, attract: to drag. Attrltus, a,urn, part, (attero),worn; wasted away; abraded. Auctor, uns, (augeo), an incrcaser; author, creator, maker; founder, head; informant, instructor; adviser, instigator; owner. Aucius, a, urn, (augeor), part, and adj. in creased, enlarged; arïvanced, promoted. Audacia, œ, f. (audax), bravery, courage, boldness; audacity, presumption. Audax, ocis, adj. bold, conßdent, refolute; audacious, desperate, presumptuous. Audens, tis, part, and adj. bold, daring, adventurous, intrepid. Audëo, ère, sus sum, act. though often used absolutely, to dure. Audio, ire. Ivi, îtum, act. (räft), ίο hear, to 318 AVENS. listen to; to perceive, heed, understand; to obey. Audltus, a, urn, part, (audior), heard. Auf ero, erre, abstûli.ablâtum, act.(ab, fero) ίο carry or take away, to bear off, remove, draw away, tear off. Augeo, ere, xi, ctum, act. (αν{ω), to increase, enlarge, exalt; to provide, adorn, dignify; to enrich, promote; to extol; neut.togrow. Augur, üris, m. and f. a doomer, sootltsayer, augur: a Roman priest who foreiold events by observation of birds. Augürium, i, n. (augur), a divining, fore telling, augury; surmise; presentiment; the art of uugury; the interpretation of an omen. Augüror, Sri, dep. to foretell; conjecture, forebode. Augustus, i. m. the imperial title of Octa- vius Cassar and his successors; adj. Augustan. Aula, 83, f. (fliXi), a court, hall; palace. AulaBum, i, n. embroidered liangtngs, tapes try, a curtain: frequently in plur. aulaea. Aura, 83, f. (αω, πίρ«), α breath of air; a gentle breeze, gale, wind, lite airi a vapor. Aural us, a, urn, (auro), part, golden, of gold; gilded; decked with gold; gold- colored. Aureus, a, urn, adj. golden, of gold; golden- colored; beautiful, resplendent; excellent. Auriga, fé, ni. and f. charioteer, director: fig. α pilot of a ship, (fr. obsolete au ren, a bridle, and ago.) Auris, is, f. an ear. Aurora, œ, f. the morning, the dawn; the east : (aurea hora ? or aypioy ιΓγια). In fa ble, Aurora, the daughter of Hyperion, wife of Tithonus, and mother of Memnon. Aurum, i, n. gold; any thing made of gold; lustre, splendor; gold-color. Auster, tri, m. the south wind; the south. Australie, e, adj. southern. Ausum, i, η. α daring, or adventuring, en terprise. Ausus, a, urn, part, (audeo), having dared; undertaken, attempted. Aut, conj. or; or else; either. Autem, conj.oui, yet, however; also,more- over. AutCnicius, a, urn, belonging to Autonot. A. héros, i. e. Actœon. Autondë, es, f. pr. n. daughter of Cadmus, mother of Actœon. Autumnus, a, ura.&dj. autumnal: eube. us, i, m. autumn. Auxïliâris, e, adj. contributing aid; aux iliary. Auxïlium, i, n. (augeo), aid, assistance; a remedy, resource. "Avfirus, α um, adj. avaricious, covetous, grctdy ; sordid. 'Avello, ere, li and vulsi, nel. to pull away, tear off. "Avéna, œ, f. α straw; a species of beart grass, oats; a reed used for a pipe. "Avens, entis, part, (aveo), desiring, ear nestly wishing. AVERSATUS. 'Aversïtus, a, uni, part, (aversor) having shunned, refused, abhorred. "Aversus, a, uni, part, (averto), and adj. turned away; averse. "Averlo, ere, i, sum, act. ίο turn atpiy, avert, withdraw; lo remore; change, turn; to alienate, estrange; to put to flight. "Avidus, a, urn, (aveo), adj. eager, desir ous; greedy, hungry, voracious; covetous, avaricious. "Avis, is, f. α bird: a. Junonia, α peacock: a. devia, the on>l: a. fluminea, the swan. 'AVitus, a, um, adj. (avus), ancestral. "Avius, o, um, adj. (a, via), far from the road ; remote ; lonely. "Avulsus, a, urn, part, (aveller), torn away. "Avus, i, m. a grandfather; an ancestor. Axis, is, m. (ιΐ£ωκ), an axlrtree; a car or chariot; the axis of the globe; pole of the earth; clime; the whole heaven. B. BSbylonius, a, urn, adj. Babylonian, of Babylon. Baccha, œ, f. (Bacchus), a priestess of Bac chus, a woman engaged in his rues. Bacchans, tis, part, raving: pi. votaries of Bacchus, a Bacchant. Bncchëms, a, urn, of Bacchus; of the Bac chants. Bacchïus, a, um, of Bacchus. Bacchus, i, m. Bacchus, son of Jupiter and Semele, god of wine : fig. the vine; wine. Bacillus, i, m. (ßirrpov), a staff, stick, baton; a sceptre. Balicna, œ, f. (ψήΧπιι/α), a whale; according to some, the grampus. BälGaricus, a, um, belonging to the Balearic islands, Balearean. Barba, re, f. a beard. Beätus, a, um, part, (beo), blessed, happy; opul nt; precious; making happy, charm ing; consummate, perfect; dead, departed. Bolides, 83, m. male descendants of Belus, Belides. BClis, Tdoä, f. a female descendant of Belus. Bcllicus, a, um, adj. of or belonging to war; ffrce in war. Bcllïger, a, urn, adj. (helium, gero), war- bearing, warlike, martial. Bellua, œ, f. α great beast or fish; a mon ster; a brute. Bollimi, i, n. war; battle, ßght. BBnè, adv. (benus for bonus), melina, op- time, well; successfully, happily, honor ably, &c. Bjrde, es, f. pr. n. nurse of Semele. B Ìlio, Ere, Tbi, Îbïtum, act. ίο drink; ab sorb, imbibe, sotik up. iSïbulus. a, uni, adj. (btbo), drinking in, absorbing moisture; bibulous. Biformi«, Ρ, adj. (bis, formal, double-formed, double shaped. Biforis, e, adj. (bis. foris), having two folds of leai\ s ; double-folding. \ BïjU!;us, a. um. adj. (bis, jugum), double- j yoked or coupled, drawn by two horses. I C^LESTIS. Bïmâter, âtris, adj. (bis, mater), having tic» mothers. Bini, œ, plur. (binus, a, urn, sing.) two by two; two or double. Bïpennïfer, a, urn, adj. (bipennis, double- edged axe, and fero), axe-bearing. Bis, ndv. twice; on two occasions. Blandïmentuin, i, n. (blandior), α falter ing, soothing, blandishm nt, allurement. Blandior, iri, iius, dep. to ßatler, sooth fawn upon, caress, wheedle. Blanditia, as, f. faltering, fausnins, caress ing; a compliment, Jlattery. Blandus, a, urn, ndj. courteous, bland; fawning, beuiilching, caressing; gentle, soft, fair, mild. Bœûtïa, so, f. pr. n. Bitotia. a country in Greece Proper, whose principal city is Thebes. Bceotius, a, urn, adj. Bceotian, of Bœotia. Bünum, i, η. a pood, a blessing: Bona, örum, goods, effects, property. Bünus, a, urn, ndj. good: equivalent to Gr. αγαθός, good of its kind. Büreas, 83, in. the north wind, Aquila: pro perly, the north-north-east wind. Bos, buvis, m. and f. an οτ, a bull, a cow. Brachium, i, η. (,ίΐρπχιωι·), the forearm from hand to elbow; the arm; the foreleg of an animal : fig. arm or branch uf a tree, of the sea, &c. &c. BrCvis, e, adj. short, small, narrow; brief, of short duration, transitory. Brümius, i, m. a surname of'Bacchus. Buccina, a), f. (bucca), a horn; a trumpet; the shell of the Triton. Bustum, i, n. (buro, from uro, io burnì, place of corpse-burning; the act of burn ing; the corpse; a tomb. Buxus, i, f. irifof, the boxtree, box, the wood of the boxtree; a flute. c. Cäcümen, (acumen?) ïnis, n. peak, top, summit; extremity. Cäcümino, are, âvi, âtum, a. to make pointed or sharp. Cadmêïs, ïdis, t. Cadmean; C. arcem, Thebes; a daughter or descendant of Cadmus, Semele. Cadmus, i, m. pr. n. father of Semele, &c., son of Agenor, founder of Thebee. Cado, ere, cecìdi, cäsum, n. to falls to die; to set, (of the sun) ; fail; to fall, fall out. Câdûcïfër, (caduceus, fcro), eri, m bearing the caduceus of Mercury. Cfficus, or Cœcus, a, um, adj. blind; dark, obscure; xecrit, unseen; rash, headstrcng. Cœdïs, (caedo), is, f. a cutlint; down; blow; slaughter, murder; poet, blood, gore. Cœdo, ere, cecìdi, ccesum, a. ίο cut Λάκη, strike; slat/, destroy. Caelätus, a. um, (ca"lo), pnrt. carved in -re lief, emìtassed; cmìtroìdererl. Cœlësiïs, (cœluin), e, adj. of hmaen, cele»· tini; exçtlltnt, surpassing, vodlike. 319 dll C-iELICOLJE. Ccelïcola?, arum, (cselum, colo), m. inkabi, ants of heaven, celestials, deities. Caelo, are, avi, ätum, a. lo carve, grave in relief, emboss; embroider. Cacluin, or Cœlum, («ϊληΟ, i, n. the sky, the heavens; the ether; climate, region. Cœrïïlus, a, um, adj.; Cœrulëus, a, urn, adj. (cœlum?) coirulean, blue; water-green, aquatic; black, dark. CœsarèTis, a, urn, adj. of Cœsar, Cœsarean; imperial. Cœsarïcs, êi, (cœdo), f. the hair (of the head or beard). ('«BUS, a, urn, part, (cœdo), cut, struck; slam. CanCr, and Cetcrus, a, urn, (mfs), adj. never used in nom. sing., the other, the rest. Cairue, i, m. a river of Mysia. Cal.lmiis, i, m.astalk; reed; pipe, (κάλαμος). Calathus, (™λα6ΐ)5), i, m. a lily-shaped bas ket, a basket; the calix of a flower. Calculus, a, um, part, (calco), trodden, trampled, pressed by the feet. Calco, are, avi, âtum, (calx), a. to tread, trample on or under foot; walk. Caleo, ère, ut, n. to be warm or hot, to be inflamed; to lie eager. Caleeco, (caleo), ere, ut, n. to grow hot or warm, to be kindled, inflamed. Cälldüs, (coleo), a, um, adj. warm, hot; fig. rash, spirited, bold; quick, prompt. Caligo, ïnis, ί. a mist; ffloom, darkness. Cällldus, a, um, adj. skilful, shrewd: cun ning, sly, deceitful. C'alur, (caleo), ôrts, m. warmth, heat; ar dor, impetuosity. Campus, i, m. level surface; plain, jield; land, territory. CSnace, es, f. pr. n. Canate, the daughter of ./Eolus ; the name of a dog. Tancer, cri and is, m. the crab; the crab, (a constellation) ; the cancer. Cândeo, (cando. κάω for καίω), ere, ui, n. to glow, burn; thine, be bright; to be shining white. Cândësco, (candeo), ere, ui, η. ίο glow, be white tot, become incandescent. Cändidüs, (candeo), a, urn, adj. shining white, clear, serene; snow-white; clad in wftite; beautiful; candid; prosperous. Caiiclur, ôris, m. glow; brightness; white ness; fairness; frankness, candor; in nocence. Câneo, ère, ui, n. (cânus, white), to be or become white; to be hoary. Canïs, is, m. and f. a dop: al«o the constel lations C. major and C. minor. Cânïtïës, êi, whiteness; prayness, old age. Canna, œ, f. a cane or retd; ρί/ie, flute. Cano, ere, cCcïni, cantum, n. and a. N. to sinf; to sound, to play, to Wow. A. to celebrale in song or verse; to chant; re hearse a charm; prophesy. Cnnurus, a, urn, (canor, melody), singing; sounding well, melodious, sonorous, ("unto, Srr. B vi. ptnm, v. n. tosiny, ta play, Camus, us m. (canu), the act of singing; CAUSA. song; tone, melody; verse, poetry; magic song, spell, incantation. Cânus, a, urn, adj. white, hoar; gray, ash- gray, whitish gray: pi. gray (hairs). Capax, acis, (cnpio), adj. capable of receiv ing or holding much, roomy, wide, capa cious; comprehensive. Capella, œ, i', dimin. a young goat, a kid; also the name of a star in Auriga. Capillus, i, m. a hair; the hair of the head; the hair, (including the beard). Capïo, ere, cêpi, captum, a. to contain, hold; to take, seize, catch, lay hold of; to receive, obtain; to capture; to captivate; to enjoy, feel; to choose. Capïtôlïum, it, n. (caput), the Capitol, on the Tarpeian Mount, in Rome : in pi. ia. Däprea, m, f. (capra), a roe, deer, gazelle. Captâtus, a. um, part, (captor), caught at, caught, aimed at, sottpht; taken. Captlvus, a, urn, (capio), taken, captured, captive, caught; captivated. Cnptus, a, um, (capio),part, taken, &c. See Capio. Caput, Ttis, n. the head (of men or animals); a man, a person; highest part; principal thing or person ; mouth of a river ; source, origin: often for vita, life. Career, ëris. πι. a prison; a barrier or start ing-place in a race. CaroO, Ïnis, m. a hinge: e. vertere, to open the door. Cfireo, ère, iii, ïtum, η. ίο be without, free from, to want; to be absent from; to miss. Carina, se, f. the bottom of a ship, keel; a skip, (probably from καρά, fut. of κείρω, tr cut). Carmen, ïnis, n. a song; a sound; a poem, composition in verse; inscription; pro phecy; incantfjtw?t, magic Jorm. Caro, carni», f. flesh, meat: (applied to ani mals and vegetables, but primarily the former). Carpo, ere, psi, plum, a. to gather, to pluck off, pluck, tear of, snatch, cut off; to cull, select; to carp, llame; to calum- 'niate. Cârus, a, urn, adj. dear, precious, costly ; beloved. CassKpc, cs, f. pr. n. Cassiope, motner of Andromeda, placed among the stare. Castâlïus, a. urn, belonging to the fount Castalia, Castalian. Câstus, a, urn, adj. pure, spotless, chaste, innocent; faithful, constant, honest; in violate. Casus, Ss, m. (cado), a falling, fall; for tuitous occurrence, fortune, misfortune; opportunity, event; hazard, risk. Catena, «e, f. a chain, bonds. Caucasïus, a, uni, adj. belonging to Cauca sus, Caucasian. Caucasus, i. m. mount Caucasus, in Asia, between the Euxine and Caspian seas. Caudu, m, f. ι tail. Causa, œ, f. cause, reason, ground; a ' cause, suit or process at late; pretext, ex- CAUTES. •use, motive, opportunity; matter, con cern, object; party principle or measure. Cautcs, is, f. a rugged, sharp rock, crag, cliff. Cuutus; u, urn, part, (caveo), legally secured; secure, safe; cautious, wary, prudent; sly, cunning. Caveo, ère, cavi, cautum, n. and a. to be on one's guard, be cautious, biwarc, shun. Cavo, are, avi, ätum, a. to hollow out ; penetrate, pierce. Cävus, a, urn, adj. hollow, hollowed; arched, vaulted. Cayster, and Caystrus, i, m. a river in Io nia and Lydia. Cecrops, opis, m. Cscrops, the founder and most ancient king of Athens. Cèdo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. and a. to give way, withdraw, retire, yield the palm to; submit one's self. Ctlebër, bris, bre, adj. '«τελώ), frequented; renowned, famous. Celebro, are, fivi, alum, a. io frequent, to crowd; to be overgrown with; to celebrate, solemnize; to take in hand, perform; to establish; to extol, render famous. Celer, ëris, e, adj. swift, quick, fleet. Celo, are, avi, ätum.'a. to hide, conceal. Celsus, a, um, adj. (cello), lofty, high, erect, stately; haughty, proud; noble, ex alted. Censeo_, ere, ut, um, n. to thint,frr«sume, be of opinion; to advise, rearmTnend f to ordain. Census, us, in. fconseo), estate, property. Centaurus, i, m. («εκτίω and τα»ρο5), a Cen taur, a fabulous being, half horse and half man, living in Thessaly. Centïmanus, a, um, adj. (centum, manus), poet, word, hundred-handed. Centum, adj. indec. pi. (ίκατίι), a hundred. Ccphetus, a, urn, adj. of Cepheus. Cephenus, a, urn, of Cepheus, frequenting his court. Cepheus, ci or eos, m. pr. n. (dissyllable), Cepheus, son of Agenor, husband of Cassiope, and king of ./Ethiopia. Cephisus, and os, i, m. pr. n. Cephisus, a river of Bœotia, now Mauro Noro. Cêphïsïs, idÌB, adj. fern, of the Cephisus. Ccphîsïïïs, a, urn, of the Cephisus: appi, to Narcissus. Céra, Se, f. («#%), wax; waxen busts; tab- • lets; any waxy, clammy substance. Cerbcreus, a, um, adj. of Cerberus. Cerberus, i, m. pr. n. the three-headed dog of hell, Cerberus. Cerealis, e, adj. f. Ceres; of grain; relating to corn. Ceres, eris, f. pr. n. Ceres, daughter of Sa turn, inventress of agriculture, goddess of corn : fig. corn or grain bread. Cêrno, tre, crêvi, crêturn, (fr. κρίνω), a. ίο sift; to distinguish, judge, decide, de cree ; to contend, ßght; to see, discern; to comprehend. Cêrt.~imïn, ïnis, (certo), n. a contest, strife, debate; a game, exercise; an engagement, battle. 41 CIRCUMFERO. Cërtâtim, (certo), adv. emulously; earnestly, eagerly. Cèrte, (certus), adv. surely, certainly; at least, at all events. Certus, (for cretus from ccrno), a, um, adj. determined; established; certain, trust worthy; having certain Knowledge, sure; tried, faithful; open, evident. Cèrvi, (cervus), œ, f. a hind, doe; a deer in general. Cervix, îcis, f. the hinder part of the neck; the neck. Cervus, i, m. a slag: cervi meant also forked stakes, chevaux de frise. Cespts or Cœspcs, (ceesus), ïtis, m. a turf or sod; ground covered with grass; a country. Cesso, are, âvi, âtum, n. to cease, to leave off, to pause, to be tardy; to rest. Ceu, adv. as, as it were, like as; as if. Chaos, i, n. (Gr. \aas), a vast void, chaos: as a god, Chaos, son of Erebus and Nox. Charicio, us, f. pr. n. Chariclo, a nymph who bore Ocyroe to the centaur Chiron. Chiron, unis, m. pr. n. Chiron, a centaur, son of Saturn and Phillyra, celebrated for medical skill. Chlamys, ydis, f. (Gr. χλα/ii,-), a Grecian military cloak, a wide woollen cloak for men, of purple embroidered, war-mantle, or mantle of state. Chorus, i, m. (Gr. χάρο;), circle-dance.chorus, choir. Chrysulïthus, i, m. and f. (\fnms, XiSoj), chrysolite; topaz of a golden color. Gibus, i, m. food; nutriment, aliment. Cicuta, 8B, f. hemlock, a poisonous plant; also a pipe made of its stalk. Cilix, ïcts, Cilician; belonging to Cilicia, in Asia Minor, now Karamania. Cinctus, a, urn, part, (cingo), girdled, girt. Cingens, entis, part, (cingo), girdling. Cingo, ere, nxi, nctum, act. to make a ring about, girdle, gird; to crown; surround, encompass, embrace, conßne; envelop. Cïnis, ëris, m. (Gr. xows), ashes, embers, cinders. Circa, adv. and prep, with ace. for circum, about, round- about, around; concerning, [both of time and place]. Circe, cs and a, as, f. pr. n. Circe, a sea- nympli^ daughter of Phœbus and Perse. Circïno, are, avi, âtum, (circinus), act. iof), Cyprian, of or belonging to Cyprus. '"'yihëréius, a, urn, adj. (Gr. κυθερίΧοί), Cy- therean, of Cythera; Cythere'ia, Venus. D. Dama, te, m. and f. (fr. ίεΐμα, fearl, a doe or deer. Damno, ère, avi, ätum, a. (damnum), to condemn, to sentence; to destine, doom; to make liable, to compel one to perform. Damnum, i, n. (demo, to take away), loss, damage, injury; a fine, a penalty. Dänaü, es, f. (Δανάη), daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos, and mother of Perseus, by Jupiter. Dandus, a, urn, part. fut. pass, from Do, to give. Daphne, es, f. (&άφτη, pr. n. also, the bay- tree), daughter of Ladon, a river god of Arcadia, or, according to some, of Peneus, a river god of Thessaly, changed into a bay tree, (Latin, laurus). Dätus, a, urn, part. perf. pass, of Do, to give. De, prep, of, concerning, about, touching, from; on account of. Dea, a?, f. (Deus), a goddess. Debello, are, avi, ätum, n. and a. (de, bello), lo finish a war, prevail in war: trans, to vanquish. Dêbeo, ère, ui, ïtum, a. (de, habeo), i owe, be indebted. Debitus, n, um, part, of debeo, owing, du* DECENS. acttned, merited: d. alimenta sustenanci due in requital nf man's toil. Dêcens, entis, adj. (decet), becoming, meet proper, decent; handsome, comely. Deceptus, a, urn, part, from Deeipio. Dëcerptus, a, urn, (part, of Decerpo), pulleil, plucked off, pulled away, gathered Decet, ébat, uit, imp. (ίεει, ίεΐ, it behoveth), it 6< -efins, becomes, behoves. Décïdo.we, ïdi, η. (de, cado), to fall from, fall down, fall off. Dëcïpio, ire, épi, eptum, a. (de, capio), t deceive, beguile. Declino, are, ävi, ätum, a. (de, clino, fr. κλίνω), to bend downwards, decline; turn afide, lo swerve. Decllvis, is, e, adj. (de, clivus), bending downward, running downward, sloping, steep. Drellvus, a, urn, see the preceding. Dêculor, ôris, adj (de, color), that hath lost color; discolored; sunburnt, swarthy. Decor, Gris, m. (decet), comeliness, beauty, grace, elegance. Decorus, a, urn, adj. (decus), becomitig, fit, proper, decorous, honorable; comely, grace fid; adorned. Decresco, ere, évi, êtum, η. (de, cresco), tt decrease, diminish, grow less, weat away. Decurro, Ere, curri, or cucurri, cursum, a. (de, curro), to run down, ran along; run through; pursue, finish ; run from, aban don; to descend to, have recourse to. Decus, Cris, n. (deceo), that which becometh, an ornament; grace, beauty, honor. Dêdëcus, öris, n. (de, deceo), disgrace, dis honor, shame ; a shameful action. Deduco, ere, uxi, uctum, a. (de,duco), tobring down, draw down ; to continue ; derive, deduce. Difendo, ere, di, sum, a. (de and obs. vb. fendo), to ward off, repel; to defend, guard, protect. Dcfensus, a, urn, part. pf. pnss. of defondo, protected, guarded, defended. Dei trio, ere, êci, ectum, n. and a. (de, facio), to fail, to be wanting, be deficient; to grow feeble, to cease, perish ; to forsake abandon. Dêflco, ère, évi, êtum, a. (de, fleo), to bewail, lament, deplore. Deformis, is, e, adj. (de, forma), deformed, dif figured, ugly, misshapen; unsightly, 'tnciiltivated. Dufrœnïtus, a, um, adj. (de, fraeno), unbri dled, unchecked, unruly, resistless. Dejectus, us, in. (dejicio), a throwing dow?i; fall, descent. Dt-jTcK), ere, jeci, jeetum, a. (de, jacio), to throw down, cast down, precipitate; over throw, slay. Lteinde, adv. (de. inde), from or after that, then, afterwards, next in order. l)el ibor, i. psus, dcf. (de, labor), to glide down, sitile or slip down, pull down. Dulapsus, i, um, part, of delabor, having glided down, having descended. DEPONO. Delatus, a, urn, part, of deferor, earned along, borne to. Dêleo, ere, évi, êtum, a. (AjXtu, to destroy) to blot out, efface, erase; to overthrow, de stroy. Delietum, i, n. (delinquo), a fault, crime, offence, sin ; an error, oversight. Dulïteo, ère, ui, and Dûlïtcsco. η. (de, lateo), to lie hid, be concealed, skulk, lurk. Delhis, a, um, adj. of at belonging to Delos, Delian. Also us a subs, the DclSan, Apollo. Dèlos, i, f. (4SXoc), the island Delos, the central one of the Cyclades group in the jEgean Sea. Delplucus, a, urn, adj. nf or belonging lo Dtlphi, Jielphiun, Vtijihic. Also subs, name of Apollo. Delphi wus a city at the foot of Mount Parnassus in Phocis, where was a famous oracle of Apollo. Delphin, ïnis, m. (6ίλ0ι,), a dolphin, a sort of small whale, described as something like our porpoise. Delubrum, i, n. a shrine, sanctuary, minor chapel, altar, temple. Delùdo, ere, usi, usum, (de, ludo), to cease contending in the public games: also, to mock, delude, baffle. Délusus, a. urn, part, of deludo, mocked, deceived, disappointed, cheated, baffled. Démens, entis, adj. (de, mens), out of one's mind or senses, mad, distracted, raving, foolish. Dëmentèr, adv. (démens), madly, dist?act- edly, foolishly. Demissus, a, urn, part, of demittor, let fall, thrown down. Demo, ere, dempsi, demptum, a. (de, emo), to take away, take off; to remove. Demptus, a, urn, part, of demo, being taken away, removed, banished. Denego, are, avi, ätum, a. (de nnd nego), to deny, not suffer, say he will not, re·, fuse. Déni, ae, a, adj. (decem), distributive num. ten by ten, ten: in sing, denus, a, um, tenth. Dênïque, adv. (demum, at length, and que), in fine, finally, to conclude, lastly; in short, in a word; at least. Dens, dentis, m. (as if edens, from edo, w eat), a tooth ; hence the ßuke of an an chor, a ploughs/tare ; teeth of a harrow, rake, comb, saw, &c. Densus, a, um, adj. tliM, close, dense; concise. Dépendeo, ere, di, sum. n. (de, pcndeo), to hang down, hang from ; to depend. Deplango, ère, anxi, anetum, a. (de, piango), to exliikil grief by violently beating the breast, to btwail greatly, to lament over. Dêplôrîltus, a, um, part, of deploro, lament ed, bewailed, mourned for as lost, de plored. Deplorata vota, fond hopes mournfully frustrated. Depono, ere, usui, sTtum, (de, peno), to lay, set, place, or put down; to lay aside, de posit. 327 DEPOSCO. Déposco, Ere, puposci, a. (de, pesco), to re quire, demand, ast earnestly. Depositums, a, um, fut. part, of dcpono. Dëprëcor, ari, ütus, dcp. (de and precor), to pray for, earnestly entreat: to depre cate, seek to avert by prayer; beg to be freed from, or spared: also, to imprecate; to plead as excuse: to dissuade. Deprendo, nnd Deprehendo, ere, di, sum, n. (de and prendo, or prehendo), to seize, caldi, take unawares; detect, surprise in the act: to discover, perceive, discera. Dëprensus, a, um, part, of deprendo, caught, seized; defected. Dfpressus, n, um, part, of deprimo, crushed down, depressed, sunken. Dercëtis, is, and Derccto, us, f. (Atp), for, [implying cause]; for why. "Enîtor, i, nlsus and nixus, dep. (e and nitor, to strive), to struggle out, toil up ; to exert one1 s self, strive ; to bring forth. "Enixus, a, urn, part, of enitor. Ensis, is, m. (probably fr. i'xw, a lancé), a sword: the straight, two-edged gladius i ihe knife-shaped. Enumero, are, âvi, âtum, a. (e, numero), to count over, calculate; enumerate, re count. "Enutrio, ire, Ivi, ïtum, a. (e, nutrio), to nourish, feed, support, rear up. Eo, ire, Ivi, ïtum, (εω, fr. wh. ctpt), n. irr. to go, whether on foot or otherwise ; to go forth, issue. Itur, &c., used as an impersonal. Eôdem, adv. (the old dative and abl. of idem), in the same piace, to the same place, to the same end. "Eoiis, a, utn, adj. (Gr. cuas), belonging to, or of, the morning, eastern ; Eoiis, m. the morning star. "Eous, i, m. derived as preceding ; one of tlie sitn's chariot-horses. "Epaphua, i, m. pr. n. (iirafoc), son of Jupi ter and Io, an ./Egyptian prince, and founder of Memphis, according to Hero dotus, same as Apia. "Ephyre, es, f. pr. n. The ancient name of Corinth, 'Edipei. "Epïdaurius, a, um, of lìpidaurus, Epidau- rean. Epidaurus was a ciiy of Argolis in ihe Peloponnesus, situate on the Sa- ronic gulf, and famed for a noble temple of TEsculapius. "Epïmëthis, ïdos, f. a patronymic ofPyrrha, ihe daughter of Epimetheus. "Epôpeus, i, pr. n. mas. Epopeus. "Epiilffi, arum, f. pi. food ; a feast, enter tainment. "Equa, εο, fern. (fr. iquus, α horse), a mare. "Equïdem, conj. indeed, in truth, verily. "Equus, i, m. (ïmn)f), α horse, steed, charger. 331 ERECTUS. "Erectus, a, um, (part, of erigo), as adj. erect, upriglif, elevated; self-relying, re solute; attentive, on the stretch. Ergo, (cpyw, dative of έργον, a work), conj. therefore, then : with a genitive, on ac count of. "Erichthijnius, i, m. pr. n. an early king of Attica, said to be f he son of Vulcan. "Erïdamus, i, m. pr. n. (Ή/χ&αφ), the name of a river famous in the old legends, stiid to flow into the ocean from the north west of Europe, taken by later writers, as Ovid, to be the Padus, or Po. "Erigo, ere, exi, cluni, a. (e and rego), to raise up, set upright, erect ; to inspirit, encourage, cheer up, arouse. Erinnys, yos, f. (Epiwus), a Fury, the avenging deity; it seems to imply the demon of all wickedness. "Erïpio, Ere, ïpui, eptum, a. (e, rapio), to tear out, snatch out, to rescue; to carry of, withdraw; to pull off, drag off. Errâtus, us, m. (erro), o wandering, stray ing about. Erro, Sre, avi, Slum, n. (Ifβω), to go astray, wander about, stray. Error, oris, m. (erro), a going astray, losing one's way, wandering; a fault, offence. "Erobesco, tre, obui, n. (e and rabesco), to prow red, redden, blush, to be ashamed. "Erymanthis, ïdis, or ïdos, adj. Eryman- thian, of Erymanthus. "Erymantlms, or os, i, m. A mountain range in Arcadia, on the borders of Elis. 'Eryx, ycis, m. (TpvQ, a mountain and city ot Sicily, « here there was a famous temple of Venus. Esculeus, a, urn, relating to the Esculus, or bay oak, of bay oak ; beechen. Et, (fri, yet, besides), conj. and; both; also, indeed, even. "Ethon, ônis, m. (AfOiw), pr. n. one of the horses of Sol. "Etinm, conj. (m), also, likewise; yet, etili, withal. "Etïamnum, adv. (eiiam, mine), yet, now, still; ai so. Etsi, conj. (et and ei), though, although, albeit. Euphrates, ie, m. The famous river of western Asia, rising in Armenia, and emptying into ihe Persian eulf. Enrôlas, 33, m. A river of the Pelopon nesus, « hich rose in Arcadia, and flowed through Lacerila. Eurus, i, m. (ώρας, wh. fr. affa, a cool, or morning breeze, or fr. ΐως, the dawn), pro perly tlie south-east wind; it seems to be sometimes ueed, less siricily, for the east wind. "Evido, gré, âsi, asurn, n. and a. (e and vado), io go out, to make way, to get off, escape. "Evan. antis, m. (TMiaf), a surname of Etic- chuv. "Evänesco, fre, nui, ïtum, n. (e and vanes- co), to vanisti, pass away, fade, perish. "Evilio, ere, exi, ectum. a. (e and veho), to carry out, conduct forth, bring away 332 EXHALO. "Evenio, Tre, Eni, entum, n. (e and veme>, to come out, come forth, emerge ; to ar rive ; to prove, to come to pass, to befall. "Everto, Ere, ti, êversum, a. (e, verte), te turn out, drive out ; to deprive ; to turn upside down ; throw doumt demolish, prostrate, ruin. "Evinco, ere, ici, iclum, a. (e and vinco), to overcome, vanquish, surpass. "Evoco, rire, rivi, ätum, a. (e and voco), to call out, cull forth. "Evohc, (more correctly Evoe), a word shouted bv the Bacchants, similar to Huzza! (Gr. tvoi). Evülo, nre, ävi, ätum, n. (e, volo), to fly out, fly forth : rush forth : tofy, or fee away. "Evolvo, ere, vi, ütum, a. (e, volvo), to roll out, tumble out ; to unroll, unfold ; ex tricate, evolve, bring out of confusion. Ex, or E, prep, (κ, e{), out of, from; accord ing to. ' Exactus, a, urn, part, of exigor. See Exigo. Exanïmâtus, a, urn, part, of exanimor, adj. deprived of air or breath ; lifeless : also, terrified. Exammis, is, e, adj. (ex, anima), breathless; lifeless, dead, extinguished ; terrified. Exardeo, ère, or Exardesco, tre, arsi, n. (ex and ardesco), to grow hot, become in flamed, light up: to glow, to burn, to be inflamed, to be kindled. Exaudio, Ire, ivi, îtum, a. (ex and audio), to hear from a distance; to hear, hearken, listen. Excédo, ere, essi, essum, n. (ex and cedo), to depart, go from, retire : to go beyond, project, digress. Exceptus, a, urn, part. fr. excipio, exccpted. Excïdo, ere, cidi, n. (ex and cado), to fall out, piili off, fall down : to perish, die. Excïpio, tre, Epi, eptum, a. (ex and capio), to take out, draw out ; to except, exclude; to catch up, gather, to receive. Excïms, a, urn, part, of excieo, moved out, summoned; called up, roused, txcited. Exclamo, are, avi, illuni, a. (ex and clamo), to cry out, call aloud, to exclaim. Exclfisürus, a, urn, part, of exclude, (ex and claudo), about to shut out, exclude, except, prevent. Excuso, are, ävi, ätum, a. (ex and causa), to excuse ; to plead in excuse. Excütio, ere, ussi, ussum, a. (ex, quatio), to shake off, or out ; strike doma, tear away. Exemplum, i, n. (eximo, to select), an ex ample, an instance; a precedent ; ales- son; a pattern. Exeo, Ire, ivi and ii, ïtum, a. tr. and intr. (ex and co), to go ont, to go airo'V, to de part, to escape : tr. to shun, avoid. Excrceo, Ere, cfii, cïtum, a. (ex and arceo'. to exercise, to practise; to labor, work, cultivate. Exlialo, are, avi, ätum, a. (ex and halo), to breathe out, to exhalt EXHAUSTUS. Exhauptus, a, um, part. fr. exhaurio, (ex and haurio), drawn out, removed ; de prived of, emptied, exhausted. Bxhorrco, ere, ui, n. (ex and horreo), to be alarmed, to dread, to shudder. Exigo, Sre, Egi, actum, a. (ex, ago), to drive out, expel, discharge, send forth ; to hurl, thrust ; plague, trouble ; to lead by, or beyond, to pass, spend ; to demand, col lect, enforce, exact ; to examine, measure. Exïguns, a, um, adj. small, little; mean, bad; few. Exilic. See Exsilio. ExTlium, i, n. (ex and solum, the soil), dwell ing on a foreign soil ; banishment, ex ile : also, the place of exile. Eximo, tre, êmi, emptum and emtum, (ex, emo), a. to take out, except; to rescue, liberate, release, to exempt. Existo, ere, stïti, n. (ex and sisto), to stani forth, come out, appear, start up ; become visible ; to become, to be. Exïtium, i, n. (exeo), issue, end .· usually, destruction, ruin, death. Exitus, us, m. (exeo), a going out, departure, exit, discharge, issue, result, close, end. Exorfibïlis, is, e, adj. (cxoro), movable by entreaty, exorable, placable, yielding. Exosus, a, um, part. adj. (ex and odi, I hate), hating, detesting ; hated, detested ; also, hateful, odious. Expafleo, ere, and expallesco, Ere, ui, n. (ex and palleo), to grow pale; become alarmed at. Expatior, riri, atus, and exspatior. dep. (ex, spatior), to deviate, wander from the course, expatiate ; to overflow. Expectandus, a, urn, part. fut. pass, from expecto. Expcctatus, a, urn, part. perf. pass, from expecto. Expecto, are, ävi, ätum, a. and n. (ex and specto), to look out ; to be on the watch for; to expect. Expello, ere, pulì, pulsum, a. (ex and pello), to drive out, thrust out, expel, put to flight. ExpCriens, entis, (part. fr. experior), endur- ins, &c. Exptricmia, œ, f. (experior), a trying, trial proof: practice, experience. Experientif veri, morie nf ascertaining the truth. Expïrior, ïri, expertus, dep. (ex, perior an obsolete verb, from which comes pe· ritusl, to try, prove, test, to experience. Expers, tis, adj. (ox and pars), having no part i-η, not concerned in ; destitute, de void of, deprived of. Expertüs, a, um, part, and adj. (experior) in an active sense, having tried, proved experienced; in a passive sense, trina tested, proved, experienced. Expìro, afe, avi, ätum, a. and n. (ex am spiro), to breathe out, blow out, exhale expire, die ; come faith. Expleo, ère, Evi, êtum, a. (ex and obs. vb pleo), to Jill up, fill full ; to fulfil ; earn plele; accomplish. EXUVIAE. ixpluro, are, avi, ätum, a. (ex and ploro), to search diligently, scrutinize, explore ; to seek out, to test. ίχρϋηο, i-re, usui, usïium, a. (ex, pono), to put out, put forth, expose ; to relate, dé tail, set forth. îxpulsus, a, urn, (part, of expello), driven, &c. Sxsanguis, is, e, adj. (ex and sanguis), without blood, bloodless; pale; lifeless, dead ; also, making pale. Dxsero, ere, rui, rtuin, a. (ex and eero), to stretch forth, thrust forth, put up, lift up ; to show. îxsïlio, Tre, ui, and ii, n. (ex and salio), to leap out, spring forth ; spring up, leap up, bound. IxsIIium, i, n. (ex and solum), same as Exiljum, which see. Jxsisto, ere. See Existo. [xsurgo, Ere, urrexi, urrectum, n. (ex and surge), to rise up, rise ; arise, spring up. 3xta, örum, n. pi. the entrails, the inward parts, especially the heart, lungs, liver spleen. îxtemplo, adv. (ex and templum), imme diately, straightway, forthwith, instantly, \tendo. Ere, di, nsum, and ntum, act. (ex, tendo), to stretch out, spread out, extend f stretch at full length ; put forth, exert ; increase, enlarge ; sometimes Extender, with a middle signification, to spread itself out. Extentus, a, urn, (part, of extendo), adj. extended, outstretched, extensive. Externätus, a, urn, or exsternatus, part, of exsterno, avi, are, maddened with fright, exceedingly aTarmed. Externus, a, urn, ndj. (exter), out of one's self, outward, external ; foreign, strange. Exterrïius, a, urn, part, of exterreo, ère, ui, ïtum, to frighten out of, to terrify, to mad den with terror. Extïmco, Ere, ui, n. and a. (ex and timeo), to ftar greatly, be greatly afraid. Extinctus, a, urn, part, and adj. fr. extinguo. Extinguo, Ere, xi, nctum, a. (ex, stinguo), to extinguish, quench, annihilate. Exto, are, stïti, statura ; also written exsto, n. (ex and sto), to stand out, or forth, project ; stand, or be above : to appear, le visitile, exist. ExtrEmus, a, um, sup. of exter, or exterus, outermost, last,flnal, most remote, farthest. Exul, is, m. and i. (ex and solum), an exile, a wanderer. Exulto, are, avi, ätum, n. (ex and salio), to leap, or spring up frequently, to bound. Exululo, are, avi, ätum, n. (ex, ululo), to howl, or cry out ; to make resound with howling. Exuo, ere, ui, ütum, a. (έκδνω), to strip, put off, lai/ aside, remove. Exuro, Ere, ussi, ustum, ti. (ex and uro), to burn, set on flre ; parch ; to infame. Exiiviœ, arum, f. (exuo), apparel, or things pertaining to the body, taken off, laid aside, &c., skine of beasts, spoils. Out* FABRICATOR. F. Fabricator, oris, m. (fabrico), maker, framer, contriver, constructor. Fabrïcâtus, a, urn. part. fr. fabricor, ari, dept., same as fabrico, forged, construct ed, built, &c. Fabrico, are, avi, alum, a. (faber), to make, construct, build, /urge ; contrive, devise. Fabula, κ, f. (fari), a narration, narrative, talk, rumor, eubjict of common talk ; a fable. Facies, êi, f. (facio), Hie face, countenance ; form, appearance, shape. Facïnus, .uris, n. (iacio), a great exploit, glorious deed : but more usually in a bad sense, a vile action, villany, crime. Facio, ere, êci, nctum, a. and n. (fuo, to be, or fio), to make, do ; cause ; elect : per form, commit ; practise ; sustain ; es teem. Factum, i, n. (facio), a thing done, action, deed, acftievement, exploit. Factus, a, urn, (part, of facio), made, done, performed, caused, &c. Fœx, cis, f. the lees, or dregs of wine, &c., sediment, dross, impurity. Falcâtus, a, urn, adj. (falx), provided with scythes ; hooked, like a scythe. Fallax, äcis, adj. (fallo), deceitful, falla cious, treacherous, false. Fallo, ere, fefelli, falsum, a. and η. (σ^όλΧω), to make to fall ; to deceive ; to cheat, be guile, to escape notice ; to avoid, shun ; to conceal. Falsus, a, urn, part, (fallqj, deceived : pre tended, untrue, false; adj. deceitful, lying, treacherous. Fâma, œ, f. (φήμη), fame, report, rumor, re putation, renown, character, honor. Famula, a?, f. (famulus), a female servant, maid-servatit. Famulus, i, m. (fr. famel, an Oscan word), a semant, attendant. Fâris, [For is not found in any author] ari, fâtus, dep. (.φάω), to say, to speak. Fas, n. indecl. (for), divine law, what is re ligiously right ; right, justice, equity ; that which is possible. Fassus, part, of fatcor. Fastigium, ii, n. (fhstus, pride), the project ing point, or summit of a temple : roof ^pf a house; an emine ice, hiig/tt, summit. Fätjlis, is, e, adj. (fatum), decreed, ordain ed by fate, fated, fatal ; calamitous, de structive. Fïtëor, Cri, fassus, dep. (1>άω), to confess, own, acknowledge ; to indicale, show. Fatïdïcus, a, urn, adj. (falum and dico), fon telling,jiredictinn. prophetic. Fatïgo, arc, Γινί, a. (fr. fmiir ace. of fatis, a sufficiency, and ago), to weary, tire, fa tigue · annoy, harass. Fatum, i, u. (for, to speak), literally means a thing sniii, especially as respeets/iiiure dtsliny : the will of the gods; fate, des tiny. 334 FIBULA. Fauces, ium, [seldom found in the sing, faux, cis,] f. the gullet, pharynx, throat, jaws ; any narrow passage. Faunus, i, m. a Faun, a guardian god of herds, woods, and fields. Fautrix, Icis, f. (fautor, wh. fr. faveo), she thut favors, favorable, propitious, pro tecting. Fäveo, ère, favi, fautum, n. to favor, be favourably inclined to, assist. avilla, œ, f. hot ashes, embers. Fax, fScis, f. (φάω), a torch. Faxo, is, it, for Faciam, Fecerim, and Fe cero. See Facio. Fel, fellis, n. gall: any thing bitter, or disagreeable; bitterness; anger. Félix, icis, adj. (feo, to bear), fruitful, pro ductive ; rich ; happy, fortunate ; aus picious, propitious. Fera, œ, ff (properly fern, of férus, a, um), scilicet bestia, a wild animal, game; a monster, a beast. Fërax, aeis, adj. (fero), fruitful, produc tive, abundant. Fere, adv. (fero), almost, nearly, within a little, nigh ; about ; generally, commonly. Feretrum, i, n. (fero), a frame on which any thing is carried ; a bier. Ferinus, a, urn, adj. (fera), of, or belonging to a wild beast. Ferio, ire, (fera), a. to strike, smite, hit, cut, thrust, push, beat. It is deficient in the perf. line. Feritas, ätis, f. (férus), savageness, cruelty, barbarity, in humanity : f. loci, wildnes*. Fero, Erre, (Gr. φίρω>, perf. tuli, fr. obs. tolo, that is tollo, sup. In turn, as if tlatum, from obs. tlao (τλάω), to carry, bring, impel, urge ; produce, bear ; tolerate, en dure; sustain, withstand; permit, re quire; take away ; obtain, of er, give; report. Ferox, ocis, adj. (fero), fast, rapid; cou rageous, brave; insolent, wild, ungo vernable ; fierce, cruel, ferocious, savage. Ferrûgo, ïnis, f. (ferrum), the color of iron, dark blue ; rust of iron : fig. envy. Ferrum, i, n. iron ; any iron instrument, particularly the sword. Fertilités, atis, f. (fertilis, wh. fr. fero), fruilfulness, fertility, abundance, rich ness. Ferula, œ, f. the shrub called fennel-giant— rod, or branch of it—any branch, or staff. Ferus, a, urn, adj. (fiirt, wild, not domestic, untamed, uncultivated, savage, ft ree. Fervens, entis,(part. of ferveo), adj. boiling, heating, plowing, hot, ardent. Ferveo, ère, bui, n. to ferment, be hot, burn, boti ; to glow, be angry, be vehement. Fervor, oris, m. (ferveo), a fermentation, waving, raging, violent heal. Fessus, a, urn, adj. (fatiscor), wearied, fa-· ti»ued, tired ; enfeebled, weak, infirm. Festum, i, n. a feast, a festival. Festus, n, urn. adj. festival, festive, so lemn, festal. Fibula, œ, f. any tiling used for joining, or FICTUS. fastening, a clasp, buckle, brooch, pin, nail, &c. Fictus, n, um, part. fr. fingo. Fides, ei, f. (fido), confidence reposed, cre dit ; uprightness, fidelity; failh, solemn engaitentent. Fïdïssimus, a, um, sup of fidus. Fidùcia, œ, f. (fido, lo confaci, trust, confi dence, reliance; courage, self-reliance. Fîdus, a, um, adj. (fido), faithful, trusty, sure, certain, safest,! be relied on. -Figo, ere, xi, xuin, a. to stick, fix, fasten ; to stick, or post up, toajjix; make fast, or jinn; appoint, establish; pierce, transfix. Figura, œ, fein, (fingo), figure, form, shape, likeness, image; kind, manner; species of animals. FIlia, EE, f. n daughler. Filius, ii, m. a son. Flluin, i, n. n thread, cord, fibre. Findo, ere, fidi, fissimi, a. lo cleave ; cui, split ; divide, separate, sceer. Flnio, ire, Ivi, Ilum, a. (finis), to confine within limits, to limit, to fix by limits; to restrain, check, to determine, prescribe; to terminate, finish, en·!. Finis, is, m. and sometimes f. a limit, boundary ; measuix, duration, length >· end, tcrmiiuilion, conclusion : intention, design. Fimtus, a, urn, part, of finio. Fingo, ere, finxi, fictum, a. to form, fashion, mule ; imagine, conceive, feign, devise. Fio, eri, factus sum, irr. n. pass, to be come; to occur, to arise; to be made, be done, be produced. Firmo, are, avi, âtum, a. (firmus), to make firm, or fast ; to strengthen, secune ; to invigorate, recruit ; to confirm. Firmus, a, urn, (for fidmus, fr. fido), firm, stable, not easily moved; steadfast, im movable: faithful; strong, robust; healthi/. , Fissus, a, um, part, of findo. Fistula, EE, f. a pipe; a shepherd's pipe ; a pen made of reed. Fixus, a, urn, (part, of figo), fixed: affixed, posted up: fast, immovable, unchangeable, pierced through. Flagro, are, âvi, âtum, n. (flo, to blow), to burn, be on fire ; to glow, flush ; trans. to lone ardently; to inflame with love. Flamen, ïnts, n. (flo), a blowing ; a Hast, sole, breeze ; wind. Fiamma, œ, f. a fame, blaze, flamm* heal, fire ; ardour, passionate vehemence, (per haps fr. fio, or fr. Gr. ώλίγμα, φλέγω, $λό£). Fl.imni ifer, a, um, adj. (fiamma and fero), bearing a flaiae, flumaiifcrous, flaming. Flavus, a, urn. adj. yeltow, gold-colored, flaxtn. Flecto, ere, xi, xum, (perhaps fr. irX'it-nf, pltiiled}, to bend, bow, turn, curve, direct. Fleo, ère, évi, ëtum, n. and a. (φΧεω), to weep, shed tears ; to bewail, weep for, weep over ; to distil, trickle. FletiM, us, m. (fleo), a weeping, wailing, lamenting. FORMO. Fie vus, a, urn, (part. fr. flucto), bent, lowed, curved. Flureo, ere, ui, n. (flos), to blossom, bloom, flow τ ; lo flourish, excel, be eminent ; to till wild in. ' Fhs, Oris, m. (/Aooj, bloom), a flower, blos som; th" prime, or excellenceof any thing. rinculi, üs, m. (fluo), a flowing ; a wave. Fluidus, a, urn, adj. (fluo), flowing, fluid, liifuid; soft, tender; flabby, weak; weak ening. Flumeii, mis, n. (fluo), a running of water; running water, a stream, riter, copious flowing. FIrirmneus, a, urn, adj. (flumen'p, being in or on a river; of a river. Fluo, ere, xi, xum, η. (πλέω, Γλΰω. Attice, ί·λΰω), to flow, to be fluid ; to flow oi'er, drip; to dissolve, relax; to move swiftly; to flow lo, arrive at ; to spread ; to can- ish, pass away. Fluvïâtis, e, adj. (fliivius), of, or periaming to a river, or running water. FItivius, i, m. (fluo), running water, α ι ii-tr. Focus, i, m. (foveo), afire ; a fireplace. Fœeundus. α, um, arlj. (ob·», vb. feti), fruit ful, fertile, abonndinq, plentiful, ria. Fcetlo, are, nvi, âtum, a. (tœaus, a, um), to disfigure, deform ; to soil, defile, pollute; t o kill; to devastate, to injure. Feed us, a, urn, adj. deformed, foul, loathsome; cruel, horrible, detestable. Fœdus, ëris, n. an alliance, confederacy, league ; a compact, agreement ; union, connection ; settled decree, law, order. Fœmïna, te, f. (obs. feo, to produce), the fe male in all animals ; a woman, a female. Fcemmeus, a, urn, adj. (fœmiiia), belonging to a woman, womanly, womanish, delicate, effeminate. Fœtus, us, m. (fr. obs. vb. feo), n generat ing, producing ; offspring ; fruit, pro duce. Folium, i, η. (^ΐλλοκ), a leaf, of tree, herb, or flower ; a leaf of paper. Fons, ontis, m. a fountain, spr'mg, well : fig. cause, orinili, source, (probably fans, fr. φαινίΐν, to briny to light). Foramen, ïnis, η. (foro, to bore), an opening, aperture, hole, bore. Forem, es, et, &c. (contr. for fuerem, fr. obs. fuo, φν(ύ, I am), equivalent toessem, esses. &c., and to fui=sem, cs. &c. Fores, urn, f. a floor, cale, the folds of doer, or gate ; an entrance, (perhaps fr. Hi/in). Forma, ai. f. (fero), form, figure, shape ; image, picture, model ; beauty. Fonn-itus, a, urn, part. fr. formo. Formld.ibïlis, i=, e, adj. 'foimido), dreadful, fiirmnlable. Formïdo, ΪΠΪΗ, f. frnr. fcrr-or, dreatl ; vene ration, awp; limidilti ; a'cau e of f (ir, terror, (perhaps fr. formus, hot. wh. ir. Formo, are, avi, âtum, a. (formi), lo form frame, fashion, shape; iiulmcl, train up; to effect, arrange, reculale; imagine, conceive; to represent, depict. 3:35 FORMOSUS. Formôsus, a, um, adj. (forma), of a beauti ful form, handsome, beautiful, comely, fair, fine. Fornax, äcis, f. a furnace, stove, oven. Fors, fis, f. (fero), chance, hap, fortune, luck. Forsïtan, adv. (fors, sit, an), perhaps, per- adventure, perchance. Forte, adv. (ilie abl. of fors), ty chance, casually, peradventure ; perhaps. Fortis, js, e, adj. (fcro), brave, gallant, stout-hearted, courageous : excellent, no ble ; strong, vigorous. Fôrtïter, foriiùs, fortissimo, ndv. (fortis), bravely, gallantly, courageously ; boldly, confidently; strongly. Fortuna, œ, f. (fors), fortune, chance ; the Goddess fortune ; a fortune, possessions, wealth, estate; condition in life; share, part. Fortiinatus, a, urn, adj. (fortuna), happy, fortunale, lucky; in good circumstances, opulent. Fòrum, i, n. (fores, because of being out side of any building), a street ; the en closure, or vestibule of a sepulchre; a market-place ; the banker's street ; a pub lic place for performing rites, adminis tering justice, &c. fossa, œ, 1. (fodio, to dig), a ditch, trench, fosse. Fuveo, ère, f ôvi, f ôtum, a. to nourish, cher ish, to warm, keep warm, to etnbrace, fon dle, caress, to favor, support, encourage. Fractus, a, urn, (part, of frango), as adj. weak, feeble, effeminate. Frœnum, i, n„a bit, bridle, curl, rein; check, restraint. It is also masculine in pi. Fragor, ôris, m. (frango), a breaking; a crash, noise ; a peal. F'ragosus, a, urn, (frango), full of broken stones ; rough, craggy, steep. Fràgum, i, η. a strawberry; a strawberry bush. Frango, ere, êgi, fractum, (the prêt, line fr. ρησσω), to break, dash to pieces : to sub due, depress, humble. Fràter, tris, m. (ίράι-ijp, a clansman, kins man), a brother : fratrcs, brethren, male and iemale. Fräternus, a, urn, adj. (fratcr), brotherly, fraternal, of a brother; kindred, related. Fraus, dis, {.fraud, deceit, guile, difhonesty: delusion, error; prejudice, detriment; of fence, crime. Fremo, ère, ui, ïtum, η. (βρίμια), to murmur, mutter : to crumble : to make any loud noise, to roar, rage. Frequens, entis, adj. frequent, often with, or about ; happe?iing often ; usual, com mon ; assembled in great numbers, nu merous ; populous, much frequented. Frequento, are, avi, àtum, a. (frequcns), to frequent, resort much lo; to visit in great numbers, celebrate ; to crowd, to Jill, to people; to collect, assemble; to do a thin: frequently. 330 FUNDO. FrÌtum, i, η. (ρέη», to flow), a strait, chan nel; poetically (Ac sra, a sea. Frêtus, a, urn, adj. trusting to, relying on, confiding in. Frigïdus, a, urn, adj. (frigus), cold, cool ; dull, insipid, frigid ; without feeling, or affection : chilling. Frigus, Cris, n. (pryos), cold; a shivering from cold ; a chilly horror. Frondesco, ere, ui, n. (frons), to put forth leaves. F'rons, ondis, f. the leaf of a tree ; hence, a branch with leaves, a green bough ; a tree with green leaves. Frons, ontis, f. the forehead, brow, front, forepart. F'ructus, us, m. (fruor, to enjoy), use, en joyment ; profit, advantage; produce; fruit ; pleasure. Frugcs, urn, f. pi. (fruor, to enjov, or fr. ipiyu, t o parch), fruit of any kind; cur», &c. Hence, fruits, that is, advantages, rewards ; nlso, results, products, conse quences. Fruor, i, ïtus and ctus, dep. to enjoy, use ; io take pleasure in, be delighted with. Frustra, adv. (fraus), deceitfully; in vain, ' to no purpose. Frûtcx, ïcis, m. a shrub, a bush ; a branch of a plant. . Fuga, se, i (φυγή), α fleeing, a flight ; exile; speed; avoidance, aversion. Fügätus, a, urn, (pass. part. fr. fugo), rout ed, dissipated, dispersed, expelled. Fugax, âcis, adj. (fugio), apt to flee; flying swiftly, fleet ; flying, feeing ; fleeting, transient. Fügiö, tre, i, ïtum. (φινγω), η. and a. to flee, to fly; vanish, decay: to fly from, avoid, escape. Fugo, fire, avi, ntum, (obs. fugus, flight), to put to fliglit, rout, disperse; to drive away, remove, expel, banish. Fulgeo, ere, Isi, n. (ifXEyu, to burn), to fash, to lighten; to shine, be bright, glitter; to be conspicuous. Fulgor, oris, m. (fulgeo), a flasli of light ning, lightning glare ; brightness, splen dor ; reiiown. Fulgur, uris, n. (fulgeo), a fash of light ning, lightning ; brightness, splendor. Fulmen, mis, n. (contr. fr. fulgimen, fr. fulpep), lightning darting down and striking, a flash of lightning, a thunder bolt, a lightìiiìig stroke. Fulvus, a, urn, adj. (perhaps fr. fulgeo), yel low, gold-colored, reddish, tawny. Fumïdus, a, urn, adj. (fumus), full of vapor, smoking : smoky, smoke-colored. · Fumo, are, avi, ntum, n. (iumus), to emit smoke to smoke, to reek. Fumus, i, m. smoke, vapor, fume, exhala tion, steam. Functus, n, urn, part, from fungor. Funda, fE, f. (fundo, or σφενΰόνη, a sling), a bag, small bag, purse, a net : a sling. Fundo, ere, fimi, fùsuin, a. (\ίω, χβηο), to pour, discliarge ; to produce, bring forth. FUNESTUS. unestCs, a, urn, adj. (funns), causing de struction, or death, deadly, calamitous dangerous, dismal. Fungor, i, ctus, dep. to do, perform, execute discharge, administer, conduct ; to enjoy use. Fûnïs, is, m. a rope, cord, cable : perhaps ir. ffxpÏvof, a rope. F'unus, eris, n. (t>6vos, a slaying), a rnrir. dead body; interment, burial, funerul riles, funeral, a funeral pile ; death slaughter, murder; destruction, ruin the shade of one dead. Fürens, entis, part, of furo, ere, ui, (95ω βίρω), to be mad, out of mind; to be in spired; to rage, be furious, to riot, to revel. Furiâlïs, is, e, adj. (furia, madness), furious raging, mad; horrible, dreadful, cruel making mad :. inspired. Furïbundus, a, urn, adj. (furio), mad, raging furious : inspired, enthusiastic. F'oro, ere, ui, n. See Furens. Furor, ôris, m. (furo), fury, madness, rage inspiration, enthusiasm; extravagance ardent desire. Furtim, adv. (fur, a thief), by stealth, se cretly, privily. F'urtivus, a, urn, adj. (furtum), stolen, pil fered; clandestine, secret; concealed, favorable to sccresy. Furtum, i, n. (furatum fr. furor, ίο steal), t thing stolen ; theft ; any secret action ; an intrigue. Fuscus, a, urn, adj. (furvus, dusky, wh. fr ορψϋί), brown, tawny, swarthy, dusky; also hoarse, rough. Futurus, a, urn, (part. fr. sum), that will be, about to be, future. G. Galea, œ, f. (fr. ynXo;, a weasel, or marten cat, fr. wh. military bonnets were made), helmet, helm, casque. Gallicus, a, urn, adj. (Gallia), of Gaul, Gallic. Ganges, is, m. (ruyyw), the Ganges, the ce lebrated river of India. Gargaphie, *s, f. (Γαργαφ!α), a fountain in liaotia, near Ρ lattea: also, a valley of the same. Garrulus, a, urn, adj. (garrio, to prate), prat ing, prattling, garrulous, loquacious ; chattering, chirping; murmuring, pur ling. Gaudeo, ère, gavîsus sum, n. pass, (yntipmu, to pride one1 s seif), to rejoice, be glad. Gaudium, i, n. (gaudeo), joy, gladnets ; pleasure, enjoyment, delight. Gëlïdiis, a, uni, (gclu), icy-cold, gelid. GPmmätüs, a, um, (part. fr. gemino), dou- lilcd, double, repealed. Guinïnus. a. urn, adj. twin, born at the same time: like, equal; double; twain; both; large, hull*y. Uf'iruius, us. m. (gemo), a groan, deep sigh; pai», sorrow. ι Gemma, œ, f. a pern, jewel, preciout »tone; \ 43 GLADIUS. any tiling made thereof; stone in a ring a ring, a seal : a pearl : an ornament : the eue, or bud in vines or other trees. Gemmons, antis, (part, of gemmo), tobeset with, or glitter like guns, jewelled : to bud, gem, or put forth bads. Gemo, ere, ui, itum, a. :md n. to groan, moan, sigh, utter plaintive sounds. Ginn. re. f. Hie eyilid ; ilic eye, (in these significations il "is iouud only in the pU, Hie cheek. Gêner, Cri, m. a son-in-law. Gënurôsus, a, um, adj. (genus), noble, highly descended, from illustrious ancestors ; noble-hearted, magnanimous, generous ; ambitious: excellent; abounding, fruitful. GEniSlis, is, e, adj. (genius), originating with Genius, the god of joy ; delightful, delicious, cheerful, glad, and fr. gigno, matrimonial, conjugal, nuptial. GGnïtïvus, n, um, adj. (geno, or gigno), natural, innate : also, producing, beget ting. Ggnïtur, Cris, m. (geno, or giglio), a father, sire, creator ; author, producer. Gënïtrix, ïcis, f. (fr. geno, or gigno), a mo ther ; authoress, she that produces. GCnftus, n, um, part, of gigno. Gens, tis, f. (γίνω, or yiy*>, lo spring up, be born), a clan among the Romans cm- bracing many familiœ, or stirpes, and applied specially to the patricians: a breed, stock, &c., of animals : a nation containing many populi: a nation in a general sense. GEiiu, n. indeclinable in sing., pi. germa, um, bus, (y), the knee. / lenSs, fris, n. (yÓO;), all ofa kindred, or kind, a race, family, stock; a genus; kind, sort, quality ; descendant, descent. Germana, te, i. (properly the fern, of adj. gennanus), a full sister, a sister. Gero, ire, essi, estum, a. to produce, bear; to carry, wear; to carry on; to do, perform. Gestamïn, ïms, n. (gesto), any thing borne, or worn, a burden, load; that in, or on which a thing is carried. Gestio, ire, ivi, and li, rî. (gestus, α carry ing), to bear, to carry : to make gestures, give way to joy, to delight in, to t-xult. Gesto, are, avi, ntum, a. (gero), to carry, bear, have ; carry about, report. Jestus, a, urn, part, of gcro. lïgas, antis, m. (Hya,-), a giant. The Gigantcs, or Giants, a huge, savage, and godless race, represented as having ser pents for legs : said to be sons of Terra (yea), and to have conspired against Ju piter, by whom they were defeatnd and destroyed. See note on page 55. >igno, ere, genui, genïtum. a. (yijmi), to generale, to beget ; produce, bring foriti, Gignor, to be born.. rlâciâlïs, is, e, adj. (glacies), icy, frozen, full of ice, ItKe ice. [il.icies, ui, f. (perhaps fr. gelo), ice ; fig hardnexs, solidity. Gladius, i, m. a sword. 2 F 337 CLANS. G Uns, dis, f. (Doric yoXamr, βάλανος, an acorn), any kernel-fruit, especially the acorn : a ball. Glèba, IE, f. a clod, or lump of earth, glebe, soil, earth, land. Glomëro, are, avi, alum, 0. (glornue, a clew), to wind round, form into a ball, to round, to mould round. Gloria, SE, f. glory, lionour, fame, renown ; ornament, pride; toasting, vain-glory; ambition. Gnoesius, a, urn, adj. Cretan, from the an cient city Gnossus in Crete. Gorgon, Cms, or Gorgo, us, f. a monster of /torrid aspect. Several are mentioned, but especially three sisters, daughters of Phorcys and Ceto; their names were Euryale, Slheno, and Medusa; their hair was entwined with serpente, and all who looked upon them were turned into stone. Medusa, the most fearful and famous, was slain by Perseus, and by him her head was presented to Minerva, who placed it on the JEgis. Gorgoneus, a, urn, adj. Gorgonean, of the Gorgon. Gracilis, is, e, adj. slender ; thin, narravi ; fine, soft ; lean, meagre : fig. light, easy. Gradior, i, gressus sum, dep. (gradus), to step, take steps, to walk, go, proceed. Grädus, ÜB, m. a step, pace, stride; foot ing, place; a stair; degree, condition, rank. Grains, a, urn, adj. Grecian. Grämen, ïnis, η. (χρ<ίω, to eat, Sanscrit gras, to devour), grass, plant, herb. GramÎneus, a, urn, adj. (gramen), of grass, herbs, or plants, grassy, full of grass. Grandis, is, e, adj. large, big, very great; hence, weighty; sumptuous; noble. Grates, urn, pi. f. (grams), thanks ; parti cularly thanks to the gods; gratiae, thanks to men. Gratia, SE, f. pleasantness, grace ; favor, friendship; interest, influence; kindness: also, gratitude. Gratia?, the Graces, three in number, Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne. Grfifor, âri, âtus, dep. (gratus), to show joy, congratulale ; to rejoice ; to thank. Gräiüs, a, um, adj. (\apr6s, delightful), pleas ing, acceptable, grateful ; deserving ac- knoìnìedgmtMl : thankful, grateful for. Gr"iv,itus, a, urn, (part, of gravo, are) vjtighed down, burdened, troubled, op pressed, overcome. Gravïdus, a, urn, adj. (gravis), filled, laden /nary; pregnant ; fruitful. GravTs, is, e. adj. heavy, weighty, ponderous, gfiat, eminvitt ; s vere, violent ; grave s rinus ; disagreiablc, offensive; laden burdened, troubled ; pregnant. Gr.ivïiâs, âlis, f. (gravis), heaviness, weight ìncus, gravity; pregnancy : dignity, au tliority. Grc .SUB, us. in. (gradici·), a going, a step a pace, gait. Giex, gr"iis, m. a flock, herd ; a company HEI. assembly, a troop ; the crowd, the common herd. urges, ïtis, m. a whirlpool, eddy, gulf, poetically, any deep water, sea, lake, or river. lutta, œ, f. a drop of any liquid ; a speck resembling a drop, riittur, uris, n. the throat ; a goitre, or swelling in tlie neck. lyrus, i, m. a circle, ring, compass. H. lübenä, œ, f. (habeo), properly that whereby any thing is held ; a thong ; a rein. labeo, Ere, ui, ïtum, a. to have, hold, pos sess ; enjoy ; to esteem ; to reckon. labïlïs, ie, e, adj. (habeo), easy to be man aged ; suitable; commodious, fitted to; movable, swift. Kbïtabïlïs, is, e, adj. (habito), habitable, that may be inliabited. labïiandus, a, urn, part, of habito. labïto, are, avi, alum, a. and n. (freq. of habco), to have usually, hold often ; to in habit, dwell in. IBbftus, us, m. (habeo), habit, condition, state; dress, attire. laciënûs, adv. (hac, tenus, scilicet, parte), i« so far, in as much as, as far as, so far as ; thus far. lajdug, i, m. a kid. ïœmônius, a nm, adj. Thtssalian. ïœreo, ere, si, sum, r '-—*·— "- ratsed, to heeitak. tlœres, êdis, m. and f. an Jieir, afoUower. tlâlïtus, us, m. (halo, to breathe), breath ; exhalation, vapor, steam, damp; a breeze; the soul. Hämädryäs, ädis, f. (â/mi3/>uof ), α wood nymph; hamadryad; living in a tree and'dying with it. Hämätus, a, urn, adj. (hamus), hooked, crooked, barbed. Hamüs, i, m. a hook ; hill of a sword ; any thing like a hook : fig. a bail, artifice, de ceit. Harpalos, i, m. the name of one of Actœon's dogs. Harpyia, œ, f. Harpy, the name of one of Actœon's dogs. Hastä, 8P, f. a fpear, lance, javelin. Haslîl", is, n. (hasta), , or :, gen. ου, he, she), he, she, it; this, that; sometimes implies sudi. IsmSrms. a, urn, adj. Ismarian, that is, Thra- cian, from Ismarus, a river of Thrace. lemünidcs, um, f. pi. Itmenian women, that is, Theban, from the river Ismênus, in Bœotis, near Thebes. Ismcnis, idis, f. Ismenian, daughter of Is- menus, or belonging to the Ismenus. Ismcnus, i, m., or Ismenos, i, m. the Isme nus, a stream near Thebes. Iste, ä, fid, pron. (ie and particle te), the same; thai; such. Istcr, and Hist"r, tri, m. the Danube, but generally the lower part of it. Ila, adv. (is), such, thus, in this manner, so, so much; therefore. Iter, ïtëris, and more frequently ïtïnïris, n. (fr. obs. itiner, wh. fm. itum, sup. of eo), a going aloni, a way, road, journey: fùf. course, custom. 44 JUGÜM. Itero, are, avi, âtum, a. (iterum), to repeat, do over again, begin again, renew. "Iti-rum, adv. (iter), again, anew, a second time: also, on the other hand. Itum, neuter of itus, part, of eo : Itum est, entrance is made, &c. ; it was gone; thty went. ΙχϊΓιη, onis, ni. a mythical king of Thes- saly. J. Jäceo, ère, ui, ïtum, n. (perhaps from jacio), to lie ; he down, prostrate, low ; be situ ate; be cast down. J;icio, ere, jèci, jactum, a. (Γω, to send forth. Ift go), to throw, cast, fling, hurl. Jactans, tis, part, of jacto. Jacto, are, âvi, âtum, a. (freq. of jacio), to throw, cast, fling, hurl, discharge, to toss to and fro. Jactfira, us, f. (jacio), throwing, especially of goods overboard in a storm ; a lessen ing; a loss; damage. Jactus, us, m. (jacio), a throwing, hurling, a throw, a cast. Jäeülor, âri, âtus, dep. (jaculum), to throw a javelin or other missili·; fght with a javelin; to hurl, cast. Jaculum, i, n. (jacio), any thing used for casting or throwing; a javelin, dart. Jam, adv. now, forthwith, immediately, al ready. Jamdûdum, adv. (jam and dudum), now for some time, this long time, for some time. Jänua, as, {. (supposed fr. Janus, who pre sided over it), a door, house-door, gate; entrance, passage. JCjiinium, i, n. (jejunus, fasting), a fast, abstinence; hunger. Jucusus, a, urn, adj. (jocus), merry, frolic some, sportive, gay, humorous, playful, facetious. Jucus, i, m. ajoki, a jest: play, sport. (Per haps from Jtivo, to please.) Jüba, 33, f. the mane, of horse or other ani mal ; hair; a tuft of feathers, a crest, a comb. (Perhaps from φόβη.) Jubär, arie, m. (the radiance of the stars; radiant light; light, splendor, glow, (from juba, i. e. jubare lumen, streaming light.) Jubeo, ere, ussi, ussum, a. to approve, rati fy; decree, command, order. jùde\, ïcis, m. (judico), a judge in a legal sense : one who judges or decides. Jugi'ilis, is, e, adj. (Ç'iyôV, a yoke), yoked toge ther; conjugal, matrimonial, nuptial. Jugtrum, i. n. and JugCr, is, n. a piece of land 240 feet long by 120 feet wide usually interpreted an acre. Jugiilum, i, n. and Juguhis, i, m. (jungo), the collnr-boue; the neck, the throat. Jugum, i, η. (ν'Χ'"0, any thing which joins two bodies; a yoke for oxen or horses ; a crossbar; beam if a balance; beam of a loom; cross-hench, or crossjilank in boats anβάι>ω), ίο lurk, to lie hid, be concealed: be concealed from, unknown to; to dwell in retirement. Latex, tcis, m. water, spring water, run ning water; sometimes wine; other liquid. Latlnus, a, urn, adj. Latin, belonging to Latium. Latito, fire, avi, are, n. freq. of lateo, to lie hid, to lurk, to be concealed. Lathis, a, urn, adj. Latin, Latian, belong ing to Latium. Lâtiùs, adv. comp. of late, more widely, more diffusely. Lâtônius, a, urn, adj. of or pertaining to Latona. Läträtus, us, m. (latro), a barking, a baying. Lätns, tris, n. the side, the flank. Lâtus, a, urn, part, usea as from fero, borne, carried, fyc. Lätus, a, um, adj. (ιτλατΐ(), broad, tcide; epacious. Laudo, are, avi, ätum, a. (laus), to praise, commend, appiana, extol. Laurea, ee. f. a laurel-wreath, laurei. Lauriis, i and us, i. a laurel-tree, laurel. This tree was peculiarly sacred to Apollo. Laus, dis, f. praise, commendation, good re port, honor, fame, renown: also merit. LIBANDUS. Lea, ss, f. (leo), β lionets. Lesena, œ, f. (λέαινα), a lioness. Lenrehus, i, m. (Λέαρχο5), Learchus, son ol Athamas and Io. Lectus, i. m. (λέ.π·ροκ), a bed, couch, sofa. Lugo, Ere, ègi, ctum, a. (Xtyw, to lay, lay together), to lay in order, arrange; hence, to gather, collect, cull, pick tup; hence, to pick out, choose: also, to father up, wind up, furl; to pick up, steal; to pass or run over or by; with the feet, to walk on, tread in; with ships, to sail over, sail close to; with the eyes, to read, peruse. Lemnïcila, œ, m. and f. (Lemnos and colo), one that inhabits Lemnos: also, a name of Vulcan. Lenœus, a, urn, (fr. Aijymoc, wh. fr. AIJKUJ, a wine-press), Lentfan, belonging to Bac chus. Lènio, îri, ivi and ii, îtum, a. (lenis), to soften, allay, mitigate, assuage, appease, pacify, soothe. Lênis, is, e, adj. soft, smooth; gentle, mild, easy, balmy, indulgent. Lènius, adv. comp. oi leniter, or lene, soft ly, smoothly, gently. Sup. lenissime. Lente, adv. (lentus), slowly, tardily; inani mately, calmly, patiently, carelessly. Lentus, a, urn, adj. tough, pliant, flexible; tenacious, clammy; slow, tardy, sluggish: calm, cool. Leo, onis, m. (Gr. λέωκ), a limi. Lepus, oris, n. a hare. Lerna, œ, and Lerne, es, f. (Atpij), a marsh in Argalis, the abode of the Hydra. Lesbos, or Lesbus, i, f. (Aór/Soj), Lesbos, an island in the JEgean sea, near Mysia, now Metelin. Lêthâlis, is, e, adj. (lethum, or letum, death), deadly, mortal, fatal, bringing or causing death. Lêthâtus, a, urn, part. fr. lethor, pass, of lêtho, are, avi, to put to death, to slay, kill. Lêthum, or Lêtum, i, n. (XiOij, oblivion, or obs. vb. leo, fr. wli. deleo), death: min, destruction. Leucon, onis, m. (Xtiwuf), White, one of Ac- tœon's dogs. Leucöthoe, es, f. See Ino. Levior, us, comp. of levis, lighter, $c. Levis, is, e, adj. smooth, sleek, polished; beardless, bald; tender. Levis, is, e, adj. light, of little weight; light of motion, nimble; slight, trifling, insig nificant; gentle; inconstant, worthless. L'vTtas, tâtis, f. (ICvis), lightness as to weight ; lightness of motion, agility; freedom or faculty of motion; lightness <>fmind.fricolity,Jirkleners, levity: also, insignificance, vanity, shalloainess. Levo, are, avi, a. (levis), to mike light, lighten, alleviate, ease, beguile; to raise up, lift up, ilevatc. Lex, Cgis, f. (lego, to choose), proposal for a law, a bill; a law, an ordinance, statute; a rule, precept, canon. Lïbandus, a, uni, part. fut. pops, of libo, 347 Lib Al US ire, avi, a. (Xrf/M, to pour mit [a part of the wine, or other offering, in honor of the deity to whom the sacrifice was made], io libate, make Illation of, offer, consecrate: also, to take a small portion of, taste, tip, touch lightly; cull. Linatus, a, urn, part. pert. pass, of libo. See the preceding. Lïbêntèr, or lubentèr, adv. (libera, or lu- bens), willingly, readily, cheerfully, gladly. LÌber, eri, m. (libo), an old Latin god, after wards confounded with the Grecian Bacchus; wine. Lïber, bri, m. (perhaps Xn">f, bark), inner bark of a tree; hence, thebark generally.· and hence, leaves of writing, a book, as the bark was anciently used for writing. Liber, ere, erum, adj. (libel, libere), free, in every sense, oi the word, as unen- slaved, unfettered, unshackled, uncon- jined, open, frank, independent, &.C. Lîbërior, ùria, comp. of liber, mirre free, more open, more uncanfined, &c. Lfbet, or lubet, bêbat, buit or bïtum est, imp. it pleases; it is agreeable: followed by a dative, expressed or understood, as ni lili, libi, lili 1. lam, tliou art, he is dis puted. Libro, are, avi, Stum, a. (libra), to weigh, weigh out, balance; to poise, hold in equi librium. Lïbvcus, a, urn, adj. (AijSwcij), Lybùn, African. Lïbîë, es-, f. (Λι/?ίΐ)), α port of Africa, west of Egypt and north of Ethiopia : some times used for all Africa. Lïbys, yos, m. a Lybian: also a proper name. Lïcentia, as, f. (licet), freedom, leave to do any tiling, liberty; presnmplion, unbound ed lici nse; licentiousness. 'Lïcct, ébat, cuit and ïtum est, ère, imp. vb. (according to some, fr. ώ«ί), it is lawful, right, permitted. Lignum, i, n. wood, any thing made of wood: poetice, a tree. Lïgo, are, avi, ätum, a. to bind, bind up, to fasteti, unite. Ligures, uni, pi. m. and f. Ligurians, peo ple of Li/furia, the northern part of Italy, a great portion of which is now Genoese territory. Lilmm, i, n. (Xcipicw), a lily, particularly the white lily. Limbus, i, m α lace, a border, a hem; a fringe. Limen, Tnis, n. the threshold of the door, the lintel; by synecdoche, entrance, door; also, dwelling, house. I/îmes, ïtis, m. n cross-patti, [a strip of un- plougltcd land through a field or vine yard] , a limit, boundary; a path, passage, track, trail. Lîmus, i, m. soft mud, tlime, mire, mud, moist eart/t, clay. (Ey some derived from \αμ :v, a grassy soft place, or from λίμοι, a lake.) 348 LUCIFER. Lingua, 33, f. the tongue: hence, i« i ige, speech; fluency, eloquence. Linïger, era, ërum, adj. (hnum and gero), wearing linen, clothed in linen. Liuquo, ere, lîqui, a. (λείττω), to leave, for sake, quit, depart from, resign, abandon let alone. Linteus, a, urn, adj. (linum), made of βαχ, linen, jlaxen: hence, Unicum, i, n. a tail. Lïnum, i, η. (λύ™), βαχ, lint; hence, a flaxen string or line; also, linen; a net. Lïquïdus, a, urn, adj. (liqueo), liquid,fluid, pure, clear. Lìquor, i, dep. 0«βω), to become liquid, to be liquid, to melt, dissolve, waste away. Lìquor, uns, m. (liqueo),ßuidncss, fluidity, Itquidness; fluid, moisture. Lircœus, α, um, or Lyrceus, Lyrcean, of the Lyrceus, a river of Arcadia. Lïriope, es, f. a sea-nymph, mother of Nar cissus. Lis, Iltis, f. (cpif, dropping ε and changing ρ into 1), strife, contention, dispute, quar rel, controversy. Littera, or Liiera, œ, f. (by some derived fr. lino, to streak),a letter of the alphabet: pi. Ittters, writing, writings, documents: also, a letter or epistle. Litturcus, a, urn, anj. (litus), ofoi belonging to the shore, maritime. Littus, oris, n. the sea-shore, strand, coast. Lïveo, ere, n. to be of a lead,bluish or livid color: livens, lead-colored, bluish, black ish, livid. Loco, arc, avi, a. (locus), to place, eit, sta tion, arrange; to hire out, farm out; to lay out, expend. Locus, i, m. pi. loci, m. and loca, η. α place. Locutus, a, urn, part, from loquor. Longé, adv. (longus), long, to a great length, far, afar, at a distance, to a distance. Longus, a, urn, adj. long ; far-stretelling, vast: far distant; of long duration. Luquax, äcis, adj. (loquor), talkative, wordy, laquacious, garrulous; speaking, expres sive. Liquor, ui, cûtus, dep. (Xiy»s), to speak, talk, converse, discourse; to celebrate; to tell, declare. Lorica, œ, f. (lorum, a leathern thong), a coat of mail, a cuirass, a corslel, breast plate: a breastwork, parapet. Lörum, i. n. a liathern thong, string of lea tier. Lora, pi. often signifies π in«. Lotus, i, f. the lote-tree. l· Iules were made of the wood ; hence, by nieton. a flute. LGbncus, a, um, pdj. (perhaps fr. labor, to slip}, slippery; insecure, unsafe; worn smooth, veri/ smooth; polished; lubricous, slimy; gliding, flowing. Lûceo, îre, xi, n. (lux), to be linkt, to emit light, to shine, glitter, glisttn. Lïicïdus, a. urn, adj. (luceo), having light ' full of light, clear, brilliant, lucid, bright, polished. Lucifer, a, urn, adj. (lux and tero), bringing LUCTISONUS. light: Lucifer, feri, m. Lucifer, the morn ing star. Luctïsûnus, a, um, adj. (luctus and sono), mournfully sounding, mournful, ead, dismal. Luctor, 5ri, âtus, dep. (lucia, a wrestling), to wrestle, to struggle, strive, contend; strive earnestly. Luctus, us, m. (lugeo), mourning, grief, affliction; lamentation, wailing; sorrow, sadness. LÜCU8, i, m. a grove or thicket sacred to some deity, a sacred grove ; a wood in general. Ludo, ere, lûsi, lûsum, n. and a. to play for pastime, to sport, trifle, wanton, di sport; amuse one's self, practise for amusement, play; to sport or trifle away; to banter, jeer; mock, deceive. Lüdus, i, m. play, sport, diversion, pastime, amusement, exercise: !"Ji, games, exer cises. Lugeo, ere, xi, n. and a. (λΐζω), ^ mourn, lament, bewail, defilare, weep for, show grief for by outward signs. Lûgubris, is, e, adj. (lugeo), relating to mourning ; in mourning, mourning, mournful, sorrowful; doleful, dismal. Lumen, ïnis, n. (for lucimen, from luceo), illuminating light, the light; dayligld; a light; light of life; the sight, the eye; brightness. Luna, a), f. (contraction of Lucina, from lueeo), the moon: also, Luna, the goddess of the moon. LullSris, is, e, adj. (luna), of the moon, lunar; like the moon. Luo, ere, i, ïtum, a. (λιω), to pay; hence, to pay as a recompense or retribution, pay a penalty, suffer punishment; to render sa tisfaction, atone for, expiate; to free, purge. Also, to wash, wash away (from λούω, to wash). Lupus, i. m. (Xirnj), a wolf. Lïirïdus, α, um, adj. very pale, faintly blue, livid, foul, gliastly, lurid; making pale, making livid. Lustro, are, avi, ätum, a. (lustrum), to pu rify by religious rites: to review, survey; to traverse, wander over. Lustrum, i, n. (luo or lavo), a place to bathe in; hence, a slough, morass: hence gene rally, haunt of wild beasts, den; also, a wood, grove, glade. Lutülentus, a, urn, adj. (\utum), full of mud, muddy, turbid, dirty. Lux, ucis, f. (λι>Γ), the light as around us. Lyaeus, i, m. (ACaroj), the relaxer, the un- bender, the freer from care—a name of Bacchus. Lycäbas, 33, m. a proper name, Lycdbas. L; 3äün, onts, m. son of Pelasgus and the nymph Melibœa, and king of Arcadia, Lycaon. Lycäonius, a, urn, pr. adj. of or pertaining to Lycaon. Lycteus, i, m. and Lycceum, η. (ΛυκαΓο»-), a MAGNUS. mountain in Arcadia, sacred to Jupiter ^and to Pan, now Telragi. Lycia, œ, f. Lycia, a district of Asia Minor, between Caria and Pamphylia. Lycius, a, urn, adj. Lycian, belonging to Lycia. Lycisca, as, f. name of a doe. a wolf-hybrid. Lycormas, a;, m. a river of CEtoha. Lycurgus, i, m. a king of Thrace, who had all the vines in his kingdom cut down, to check the intemperance of his subjects, and who is said to have cut off his own extremities with the axe he had used in destroying the vines. Lympha, œ, f. (perhaps fr. ιΑμφη, λ and t beinff interchangeable), water, lumph, Lyncîdes, is, m. either the son of Lynceus, a patronymic, or itself a proper name. LyncideS. Lynx, lyncis, f. and m. a lynx or ounce. Lyra, œ, f. (λίρα), a lyre, lute, harp. M. Mäeies, ei, f. (maceo, ίο grow leant, lean ness, miagreness, thinness, lankncss, Macto, are, avi, a. (obs. mago, fr. wh. also magnus and mactus), to augment, enrich; immolate, sacrißce; to increase, advance, honor; to slay, kill. Macula, œ, f. a spot, stain, mark. Maculo, are, avi, ätum, a. (macula), io spot, stain; pollute, defile. Macülösus, a, urn, adj. (macula), spotted, speckled, stained, blotted. Màdefàcio, ere, êci, actum, a. (madeo, facio), to wet, moisten, make wet, imbue. Madufactu9, part. See Madefacio, pass. madefio, fr. wh. madefaetus. Mädeo, ere, ui, η. (μαόάω), to be wet, soaked, drenched: madens, moistened, drenched, bedewed, bathed in, reeking with. Madesco, ere, mädui, n. (madeo), to become moist or wet, to be drenched, to be soaked, to become soft. MSdïdus, a, um, adj. wet, moist, soaked, hu mid: soft, tender; gqftened, macerated. Mœnalos, or Mœnalus, i, m. and pi. Mas naia, η. (Μαύ/αλω·), a mountain in the south-east of Arcadia, on which was a town of the same name, both called ofier a son of Lycaon and Melibœa; it was sacred to Pan. Present name, Menalo, or Acino. Mœônia, a?, f. a country of Asia Minor. Also, Elruria, because settled by Mas onians. MaeCnius, a, urn, adj. Mœonian, or Lydian, the country having both names. Magïcua, a, uin, adj. (μαχικόν), belonging to magic, magical. MHgïs, adv. more; rather: sup. maxime. Magnanimus, a, urn, adj. (magnus and animus), magnanimous, proud, brave, daring. Magnus, a, urn, (obs. mago, or μέγα*), great in any respect, as large, weighty, powi< fui, &c. &c. &c. 2 G 349 il· MAGUS Mägus, i, m. (μάγθ!>, a, wise and learned man, a priest and philosopher among the Persians: a magician, diviner. Maîa, œ, (Mala), a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and mother of Mercury by Jupiter. Majestés, âtts, f. (magus, gréai), greatness, majesty, grandeur, dignity. Major, or, us, gen. uns, adj! comp. of mag- nus, βιιρ. maxïmus. Male, adv. ladly, ill, wrongly, wickedly: comp. pejùs ; sup. pessime. Malleus, Ί, m. a mallet, hammer: also, an instrument for slaying the victim in sacri fice, hatchet, axe. Hence English mall. Malo, le, lui, irr. (magie and volo), lo choose rather, to prefer. Mälum, i, n. any thing evil, evil, misfor tune; evil action, crime; disease Malus, a, urn, adj., comp. pejor, sup. pes- simus, tad, evil, wicked; baneful; bur densome; unfavorable; mischievous; un seemly, dpformed. Mando, are, avi, âtum, a. (perhaps fr. in manum do), to commit to one1 s cltarge, en join, command; to consign, confide, in- 'trust. Mane, n. indec. the morning, morn. Also adv. in the morning. Manco, ère, nsi, risum, n. and a. (μίνω, Dor. μάνω), to remain; aliide; endure, continue, le permanent: transitively, to await, ex pect. Manes, ium, m. (fr. obs. manus, good), dii manes, infernal gods: also, the shades of the dead; the abode of the dead. Mamfestus, a, urn, adj. (fr. manus and old vb. fendo), manifest, clear, distinct, appa rent, evident. Mano, are, avi, âtum, n. to flow, run, trickle, drop, distil. Manus, us, f. (/»άω, to touch), the hand: also, power; work done with the hand; handwriting, style of writing, carving, painting, o/e.· an armed force, a body, multitude. Märe, is, n. (Celtic, mor, the sea), the tea. Marge, ïnis, m. and f. brink, brim, margin, border, boundary. Maritus, i, m. [properly an adj. us, a, um, belonging to marriage], a husband; affi anced lover; the male of any pair. Marmor, Cris, η. (μάρμαρο>), marble; statue by metonomy. Marmoreus, a, urn, adj. (marmor), made nf murile; like marble, in whiteness, smooth ness, hardness, &c. Maps, tis, in. (contracted fr. mavors, or formed fr. mas, and signifying manly, vigorous), Mars, the god of war : hence, battle, war; contest. Martius, a, um. adj. belonging to Mars, descended nf Mars, martial. Massa, IE, f. 0*Jîw, ir. μύω, μίσσω, to knead), a lump, a mass. Mater, ris, f. dwip. Dorice μπιρ). η mother, ftmale that bringe forth: also used of the earth, plants, &c. «50 MEMBRA. Materia, œ, and Matëries, êi, f. (mater), matter, material, that eut of wliich any thing is formed, elements. Mâtcrnus, a, urn, adj. (mater), motherly, maternal, of a mother. Materiëra, œ, f. (mater), a mother's sister maternal aunt. Matrona, œ, f. (mater), a freeborn, respect able married woman, particularly a patri cian lady; a venerable matron; honorable wife, contort. Mätürus, a, um, adj. ripe, mature, of the proper age. Matîitînus, a, urn, adj. (from Matuta, the name given by the Romans to the god dess Leucothoe : see INO), early, in the morning, belonging tooTofthe morning : m. radii, the morning sunbeams. Mävortius, a, um, adj. (Mavors, same as Mars), of Mars, relating to Mars. Pro les Mavortias, the Îhebans, because sprung from the serpent sacred to or be gotten of Mars. Maxime, adv. sup. of magis, most, in the highest degree, remarkably, eminently. Ma\ïmus, a, urn, adj. sup. of magnus. Medïcnbïïïs, is, e, adj. (medicor, to heal), curable, that may be healed, remediable. Medicarne«, ïnis, n. (medicor), a medicine, medicament, drug, remedy. MSdïcâtus, a, um, part, from medico, medi cated, imbued with medicinal virtues. MCdïcma, se, f. (properly fern, of adj. medi- cinus, seil, ars m.), the art of physic, me dicine. Medtcus, a, um, adj. (medeor, to heal), healing, medicinal, medical. MCdïus, a, urn, adj. (from modus, μαπίΐιο! or μεσοζ), being in (lie middle or midst; midt middle; half; intervening. Mrdûn, unis, m. proper name, Medon. Medulla, ae, f. ;medius), the marrow; pith of plants, herbs, &c. : fig. the inmost parts. Medusa, se, f. (Με&ιΟσΛ, a female ruler), Me dusa, the most noted of the Gorgons. Mei, mellis, η. (/ιέλι), honey: also used for any thing very sweet : hence, darling, &e. Mrlampus, i, m. 0*'X<"f, black, τταίς, foot), Eluckfoot, name of a dog. MMancliaBtes, ae, m. (μελάς, black, χαίτη, hair), B/ack/tair, name of a dog. Meläneus, 6i, and EOS, m. (μίλα>). Black, name of a dog ; also of one of the Cen taurs. MPlanthus, i, m. Melanthus, a proper name. Mêlas, änis, or ünos, (/"&«»-), black: as a pr. n. applied to several rivers, in Phrygia, Thrace, Thessaly, &c. Mellcerta, ae, m. son of Athamas and Ino, changed into the sea-god Paltemon, or Portummis. MClior, cris, adj. comp. of bonus, better, superior; juster, kinder. Mcliùs, adv. in eomp. deg., pos. bene, sup. optimè, better, in a better manner. Membra, ürum, n. pi. members, limbs; divi· MEMBRANA. fienai parts ; lements ; fig. the body. (Perhaps of the same origin as μάρω, to divide, μέρος, a part, &c.) Membrana, œ, f. (membrum), a web or net work of interwoven fibres, a membrane, thin »tin. Memïni, perf. of the obs. vb. memino. same as Gr. μνάω, J retain or have relaiiteii in memory: to recollect. It is used through out the perf. line only. Memor, Cris, adj. (memini), mindful, re membering, recollecting; gralrful. Mëmurâbïlis, is, e, adj. (memoro), fit or worthy to be meiitioned ; memorable, re- markiibic. MCmr/ro, ari, avi, âtum, a. (memor), to re count, relate, tell. Mendax, iicis, adj. (mentior, lo lie), lying; dereiiful, false ; nnfoumled, untrue ; feigned, counterfeiteil. Mens, tis, f. (n'-ιος, fr. root μαω), the mind; disposition; intellect. Mensa, œ, f. (metior), originally, perhaps, a surveying board; a table in general, especially a tahl·· lo eat on. Mensis, is, f. (Gr. μ'», η mon/h Mensor, ôris, m. (metior), a measurer, sur veyor. Mentior, ni, ìtus, dep. Io lie, deceive, break one's word, Irli afalscliood. Merces, êdis, f. (mereo), hire, wages, pay, compensation, reward : profit, gain; in come, revenue. Merciirius, i, m. (merx), Mercurt/, son of Jupiter and Maia, herald of the gods ; god of eloquence and of peace ; also of prudence, of cunning, fraud, gain, &c. ; also of merchants. MFreo, eve, ui, Ttum, a. and n., and Mereor, eri, ïtus sum. dep. to deserve, merit; to earn; tc obtain; to serve for pay; to de serve nf. Merge, Ere, rsi, rsum, a. (mare), to put un der water, sink, dip, plunge, immerse; overwlielni, rum, destroy; hide. Meritò, adv. (meritus), deservedly, with reason, rightly. Maritimi, i, n. (meritus), a thing deserved, reward; also, punishment: merit, desert; grace, favor, kindness; demerit, fault, of- ftnce; worlli, importance. MPrîtus, a, um. part. fr. mereo, merited, deserved. As adj. fair, fit, reasonable, prop r. Mërop«, ϋρϊι, m. ^fo^, distinctly speaking), Mero/is, husband of Clymene, who was mother uf Phaeton. Mersus, a, urn. part. fr. mcrgo. Merus, a, nm. adj. (perhaps μ'φω, to divide), pure, unmized: m°re, bare, pure: nakt-d; clear, bright. Often as a subs, mcrum, sell, vitmm. Messeriius, a, urn, adj. belonging Ιο Mif- tenia, the south-west province of Pelo ponnesus ; or, of Alessene, capital of Messenia. MCta, £e, f. any tiling of a conic or pyramidal shape; especially the pyramidal column MINYEIAS. at each end of the Roman Circus, round which the horses and chariots turned: hence, goal, extremity, place of turning, boundary, limit. Metier, In, mensus, seldom metitus, dep. to mete, measure, survey, take measure of: fig. to estimate, judge, value. Mciuo, ere, ui, n. and a. (metus), intr. to be afraid, be ài doubt, be irresolute, be anx ious: trans, to fear, appreliend; to revere, stand in awe of: also, to beware of. Milus, us, m. (perhaps fr. μύβας, battle-dm, terror), fear, dread; awe. Meus, a, um, fois, ή, <5κ), belonging to me, my, mine, my own. Mïco, are, cui, n. (meo, to move), to movt quickly, have a tremulous motion, quiver, vibrate, palpitate; to tremble, shake; ta glitter, glisten, sparkle, glance: also, to ßasti forth, spring forth, break forth. Miles, Tris, m. and f. (fr. mile, h. e. mille), a soldier, a military man. Mille, num. adj. (akin to Celtic mil), a thousand: pi. milita. Milvus, i, m. a bird of prey, a kite; aßsh r>f prey; a sign in tin henvcns. Mimas, amis, m. a rocky and lotty pro montory of Ionia, opposite Chios—now Xtiltan. Mina. ae, more used in pi. mina;, arum, f. (akin to mineo, to hang over, to minor, to project, &c.), the projecting summits of tie walls of the ancients, battlements .· hence, threats, menaces. Mnlax, ficis, adj. (minor), projecting; threat ening; promising; expressive. Mïnervn, ae, f. otherwise Pallas, the god dess of wisdom, of reason, of arts and sciences, and of war, the invemrcss of spinning, weaving, &c., the discoverer of the olive. Mînïmus, n, um, adj. sup. of parvus, which see. Minister, ra, um, adj. (manus), waiting upon, attending, ministrant, serving: also, minister, tri, m. as a subs, a ternani, attendant, and ministra, œ, f. suba.feaiale attendant. Ministerium, i, n. (minister), service, attend- anre. ministration; office, work, labor. Ministro, are, .ivi, âtum, a. (minister), to serve, dieu, yield obedience to. Mïmtans, antis, part, of mïnïior, ari, dtus, (minor), dep. to threaten, menace. Minor ari, âtus sum, dep. (akin to minœ), to project, tower upward^ threaten, me nace; to inttnd, purpose, profess, pro mise. Minor, m. and f, minus, n., gen. tiris, comp. see parvus, /es.-·, smnllir, slighter: in years, younger: m length,«Aorter, &c. Minus, n. oi the above Minus, adv. romp, of parùin, less. Also, used simply to express dctVicncy, as, minus amariis, not lornl, nut much loved. Minyeiis, ädis, and Mmveis, idoa, ,. a I daughter of Minyas. Minyas, son of I Chryses and Chrysogcnia, the fabled 3o ι VI MINYEIUS. progenitor of the Minyœ, who were a race of nobles in Orcheinenus. Mïnïûïus, a, urn, adj. of or belonging to Miuyas ; M. proles, the daughters of Minyas. Mirabilis, is, e, (miror), lo be wondered at, wonderful, strange, astonishing: admira ble, extraordinary. Mïrâculum, i, n. (rniror), strangeness, a wonder, a miracle, prodigy. Mîrator, ôris, m. (miror), an admirer. Miror, ari, ätus sura, dep. to wonder, mar vel, bc/imazed; wonderat, admire; esteem, value; to gaze on with admiration. Mïrus, a, urn, adj. (akin to miror), wonder ful, ttrange, marvellous, admirable, extra ordinary. Misceo, ere, ui, mistura and mixtum, a. (μίσγω, same as py1"1/*1, to mix), to m^igle, intermix, blend; confuse, embroil. Mïsfr, a, urn, adj. (by some derived from μισίω, to hate), wrelched, misérable, unfor tunate, distressed, voful, piteous: vile. Mïsërabïlis, is, e, ndj. (miser), pitiable, de- eervinc of commiseration, deplorable, la mentable: plaintive, sorrowful. Mïatreor, cri, tus sum, dcp. (miser), to pity, compassionate, commiserate, have pity on. Miseror, Sri, ätus sum, dep. (miser), to de plore, lament, mourn for, bewail; to pity, compassionate. Mïserïmus, a, urn, adj. sup. of miser, a, urn ; which see. Missus, n, urn, part. fr. mitto, let go, sent, thrown, hurled, &c. &c. Alistus, a, urn, or Mixtus, part, and adj. (misceo), mixed, mingled, intermixed, blended, tempered, combined. Mitis, is, e, adj. mild, soft, tender, mettow; calm, placidi gentle, easy, hind. Mltto, ere, ïsi, n. (meo, to go or make gol, to let go, cause to go; put aside, omit, dis miss, send, despatch, to send forth, pro duce, to throw, discharge, cast, precipitate. Mudtramen, ïnis, n. (moderor), that by which any thing is governed or guided; hence, government, management, direc- tum, Moderatius, adv. comp. of moderate, mode rately, discreetly, with moderation, gra dually. Moderator, ôris, m", (moderor), a moderator; a governor, ruler, director, guide. Moderor, ari, alus sum, dep. (modus), to ßx a meafurffor: to set measure to, mo derate, restrain, allay, spare; to manage properly, govern, regulate. MCdestus, a, urn, adj. (modu*). moderate in desire, modest, temperate, discreet, virtu ous, decent, calm, gentle. Mudtcus, a, urn, adj. (modus), keeping within proper measure, moderate, modest; middling, ordinary; small, little, scanty, trifling, mean. Mudo, adv. (modus), only, but; merely: a short time since, lately ; now, just now, immediately; meanwltile. 352 MONUMENTUM Mudus, i. m. a measure, quantity; measure, moderation; limit; manner, method. Mcenia, ium, n. pi. (akin to munio, to for tify), walls, especially of towns : hence, that by which any thing is inclosed, towers, ramparts, intrenchments. Often for a city. Mœreo, ère, ui, n. and a. to mourn, grieve: to bewail, lament; to utter mournfully or sadly. Mœstus, a, urn, adj. (mcereo), mourning, sad, sorrowful, grieved, afflicted: gloomy; boding grief; causine gritf. MiJlaris, is, e, adj. (mola, a mill), of a mill: henco, molaris, is, as a subs. seil, lapis, a mill-stone; hence, any huge stone. Mules, is, f. a mass, heap, liuge or weighty lump. Môlior, ire, Itus sum, dep. (moles), to be stir one's self, make a great effort, endea vor to perform, labor, strive, struggle; to move with an effort, undertake, design, project, plan, attempt : also, to build, raise, make. Mollesco, ere, n. (mollis), to become soft, become mild, soften, grow gentle; to be come effeminate. Mollio, ire, ivi and ii, îtum, a. (mollis), to moke flexible, pliant, soft; to mollify. Mollis, e, adj. (for movilis, from moveo), fexible, pliant ; soft ; tender, delicate, mild, genial, impressible. Mulossus, a, urn, adj. Molossian, belonging to Molossia, a district of Epirus, called so after Molossus, son of Pyrrhus and Andromache. Momentum, i, n. (moveo), a motion or im pulse; motion, movemt-nt; force, moving power; a moment or minute; value, weight; influence, importance. Muneo, ere, ui, ïtum, a. (fo?«™), lo put in mind, advige, admonish, warn ; to in struct, inform, tell. Munïtum, ι, η. (moneo, to advise), admoni tion, advice, warning, exhortation: pro jihecy, forewarning. Munïlus, «s, m. {moneo, to advise), advice, admonition, warning; teaming by omens or dreams. Mons, lis, m. a mountain, high hill; a quantity. (Perhaps from mineo, to im pend.) Monstro, are, avi, a. (moneo), to point out, show; to inform, teacli, tell: to indicate, ajr/ioint. Monstrum, i, n. (rnoneo), any thing out of nature's ordinary course, a monster, pro- disy, a hideous person or thing, a wonder, marvel. Montânus, a, urn, adj. (mons), of or belong ing to a mountain; being or living on mountains: mountainous. Monticala, œ, m. and f. {mons, colo), an inhabitant of the mountains. MiJnumentum and Mummentum, i, n. (mo nco), a memorial, monument; a tomb, in which latter sense monumcntum was originally, according to Varrò, exclu- MORA. eively used; a record; a trace or ties tige. Mura, œ, {. a delay, hindrance, impediment Mordeo, ere, mumordi, morsum, a. lo bili with one's teeth, to chew, to eat; hence to use up, consume; to catch, clasp fast to bite at, censure, satirize; to gnaw grieve, afflict, annoii, corrode with grief. Murior, i, mortuus, dep. lu die, ta rrnire perish: fig. to vanish, pass away, lose it strength. Mìjror, ari, ätus sum, dep. (mora, delay). It stay, tarry, abide, linger: trans, to detain impedt : also, to care for. Mors, lis, f. ^6poi,fale), death; also, Death as a goddess. Morsus, us, m. (mordeo), a biting, a bite, an eating; a corroding, consumiiig; grief mortification. Mortahs, e, adj. (mors), mortal, subject io death ; human, earthly : also, mortal, bringing or causing death. Murimi, i, n. (either from pt/ar, as in thi following, or from pavpa;, black), a mal berry; a blackberry, bramble-berry. Môrus, i, f. (jiofM, the black mulberry), t mulberry tree. Mos, nions, ni. one's will or humor; self- will, caprice; manner, custom, usage, practice, fafhion; demeanor, behavior. In pi. especially, morals, character. Mutus, us, m. (moveo), a moving, motion, , movement. MCveo, ère, i, ôtum, a. and n. (meo), lo move, put in motion, shake ; affect, im press; incite, excite; remove. Moi, adv. (moveo), presently, soon, imme diately, soon after. Macro, unis, m. (perhaps from p*pl>s, small), the sharp point of any thing; sharp edge; point of a sword, a sword; hence, power, autliorily. Mogio, ire, ivi and ii, ïtum, n. (from the sound mil), to low, bellow, as kinc : to crash, roar, peal. Mugltus, us, m. (mugio), a lowing, bellow ing; a roaring, crushing, loud noise. Mulceo, ère, si, sum, a. (μίλγω for άμέλγω, to milk, press gently), to stroke; to soothe, cairn; fondle, caress, delight; fan; touch; breathe through. Mulcïbcr, iris and i, m. Vulcan, perhaps from mulceo, in ihe signification, to soften. Multùm, adv. (multus), much, very much, very, greatly, frequently. Multus, a, um, adj. much, copious, mtiny, numerous, frequent. Mundus, i, m. [analogous to κ6σμο{], orna ment; the heavens; the universe, the world. Munimcn, Ïnis, n. (munio), a fortißcation, defence, bulwark, rampart, shelter, protec tion. Mùnus, tris, n. an office, employment, charge; duly; a service, favor; hence, last service to the dead, funereal honors or riles; a present, a gift. 15 NASCENDUM. Mfmyrhius, a, urn, adj. of Munychia, that is, Athenian; Munychia OTowuxia) being one of the harbors at Athens, adjoinirg the Piraeus. Murex, ïcis, m. a purple-fish, α species of sbell-Jlsh with prickly ,irmor and long beak; the juice contained in the shell, used for dying ; purple. A shell used ta n irnmpct hy Truon. Murmur, uria, n. (onomatopoeia, mur-mur. giving the sound ι he word expresses;, α murmur, murmuring noise. Mfirus, i, m. a wall,·as of a town; any thing serving as a wall; a defet.ce, se curity, protection. Muscus, i, m. (μ&η:»,-), moss. Mïunbïlis, ia, e, adj. (aiuto), mutable, changeable, unsettled, inconstant, fickle. Muto, jire, avi, atuni, (as if contraction cf movilo), to move, move from, move to; w alter, change, trantform; ta exchange, io transfer. Mutus, a, urn, adj. mute, silent, speechless. Miituus, a, urn, adj. (probably ir. muto), borrowed, to be returned in an equivalent of the same kind; borrowed, lent: mu tual, reciprocal, exchanged, in return. Mycale, es, f. a mountain and promontory on the coast of Ionia, opposite Samoa, now Samsoun. Mygdonius, a, urn, adj. Alygdonian. Myrrha, œ, f. daughter of Cinyras and mother of Adonis: she was changed into the myrrh-tree. N. Näbäthasus, a, urn, adj. of NabatJuza, Na- bathtzan. [Nabathsea was α district of Arabia Petrea, said to have been so called from Nabath, son of Ishmael.] Nactus, a, urn, port, of nanciscor, having found, liaving reached, having attained. Naïas, ädis and ados, and Naïs, ïdis and ïdos, f. (MÎOI, toßow), a Naiad, water or river nymph. Nam, conj. denoting causality, for: in in terrogations, then, as, quisnam ? who then Î equivalent to γαρ. Namque, conj. for, for certainly, equiva lent to toi γαρ. Nanciscor, ci, nactus, dep. (from the unused verb nancio, ornancior), loßnd by cltaice, ßnd; reach, obtain. Napê, èe, f. name of a dog. Narcissus, i, m. (Νύ^σσοί), the narcissuf Of daffodil, [fr. ναρχύω, to cause sleep, be cause of its narcotic properties.] Also, pr. n. Narcissus, son of Cephisus, changed into the foregoing. Nârës, is, f. and NnrEs, ium, pi. the nostril, nostrils, nose: fig. sweet smctt, Jlowers, SLC. ; also, delicacy of sense, nicety of judgment. arro, are, avi, ätum, α. (gnarus), to tell, narrate, report, recount, relate; to say, to speak. Tascendum, i, ger. from nascor. 2 o 2 353 NASCOR. Nascor, ci, nâtus, dep. (for gnascor, from γαινίω), to be born, be brought into exist ence; to rise, be produced, spring up, grow. Nata, 33, f. properly the lem. of the part. natns, a daughter. Nätälis, is, e, adj. (natus), of one's birth, natal, native; natural, inborn, innate. Nntìvus, a, urn, adj. (natus), born, having an origin; native; natural, inartificial; inborn, innate. Nato, fire, âvi, fitum, a. (no, to float), to swim; to sail; to float about, be toised about; to move to and fro. Natura, 33, f. (nascor), birth; natural con stitution, disposition, character; nature; the universe. Natus, i, m. properly m. of part, a son. Nfitus, a, urn, part. fr. nascor, born, brought forth; sprung, produced; constituted by nature, endowed by nature. Nauta, a;, m. (syncopated fr. navita), α sailor, seaman, mariner. Navale, is, n. (navis), a dock, dock-yard. Nâvïgo, are, avi, âtum, a. and n. (navis and ago), to steer, to navigate a ship ; to navigate, sail upon or over; to sau: also, to swim. Navis, is, f. (wts), a ship, vessel, barque. Nfivtta, 33, m. (navis), a sailor, mariner, seaman. Naxos, i, f. Naxos, an island in the JEgean sea, famous for its wines. Ne, conj. (an or vrfl, that not, lest, in order not: whether or not. Ne, enclitic interrogative particle, fre quently unrepresented in the English question. Nëbruphonos, i, m. Fawn-killer, Kill-buck, name of a dog, [vtffpoc and $t>vos.] Nebula, 33, f. (νεφέλη), a mist, vapor, light fleecy cloud. Nee, (same as nëque, of which it is the contracted form, usually found before consonants), adv. and not : nee nequc (or ncc), as well -not, as not; not only not, but not; neither, nor. Necis, is, rather Nexecis, f. (»trvs, a corse), violent death, murder, slaughter: natural death. Nëco, fire, âvi, âtum, and seldom cui, ctum a. (nex), to slay, kill, destroy. NCctpmus, a, urn, adj. (nee, opinus), unex pected, unlooked-for. Nectar, äris, n. d'i»™/)), nectar, the drink of the sods: the balm or balsam of the gods; any delightful sweet. Nùlandus, a, urn, adj. (ne and fandus, part of for), not to be named, impious, exécra- blé, heinous. JSefâs, n. indecl. (ne, fas), as adj. unlawful, criminal, impious : as subs, great crime, wickedness, impiety. Ncglectus, a, urn. part, of negligo, alsc adj. neglected, sliisliled, disregarded. Ntgo, are, avi, âtum, a. and n. (ne and ago) to say no, deny, refuse; reject. Nr-Iens, ci and cos, m. Neleus, king Pvlos, and father of Nestor. 354 NIMBUS. Nêmo, ïnis, m. and f. no one, noìmdy. Ncrnflralie, e, adj. (nemns), woody, sylvan Nempë, int. to wit, namely, truly. NCmus, oris, n. (Gr. vtpoi), a wood with open lawns; a grove, wood, forest. Nephelë, es, f. (Νιψίλ'Λ fr. vejos, a cloud), Nephelë, wife of Athamas, mother of Phryxus and Helle. Nëpos, ôtis, m. (va>s, novus), a grandson: poetically, a descendant : o spendthrift, prodigal. Neptis, tis, f. (nepos), a grand-daughter. Veneris n. Ino. Cybeles neptes, the Muses. Neptunns, i, m. (rmrrSpaies, swimming), Nep tune, the Greek Poseidon, god of the sea, son of Saturn, husband of Amphitrite, and brother of Jupiter, Juno, and Pluto : fig. the sea. Nëque, same as nee. NCqneo, ire, ivi and ii, irr. n. (ne and queo), not to be able, to be unable. Ncquicquam, adv. (ne and quicqnam), in vain, fruitlessly, to no purpose. Nereis, Tdis, f. patronymic, daughter of Nereus; a Nereid, nymph of the sea. Nêreus, Ci and eos, m. Nereus, an ancient sea-god, who, under Neptnne, ruled the Mediterranean: he was son of Pontus, or of Neptune, and husband of Doris. Nervus, i, m. (reSpo»), a sinew, nerve, ten don, fibre: hence, effort, strength, force, power; a chord, or string. Ncscio, ire, ivi and ii, itum, a. (ne and scio), not to know, to be ignorant; not to be acquainted with, be ignorant of. . Neucius, a, urn, adj. (ne and scius, know ing), not knowing, ignorant, not con scious; inexperienced, unable. Nen, conj. nor, neither, ana not. Neve, (ne and vcl), conj. neither, nor. Neuter, ra, rum, adj. (ne and uter, either), neither one nor the other, neither of the two, neither. Nexïlis, is, e, adj. (necto, to knit), knit, tied, bound together, wreathed, inlwined. Nexus,us, m. (necto), α tying, bindini;,knit ting, twining, fastening: a tie, fold, link. Nexus, a, urn, part, of necto, ere, xui and xi, xum, a. to tie, link together, intwine, knit, connect. Niger, gra, urn, adj. black, sable, dusky; gloomy, dismal, dark; base, viJIanous. Nïgrans, antis, being or becoming black, part, of nïgro, arc, avi, (from niger). Nïgresco, ere, grui, n. (niger), to become black, become dark. Nïliil, by apocope for nihilum, n. indec. nothing, nought. Nil, contraction of niriil. Nllus, i, m. (NrrXoc), the celebrated river of Egypt, the Nüe. Nimbus, i, m. a violent rain-storm, a sud den heaui/ shower; a shower, or great number of thing" falling like rain ; a rain or thunder-cloud; a halo surrounding a deity on descent to earth ; a cloud ; β storm. MMIS. Nïmis, adv. too much, overmuch, too, ex tremely, exceedingly; very much, very greatly. Ν imms, a, urn, adj. (nimis), too much, too great, excessive; immoderate. Ninus, i, m. Ninus, king of Assyria, and husband of Semiramis. Nïsï, (ne, si), conj. if not, unless, except, save Oftly, but. Nïteo, ere, ui, n. to shine, look bright, glit ter, glisten; to be neat, elegant, bright, beautiful, distinguished; to flourish. Nïtïdus, a, um, adj. (niteo), shining, bright, glittering, glistening ; neat, elegant. ; sleek, plump; highly cultivated; polished, reflned. Nltor, i, nîsus ei nixus sum, dep. to labor, strive, exert, one's self, strenuously endea vor, attempt; to advance with effort, rise; to lean upon, be supported liy. Nïior, urie, m. (niteo), brightness, bril liancy, sheen; elegance, beauty; sleekness, plumpness; excellence; gracefulness. Niveus, a, um, adj. (nix), of snow, snowy; snow-white; clad in while. Nix, mvis, f. (obs. »ιψ, nffóc), snow. Nixus, a, um, part, of niior. No, are, avi, fitum, n. (rào, fata), to swim, to float; to sail: to fluctuate, uudulale. Nôbïlis, e, adj. (fr. γνίω), known, well- known, notorious: famous, distinguished; noble, high-born, great. Nocens, tis, part, of noceo. As adj. hurt ful, baneful, destructive; criminal, guilty. Noceo, ere, cui, cïtum, a. (fr. the Syriac), to hurt, harm, injure. Nocturnus, a, urn, adj. (noctu, by night), of night, nightly, nocturnal : flt only for night, hideous, hateful. Nodosus,, a, urn, adj. (nodus), knotty, knot ted, full of knots. Nüdus, i, m. o knot, tie, fastening, bond: hence, a knotty point, a difficulty: also, α joint. Nulo, nolle, nolui, irr. (non and volo), to be unwilling, to wish not. NOmcn, nurmnis, n. (for gnomen, from γνύω, to know), name, appellation: stock, race: character, fame. Numïno, arc, âvi, a. (nomen), to name, call by name; nominate, appoint. Non, adv. not. Nönäcnnus, n, um, adj. Tfonacnan, i. e. Arcadian, from Nônâcris, a d'strict and city of Arcadia. Nondum, adv. (non, dum), not yet, not as yet. Nonus, a, urn, num. adj. (contracted from novenus, fr. novem, nine), ninth. Nosco, ere, nûvi, nôium, a. (for gnoscO) fr. yiuuff«™), to become acquainted wùh, get a knowledge of, to know. Nostcr. ira, um, poss. pron. (nos), our, ours, our own. Nota, œ, f. (nosco), an impression by which a thing is known, a mark, a sign; a cha racter in writing, a writing : also, α brand or mark; a spot, a blemuh; a proof. NUTANS. Notâbïlis, e, adj. (noto), noteworthy, re markable, attracting notice; observable, visible. Nutïtia, 33, f. (notus), knowledge; a notion, idea. Nuto, are, âvi, âtum, a. (noto), to mark, distinguish by a mark; to observe, notice, note, remark; to show, indicate, designate. Notus, i, m. and Nqtos, i, (Nuro£), the south wind: also, wind in general. Nuius, a, urn, adj. (nosco), known, well known, noted, notorious. Nuvem, adj. indecl. (iwta), nine. Nüverea, 33. f. a stepmother. Nuvïins, âtis, f. (novus), newness, fresh ness, novelty; iraiit of nobility or long de scent; strangeness. Nuvo, are, âvi. alum, a. (novus), to intro duce us new, to invent; to change, to renew, to renoiute. Novus, a, um, adj. new, fresh, strange, novel; inexperienced. (Gr. vtos, new.) No\, nectis, f. (νί'ζ), night, night-time: fig. darkness, obscurity, calamity, blindness, death. Noxa, 33, f. (noceo), hurt, mischief; crime, guilt. Nubes, is, f. a cloud; a confused mass, fnwke; cloudiness, darkness; gloominess, •sadness : a phantom. (Akin to ίνόφος, νάρος, κνέφας, νεφέλη.) Nûbïfër, a, um, adj. (nubes, fero), bringing clouds, cloud-bearing, cloudy. Nûbïlum, i, n. (nubes), cloudy weather, a cloud. Nube, ere, nupsi and nupta sum, a. and n. to veü ; hence, of a woman, to marry, be married, wed, as brides were deeply veiled. Nudo, are, âvi, âtum, a. (nudus), to make naked, strip bare, uncover; to strip, spoil. Niidus, a, urn, adj. naked, bare, uncovered; simple, unadorned ; spoiled, bereft, poor. Nnllus, a, urn, gen. ins, (ne, ullns), a4j. not any, none, no, nobody, no one. Num, adv. what f what then? whether f Numen, ïnis, n. (nuo, ftna, to nod), a nod, an inclination: hence, will,command, es pecially the divine will: also, di-cinity, divine presence: also, a deity. Numero, are, avi, âtum, a. (nnmerus), to count, number, reckon, enumerate; to con sider, esteem, account. Numerus, i, m. number, the measure of quantity, α number of persons or things ; α quantity; a multitude. Nunc, adv. (for novinque, fr. novus), now, at present, at. this present time. Ν micia, 33, f. (nimciiis), a female meswnger. Nunqaam, ndv. at no time, neuer. Nûper, adv. (for noviper, fr. novus), not long ago, newly, lately, recently. Nurus, us, f. ("v6s), a son's wife, a daughter- in-law: also, α matron. Nusquam, adv. (ne and usquam), in no place, nowhere; in no way. Nutans, antis, part, of Nuto, are, avi, te nod, make signs with the head, to wave 355 NUTRIO. totter, shake, tremile, waver; to hesitate; to tend. Nùtrie, Ire, ivi, and ii, îiuni, a. ίο suckle, nurse, nourish; support, maintain; lo attend ίο. Nutrix, Tcis, f. (nutrie), a viei-nurse, nurse; any thing that supports, nourishes, or cherishes. Nutus, us, m. (fr.obe. vb. nuo), a nod, teck, wink: hence, will, pleasure. NictClius, i, m. (NwAiof), nightly: epilhet al Bacchus, because the Bacchanalia were celebrated by night. Nyctïmcnc, es, f. a daughter of Epopeus, turned into an owl by Minerva. Nymphä, SB, and Nymphe, es, (ήρφη), α spouse, iride, wife; He chrysalis or nymph üt an insect : also, a nymph, on inferior divinity, a goddess presiding over the sen, mountains, rivers, woods,fountains, &.C. Nys-Cis, ïdis, f. adj. Nyseaa. Nymphœ Nyséïdès, the nymph who nursed Bac chus on Nysa. N5seus, Ci and Eos, m. a surname of Bac chus, from the town or mountain Nysa. o. "Obambulo, are, avi, ätum, n. (ob and ambulo), to walk up and down, pace atout, walk to and fro. Obductus, a, urn, part, of Obduco, ere, xi, uctum, drawn over, covered, overspread, enveloped. "Obeo, ire, Ivi, and ii, ïium, ir-reg. a. and n. (ob and eo), to go or come to, go to meet, go against; to go over, traverse; to go round, surround, encompass, over- spread;lo undertake, perform; to undergo. Objecte, are, avi, ätum, a. (freq. of obji- cio), to throw in the way of, oppose; inter- • pose; to object, upbraid with, cast in one's tilth. Objicio, ere, jêci, jectum, a. (ob and jacio), to throw before, throw to; offer, proffer, present; to impart, infuse; to oppose; to vlject, taunt with, cast in one's teeth, up braid, accuse. "Obïtus, us, m. (obeo), a going to, meeting, visiting; a going down, a setting; down fall, ruin; decease, death. Oblîquus, a, um, adj. oblique, awry, side long, slanting, transverse; serpentine. Oblitus, a, um, part, of Oblîviscor, ci, ob- Iltus, sum, to forget, let slip from the memory. Oblivium, i, n. (obliviscor), a forgetting, forgetfulness, oblivion. ObOrtus, a, um, part, of "Oburior, ïri, dep. to rise up against, spring up before, to rise on a sudden, arise. Obruo, ere, üi, «turn, (ob, ruo), ίο cover over, hide in the ground, tury, sink; op press, overwhelm, obscure. Obscœnus, a, urn, adj. unlucky, inauspi cious; foui, detestable, leu-d, obscene, dis gusting, shameful. Obscürus, a, urn, adj. dark, darksome, 356 OCCORRO. shady, obscure, gloomy; obscure, hidden, unknown. Obsequium, .ii, n. (obeequor), deference to another's wishes, submission, compliance, coinplaisance, indulgence, dutiful conduct. Obsëquur, i, cütus and qüutus, dep. (ob and sequor), to comply with, humor, oblige, obey, yield, submit to. Observe, fire, avi, ätum, a. and n. (ob and servo), to watch, have an eye on, take no tice of; attend to; observe, show venera tion, to venerate, revere. Obses, Idis, m. and f. (ob, sedeo), a hos- t*pe. "Obsïdeo, ère, êdi, essum, n. and a. (ob and sedeo), to nit or stay anywhere, occupy ; to i?ivesi, blockade, besiege, to cover, Jill. Obsisiitur, imp. resistance is made; there is opposition. Obsislo, ure, siïti, etïtum, (ob, sisto), n. to place one's seif in the way; to obstruct; resist, withstand. Obsto, arc, sfili, statimi, n. (ob, sto), to stand near, against, in the way; to op pose, obstruct, conflict with. ObstrCpo, ere, pui, pïium, n. (ob and strepo, to wake a noise), to make a noist at, against, to or before, to din, harass with clamor, to interrupt with noise; te oppose, impede, disturb; to resound. Obstrucms, a, urn, part, of Obstrue, ère, xi, ctum, a. (ob and struo), to bujld against or before; to block up, barricade, make impassable; to close up, obstruct. Obsiupeo, ere, ui, n. (ob and stupeo), to become senseless, become stupißed, be struck with amazement; to be greatly as tonished, to stand agape with wonder. Obtiisus, a, urn, part, of Obtundor, i, usua, or tunsuB, blunted, dulled; blunt. Obverto, ere, n, sum, a. (ob and verto), to turn towards or against, turn so as to face; to turn away, turn in another di rection. Obvius, a, urn, adj. (ob and via), in the way, meeting; offering itself, ready at hand, obvious, easy. Occasus, us, m. (occido), a going down, selling: hence, sunset: also, downfall, destruction. Decìdo, ere, cidi, câsum, n. (ob, cado), to fall down; to go down, sit; to perish, to die, to be lost. Occïduus, a, um, adj. (occido), selling, going down : also, occiduous, ready to fall, perishable. Occulo, tre, ülui, ultum, a. to remove from sight, cover, hide, conceal, keep secret. Occulte, adv. (Of-ultus, secret), without being 8CC71, in secret, secretly, privately. Occulto, are, avi, ätum, a. freq. from Oc culo, to secrete, hide, cover, conceal. Occupo, are, avi, ätum, a. (ob and capio), to lay hands on, seize forcibly, take pos session of; to occupy, engross. Occurro, ere, curri, (seldom cücurri), cur sum, n. (ob and curro), to go, come, or run to meet, to meet; to chance or light upon. OCEANUS. OceSnus, i, in. (ωκεανοί), Hit ocean or main sea: also . Oceantis, the Ocean god, eon of Uranus and Terra. Octavus, a, uin, sdj. (octo, eight",, the eighth. "Ocnhis, i, m. the eye. "Ocyor, or, us, ejen, oris, adj. (υκίων, comp. of ώχίς, sw'ift), comp. swifter, ßeeter; auirker, sooner. "Ocyrrhoê, es, f. (ώτΰς, swift, and pori, a ßow/ng), a proper name, Ocyrrhoe, the swift-flowing. "Ooyiis and Ocius, adv. in comp. deg. sooner, more speedily: also, positirely, speedily, very soon. "Odi, det. v. (ir. obs. Odio, ire, ivi, or òdi, ôsum. a. to conceive haired against), found in perfect line only, to have conceived ha tred against, to hole, detest, loathe, abomi nate; to be displeased. "Odium, i, n. (odii, hatred, hate, illwiil, en mity, aversion; trouble, annoyance, dis gust. "Odor, oris, m. ("7ω, <αω, to smell), a scent, odor, smell. Odûrïfer, a, urn, adj. (odor and fero), bringing odor, spreading perfumes, per fumed, fragrant; producing perfumes, spices. "Odoro, are, avi, ätum, a. (odor), to imbue with odor, to perfume. Oeagrtus, a, um, âdj. Oeagrinn, Thracian, fr. Oeägrus, a king of 1 hrace. Œta, œ, or (Eté, es, f. a mountainous range in Thessaly, where Hercules died. OfTensus, a, urn, part, of Otléndo, ere, i, sum, n. and a. (ob and fendo), to hit against, strike against; to commit a fault, give offence, displease. Ofieneus, dis pleased, offended. Orl'Cro, ferre, obliili, oblätum, irreg. a. to bring to meet one, bring before, present, show, oppose; to offer. Officium, i, m. (foropificium, or fr. efficio), service, kindness, conrteoiisness, respect; duly, office. "Olënius, a, urn, adj. Olenian or JEtolian. "Olim, adv. (from ollus. old equiv. of ille), once upon a time, fornterltj, some time ago; this long time; hereafter, al another time; ever and anon, at times, now and then. "Olympus, or os, i, m. (OXnpms), a name common to many mountains, but spe cially to one on the confines of Theasaly and Macedonia, tail! to have been used by tlic Gigante«, in their attempt to build up a tower to Heaven. Also represented as the especial abode of the gods. "Omen, ïnis, n. (oirrw, to see), that by which something future is indicateli or foretold; an omen, prognostic, sign, a wish; a solemn usage. Omnidr, a. urn. adj. (omnis and fero), tearing all things, all-bearing. Omnfpitens, tis, adj. (omiiis, potens),all- paweiful, almighty, omnipotent. )lnms, c, adj. all, every, whole. ORACULUM. "Onfro, are, avi, ätum, a. (onus), to loai, burden, lade, freight; overwitebn; aggra vate. "Onïrôsus, a, urn, adj. (onus), burdensome, ^ heavy,ponderous; troublesome, oppressive. Onus, uris, u. a burden, load, freight, weight; trouble. Opâcus, a, um, adj. slmly, sliaded, afford ing shade; obscure, dark. "Opfeno, ire, rui, rtum, a. to cover, cover over; to conceal, veil, hide. "Opërôsus, a, um, adj. (opera), laborious, pains-taking, active; costing much labor, toilsome, elaborate. Mundi moles ope rosa, the cunningly-built fabric of the world: also, efficacious, powerful. "Opes, urn, f. pi. of Ops, upis, f. See Opis. Opheltes, is, m. proper name, Opheltes. "Opift'r, a, urn, adj. (ops and fero), aid- bringing, affording succor or strength. "Opïfe.v, ïcis, m. and f. (opus and facio), a ìtaher, framer, artificer: often, an arti san, artist, mechanic. "OpTnus, a, uni, adj. not used separately. See Necopinus. It is kindred to Opinor, to l/iink. "Opis, gen. of Ops, f. pi. opes, power, that is, means of achieving great things: hence, riches, property, substance; troops, forces ; influence, interest, weight : strength, might, aid; aid, succor. O pie. Opes, may, perhaps, be taken to imply primarily, the resources of the earth, and derived, as was not unusual, from the proper name. Ops, the goddess of field- produce, and symbol of fertility and wealth. Oppïdura, i, n. a town, a city. Oppone, ere, usui, Csïtum, a. (ob and pone), to place opposite, place against, tooppose; to expose; to shut to. Opportunus, a, urn, adj. (ob and porto), convenient, fil, suitable, seasonable, op portune; useful; exposed, liable. Opprimo, ere, essi, ssiini, a. (ob and pré mo), to press down; crush down, suppress shackle; to overpower, subdue; oppress; to surprise, fall suddenly upon; to close by pressure, to shut. Opprobrium, ti, m. (ob and probrum, a shameful act), reproach, disgrace, dis honor, scandal, infamy; a taunt. Ops, opis, f. Ops, sister and wife of Saiurn, goddess and mother of field fruits and plenty : also called Rlica and Cybele. Optò, are, avi, Stum, a. and n. (άπω, to see or examine), to wish, to express a wish, pray for, require; to chfiose. "Opus, indec. subs, and adj. need, necessity, necessary, needful. "Opus, eris, η. (επω, I bnsy myself), a work, labor, task, performance; toil; art; mili tary work; deed, "Ora, œ, f. the outside, margin, edge, bound ary; the coast, tea-toast; a district, re gion, clime. "Oräcülum, i, n. (oro), an answer given òy inspiration, answer from a deity, an bra ^ 357 ORBIS. rie, a prophecy; the place where oracles were delivered. Orbis, is, m. a rim, a'circle, a ring; a cir cular plane; a globe, thé vniverse. "Orbo, are, avi, alum, a. (orbus), ίο bereave of parents or children. Orbus, a, um, adj. (o/xpós, cppavo;, orphaned, &c.), bereft cf parents or children, father less, childless: in a general sense, be reaved, deprived, destitute of, without. OrchSmus, i, m. Orchamus, a king of Ba bylonia, father of Leucothoë. Ordiur, Iri, orsus sum, dep. (fr. ορίεω, to begin a web), specially, to lay the warp, commence to weave or spin.· hence, to be gin, commence; begin to speak. OruO, ïnis, m. a row, rank, line, series, order; rank, class, estate; regularity, me thod. "Oresitrüphus, i, m. (»poc, a mountain, τρίφω, to rear). Mountain-bred, name of a hound. Orgia, örum, n. pi. (5/>y"/,W), a mountain in Tltessaly. Pcllex, ïcis, f. (iroXXnf, a maid), a concubine, kept-mistress. Pellis, is, f. the tkin of a beast, the hide; a pnrmcnt or covering made nf skins. Fello, tre, p'pûli, pulsum, a. (Gr. ιέλλω), to drive or cfiase away, drive out, expel, forcibly remove; impel. Pgnales, tium, m. (kindred to peniius), guardian deities of the stale and of fami lies ; household gods : hence, the house, home. Pendeo, ère, pependi, pensum, n. (pendo), to hang from, on, at, about ; to le sus pended; to impend. Pendo, ere, pfpendi, pensum, a. to weich: to ponder, weigh in the mind, consider; to value, esteem : as originally paymenls were made by weighed money, to jay, discharge .· also, to pay a penalty, i. e. suffer jnmishment. Pene, adv. See Pœuè. Penêis, Tdis, f. adj. if the river Pencils, Peneian. Pcnûïus, a, urn, adj. of the river Peneus, Penetan. Penios, i, and Penfus, i, m. (Πηνειό;), the Peneus, the chief river of Thcssaly, ris ing in Mount Pindus, flowing through the vale of Tempe, and emptying imo the Thermaic Gulf: liow the Srlimbrin. Penetrate, is, n. (penetro), the recess or m- most part of ani/ place, as of a temple, a palace, &c. ; the hidden place, conctal- metil, secret. Pentirò, are, avi, ätum, a. (perniile), to •piace or thrust in; to penetrate, pierre, make way i-rtto, pose into and through; to advance asfar as, reach. Pfnïtus, adv. inwardly, internally; in the inmost part, far wilhin; thoroughly, fully, utterly, entirely. Penna, à?, f. n fiather, a quill: also, chiefly 3(iO" PERLUO. in the pi., a wing: flight of birds; a bird; feathers on an arrow, and hence, an ar- row: a pen. Pensum, i, n. (pendo, to weigh), a portion of wool or βαχ weighed out for a slave'* task to dress; a task. Pcnthcus, ei, or eos, m. Pmtheus, son of Echion and Agnve, and king of Thebes, torn asunder by his mother and sisters in Bacchant fury, because he insulted Bacchus. Per, prep, (ircipu), through; bv; by means of; during; for; for sake of; by reason of. Perägo, ägere, êgi, actum, a. (per, ago), to coitduct, carry or go through; to accom plish; to speiid, pass; to pierce. Percäleo, ere, ui, n. (per and caleo), to lie very warm, very hot : to grow warm or hot. Pcrcenseo, ere, sui, a. (per and censée), ta count through, count up, recount; to sur vey, examine. Percurro, ere, curri and cücurri, cursum, n. (per and curro), to run through, pott oil over, to travene. Percussus, a, um, part. fr. Perculio, beaten struck, smitten. Perculio, ere, ussi, ussum, a. (per, quatio), to strike, beat at, smile. Perdo, ere, dtdt, ïlum, a. (per, do), to de stroy, ruin; to squander, throw money; to lose. [étrange, alien. Pêrëgrîmis, α, um, adj. (per, agcr), foreign, Pérco, Ire, ii; (seldom ivi), Itum, n. (per, eo), to pemxh, lie ruined, to die, to te det- perately in lote wttìi. PCrerro, are, avi, ätum, a. (per and erro), io wander through, travel oner, pass fhrou-gh, sorvey, examine. Perfidus, a, uni, adj. (per and fides), break ing faith, faithless, perßdioue, treadterovt, deceitful, unsafe. Perfringo. Ere, Egi, nctnm, (per, frango), to break through, fhatter, shiver in pieces ; to infringe, molate. Perflmdo, Crc, üdi, üpum, ». (per, fundo), to sprinile all ever, to wet, to mvisten ; to scatter over. PErhorresco, ere, rui, n. and β. (per, hor- resco), to shudder greatly, tremble all on r : trans, to shudiUr at, bd in terror of, greatly dread. PÌrieùlnm, i, n. (perior, nn obs. vb. fr. wh. come peritus. experior, &c.), any thing Ity which experience is acquired, instruction., lesson, warning ; trial, experiment, proof; danger, risk, peril. Pcrimo, ire, Cmi, emptnm, n. t" slay. Perjfirus, a, urn, adj. (perand ju=). Irealting an oath, forswearing, orte that perjures himself, perjured. Perlnceo, tre, iixi, n. (per and Inceo), eame as Pelluceo, to be seen through, be traiis- jarent. Perlncidus, a, um, adj. (perluceo), trans parent, translucent, peUucid. Perluo, Tre, lui, lüiuni, a. (per and luo), to wash, bathe, wash all over. PERMATURESCO. Permaturesco, ere, ui, n. (per and matu- . reeco, to ripen), to become fully ripe. Permitto, ere, "isi, issum, a. (per, mitio), to let co through, let pass, let go; send over; throw, discharge; commit, intrust; relin quish, grant, forgive; allow, permit. Permulceo, ere, isi, Isum, Ictum, a. (per and mulceo), to stroke, stroke smooth, ca ress, diaria, soothe, refresh.; appease, as suage; to touch softly. Perosus, a, urn, (per, oeus, or odi), part, of obs. vb. thoroughly haling, deeply hating: pass, deeply haled. PerpElior, piiti, pcssus sum, dep. (per and patior), to suffer steadfastly, endure with fortitude, abide; to bear, suffer, to expe rience, feel. PerpEtuus, a, urn, adj. (per, peto, ihence strictly, going through), continuing throughout, continuous, unbroken, unin terrupted, whole, lasting, unceasing, per manent. Perquïro, Ere, quïslvi, quTsTtum, a. (per and quajro), to search diligently, dili gently inquire for, to intirsligate, examine. Persequor, i. quütus and emus, dep. (per and sequor), to follow, follow after, strive after, pursue; to punish, avenge; prose cute; to carry through, execute. Perseus, i, m. Perseus, son of Jupiter and Dnnae, the siaycr of the Gorgon Medusa, rescuer and subsequently nusband of Andromeda: finally, he became a con stellation. Persia, idis and ïdos, (adj. f. fr. irt/wiïij), as a snbs. teil, terra, Persia proper, now Farsistan or Pars. PerspTcio, tre, exi, ecium, a. and n. (per and specie), to see through, see into, rend through, distinguish; to examine fully, consider well, inspect; mark well, observe, exjilore, ascertain. Perspïcuus, a, urn, adj. (pcrspicio), that can te seen through; clear, transparent, pel lucid, evident. Persto, are, siïii, stamm and stïtum, n. (per and sto), to stand fast or remain standing, persist, persevere, to remain constant, endure. Pcrterreo, ere. ui, itum, a. (per and ter reo), to terrify, scare, put in great terror, fright away. Pertïtnco, ère, or Periimeso, ere, ui, a. and n. (per. timeo), to be greatly afraid or a/armed, to greatly fear. Pervenio, ire, ini, entnm, (per, venio), n. to come quite through, come unto, arrive at, reach. Pervius, a, um, adj. (per and via), capable of being passed through, passed over; passible, pervious. Pes, pïdis, m. (Gr. ™Bf, irfóos), the foot. Pesfïicr and Pesliferus, a, urn, ndj. (pestis, evil, calamity, and fero), bringing evil, pernicious, noxious, baneful, plague-bear- i?is; diadly, fatui. . Pestis, is, f. evil, calamity,plague, infection. Peto, tre, Ivi and ii, tïium, a. to s'ek, ask, 46 PINETUM. require, entreat; seek after, seekto attain; , to aim at, rush at, assail; direct one'* course to, make for. Phaëthon, or Phaeton, ontis, m. (φαί9αι>, i. e. the luminous), properly, an epilhet of the Sun : P/iœlhon, son of Apollo and Clymene. Phaethonteue, a,um, adj. Phaelhonian,per- toining to Phaëthon. Phnethitsa, œ, f. ( φαίθοααα, fern, of ψοίθω>), Phacthusa, sister of Phaëthon. Pharetra, œ, f. (φαρέτρα), α quiver, a case of arrows. Pharetrntus, a, urn, adj. (pharetra), equip ped with, or wearing a quiver, quivered. Pfiasis, ïdis, or ïdos, m. a river in Colchis. Phiale. Cs, f. (φιάλη, a drinking-cup), pr. n. applied to a nymph. PhÎlyrcïiis, a, um, adj. pertaining to Phi- lyra, (pi\ùfa, a linden tree), the mother of Chiron. Phlegon, unis, m. (φλίγα, to burn), pr. n. of one of Sol's horses. Phûca, ÌE, f. (Gr. φωκη), a sea-calf, a seal. PhÇcaicus, a,um, adj. belonging to l'hocis, a district of Greece, between Jiœotia and Ajloha : also, Arcadian. PhOcis, ïdis, f. Phocis, a region of Greece, in which were Delphi, Parnassus, Heli con, Castalia, and Cephissus. Phrebê, es, f. (·1*>.μ<ι), the sister of Phoabus, Diana, the Moon: hence forniglit. Phœbcïus, a, urn, adj. (Pbcs\ms),Phcebtan, pertaining to Phœbus or Apollo. Phccbus, i, m. ($òi/3os, radiant), Phalut, α name of Apollo. Phœnix, Icis, and pi. Phcsnîces, urn, m. and f. Phasnician, of Phœnicia, a port of Syria. Pliorcjnis, ïdis or ïdos, f. daughter of Phorcys. Phorcys, ydis, or ydos, f. a daughter of Phorcys, son of Neptune. PhorOms, ïdis or ïdos, f. lo, daughter of Inachus. Her brother was named Pho- roneus. Pïceus, a, urn, adj. (pix, pitch), of pitch: black as pitch, pitch-black. Pictus, a, uni, part, of pingo, ornamented, painted, depicted, adorned with colon; .embroidered. Pietas, tal is, f. (pius), performance or sense of duty: first, to the gods, pirty, devo tion; secondly, to parents, children, re latives, country, benefactors, &c., re spect, iliitifulncss, luve, gratitude. Pïgcr, gra, grum, adj. going unwillingly, unready, slow, inactive, dull, sluggish, lingering, tedious. Pïget, ébat, uit, T'unì, imp. vb. it 0, ancient, old, former, first, accustomed, wonted, pristine. Prius, adv. (prior), before, sooner, earlier; rather; formerly, pn viously. . Pro, prep, with abl. before, in front of, right opposite to: and ior In, in, on; for, in accordance with, in comparison with ; for, as, as if, instead of, in pince of; for, on account of, in behalf of, in favor iff. Prûbo, are, avi, al uni, a. Cprùbus), ίο ap prove, approve of, assent to ; to try, examine ; demonstrate, prove : to value, esteem. Procèdo, ire, essi, eseum, n. (pro and cedo), ίο /ro bifore, go forth; to come or spring forth ; ari/te, procetd ; to occur : to ad vance, go forward, prosper. Prucer, Bris, m. one of the most distin guished, one of the ?wbles: more frequent in pi. chiefs, nobles. Pröcül, adv. (procello, io throw, according to some), οί ο distance, whether great or small, from a distance; fur, ofar, aloof. Prôcumbo, ere, cubui, cubTium, n. (pro and obs. vb. cumbo), io fall forward, fall down, lie down, to prostrate one1 s silf; to lean forward; to go to rum. Prücus, i, m. (proco, io osi), a wooer, a suitor. PrOdeo, Ire, ii, ïtum, irr. n. (pro, eo). to go or come forth; appear, spring up; pro ceed. PrOdo, ëre, ïdi, ïium, a. (pro and do), ίο give forth, bring forth; to publish, make known, proclaim; to disclose, betray, act treacherously towards; to surrender, deli- . ver over. Pr^fänus, a, um, adj. (pro and fanum), not sacred, common, profane, unholy, unini tiated in the ceremonies or mysteries of m deity; wicked, impious, odious, abomi* nable. PrOfectò, ad»1, (pro and facto), certainly, surtly, in truth, assuredly. PYui Tcio, ire, feci, ectum, a. (pro and facio), to moke tray forward, advance; make pro gress, advance, profit, increase, obtain. Prifïeiscor, ci, proferì us, n. dep. (pro and facio), to set out, to go, march, travel, proceed. Profuga, œ, f. strictly fern, of profugus, « wanderer, exile. Prüffigus, a, urn. adj. (pro and fugioJ.^Ze»· ing, having fluì, fugitive, put to flight, bti?itshed, exiled. Prufundus, u, urn. adj. Oro and fund us), PROGENIES. deep; bolt imless, profound, immeasurable, immoderate: also, high. Progenies, £i, f. (pro and gignq), a descent, progeny, lineage, family; child, children, offspring. Pruliïbeo, ère, ui, ïtum, a. (porro and habco), to keep off, keep back or away, ward off, hinder, debar, prevent, prohibit; to deftnd, protect. Prûlea, is, f. (pro and oleo, ίο grow), that which prows or has grown; offspring, child; descendant, posterity: race, stock. Promet Indes, œ, rn. patronymic, son of Prometheus. Promissum, i, n. (pro and mitto), a thing promised, a promise. Prómitto, ëre, îsi, issurn, a. (pro, mitto), ίο lei go or send forward: to let hang down, lengthen, extend; to promis*, to vow; to predict. Promo, ëre, mpsi, rnptum, t. (pro, emo), ίο take forth, produce, Discover, declare, relate; bring to light. Promptus, a, um, part, uf promo : as adj. manifest, clear; easy; ready, prepared, prompt, zealous, inclined to, bold. Promplu«, us, n. (promo), o taking forth; a being visible. In promptu, visible, before the eyes: also, in readiness, easy. PrOuus, a, urn, adj. (Gr. ποηνή), turned for ward, bent forward; running forwards; inclining downwards, inclined, disposed, prune; farorinf;. Propîgo, ïnis, f. (pro, pango, ίο plant), that vihicli is propagated, a set; a shoot; off spring, race. Prüpe, adv. near, nigh : comp. propius ; sup. proxime. PrGpiro, are, avi, atum, a. (properus, quick), to hasten, make speed, accelerate. Propinquus, a, urn, adj. (prope, near), neighboring, near; near at hand; simi lar; near of kin. Prupior, ior, ius, gen. Oris, adj. (prope), a comparative from obs. positive, nearer, nigher; later; more closely allied, more near in resemblance; more nearly con cerning, closer; more favorable, more suiteil. Propius, adv. comp. of prop«. PrOposinim, i, n. (propone), design, inten tion, purpose; proposition, theme. Pruprius, a, urn, adj. peculiar, particular, special, private, proper, onejs own. Prora, œ, ι. (τρ 'pa), the prow or forepart of a vessel; poetically, a ship. Proreus, ëi and ëos, m ΟφίρΟ, the prow- oßicer, he that sat at the prow to guide, a sub-pilot. Prospecte, are, avi, Stum, a (freq. of pro- spicio), to look forth, or out; to view, see afar off, gaze upon; to look about; to look out for. Prospicio, ere, spexi, spectum, a. (pro and specie), fo look fot ward, to see; to com mand a view of; to watch; to lake care, provide, use precaution; to see forward, see from a distance, foresee. PUGNAX. Prosiim, desse, fui, irr. (pro and sum), ta do good, to benefit, profit, to conduce, lo avail. Protego, ere, xi, ctum, a. (pro and tego), ίο coverin front, to cover; to defend, protect. ProtSro, ere, trivi, trïium, α. (pro and lerò, ίο rub), to tread down before am', to grind down, trample on, crush, rub down, wear away; lo overthrow, defeat, destroy. Proteus, ëi and ëos, m. Proteus, a sea-god, possessed of the faculty of prophecy and that of changing himself into various shapes. Prôtïnus or Prötfenus (fr. pro or porro, tenus), forward, onward, farther on; im mediately after, hereupon, in the next place, instantly, forthwith: tininterrupt edly, continually. PrOturbo, are, nvi, ntum, a. (pro and turbo), ίο drive or push before one, drive away, thrust out, repel, repulse; to throw down. Proxïmus, a, urn, adj. sup. of propior, which see. Priidens, tis, adj. (contraction fr. provi- dcns), foreseeing, lookin·; to the future, foreknowing; advised with previous know ledge or intention; cautious, provident, discreet, wise; practised, skilful. Pruina, œ, f. frozen dew, hoarfrost, rime: hence, ice, snow, winter. Pruïnôsus, a, urn, adj. (pruina), full of, or covered with, hoar frost; hoary. Psucas, œ, f. (ψεκάί, a drop), Psecas, one of Diana's nymphs. Ptërëlas, œ, m. (πτέρον, a wing), the IVinged: used as a name for a hound. Publïcus, a, urn, adj. Us if populicus, fr. populus), belonging or relating to the com munity, public, common; general, usual, universal; ordinary, trivial. PCdet, ébat, uit, imp. v. ii shameth: used with the ace. of the person, as pudet me, / am ashamed. Pudïbundus, a, um, adj. (pudet), ashamed, bashful, modest; shameful, disgraceful. Pûdîcus, a, urn, adj. (pudet), ashamed, shamefaced; modest, discreet, chaste, vir tuous. Pudor, oris, m. (pudfio), a sense of shame, shamefacedness; regard, respect; honor, chastity, modesty; sitarne, disgrace. Puella, œ, f. (fr. puellus, o little boy), a young female, single or married, a girl, f culaie child; young woman of twelve years or upwards: also, a sweetheart. Puer, i, m. (fr. Laconian mip, for παις, α child), any child, male or female : espe cially a boy, male child; « male to the twelfth or eighteenth year; a page, young attendant or slave. Puerilis, e, adj. (puer), puerile, boyish, childish. Pugna, œ, f. (pugnus, the flst), a battli- ßght, engagement, combat; contest, dis pute. Pugnox, äcis, adj. (pugno), fond of fighting pugnacious, warlike, fierce, contention*' ignis aqiue p. repugnant. 3 n 2 365 PUGNO. Pugno, are, avi, ätum, n. (pugna), lo fight, engage, contend, resiet; to beat variance, inconsistent. Pugnus, i, m. a fist: hence, a handful. Pulclier, ra, rum, adj. conip. pulchnor, sup. pulchiorirnus, (properly of many colors, Γτολύχ/ΜΟί), beautiful, fair, handsome; ex cellent, noble, gloriai· t. Pulliis, a, urn, adj. (Gr. irt\Ms), blncli, dark, blackish, dusky: hence, sad, mournful. Pulmo, önis, m. (Gr. τηίμων), the lungs. Pulso, are, avi, âlum, a. (freq. of Pello, to strike, push forward, impel, propel; teal at or on; to disturb, agitate. Pulsus, a, urn, part, of Pello, which see. Pulvcrulcntus, a, uni, ndj. (pulvis), full of dust, dusty, covered with dust; hence, attended with or acquired by toil. Pulvis, eris, m. and f. dust, powder: fig. the f eld for wrestling, fencing, &c.; curili, soil. Puincx, Tcis, m. a pumice stone; any soft or brittle stone. Pûnïcus, a, urn, adj. Carthaginian; red dish, purple. Puppis, is, f. the stern of a slap, the poop: fig. the whole ship. Purpura, se, (Gr. jropipupa), the shellfish from whidi wasobtainfdlhepiirpledye; purple. Purpûreus, a, urn, ndj. (purpura), ofpurple, purple-colored, purple: sometimes dark ish, reddish, violtt; clad in purple: also, beautiful. Pîirus, a, um, adj. pure, clean, free from filli, free from sin or crime: in ils natu ral state, naked, simple, inartificial, un adorned, unmixed. Puto, óre, avi, ätum, a. to clean, especially with respect to trees : ίο clear, adjust; to count, reckon; to account, suppose, t/link, esteem. Pylius, n, urn, adj. Pylian, of or belonging to Pylos, a town of the Peloponnesus : three towns of that name vied for ihe honor of being the birth-place of Ncs- lor; most probably that in Messenia, now Navarino. Pjrurnus, i, m. proper name, Γι/ramus. Pyroeis, entis, m. (πιγοεις, fiery), name given to one of Sol's horses: nlso, the planet Mars. Pyropus, i, m. (OT/MT<{, fire-colored), Pyro- pe, mixture of brass and gold ; a pre cious stone, carbuncle. I'yrrha, se, f. (™{fa, flame-colored, fiery). Pyrrha, daughter of Epimetheus, and wife of Deucalion. Pythius, n, urn, ndj. (Python), Pythian. Pxthon, ouïs, m. a monstrous serpent near uelpiii, slain by Apollo, who was said to have been thence called Pythius, Pythian. Q. Quo, adv. (strictly abl. fern, of qui, seil, parte), where, wheresoever; whither: how, oy what means. 306 QUILIBET. Quädnjügus, a, um, adj. (quatuor and ju- gum), four horses yoked abreast to one chariot. Quädrüpes, ëdis, adj. (quatuor and pes), fourfooted: as a subst. a quadruped; horse, slag, &c. Qusero, ire, sìvi, sìtum, a. to seek, look for; to seek for, strive to procure; seek and not find, miss; to gain, acquire, to ask, in quire; to investigate. Qusesîtus, a, um, part, of Qusero, sought after, &c. Quaesitum, i, n. an inquiry, question. Qiiälis, is, e, adj. of what kind, what sorts such as, of such kind. Qiliim, adv. and conj. how; how much; as : after comp. than: after sup. very, or as, as possible. Quamvis, conj. nnd ndv. (qunm and vis, second person of Volo), as much as you will, however much, tiever so; although. Quanquam, conj. although, though indeed. Quanto, adv. [properly abl. of quantus], by how much, by as muc-h. Quantum, adv. [properly neuter of qnan- tus,] how much, as much as. Quantus, a, um, ndj. how great, how much: tantum, quantum, as much as, as. Quärc, conj. nnd adv. (qua and re), oy which, whereby; for what reason f on what account f wherefore f therefore, on which account, for winch reason, wherefore. Quartus, a, um, adj. (rcrnproj), fourth. Quäler, ndv. (quatuor), four times. Quatio, ere, quassum, [the perfect quassl is noi met with,] io shahe, toss, move violently; to affect, agitate; harass, vex; to shatter, break in pieces. Quatuor, indec. num. adj. four. Que, conj. enc. (perhaps fr. re, to which it seems nearly equiv.) and, placed after the word which in sense follows it. Queo, ire, ivi and ii, ïlum, irreg. n. I can, am able. Quercus, us, f. the oak, oak tree. Querèla, se. f. (fr. queror), a lament, com plaint, plaint. Quëror, i, estus, dep. to lament, complain, utter complainingly, to wail. Questue, us, m. (queror), a complaining, lamentation, wail, complaint. Qui, quse, quod, pron. who, which, what; both relative and interrogative, but gene rally ihe former. Quia, conj. old n. pi. of quid, because. Quîcunquc, (qui and cunque), pron. whoso ever, whatgoever-, whoever. Quiduin, pron. one, a certain one. Quïdern, conj. indeed: granted, 'tis true: and indeed, and thai; at least, assuredly. Quies, etis, f. rcet, repose, cessation from ïaïior; quiet, peace, tranquillil i/, sletp. Quiesco, tre, evi, ëtum, n. (quies), to rest, cease, be at ease. Quîlïbet, quasi., quodl. or quidl., pron. (qui and übet, pleases), whoever wills, any one you please, it matters not who, tvcry one without distinction, any one. «UIN. Quin, conj. and adv. (qui and ne, not), that not, but that, indeed, really; rather, nay rather, why not ? Quini, EB, a.'adj. (quinque),_/ï«e, five each. Quinque, indec. num. (narre), five. Quinquenni», is, e, adj. (quinque, anni, years), of five years, five yean olii. Quintile, n, um," adj. (quinque), the fifth. Quippè, conj. indeed, in fact, to wit, inas much as; forsooth; forasmuch as. Qnis, quae, quid or quod, pron. iiiterrog. ïFÂo, which, vihat. Quisqunm. quasq., quidq. or quicq., pron. (quis and quam), any, any one, any thing. Quisqiie, qnsequc, quodque and quidque, qiiicquc, pron. (quis, que), every, every one, each. Qui*quis, quœqure, qiiidquid or quicquid, pron. (quis and quis), whosoever, whoever, whatsoever, every one who, all that.. Quo, ndv. (Irom the abl. n. of qui), where; wlnrtfort, on whicli account; w/iither, to what, to whom; to the eud that, in order that: as. Quucunque, adv. to whatever place, whither soever. Quondam, adv. (fur quundnm). at u certain tinte, Oìice, in liate past, formerly ; at times. Qiiininm, conj. (quom for qunm jam), when, after that, now that: most frequently, since, seeing that. Quuque, conj. also, likewise, too, as well. Quot, indcc. num. how many, at many as: in composiiion, every. Qijwtiee, adv. (quot), liow often, how many times. R. Rabies, êi, f. (rabio or rabo, to ravel, mad ness of beasts : also, of men, blind fury, ungovernable rage : fig.ftiry, of the scn,&c. BavCmtter, £ru, erum, adj. bearing cluster». Racriiuis, i, m. (ρίζ, ftlyos, a berry), part of a bunch of grapes, having some berries on one stutk; η cluster. Radio, are. avi, âtum, n. nnd a. (radius), intrans. to emit rays, throw forth beams, radiale, shine: trans, io illuminale, brighten, enlighten, illume. R"idius, ii, m. (by some, from paßfos. a rod), a m l, staff; a radius; hence, spoke of a vlieil; a rni/ of light, a sunbeam. R.ìdix, icis, f. (Ir. ρι-α, a root, or fufi*, n branch, the toot nf a tree, plant, &c.:)fig. that on orfiom which any thing grows. Rainus, i, m. o branch, botigli, arm of a tree; n branch in the ficnrative sen«f. RapÎdus, a, um. adj. (rapio), tt-aring awai/, hurrying aivay : raptd, swift, impetuous, vehement. Rapina, κ, f. (rapio), robbery, rapine, plun dering: plumier, booty, prey. Rapio, tre, ui, ptum, n. ('ίρτω, αρπάω), to rob, plunder, carry off by force; ravish; to snatch ; hurry away : part, raptus, a, REDDO. um—vivitur e\ rapto, they live by plun der, on things plundered.' Rapto, are, avi, âtum, (rapio), to rob, pii läge, plunder, ravage; take away by force, drag away. Rnptus, us, m. (rapio), a forcible or violent taking; a robbing, plundering; a forcible abduction. Rarus, a, um, adj. rare, thin, not close, not thick; infrequent, scarce, unusual: fig. excellent, rare. Rastrum, i, n. (rado, to scrape), in pi. iri. n. and tra, n. a toothed instrument used ·η agriculture, a rake, harrow; wcediii" hook, mattock, hoe, &,c. Räsus, a, um, (part, of rade, £re, si, sum), shaven, scraped, scratcjitj, Orn. Raiio, unis, f. (rcor, ίο reckon,, ι reckoning, calculation: regard, resptct ; iutircft. be- fiefit ; opinion ; reafton, reavtinntt/ nets, wisdom; a measure, method, inaniu r. Rails, is, f. timbers fastened logelhir, n flout, a raft: hence poetically, a lout or ship. Rfiius, a, um, part, of reor, which see. Ranelle, n, um, adj. hoarse, harsh, grating, disagreeable. Rtcanaeo. ere, and RCcandesco, Cre, ui, n. (re and candeo), to become white again; to bfcrtnie hot again; to foam. RfcÈdo, ere, esst, essum, n. (re and cedo), ίο go back, fall back, retire, recede, give ground; to depart, withdraw. Rccens, tis, adj. fresh, new; lately done, made, born, &c. Reccptus, us, m. part of recipio. Recessus, us, m. (recedo), π going back, withdrawal, retiring: a retired place, re cess, retreat. Recìdo, ere, îdi, ïsum, a. (re, cœdo), to cut off, cut away, cut down .· fig. to reduce, retrench. Recingo, ere, nxi, nctum, a. (re and cingo) to ungird, to loose. RËcïpio, ere, cpi, eptum, a. (re and espio), ta take again, take back, resume, recover; to draw bock, lake to one's self; to re ceive; to accept, undertake. RCcondo, ere, dÎdi, dïlum, a. (re, condo), to put together again, lay up, hoard, stow awnii, hide. Rector, óris, m. (rogo, io ruh), director, ruler, governor. Rectum, i, n (reclus), right, rectitude, up rigtrtness, justice. Rectus, a, um, part, of rego: also adj right, stmight; direct, erect, upright, cor ri-cl; regular. RCcurv.'^us, a, um, part, of recurvo, are. avi, bini back, curved f arkwards. Rccurviis, a, nm, ndj. (re and curvili, beni hack, curved Imck, ciooliedhacl-irards. RCcfiso fire, avi, âtum, n. (re and causa), tei make objection against.; to rifuse, re ject, dirli ne. Reddo, ère, dïdi, dìtuin, a. (re and do), te gier back, restore, return; give forth, sear1 forth, to render, bestow, pay. REDEO. Redeo, ire, ii, and Ivi, ïtum, irreg. n. (re, eo), Ιο-return, come back; come in, accrue. Ridïgo, ere, êgi, actum, a. (re and ago), to drive back, force back, bring back, to re duce. Redulco, ere, ui, n. (re and oleo), to emit a smell, to smell, to be redolent. Rüduco, ere, xi, cium, a. (re and duco), to bring back, lead back, to restore, to reduce; draw back, retract. Refello, ere, a. (re, fallo), to remove an il- lufion, to confute, refute, disprove, prove false, refait. ICf uro, ferre, tuli, lâtum, irreg. n. (re and fero), to bring back, give back, retort, re fute, repeat, renew, repay, reply, relate. Iff ìigio, tre, ûgi, Ggïtum, a. andn. (re and fugio), to fee back, retreat, draw back, shrink; to fee from. Regilis, e, adj. (re\), kingly, regal, royfl, princely, magnificent. Rëgâhler, adv. (regalio), royally, regally, magnificently, ÌH a royaler regal manner. Règia, œ, f. (properly tern, ot regius, seil. domus), a palace, royal residence, court. Rëgïuien, ïnis, n. (rego), that by which a thine is guided or governed, a rudder of a ship ; a guiding. Regina, œ, I. (rex), a queen, princess, lady of distinction. RCgio, unis, f. (rego), a direction, a line; a boundary line, limit; a region, district, territory. Regius, a, urn, adj. (rex), kinfly, royal, princeli/, belonging to or becoming a kitig. Regna, are, avi.iilum, a. and n. (regnimi), to reign, rule, have sway, to rage uncon- trolltd. Regnimi, i, n. (rex), sovereignty; desjiotism; a kingdom, realm. Rego, ere, xi, cium, a. (ύρίγω), to direct in a straight line, to direct; to regulate, manage, guide: hence, to govern, away, rule. Rêjïcio, ere, tei, ectum, a. (re and jacio), to fling back, cast in return, throwbehind, throw avxiy, cast of, reject, neglect. Reläbor, i, psus sum, dep. (re, labor), to slide back; flow back, sail back. Relaxo, are, âvi, âtum, a. (re, laxo), to widen again, widen; to ease, relieve; to loofe, open. Relego, ere, êgi, ectum, a. (re and lego), properly, to take back again, piece by viece; to draw back; to wander orcr again; to read again, revise. Kelietus, o, urn, part, of relinquo, which see. Rellgätus, a, urn, part, of religo, are, avi, to bend back, to fasten, to tie, bi?td. KElinquo, tre, ìqiii, ictuni, a. (re, linquo), to li'five bthinil, to liace; to altandon; to omit, neglect. Reniäneo, Cre, nsi, nsum, n. (re and ma· neo), to stay beiiind, to remain, continue, abide; endure. Remmiscor, isei, dep. (from re and the obs. meniscor, which came irom obs. meno. 308 REPONO. perf. memini), to remember, to recollect; to reflect upon, consider. Rtmissus, a, uni, part, of remitto, as adj. relaxed, languid, negligent, unguarded. Remitto, ëttere, Isi, issum, a. (re and init- to), to let go back, to rend back, throw back; to send forth again, fend forth, throw up: to relax, slacken; to relieve, re lease, free; to remit, permit. lemollesco, ere, n. (re and mollusco), to become soft again; or, simply, to become Soft, to be softened, to rehnl. iemoränien, ïnis, n. (remorpr, to delay), a stop or hindrance, prevention, delay. Memorai us, a, urn, part, of remoror, Sri, utus, intrans, to tarry, delay, stay: trans. hinder, obstruct, retard. ϊί m ut us, a, um, part. fr. removeo: as adj. remote. KCmuveo, tre, òvi, òtue, a. (re, rnoveo), to mure Itack; to remove, to withdraw. demûgio, ire, gì, n. (re and mugio), to bel low again, or in reply, to bellow. Remus, i, m. (rprr/rfs), an oar : also used of the wings of birds, the impelling power. RCnivatus, a, urn, part, (reniivo, are), re- Mi wed, restored; fallowed. Reor, rëris, rätus sum, dcp. (/5£ω), to reckon: hence, ratus, taken passively, reckoned, thought, considered; to suppose, believi, think. Repägülum, i, n. (re and pango, to fix), the fastening of a door, a bolt, bar, barrier. Répandus, a, urn, adj. (re and pandus, tenti, bent back, be?it upwards, curved upu-ards. Rëparâbïlis, is, e, adj. (reparo), that may be repaired or recovered, reparable, retrieva ble. RC-paro, are, âvi, âtum, (re and paro), a. to procure again, lo recuver, repair, restore; rrftt, renew; refresh, recreate, revive. Repello, Cre, piili, pulsimi,a. (re andpello), to drive back, repel, repulse, exptl; to keep off, hinder, push back; reject, refuse. Rependo, ere, di, sum, a. (re an'd pendo), to weigh lack, return the same weiglit; to return, repay, reward. Repente, adv. (repens. fr. ρίχω, to incline), suddenly,unau>ares,uti expect edly,hastily. Rfpercussus, a, urn, part, of repereutio, ere, ussi, a. to strike lack, cause to re- bound, rifled. Rëpërio, Tre, peri, pertum, a. (re, pario), to find; discover; to fina to be; to obtain; to devise. Rfpertus, o, urn, part, of reperio, fount!, discovered, ascertained; acquired; in vented. Ripeto, Ere, ivi, and ii, itiim, a. (re and peto), to ask again, dmnndas a rigid; to repeat; to go back again; resume. Rëpleo, ere, evi, etuin, a. (re and obs. pleo), to Jill again, replenish; to complete, supply; restore, refresh; to satiate, fill. Rëpôno, ere, usui, Csïiuni, a. (re, pono), to lay or place, liack or behind; to keep, re serve; to lay aside, put away; to bury; to replace, put or lay dovn again. REPORTO. Reporto, are, avi, âtum, a. (re, porto), to bear, bring or lead back; to report, re- feat, relate. Reprìmo, ere, essi, essuin, a. (re and premo), to press back; repress, check, re strain, hinder. Repugno, are, ävi,ätum, n (re and pugno), to contend against, resist; to be inconsis tent, repugnant, adverse, incompatible; to oppose. Repulsa, œ, f. (repello), a being unsuccess ful; a repulse, denial, refusal, rejection. Repulsus, a, um, part, of repello, which gee. Rëquies, ci and ètis, f. (re and quies), rest, repose, quiet, refreshment, relaxation. Requicsco, ere, évi, êtum, n. (re and quies- co), to rest, repose, sleep. RëquTro, ëre.islvi, sìtiim, a. (re and qusoro), to seek again; to seek for, search for, to to seek, to demand. Res, rei, f. a thing, in the most extensive signification : an action, deed; fact, real ity, &c. &c. Rescindo, ere, >di, issum, a. (re and scindo), to cut, cut off; to destroy, rend; to tear open. Rèscisco, ere, Ivi and ii, Ituni, n. (re and scisco or scio), to learn again, know again; to ascertain, discover, detect. Resëra tus, a, um, part. fr. resero, are, avi, a. to unbolt, unlock, unbar, throw open; to discover, disclose; to begin. Rësïdens, entis, part. près, of resideo, ere, sède, sessum. n. (re and sedeo), to sit; to remain behind; to rest, be inactive. Rësïlio, ire, sïlui and sïlii, sultuni, n. (re and salio), to leap back, to rebound, recoil, retire, recede. Resisto, Cre, stTti, stftum, n. (re and sisto), to step back; to stop, stand still; remain, continue; gland firmly, withstand, resist, oppose. Resolvo, tre, vi, sìilutum, a. (re, solvo), to untie again, to unbind; to open; to dis solve; to disperse; to enfeeble, to relax, delight ; to violate. Rësïmabilis, is, e, adj. (resono), resounding, re-echoing. ResSno, arc, âvi, n. (re and sono), to sound again, sound back, resound, ring back; to give forth a sound. RCsunus, a, urn, adj. (resono), resounding, re-eclwing. RîspÏcio, tre, spesi, spcetuni, a. and n. (re and specio), to look back or behind; to re flect on, rtcollect: to regard, respect. Fêsplrâmen, ïnis, n. (respiro, to breathe back), a fetching of breath, breathing: also, the windpipe. Respondeo, ère, di, sum, a. (re and spon deo), to promise in rtturn, to promise; to answer, reply; lo harmonhc, suit; to cor respond. Responsum, i, n. (respondeo), an answer, a reply. Restituì), Prc, ui, iitum, a. (re and stntuo), to *et up again, rejilacc, restore to itafor- 47 RHAMNUSIA. mcr state, put in order again; to rene», repair; to give back, return. Resto, are, stili, n. (re and sto), to stay ω remain behind, to remain, be left, lo await; to appose, resist. R&umptus, a, urn, part. fr. resume, ere, nipsi, a. to take up agaia, resume; to get again, recover. RrsüpTnus, a, um, ndj. (re and supinus), bent backu-ards, 1,/ing on the back, face upward; jupine, lying on one's back, Kesurgo, ere, Burrcxi, surrectum, n. (re and surgo), to rise again, appear a"ain, break forth again. Retardo, are, avi, a. (re and tardo), lo keep back, detain, delay, impede, iclard. Réte, is, n. a net. Retendo, ere, di, sum and turn, a. ;re and tendo), to slacken that which has been strained. Retento, are, âvi, âtum, a. (re and tento), to try again, attempt again, resume. Rëtïce'o, ere, cui, n. (re and toceo), to hold one's peace, be silent; not to answer. Rëtïneo, ère, ui, tentuni, a. (re and teneo), to hold back, keep back, stop, check, re strain, to retain, preserve, keep. Retorqueo, ère, BÌ, turn, a. (re and torqueo,, to writhe or twist back, bend back, turn back; to writhe, bend. · Retracto, are, âvi, âtum, a. (re and traete), to handle again, feel again ; to take in hands again, undertake again; to consi der aneuj, to repeat. Reträho, ere, xi, cium, a. (re and traho), to draw back, withdraw, to bring back, to keep from: to rescue; to draw back: also, to conceal, to suppress. Retro, adv. beiiind, on the back side, back wards, back. Retroversus, a, um, (part. fr. retrôverto, ere, ti, a. to turn back), turned about, turned back. Revello, ere, i, ulsum, a. (re and vello, to pluck), to pull away, pluck or tear off; tear up, pull open. RèvCrentia, œ, f. (rëvëreor), reverence, re spect; awe, dread. Rëverto, ere, ti, sum, a., and revertor, ti, sus sum, dep. [re and verto), to t irn back; return, come back. Rëvïrosco, ere, rui, n. (re and vireo, to be verdant), to become green ogaiîi, to recover former youth, vigor, liveliness, to become young again. Rëvocamen, ïnis, n. (re and voco), a calling back, recalling; a detaining. Revoco, are, avi, âtum, a. (re and voco), to call again, call in return: to call lack, recall, restore; to revoke, retract. Rëvulsus, a, urn, part, from revello, which see. Rex, êgis, m. (rego), properly a ruler, go vernar, director; hence, one holding sove reign power in a state or city, a king, monarch, sovereign. Rhamnusia, œ, f. properly fern, of Rhamnu- sius, a, urn, Ehamiiusian: seil, dea, the 3C9 RHANIS. goddess Nemesis, who had a celebrated temple at Rhamnus, in Attica. Rhânis, is, (ραίνω, to sprinkle), Sprinkler, name applied to an attendant of Diana. Rhênus, i, the Ehine, the celebrated river in Germany. Rhodnnus, i, m. tlie Ehone, the famous river in France. Rhudope, es, f. Ehodope, B lofty mountain in Thrace. Rictus, us, m. (ringor, to open the mouth), the aperture of the mouth; the mouth; the jaw». Rldeo, ère, isi, isum, n. and a. to laugh, to smile, please; to laugh at, deride. Rïgeo, ère, gui, n. (piyéw), to be stiff; to lie very cold; to be frozen, be benumbed; to be straight and bare. Rïgesco, ère, gui, n. (frequentative of rigeo), to stiffen with cold, to become sttff, to harden; to stand on end. Rïgïdus, a, urn, adj. (ngeu), stiff, as with cold, benumbed; hence, erect, upright; rigid, inflexible, inexorable : also, rough, rude ; harsh, severe ; hardy, laborious : ßerce, savage. Rïgor, ôris, m. (rigep), stiffness, hardness; inflexibility, severity; rudeness, rough ness, harshness. Rima, se, f. (probably fr. Ρήγμα, α fracture), aßssure, clfft, crack, chink, chasm. Ripa, te, f. the bank of a river. Rîsus, us, m. (rideo), a laughing, laughter, a laugh; derision. Rite, adv. (properly an abl. fr. an obs. nom.) in due form, in the proper manner; in the usual way ; properly, duly, rightly, aright, correctly. Ritus, us, m. an approved usage, old eus· torn, ceremony; any custom, manner, fashion. Rivus, i, m. (^ίω), o small stream of water, a brook: fig. a stream, rill, of any thing liquid. Rôbur, Cris, η, a very hard species of oak: used for any strong, solid tree: also, hardness; strength, ßrmness. Rogo, are, âvi, ûtum, a. and η. ίο ask, in quire, demand to know; to request, in- treat, solicit, pray, beg. Rijgus, i, m. n funeral pile, whereon the liody was burned. Rômânns, n, urn, adj. (Romn), belonging lo Home, or lite Roman Empire; Eo- mnn. liuresco, tre, n. (roro), io resolve itself into di υ·; to liefen to fall as dew R uro. are, ävi, ätnm, n. and a. (ros), to drop rfcw; to drop as dew; to fall drop by drop, or in small drops; to be bedewed; to drop, trirlle; to bedew, moisten, besprinkle. Ros, runs, m. (perhaps fpuaos), dew; any Hqwitl falling like dew. Rìsa, IE, f. (/'<5/W), Me rose: fig. rosy red- rttss: rese ointment; a rosebush. Roflrum, i. n. (rodo, ίο gnato), properly, tin insfritment to gnaw υ-ith; tin· biak of a bird, liie snout, muzzle; the beak of a EACERDOS. ship: Rostra, pi. the public pulpit or stage. Rota, œ, f. a wheel; poetically, the carriage ilsilf; a round body, orb. Rotalus, a, urn, part, of roto, which eee. Roto, are, avi, ntum, a. and n. (rota), to turn a thing round like a wheel, to whirl round, swing round, revolve. Rubeo, ore, m, n. (ruber, red), to be red, to be ruddy; to blush : rubens, red, ruddy, glowing. Rubesco, tre, bui, n. (rubeo), «o bfcome red, to redden; to blush. Rubetum, i, n. (rubus, a bramble), a bram ble thicket. Rûbîgo, ïnis, f. rust; rust-spot, rust-color, sm-it-soil; foulness. Rubor, ôris, m. (rubeo), redness, red color; glow, flush, blush; shamefacedness, mo desty. Ruders, tis, m. a stout rope, cubie. Rudis, is, e, adj. unwrought, uncultivated, in its native state, -unpolished, rude, rough; ignorant, unskilled, unpractised, inexperienced; unadorned; natural, art less; inelegant. Ruga, se, f. (ρω, fr. wh. jlurfs, a wrinkle), a wrinkle, furrow; a fold, plait, in a gar ment. Rmna, te, f. (ruo), fall, downfall, overthrow, destruction, disaster, havoc. Rumor, ôris, m. noise, bustle, gentle rust ling, murmuring, whispering; talk, gos sip, rumor, popular report. Rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, a. to break, burst; break up, annul; break off, inter rupt; separate, dissever; to mangle, rend, tear to dtath; to break down, exhaust, de bilitate. Ruo, ere, ui, ruitum and rütum, n. and a. (ύρόνω, to rush), to fall down impetuously, rush violently, dash down, tumble down, fall headlong, issue rapidly, press on; to precipitate, dash down, overthrow. Rupcs, is, f. a rock, cliff, crag. Rursùs, adv. (contracted fr. revorsus, turned back), backwards, back; on the other hand, on the cmitrary; again, afresh, anew. Rus, runs, n. the country, ßelds; a villa farm, country-seat: fig. rusticity, clown- istiness. Rust/cus, a, um, adj. (rus), pertaining to the country, rural, rustic; unpolished, rude, clownish. Rutïlus, n, um, adj. red, ßery red, reddish yellow, golden red; bright, resplendent. s. Säcer, ra, urn, adj. (perhaps fr. ίϊίω, to stand in awe of), consecrated, AoZw, socred to a duly: hence, invioìable: ano, venerable, admirable; cousecraied to /Λ« infernal gods: hence, accursed, doomed; wicked, txt,cTalile. Säcerdüs, ötis, in. mid f. (saccr), ap-v*tt or priestess. Hi SACRA. Sacra, ôrum, n. pi. (sacer), things sacred or consecrated to the gods; sacred rites, sa- crißce; sacred utensils, ornaments, &c. Sâcrilëgus, a, urn, adj. (sacra, lego), sacri legious, one having committed sacrilege: also,despising thegods, impious,profane: also, guilty of enormous sins or crimes, accursed, ungodly. Sieculuni, i. n. (originally scclum, allied to necus, sex), a sex, a breed; an age, a ge neration, usually reckoned at thirty-three years; a century. Ssepe, adv. comp. ius, sup. issimi, often, oftentimes, frequently. Ssevio, ire, ivi, and li, itum, n. (sœvus), lo rage, be ßerce, madly desire. Sœvïtia, œ, f. (sœvus), rigor, harshness, severity, cruelly, ferocity, barbarity. Ssevus, a, urn, adj. rigorous, cruel, stern, ßerce, barbarous; terrible, fearful. Sägax, acis, adj. (sagio, to perceive), tracing out, perceiving easily, quick; sagacious, shrewd, ingenious. Sagitia, se, f. an arrow, dart, shaft. SagittïfÊr, a, uni, adj. (sagitta nnd fero), bearing arrows, equipped or armed with arrows. Salio, ire, ivi, or ii, and ui, turn, n. nnd a. (αλλομαι, to leap), to jump, leap, bound; to spring up, shoot up; to throb, palpitate. Saltern, ndv. on the whole at least; at the least, at all events. Saltus, us, m. (salio), a leaping, jumping, bounding, springing up; a dancing, dance. Saltus, us, m. (Gr. Άσοι), a wooded range of mountains, a forest, wood where cattle pasture, pasturage. Salus, utis, f. (salvus, safe), safety, freedom from injury; health, welfare, prosperity; security: also, greeting, salutation. Salûtïfer, a, um, ndj. (salus and fero), bringing health or safety, salubrious, healthful, wholesome. Saluto, óre, avi, alum, a. (salus), to salute, greet, wish health or prosperity to; pay respects to; reverence. Salve and Salvète, imp. of Salveo, of which these, and snlvebis, snlvcre, are generally the only parts found : used in greeting, wishing, and taking leave, hail; how fare you, God save you, best wishes to you; adieu. Sanctus, n, um, (part. fr. sancio, to conse crate), adj. sacred, consecrated, inviolable; holy, divine, venerable; pioui, upright, innocent, virtuous. Sangulncus, a, uni, adj. (sanguis), consist ing of bloorl, bloody, bloodstained; blood red; bloodthirsty, sanguinary. Sanguis, Ïnis, m. Hood: fig. vigor, spirit: also, natural juices, sap, &c. ; kindred, raccj descent. Sallies, êi, f. (nkin to sanguis), bloody mat ter, corrupted blood or humor, (not formed into pus); blood, clots of blood. Sänus, a, urn, adj. (σάβϊ), sound in liealtlt, whole, sane; sound, in proper and good SCOPULUS. condition ; sound in mind, in one'» senses, discreet, wise. Säpienter, adv. (sapiens), with taste; dis creetly, wisely: also, generously. Sat, adv. for satis, sufficiently, enough. Sätio, are, avi, ätum, a. (satis), tofll with food and drink; to satisfy, sate, satiate; to saturate; to content: also, to overfill, to glut; hence, ίο disffust. Sjtis, adv. eaoujrh, sufficiently: as ndj. suf ficient, enough. Satuni, i, n. (properly ihe neuter of satus, part, of sero, to sow, toplant), sowed vege table, especially ihat germinating, crop, plantation. Siturnia, œ, f. seil, filia, Juno, daughter of Saturn. Sâturnius, a, um, adj. of or belonging to Saturn, Saturation: also, born of Saturn. Salurnus, i, m. pr. n. Saturn, an indige nous god of the LUI ins, presiding over sowing and planting (from satus, sowijig), and h,i\ing Ops (tlie Earth) for his wife, but afterwards confounded with the Gr. Kpivos, nnd represented as fallier of Jupi ter, Pluio, Neptune, Juno, Ceres, &c. Sätur, a, urn, ndj. (satis), full, full of food, sated, satiated, satisfied; abundant, plen tiful, rich. Sätus, a, um, adj. part, from suro, ere, t vi, sät um, produced, begot ten,born of, brought forth. Satyrus, t, m. (narvpos), a satyr, one of the sylvan semi-gods, represented with long pointed ears, and small knobs like horns behind them, goat's legs and tail. Saucius, a, um, adj. wounded, injured, wounded in mind; pained, troubled, sad, love-sirk. Saxeus, a, urn, adj. (saxum), rocky, stony, of rock or stone: hard-hearted, flinty, ob durate. Saxum, i, n. a rock; a stone, a large stone. ScelPratus, a, urn, (part. fr. scelero), adj. polluted by wickedness, impious, infamous, detestable; accursed. Scclus, eris, n. an enormity, a crime, impi ous act ; villany, knavery ; wickedness, malice. Sceptrum, i, n. (mrijirrpo»), that on which one leans; a staff; a sceptre. Scilicet, adv. (scire, licet), ii is plain to be seen, it is easily known, it is manifest; truly, virily, assuredly, doubtlessly: to wet, namely, that is to say. Scindo, ere, scïdï, scissum, a. (ον'ίω, ίο *plit), to split, cut, rend, sever by force; to tear open; to divide, separate. Scio, ire, ivi, and ii, itum, a. io know; to understand; to learn. Scissus, n, urn, part, of scindo, which see. Scitor, ari, ätus, dep. (scio), (o be anxious ta know, to inquire, ask, question, demand, consult. Scopulus, i, m. (Gr. σκόπελο;), a projecting height affording a distant view, a me ·ιη- tain-peak, high rock, a cliff: poetically, 371 8CORPIOS. any large stone : particularly, a cliff or bluffali the sen-s/iore. Scorpios, ii, m. (Gr. trmpmos), a scorpion: the Scorpion, the zodiacal sign. Sc^ihia, œ, f. Scytlaa, the country of the bcyihians in northern Europe and Asia. SêcOdo, ere, cessi, cessurn, n. (se, irisep. prep, apart, and cedo), to go apart, to re tire, withdraw, retreat, sectde. Sêcerno, ëre, crêvi, crëtum, o. (se and cer- no), to put apart, place asunder, separate, sever, divide, distinguish. Sêcius, adv. comp. of adv. secus, otherwise, differently. Seco, are, ui, turn, a. to cut, cut off, to wound, to pain, torment; satirize: to se parate, decide, determine; divide. Sêcrëtus, a, uni, part, from secerno, as adj. separate, apart, remote, secret, solitary. Sêculum, same as sieculum, which pee. Secundum, adv. (secundus), after, imme diately afier, just fallowing: in the next or sicomt place: prep, nigh, near; by, along; e/ose after; according to, in con- formily with. Secundus, a, um, adj. (sequor), following; after t lie first, the second; going after, Juicily or closely following ; favoring, jvorable; prosperous, successful. »ris, is, I. (seco), an axe, a chopping- In if e. Sccurus, a, urn, adj. (se, that is, sine, cura), secure, undisturbed, without anxiety; not to be feared. Stcùs, adv. (seco), not so, otherwise, differ ently. Secütus, a, urn, part of eequor, which see. Sed, conj. OKI.· not always adversative, but frequently used for connection in the sense of now. I say, &c. Sedeo, ère, Odi, scssum, n. (£A>i, a seat), seldom a. to sit, take a seat; sit close, firm,fast; continue, abide, Sêdes, is, f. (sedeo or ïiorf, a seat; atode, settlement, spot; also, base, foundation. Sedo, fire, avi, âtum, n. (perhaps scdeo), to cause to settle down; to allay, appease, pacify, assuage, mitigate, soothe, alleviate, settle, slay, check. Seduco, ere, xi, cium, a. (se, apart, and duco), to lead apurt; to put aside, appro priale; to separate, divide; to remove; to withdraw. SEges, etis, f. (perhaps fr. τίκω, τίκτω), that which is produced, young growth; stand ing corn, a crop. Segnis, is, e, adj. (se, for sine, and ignis), without spiiit or energy, inactive, slow, indalenl, sluggish, heavy, lazy. Semel, adv. once. Semülc, es, f. Semele, daughter of Cadmus, beluved of Jupiter, and to him mother of Bacchus. Sêmen, ïnis, n. (fr. segmen, a piece cut off [qu.]), any thing that is or may be sown or planted; seid; a shoot; first cause, origin, source; offspring, progeny. SemCsus, a, urn, adj. (semi, half, and esus, 372 SERIES. from edo, to eat), half-eaten, gnawed, pa rtly-coHsumed. Sêmïdeus, ι, m. and eemidea, ce, f. (semi, half, deue), a demigod. SCmlfer, a, urn. adj. (semi, hilf, and ferus), /la/f-beast, an epithet of the Centaurs. Semlneeis, e, adj. (semi, nex, violent death), half-slain, half-dead ; not yet cold in death. Scnilramis, îdis, f. Stmiramis, the cele brated queen of Assyria, wife and suc cessor of Ninne, the founder oi Babylon. Sëmïvir, ïri, m. (semi and vir), a liulfman; an tjftininttte, womanish person. Semper, adv. (semel, per), once for all, al ways, ever, continually. Ser.ecta, ce, f. (senex), age, old age; long duration. Senex, gen. senis, adj. comp. senior, aged, old, advanced in years, ancunt. Sensini, adv. (semio), by little and little, imperceptibly, insensibly, gradually. Sensus, us, m. (spntio), sensation, feeling, perception, sense; faculty of perception; emotion, affection, passion; understand ing, comprehension, idea, coiisciousneas. Sententi,·!, œ, f. (sentio), opinion, thouglit, judgment, decision, sentence, resolution; meaning, expression. Sentio, ire, sensi, sum. a. to discern by the senses, perceive, fet I, experience, suffer; to observe, discern, notice, discover; to think, be of opinion, conceive, judge. Sentis, is, in. and f. a brier, tramile, t/torti. Senius, a, um, adj. (sentis, a bramble), thorny, brambly, rugged, rough, unculti vated. Separo, óre, âvi, âtum, a. (se and paro), to separate, part, divide. Sepes, is, f. (by sonic from αηκυς, an enclo sure), a fence, hedge; enclosure. Sêpono, &e, usui, isïtum, a. (se and pono), to place apart, set aside, lay by, reserve; lay aside, dismiss; to remove; to distin guish. Septem, indec. adj. (fcrrà), seven. Septemflüus, a, urn, adj. (septem andfluo), flowing sevenfold, having seven mouths. Septemtrio, or Septentrio, unis, m. (sep tem and trio), pi. scptemtriones, the feven plough-oxen: nence, from resemblance, the seveti stars of the constellation Arctos ; the Great Bear; Charles' Wain. Septêni, œ, a, adj. pi. (septem), distributive, seven, seven tach. Septimus, a, urn, adj. ord. (septem), seventh. SCpuIcrum, i, n. (f epelio, to inter), a gravel also, fig. a corpse, or the soul of the de parted. Sëquor, i, quîitus and cûtus, dep. (έπομαι), to come after, follow; be consequent upon; to pursue; to ensue. " Serenus, a, mn, adj. calm and clear, without clouds and rain, fair, bright, serene: fig. cheerful, gladsome. Series, ei, f. (sero, to Unit together), a row SERIUS. nnrnbir teries, order; lineage, line of descent. Sêriùs, adv. comp. of sere or sero, later, more lately, tuo late. Sermo, unis, m. (sero, to sow), any thing tpoken, a discourse; hence, a common talk, town's talk; conversation; a speech, ornlifin; an essay. Sero, (properly ahi. of serus), adv. late, too late. Sero, ere, evi, atum, a. to sow,produce, in troduce. âerpens, entis, m. and f. (serpo, to creep), a creeping animal; a serpent. Eerpo, pre, rpsi, rptum, n. (Gr. ΐρπω), to creep, crawl, slide on the telly; to move imperceptibly, to spread gradually. Sertum, li, n. (suro, to bind together), a garland, festoon. Sêrus, a, urn, adj. late: also, aged, slow, protracted; too late, useless. Servätor, òris, m. (servo), a saviour, pre server, deliverer. ServäturuB, a, urn, fut. part, servo, about to save, preserve. Servio, ire, ivi, and ii, Itum, n. (servus), to be a slate, act as servant, to be suhjcct to; to serve for1, that is, be fit for, or used for; to gratify, indulge, please; to pay attention to. ServTtium, ii, n. (servus), slavery, servitude, bondage. Servo, are, âvi, âtum, a. (rpCu, to guard), to observe, watch, wait for, guard, keep, maintain, preserve, retain. Sêla, œ, f. stiff, rough hair; bristle; an angling line. Seu. conj. (fr. sivc), whether, or. Sevêrus, a, urn, adj. (se and verus), sepa rating the truth: hence, serious, strict, severe; harsh, cruel. SCvoco, are, âvi, âtum, n. (se and voco), to call apart or aside, to withdraw. Sex, adj. num. (cQ, six. SI, conj. if. Sibilo, are, âvi, âtum, n. to hiss. Sîbïlum, i, n. and sibilus, i, m. (from the sound), a hissing, whistling, whizzing. Sic, adv. so, thus, in like manner, in this way. Sicco, ore, âvi, âtum, a. to dry, make dry; to drink up, empty; to milk. Siccus, a, urn, adj. dry, witluiut moisture; thirsty, dry with thirst; cold, dull of feel ing. Slcut, conj. (sic and uti), soas,just as, as, as if. Sïcyonius, a, urn, adj. pertaining to the town Sicyon, in Achaia, Sici/onian. Sidtreus, a, um, adj.(sidus),glitteringwilh consultations or stars, starry; celestini, divine, heavenly, beautiful, bright, lus- trouf. Side, tre, sidi and sèdi, η. (ΐ^ω), io let one's seif down, to alight, perch, descend, settle down, to sink down. Sidon, ônis, and Sidonis, ïdis, f. Sidon, n celebrated commercial city of Phoenicia. SISTO. Sidonis, idis, and Sidoniœ, re, f. adj. the country around Sidon, Sidonia. Sidonius, a, urn, adj. Sidonian, belonging to Sidon: also, Ί/ieban, so called from Cadmus, the Phenician. Sidus, tris, n. ('!&>,-), any luminous heavenly body; the sun, moon, planet, constella tion, star: fig. ornament, beauty, pride, Significo, are, avi, âtum, a. (signutn and iacio), to intimate by a sign, In give notice, signify, indicate; betoken; import. Signo, are, âvi, atum, a. (signum), to mark, mark out; to inscribe, grave; to express; to point out. Signum, i, n. (aViSj), a mark, sign; a proof; a token, a prognostic; a sigtialin military parlance, a standard; a figure, image, statue; a constellation. Silentium, i, n. (sileo), silence; stillness; Quietness. Sileo, ère, ui, n. and a. (Gr. <τίζω), to be si lent, cease to speak; to keep secret; to be still or inactive. Silex, ïcis, m. flint, flinlstone; any hard stone. Suva, œ, or Sylva, œ, f. (Άη), a wood, forest, woodlands, a grove. Silvänus, i, or Sylvänus, i, m. (sylva), the deity of the woods: pi. gods of woods, &c. Silvëstris, is, e, or Sylvestris, e, adj. (sylvtt), full of woods, woody, growing in woods, dwelling in or belonging to woods. Similis, is, e, adj. like, resembling, similar: also, probable. STmillimus, a, urn, adj. sup. of Similis. Simili, adv. (as if simili, that is, in like manner), together, at once, at the same time, as soon, as soon as. Sïmùlâcrum, i, n. (simulo), a likeness, re presentation, picture, image, resemblance, effisy; shadow, semblance, phantom. Simulo, are, âvi, âtum, a. (similis), t o make like, assume tlie appearance of; to repre sent; to imitate; to counterfeit, feign. Sincêrus, a, urn, adj. (as if simccrus, fr semel, once, κεράω, to mix: eo, once-mixed, simply-mixed, or from sine cera, without wax, as honey perfectly clean from the comb), not painted, natural, genuine; upright, candid, sincere; pure, unmixcd; itncorrupt, sound. Sine, prep, (perhaps fr. sino), without. It is sometimes put after iis case. Sinister, ra, urn, adj. (sino), left, on theleft; adverse, unpropiliotts, unfortunate, bad; perverse. Sinistra, œ, f. properly f. of adj. sinister. s. manus understood, tlie left hand, the left. Sino, ere, slvi, situs, a. to permit, suffer, allow. Sïnuo, are, avi, âtum, a. (sinus), to wind in a serpentine form, to twist, wreathe, curve, bend Sinus, us, m. any concaio surface or semi circular hollow; a bay; a bosom; a fold, the inmost part. Sisto, ere, stili and steli, statuiti, a. and n. 21 373 (Ι«τάω, ΐστημι), act. to place, cause to stand; to stay, T€straint slop, repress; to mafie firm, establish, prop : intrans. to stand, statuì still, settle, rest; to conlmue, en dure. Slsyphos, i, m. (Ziatyot, which Been» R re- > duplication of α6φ>:, i. e. the cunning, the crafty), a mythic king of Corinth, son of jEoIus and Enarote, and brother of Sal- moncus. He was celebrated for his cun ning and wickedness, and was sentenced in the infernal regions to roll up a moun tain a large stone, which always rolled back. STtis, is, f. thirst : fig. dryness, aridity, parched state, drought .· also, greediness, covelousness. Sïiiis, a, urn, part, of sino, situated, put, placed; erected, built. Sive, conj. (for vel si), or if: whether, or. Smaragdus, i, m. (Gr. σμαραγδο^, an eme rald, a precious stone of a lia utifill green color. Subtiles, is, or Suboles, is, f. (subolesco, lo grow up), a young growth, young elioot: offspring, progeny. Sucer, en, m. (itvpiis), a father-in-law, pa rent-in-law. Sofia, ac, f. properly feni. of adj. socius, a female companion, partner, associate, &LC. Sucius, a, urn, Rdj. participating, associated, allied, unittd, cottnected; subs, a partici pator, associate, ally, partner, confede rate, companion. Sol, sülis, m. the sun: sunshine; the heat of the sun. Solatium, ii, n. (solor, to comfort), comfort, consolation, solace; aid, succor, resource: compensation. Solco, ère, sülTtus sum, n. to use, te accus tomed, lie wont. Sûlers, tie, adj. (sollus, same as totus, whole), skilful, expert; suited,ßt, capable; ingenious. Solertia, œ, f. (solers), ingenuity, sagacity, capacity, genius, skill, adroitness. Sölertiüs, adv. comp. of sulerter, inge-, niously, adroitly, skilfully. Solîdue, a, urn, adj. solid, compact, dense, ßrm; strong, substantial; whole, entire, perfect. SiJlTtus, a, um, part, of soleo: as adj. usual, customary, wonted. Sii mm, i, n. (perhaps akin to sella), an elevated seat, throne: fig. royal dignity, sovereignty, kingdom. Sollïcïio, are, avi, atom, a. (sollus, the whole, and cito, ίο move}, to endeavor to move, to move, stir, displace; to trouble; to instigate to rebellion, to urge, rouse, seduce; to provoke; to induce, allure, ex cite. Sollicitus, a, urn, adj. (solus and cito), anx ious, disquieted, troubled. Rolum, i, n. the lowest part, the ground, foundation, basis; sole of (lie fool or shoe: Ih* soil, land, countn/. 374 SPECTO. Solus, a, urn, adj. alone, only, unaccompa nied; lonely, solitary, retired. SCIiitus, a, urn, part, of solvo. Solve, ere, vi, solùtum, a. to loose, unbind, to solve; dissolve, melt, destroy; to open, to dispel: to relax, to weaken; to break, to pai/. SomnïfCr, a, um, adj. (somnus and fcro)i bringing sleep, causing sleep, somniferous soporiferous. Somnus, i, m. (MTJO,-), sleep; sleepiness. night: also, the sleep of death, death. Suiiax, flcis, adj. (sono), sounding, resound ing, loudly sounding. Sunïtus, us, m. (sono), sound, noise, din. Suno, are, avi, ätum, a. and n. : intrans. le sound, resound; re-echo: trans, to sound utter, pronounce; to extol; to signify. Sons, ontis, adj. hurtful, guilty, criminal. Sunus, i, m. a sound, note, tone, noise, ut terance. Sopor, ôris. m. (Sanscrit, svap, to sleep), sleep; indolence, sleepiness; death: a so porific potion. Sorbeo, ere, ui, a. (like /!οψεω, by onoma- topœia), to swallow greedily any fluid, ta sup down, suck in; to absorb; to endure, bear. Sordïdus, a, urn. adj. (soraee, filth), fillhy, nasty, squalid, foul ; mean, low ; lias·*, despicable, sordid, miserly: also, wearing soiled or blackish garments. Soror, üris, f. a sister—for soror patruelis, that is, cousin. Surörius, a, um, adj. (soror), of a sister, sisterly. Sors, tis, f. (sero), any thing used to deter mine a chance, a lot ; a prophfcy : any thing obtained by lot; hence, share, part: destiny, fate, condition, fortune, rank, station. Sortior, iri, ïtus, dcp. (sors), to draw lots, determine by lot, distribute by lot, allot: hence, to choose, select, appoint; to distri bute, divide. Spargo, tre, si, sum, a. (σπιίρω), to strew atout, scatter; to throw, hurl; to disperse. Spartânus, a, urn, adj. Svartan, belonging to Sparta, the capital of Laconin. Spatior, âri, «tus, dep. (spatium), to walk abroad, walk, go on· : nfso, to spread. Spätiösus, a, urn, ndj. (sputinm), (f great extent, spatious, ejcter^ice, wide, large; of time, lasting, long-continued. Spatium, ii, u. (pnteo), a space, a course, a journey; distance, length, sue; an inter val, a portion oj time. Species, ei, f. (specie, to tee), appearance, look ; outward form ; beauty ; splendor, ornament : nature, character ; idea, notion.' eemblance, pretext, seeminp. t_ _ —, —_, _.-, —««ι, u. ^ημυνιυ, W ttcej, tO look, see, tool; at with attention, view, ob serve; to have in view, tend to, aim at ; ta look for, await; to examine, try. SPECULOR. Rpeculor, âri, âtus, dep. (specula, an ob servatory), to see, look around, look care fully at ; to explore, reconnoitre, watch, observe, espy: to contemplate. SpFcus, us, in. also f. and η. (σπίος, a caw), a cave, cavern, den, grotto: also, a cavity. Spdunca, œ, f. (Gr. «nrijAuyf), a cavern, grotto. Sperchêis, ïdis, f. adj. relating to the river Spercheus. SperchCus and eos, i, m. (Gr. Σπιρ\είο;, i. e. Ihe rapid, fr. «πτέρχω, to be rapid), Sper- cltêus, a river of Thessaly, near ihe Hel- Inda. Sperno, ere, sprèvi, sprctum, a. (σπαρω, to scatter), to separate: to reject, disdain, spuru^scorn, despise, slight. Spero, are, avi, alum, a. to hope, trust; also, to expect, apprehend. Spes, êi, f. hope, expectation; confidence; expectations, prospects, apprehension. Splceus, a, uin, adj. (spica, an ear of corn), consisting of ears of corn. Spina, ίο, f. a tliorn; a thorn or thorny shrub ; ana prickle: the spine or back bone. fcipuieus, a, urn, adj. (spina), thorny, prickly, of thorns. SpinCsus,a, urn,adj. (spina), thorny,prickly, filli of tliorus. Spira, œ, f (Gr. σπείρα), any thing wreathed; a spire, fold of a serpent; a twist, wreathe. Spirit us, us, m. (spiro, to breathe or blow), a blowing, breathing; wind,brefilh; spirit. Spissus, a, um, adj. thick, dense; close, crowded, full. Splendco, ere, ui, n. to shine, glitter, be bright, be distinguished, be illustrious, be btatttiful. Splendidus, a, urn, adj. (splendeo), bright, clear, shining, brilliant, glittering, splen did, magnificence. Spülio, are, avi, ätum, n. (spolium), tostrîp; to rob, plunder, spoil, dtprive. Spijlium, ii, n. the skin of an animal, cast off or stripped off, as ihe sluugh of the scrpcni ; the sjioils take« from a slam enemy, spoil, plunder, booty; any thing robbed, pillage, prey: also, victory. Sponsa, œ, f. (spondeo), a betrothed woman, a spouse. Sponiis, gen. of spons, f. which occurs usually only in ilie gen. and ahi. sing., properly,o voluntary contributivi: hence, fnt-will, will: sponte, with the will, good It ave, permission, willingly. Sprêtus, a, urn, part, of sperno, slighted, disused, conlemntd, rrjeclid. Spuma, se, f. (spuo, to spit), foam, froth, srnrn. Spuming, antis, part, of spumo, foaming, frothing, fermenting. Spiimeli», a, uni, adj (spuma), full nf froth, foaming, frothy; like fount. Spumûsus, a, uni, adj. (spuma), frothy, foaming^ fermi ttting. Squallco, ère, ni. n. (anMu, to dry up), to STIRPS. ie stiff, rough, horrid; to be dry, arid, parched, rough; to be dirty, filthy, foul; to have on soiled garments, as usual wild persons in distress. Squallidus, a, urn, adj. (squalled), sgualia, filthy, horrid, rough. Squama, œ, f. o scaie of a fish, serpent, &c., any thing like a scale. Squanuger, era, erum, adj. (squama and gero), bearing scales, scaly, full of scales. Squamùsus, a, um, adj. (squama), scaly, covered with scales. Stagno, are, avi, ätum, n. and a. (stagnum), to be lake or standing water; to overflow and become like a lukf; to be under water; to inundate, deluge; to cause to stand. Stagnum, i, n. (sto, to stand), any standing water; a lake, pool, pond: poetically, wa ter genrrally : also, u canal, ditch. Stamen, inis, n. (fr. στημων, the warp, or fr. statum, supine of sisto), the warp, in weaving ; u thread; the thread affate; the string nf a musical instrument. Static, onis, i. (sto, lo stand), act of stand ing, standing still; a stay, residence; the place of standing or aliiding, a station, post: also, order. StStuo. ere, ui, uturn, (fr. statum, supine of sisto), to cause to stand, to place; to set up, erect; make, establish; to appoint; to determine, decide. Stella, ee. f. a star: poetically, a constella tion: also, Hie sun. Stellane, antis, adj. (Stella), starry; star- like, sparkling, shining, glittering. Stellätus, a, urn, adj. (Stella), studded with stars, starry, set with stars: fig. applied to Argus, i. e. having many eyes. Sterïlis, is, e, adj. (crtf'pn;, st'iff, stubborn), barren, incapable of producing, sterile; rendering unfruitful. Sierno, tre, stravi, stratum, R. to spread, scatter, strew; to throw to the ground. SthenCleius a, urn, adj. belonging to Sthene- lus, a king of Liguria, and faiher ol Cycnus. Sticte, es, f. (spotted), name of a hound Spot. Stilla, a>, f. (<"·ίλ>?, a drop), a drop. Stillo, are, avi, Stum, a. and n. istilla), la fall in drops, to drop, to trickle down; to distil, let fall in drops. StTmulo, are, avi, ätum, a. (stimulus), tj prick, goad, urge on; trouble, incite, in stigate. Stimulus, i, m. (στΚω, to prick), a priMe any sharp-pointed thing; a goad; sting, pang; incitement, spur. St'ipatus, a. uni, part, of stipo, are, avi, ätum, a. (τΓΕί/ίω, to tread down), pressed closf together; full, thronged. Stïpïs, ïtis, m. (ör. <Ηήπ>;), a piece of wood standing in the ground, a truuh, stem, post, slake; fr tree. Stipula, 83, f. lite stem, stalk, or blade of corn; a straw, stuLhle stulk of beG/ts, &.C. Stirps, is, in. lowest part of a Irre, inclini 375 STO. ing the roots ; the root; the stock, trunk; family, race; descent, progeny. Stirps, a family, one brandì of a gens or dan. Sto, are, steli, statimi, η. (στάω, σ™,fr. wh. ΐστημί), to stand; stand ßrm, stand one's ground; stand still, ίο maintain one's position, dignity or inßuence, to ßourish; to be Jixed, resolved, unchangeable, ap pointed, determined. Strepuus, us, m. (strepo), α harsh or con fused noise, a rumbling, rustling, clash ing, din. Stricius, n, urn, part. fr. stringo, drawn, unsheathed. Strìdere, entis, part, of strideo, ere, nnd strido, ere, idi, η. creaking, whizzing, hissing, twanging, rustling, whistling. Strìder, Cris, m' (strido), any noiseor sound; a grating or harsh noise; a creating, w/nzziiig, hissing. Stringo, ere, nxi, ictum, n. (rrpnyyw, todraw tight), to touc/t lightly, graze, pass close ty; to strip, pluck off, to wou?id, injure; to touch, move; to draw, unsheathe; to draw tight, tie close, press or bind. Struo, ere, xi, etum, a. (fr. σπ/ιάω, στρπώ), to join togit/ier; to erect, build; to arrange, prepare, devise. Strymon, Cnie, m. the Strymon, a large river of Thrnce, emptying into the JEçean, now the Karason, Studium, i, n. (mowM), zeal, eagerness, de sire; study; propensity; object of study, employment. Stijpeo, ere, ui, n. to be torpid, benumbed, stupißed, to be rendered insensible; to tie amazid, struck with aslonishme?it, be lost in amazement. Stuprum, i, n. shame, dishonor; loss of chastity, fornication, rape. Stygius, a, urn, adj. (Sriiyioi), Stygian, of the Styx, infernal : hence, horrible, deadly. Styx, ygis nnd ygos, f. (fr. n-nyiu, i. e. hate ful), Styx, a river of ihe infernal regions. Suâdco, ere, si, sum, n. and a. (άλω, to please), primarily, to represent in a pitas- inn light: hence, to advise, recommend, exhvrl, suggest. Siib, prep, (imo), under, lienealh; during; towards; immediately after. Subdo, tre, dïdi, dïtum, a. (sub and do), ta put, pince, lay under; to suljugate, re duce, expose, reject: to substitute; toapply, join to. Subdueo, tic, xi, cium, a. (sub and duco), to draw from under, to draw away; with draw, remove; draw up, lift up. Subeo, Tre, ivi, and ïi, ïtum, irreg. η. (sub, eo), to go under; to undergo, sustain, suffer; to ascend, climb; to go to, into, or towards; to enter, to approach, to come upon, attack; to conte after or succeed. Subito, ndv. (subitus), suddenly, hastily, unii-pectidly. cubïtus, a, urn, adj. (subeo), sudden, hasty, unexpected: also, extemporary: and new, raw. 376 SULFUR. Subjecto, fire, avi, ntum, a. (frtq. ol tab· jicio), to put under; to apply to, add join. Subjectus, a, urn, part, of subjicio. Subjïcio, Ere, êci, ectum, a. (sub, jacio), to throw or put wider; to subject, submit; to expose. Sublìmis, e, adj. lofty, elevated; aloft heave7iward; exalted, sublime. Submitio, Crc, îsi, issum, a. (sub and mit- to), ίο let down, lower; abate; yitld, re sign, submit ; give up, remit ; to sub ject. SubmCveo, ère, ûvi, ôtum, a. (sub and movco), to remove, displace, repel, banish, withdraw. Subscquor, i, ecutus sum, dep. (sub and sequor), tojollow, attend, accompany. Subside, ere, Idi, and cdi, essum, n. (sub and sido), to sit down, crouch down, sink down, settle, subside. Subsiste, ere, stïti, a. and η. (sub, sisto), trans, to cause to stand, to stay, to stop, to resist: intrans, to stand firm, fast: te withstand; to halt; to cease. Substrictus, a, um, port, of substringo, ere, nxi, bound, drawn up, contracted; checked, confined. Succedo, Ere, essi, essum, n. (sub, cedo), to go under, go into, undertake, submit, approach, succeed. Successor, urie, m. (succedo), a successor, one that follows or succeeds another in any office, possession, pursuit; an heir. Succe^Fus, us, m. (succedo), a going down, a following, approaching; succtss, pros- pi rows issue, prosperity, good fortune. Surcinctus, a, uni, part. fr. succingo, ere, nxi, girt up, tightly «irt; provided with, equipped. Succunibo, Tre, cìibui, cfibïtum, (sub and cumbo, to /ni/), to fall down, fall to the ground, sink; to be overcome, to succumb, yield, submit. Succus, i, m. (sugo, to suck}, juice, moisture, sap : hence, laste, ßavor, rtlish; vigor, force, energy. SuccCtio, ere, usai, ussuni, a. (sub and qua t io), to shake, agitate, jolt up and down. Sudo, are, avi, fitum, a. and n. to sweat, toil hard, labor afler. Sudor, ùrie, m. sweat; fig. labor, toil, pains, exertion. Suificio, ere, èri, ectum, a. and n. (sub and iacio), to afford, fumigli, supply; to suf fire, be sufficient. Suffundo, ere, udì, usum, a. (sub and furiilo), to pour out, spread; diffuse, suffuse. Su'i, sïbi, se, sine, and pi. recip. [iron. (Gr. ου), of, &.C. himself, herself, itself, them selves. Siilc-o, are, avi, alum, a. (sulcus), to furrow, plough, delve, till: sail over; to wrinkle. Sulcus, i, m. (ίλ*<ί), a furrow ; a rut; a wriiit.le. Sulfur and Sulphur, ùrie, η. sulphur, brim- ttone. SUM. Sum, esse, fui, irr. n. to be, to exist; to be- I lonç to, pertain to; to be worth. Sunnnus, n, urn, adj. (eup. of superus), highest, topmost; greatest; consummate; supreme; extreme. Sumo, ere, msi and nipsi, ml urn, mptum, a. (sub nnd emo), to take, take up, re ceive; to undertake, to assume; to enjoy; to make. Sumptiis, us, m. (sumo), charge, cost, ex pense. Super, adv. abwe, over ; besides ; there upon ; in addition, more; exceedingly : prep, over, upon, above, beyond, besides. Sfipërator, ôris, m. (supero, la overcome), a conqueror, vanquisher, subduer, subju gator. Superbia, œ, f. (ίτερ/Siij), pride, haughtiness, arrogance, scorn; ma.tr?iißcence. Süperbiis, a, um, adj. (imïpflioi), proud, haughty, arrogant, insolent, scornful; fastidious, oveniice: also, splendid, mag- nißcent, excellent, costly, superb. SüpErcmmco, ere, ui, a. (super and cmineo, to project), to project aliove, to appear above, overtop, surpass, outstrip, excel. Superfluus, a, urn, adj. (super and fluo), ovcrßowiiig, muniug over: unnecessary, supetjlnous. Superfiisus, a, urn, part, of superfluido, ïre, fudi, poured over or upon, overßow- ing, overspread, spread over, dispersed over, covered. Superi, orimi, m. (strictly pi. of superus), tie celestial gods, the godt. Supero, arc, avi, al um, a. and n. (super), to be above; toprojtct; toprevail; toabouud; to remain; to be alive, survive; to pass over; to surmount, overcome, conquer; to surpass. Süperstes, ïtis, adj. (supersto), that which is standing by, a witness: surviving, out living. Supersto, fire, etiti, n. (super and sto), lo stand over or upon. Sûpcrsiim, es, fui, esse, n. (super and sum), to remain, be left behind.; to exist still, to survive, to he sttperßuous. SüpSrus, a, um, adj. (super), comp. supe rior ; sup. supremus arid summus : above, upper, on high; celestial. Supervülo, are, n. (super and volo), toßy over, pass rapidly over. Suppleo, ere, pièvi, ètum, a. (sub and pleo), to fill up, supply, complete, restore, re- 'pair. Supplcx, tcis, adj. (sub and plico, to fold or bend), kneeling to, bending the knees be fore, suppliant, humblv ^,eecliing, sub missive. Supplicium, ii, n. (supplex), a kneeling down; humiliation, supplication, prayer, act of worship, as sacrifice or thanksgiv ing : capital punishment, torture, any se vere pu?iitltment. Suppóne, ere, usui, ôsitum, a. (sub and pono), to place or lai/ under; to sow; to inter; to annex, subjoin; to subject; to TACTUS. postpone, value less; to suppose; to sub stitute. iipprlmo, ere, essi, essum, a. (sub and premo), lo press domn; to check, detain, restrain, suppress, stay. Supra, adv. (as if supera parte), on the up per side, aliove; more,further: prep, above, over, beyond. Supremus, adj. sup. of superus, which see. Surgo, ere, rexi, ectum, a. (contraction of sub rego), to raise up: more frequently, to rise up, arise, appear, grow up, to swell up. Sus, suis, m. and f. (is), a swine, pig, hog. Suspectus, a, urn, part, of suspicio, ere, exi, suspected, exciting suspicion. Suspcndo, ere, di, nsum, a. (sus, for sur- sum, up, and pendo), io hang up, sus- pend; t o hang up in honor of a deity, to consecrate; to raise on high; to press lightly on; to interrupt, restrain. Sufipicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. (sursum and spicio), to look up at, to look up to; to admire. SuspTcor, ari, âtus, dep. (suspicio), to sus pect, mistrust, fear, apprehend; to conjec ture, imagine. Suspiriurn, ii, n. (suspiro), a sigh, sob, groan: a shortness of breath. Suspiro, are, âvi, âtum, a. and n. (sus for sursum, and spiro) : intrans, to exhale, evaporate; to sigh, heave a sigh: trans, to breathe out. Sustïneo, Ere, ui, tentum, a. (sus for sur sum, and telleo), to keep up, sustain, up hold., support, bear, endure, suffer, with stand, restrain, check. Sustüli. See Tollo. Susurro, are, âvi, âtum, n. and η. ίο mur mur, buzz, whisper. Suus, a, urn, (ioj, ii, ife), pose. pron. be longing to him, her, it, them; one's own, its own. Sylva, id, same as silvn, which see. Syrinx, ingis or ingos, f. (Gr. σνριγζ,) a reed, a pipe made of reed. Syrinx, a girl changed into a reed. T. Tâbeo, ere, ui, η. (τίκω, Doric for τήκω, ta decay), to melt; to drip; to waste awiiu. decay. Tobes, is, f. (tabco), α gradual i; ..s..,,- or waning auiay, melting, dissolving, cor ruption, consumption, atrophy, &c. : an irfectiolis disease, plague. TSceo, ère, ui, cïlum, n. and a. (Ότέω, ίο be silent), introna, io be silent, to be still: trans, io pass over in silence, to keep se cret; be silent about. Taciturnus, a, um, adj. (tnceo),-nZenf, se crei, still. Tacïtus, a, um, part, of taceo, as adj secret, concealed, unmenlioncd, silent still. Tactus, us, m. (tango), a touching, touch, contact. » 9 ι 2 377 TACTUS. Tactus, a, um, part, of tango, which see. Teeda, œ, f. (Gr. eats, éàs), a tree producing pitch, a branch thereof: hence, a pint torch, a torch; a marriage torch: fig. mar riage. Tenärius, a, um, adi. Tartarian, belonging to Ttpyinrus or l&narum, a mountain city and promon ory of Lacedemon. Tggus, i, m. the Tasta, a well-known river > f Spain a· d Portugal. Talaris, ium, n. pi. (of the adj. talaris, is, e belonging ta the aneli), winged sandals. Tiilis, e, ndj. surh, suchlike, of such kind: also in the signification of this, the fol lowing. Talus, i, m. the ancle: also, a die. Tarnen, cunj. but, notwithstanding, never- tluless, however, yet; at least, yet at least; at length, however. Tana'ii, is, in Tanaïs, a river of Sarmatia, flowing into the Palus Mœotis, (Sea of Azof), now the Don. Tandem, adv. con. of turn demum, then at length: at last, at length, finally: also, in earliest address, pray, 1 pray thee. Tango, Pré, tctïgi, tacluni, a. to touch; ar rive at, reach; to besprinkle, besmear, anoint, wish, paint; to border on, adjoin: to touch, taste; to move, affect, incite; to undertake; to strike. Tanquam, adv. (tarn and quam), as, just as, os if, as it mere. Tantalus, i, m. Tantalus, a Phrygian king, and ancestor of the Pelopida? : his story is told by our author. Tantuin, adv. so much; only. Tantum- inodo, adv. only. Tnnlus, a, urn, adj. so great, so vast, so important: also, so little, so trifling. Taruitus, a, uni, part, of tardo, are, avi, delayed, retarded, impeded, ohstrurled. Tard«1, adv. (tardus), slowly, tardily, dila torily; late, not early. Tardus, a, uni, adj. slow, tardy, dilatory not auick, tedious; dull, htavy, stupid. Tartarus, i, m. pi. ra. n. (ruprafoij, Tartarus; the infernal restons. Taurus, i, m. (Gr. ταύρος), a bull, ox; the conslellation Taurus; Taurus, a moun tain in Ciucia. Taxus, i, f. the yew-tree; a javelin or lance- handle made of yew. Taygete, es, f. Tal/sete, a daughter of At las, one of the Pleiades. Teetum, i, m. (lego), roof of a house, ceil ing vf a room; a dwelling, a hall or cham ber. Tccturn ferae, a den. Teems, a, urn. part, of tegor. See Tego. TegTmen, Ïnis, or Tègmen, ïnis, n. (lego), a covering. Tëgo, Ere, texi, tectuni, a. (ντίγω), to cover; to hide, conceal, cloak; to protect, defend. Téla, œ, f. a vtb; the warp or threads into which the woof is woven: also, a weaver's beam. Tellus. firis, f. the earth; the svii; land, country; a nation: also, the goddess Tel lus, ilie Eoi th. , 378 TENTO. Tclum, i, n. (fr. rijXiit, thrown te a distance) a missile weapon, subsequently, any wea· ροή of attack. TemCrärius, a, um, adj. (temer«·), acciden tal, by chance; indiscreet, rash, incon siderate. Temerò, are, avi, âtum, a. (temere), ta violate, defile, pollute, profane. Temo, unis, m. the pole of a chariot: also, the pole of the constellation Charles' Warn. Tempe, n. Tempe, the romantic valley of Thessaly, between Mounts Olympus, Ossa, and Pelion, through which flows the Peneus ; subsequently applied to any romantic vale or glen. TempEries, èi, f. (tempero), a tempering, mixing in due proportion, middle tempe rature, temperate climate. Tempero, are, avi, âtum, a. and n. (tern- pus), to fx a measure or set bounds: in- trans. to observe fit measure, to be tempe rate, to restrain one's self, to abstain, forbear: trans, to pat into propermeasure, to attemper; toprepare, manage; to soften. Tempeslas, tati?, f. (lempus), time; a pe riod, a season; weather: freq. bad weather, tempest. Templum, i, n. (as if tempulum, fr. tem- pus, or τίμνω, to cut), a portion severed or cut off: hence, space in the heavens marked off by the augur's lituus; pros pect ; eminence commanding a prospect ; consecrated ground, a templi·; a chnpel. Tempus, cris, n. (rr/ifw, τίμιω, to cut off), Drooerlv- nmi ιί.:**" -··' --"" *---- , --—, ... ν .,.-«/, 11-fj.luJ, IO CUI Off), properly, any thing cut off: hence, a sec tion of the heavens / time / a period, un age. Tempora, pi. the temples ; the head. Tendo, ere, tetendi, tensum and tentum, a. and n. (rtiVcj), trans, lo streich out, extend, distend; to turn, shape one's course to wards; to present, offer; to strain, rxert: intrans, to be encamped, to go, travel, to wards; o/zii, design; to fight, contend. Tenèbra, arum, f. cl. darktess, blindness: hence, mental, blindness, ignorance, stu pidity; a dark place; confusion, calami ties. Tenebrosus, a, urn, adj. (fr. tenebra), full of darKness, dark, gloomy. Tilni-dos, i, f. Tenedos, a celebrated island in the JEgean Sea. near Troy, previously called Leucophrys. Teneo, ere, ui, tentum, (fr. τιίνα, to stretch), a. arid n. intrans. to hold, that is, to be, to last, continue, prevail: trans, to hold, keep, hold fast, retain, withhold. TCner, a, urn, adj. (teneo), easily retaining art impression, tender, pliant, soft; young; effeminate, voluptuous, delicate, yieldi?ig, sensitive. Tenor, ôris, m. (teneo), a holding, holding fast; a keeping to its cmirse, uninter rupted course; tenor, uniformili;; conti- nuance, duration; condition, quality. Tentnmen, ïnis, n. (tento), a trial, attempt, essay. Tento, are, âvi, âtum, a. (freq. of tendo, TENUATUS. or of teneo), to touch, feel; »eel, exa mine; try, attempt; prove, test. Tënuâtus, ,1, urn, part, of tèrmo, are, avi, thinned, weakened, made lean, dimini shed; abated, appeased; lighte?ted; Harrowed. Tënuis, is, c, ndj. (probably fr. κινώ), not thick, thin, slender, fine, subtle; exact, nice, i/igeniout; meagre, narrow, shallow, clear, light, lender, slight, little, trifling, mean. Tenus, prep, as far as, up to, down to: also, according to: it governs a gen., acc. and abl., the first generally in the plural, but the abl., most frequently. Tepeo, ere, ui, n. to be warm, tepid; to grow cool, lose heat; become indifferent. Tepens, mildly warm. Topesco, ere, ui, n. (tepeo), to grow warm, grow tepid; to cool down, lose heat; to grow lukewarm. Tipïdus, a, urn, adj. (tepeo), tepid, luke warm, warm; atated in heat; remiss, lan guid. Tepor, ons, m. (tepeo), gentle warmth; lukewarmiiess, tepidity, languor, want of ardor. Ter, adv. (fr. tree, τ-piç), thrice, three times: ter quaterque, repeatedly: ter fclix, very happy. Tcres, etis, adj. (Γείρω, to rub), worn round and smooth; round, long, round and smooth; tapering, finely shaped; slender, graceful, elegant, tasteful. Terguin, i, n. the back, of man or other animal ; the lack or part turned from us; sometimes, the surface: the hide, leather. Tero, ire, trivi, trimm, a. (ripa, τείρω), ίο rub: nil smooth, polish, touch, tread fre quently; rub away, consume; grind, bruise. Terra, BB, f. (from fipos, dry), strictly, that which i> dry; hence, the earth, as opposed to the air and the sea ; the soil, the ground ; Earth, as one of the deities : also, n country, region, district. Terrênus, a, urn, adj. (terra), of earth, earthy, earthen, terrene, living on or le- longing to the earth. Terreo, ère, ui, iturn, a. to affright, alarm, terrify, to scare. Terrïbïiis, o, adj. (terreo), terrihle, formi- dalie, frightful, awful, terrific. TerrïfïiMis, a, urn, adj. (terreo, facio), ter rihle, frightful, terrific, awful. Terrigena, ae, m. and f. (terra and gigno), earth-borr,, produced from the earth. Territus, a, urn, part, from terreo, affright ed, alarmed. Terror, ôris, m. (terreo), terror, affright, dread Tersus, a, urn, part, from tergeo, ere, si, wiped, scoured, made clean : adj. clean, faultless, neat. Tenius, a, urn, adj. (Ir. ter, or fr. τρίτος), third, Ihe third. Testätus, a, urn, part. fr. tester, ari, which see. Testis, is. m. and f. a witness; evidence. THUSCUS. Tester, ari, ätus, dep. (testis), to testify, bear witness, attest, evidence, show, con firm: to call to witness, adjure. Testudo, Ïnis, f. (testa, a shell), a tortoiie; shell afa tortoise: hence, from its resem blance in shape, a lute, lyre: an arch, vault: also, an engine of war: also, a mode of airline the hair. · Têthye, yos, f. Tethys, a sea-goddesa, wife of Oceanus, and nurse of Juno, arm mo ther of the river-gods and Oceanides : frequently by the poets for the sea. Texo, ere, xui, \turn, a. to weave: also, to plait, braid, twine ; to fabricate, make, construct. Texius, a, urn, part, of texo, woven: plait ed, interwoven, embroidered; constructed. &c. Thalamus, i, rn. (ΒΆαμο;), a bedchamber: hence, an apartme?it: an abode: also, α bed; the marriage led. Thaumantias, se, f. daughter of Jitaumas: that is, Iris, or the rainbow. Thcatrurn, i, n. (Gr. βίατρη), a place for viewing spectacles; pjjiy-house, theatre. Thebfe, arum, f. pi. Thebes. This name was common to several cities, in Egypi, Thessaly, Mysia, Bceotia, &c. : the most celebrated were Thebes of the hundred gates, in Egypt, and that in Bœotia. Themis, ïdis, f. Themis, goddess of law and order : also, of prophecy, as which she had the oldest temple in Bœotia. Thèrïdamas, so, m. (Gr. ϋηρίΐαμα;, i. e. wild- beast subduer), name given to one of Aeiaeon's hounds (from ßijp, a wild least, and ααμάω, to subdue). Thermôdon, ontis, m. pr. n. a river of Cap padocia, emptying into the Euxine, on whose banks dwelt the Amazons ; now the Thermeh or Termo. Thërôn, ontis, in. (Gr. θηρΰ"), Hunter, name applied to a hound. Thetis, tides or tïdos, f. Thetis, a sea nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris, wife of Peleus, and mother of Achilles: frequently by the poets, Hie sea. Theutranteits, a, urn, adj. Theulrantean; of Theutrantin, a part of Mysia. Tliisbe, es, f. Thislc, a maiden beloved of Pyrarnus: their story is told by our author. Thous, i, rn. (Oofs), Swift, name applied to a hound. Thräciue, a, um, adj. Thracian, belonging to Thrace, an ancient division of Europe, bounded by Macedonia, Mount IL-emus, •the ^Egean, Hellespont, Propotitis, and Bosphorus. Thiireus, a, urn,·adj. (thus or tus, incensi), of or pertaining In frankincense. Thus, uris, n. (perhaps βνας, sacrifice), in cense, frankincense, the gurn or resin of a tree grown in Arabia: also written Tus. , Thuseus, a, urn, or Tuscus, a, um, adj. I Tuscan, Etrurian, belonging to Etniria, in northern Italy. 379 THYONEUS. Thyöneus, ei and eoa, m. Bacchus, son of Thyoue. Thyrsus, i, m. (Gr. Bipms), stalk of a plant or vegetable; the thyrsus, a staff entwined with vine and ivy, borne by the Bac chanals in their orgies : fig. ardor, enthu siasm, strong impulse. Tïbea, a>, f. the shin-bone: also, a slraisld mutimi instrument with holes (made first of a bone), α pipe, flute,flageolet. Tigmim, i, n. a beam, piece of timber for building. Tigris, is and ïdis, m. and f. (properly, in TRACTUS. V, D·."""» in. uuu l. ^IUpCIIJ, 111 tne rersian, an arrow), a tiger, tigress; name applied lo a hound. Also, m. Ti gris, the name of the famous river of Asia. Timeo, ere, ui, a. and n. to fear, be afraid of, a-pprchend: to be in fear, to be anx ious. Tïmïdù, adv. (timidus), fearfully, timidly, timorously. Tïmïdua, a, um, adj. (timeo), fearful, ti morous, timid, cowardly. Timor, ôris, m. (timeo), fear, apprehension, dread; terror, cause of fear ; religious awe. Tingo, ere, nxi, nctum, a. (τέγγω, to wet), to wet, moisten, betlew, bathe, anoint, color, slain, tinge. Tinnulus, n, um, adj. (tinnio, to tinkle), tinkling, ringing, clinking, making a sharp, clrar noise. Tïrrsias, ae, m. Tiresias, the celebrated blind soothsayer of Thebes, son of Encres and Chariclo. Tlsïphonê, es, f. (Gr. Τισίφονη, from τιω, ίο avenge, φίνος, murder), i. e. Blood-avenger, Tisifilione, one of the Erinnyes, repre sented as punishing with severity the guilty dead. Tîian, ânis, m. Titan. This was a name given to several of the ancient race of cods and demigods, as to the six sons of Uranus and Gœa, viz. Oceanus, Cceus, Creius, Hvperion, Japelus, CronuK. In particular, the elder brother of Saturn, progeniior of the Titans, who waged war against Jupiter, who defeated and hurled them into nether darkness. By later poets the name was applied to Pro metheus, Epimelhus, A t Ins, &c. Willi Ovid and other Latin poets, Titan signi fied the Sungod, Ile li us, as son ot Hvpe rion and grandson of the original Titan. Hceiod derives the word from riraiV«, i. e. tlic strelrhers, the striters; according to others, from TIM, i. c. the avengers; nnd to others, Jrom the old word rmjKif, equiv. /?ç, a year}, that has long been; old, of long standing; former: Vcieres, ancestors, ancients. Vëtusias, âtis, f. (vêtus), antiquity, an- cientness, oldncss, age; olden time; old friendship. etustus, a, um, adj. (vetus), old, ancient, antique, not young. Via, ee, f. a way, road, passage: fig. means, opportunity, method, manner. Vinior, Cris, m. (via), a traveller, passenger. Vibro, are, âvi, âtum, a. and n. trans, to mtive quickly to and fro, to shake, asitate, vibrate, put in tremulous motion; brand ish, hurl, dart: intrans, to move tremu lously, vibrate, quiver, tremble; toglitter, sparkle, flash. Vïciriia, œ, f. (victims), neighborhood, vici nity; nearness; affinity, similarity, re semblance. Vîcînus, a, urn, adj. (vicus, a hamlet, a street), neighboring, living or being in the neighborhood; near, alike, allied. Vicis or Vix, vicie, f. [the nom. sing, not met wilh] , change, vicissitude, alterna tion, reciprocal change, interchange. Vic'or, Cris, m. (vinco), a conqueror, victor: as an adj. victorious. Victoria, se, f. (victor), victory, conquest: the goddess of victory. Victrix, ïcis, f. (victor), a conqitcress, she that is victorious: as an adj. victorious. Victus, a, urn, part. fr. vinco, conquered, overthrown, tramphd on, despised. Victus, us, m. (vivo), icay of living, life; foorl, sustenance, victuals; in a general senge, support and comfort of the body. Video, ère, idi, ïsum, a. and n. (iVW), to see, behold; to perceive; to look to, consi der, provide; to go to see, to visit. Vïgïl, ilis, adj. (vigeo, fo lie lively), lively, active, watching, awake; watchful, atten tive: also, wakeful, causing to watch. Vïgïlax, äcis, adj. (vigil), very watchful, visilant ; keeping awale, preventing sleep. Vïgïlo, are, avi, n. and a. (vigil), to watch, be awake; be watchful, be vigilant; to perform or despatch with vigila?icc; to spend iti watching. VTginii, num. adj. twenty. Vigor, ôris, m. (vigro, to live, thrive), life, life-principle; liveliness, vigor, activity, energy. Villa, EC, f. a villa, country-house, cou-ntry- sent, farm-house. Varrò derives it from veho, hccause the farm-produce was brought thilher. Villus, i, m. a long hair; tuft of hair; shaggy hair. Vïmen, ïuis, n. ivico, ίο plait twigs), a VINCIO. pliant twig for plaiting or twisting, an osier, withe. Vincio, ïre, nxi, nctum, a. fo bind, bind round, wind about, fetter, restram, en chain. Vinco, ere, vici, victum, a. and n. : act. ίο conquer, vanquish, overcome, triumphant ly show: inirans. fo be victorious, to be successful. Vinctus, a, urn, part, of vincio. Vinculum, i, n. (vincio), any thing that binds, a band, bond, string, cord; fetter, fastejiing. Vindex, ïcis, adj. and subs. m. and f. (vin dice), a claimant: hence, an assertor, de fender, deliverer: as adj. avenging, pu nishing. Vindicta, se, f. (vindico), the freedom-rod, with which the prœtor touched the slave, and thereby made him free : hence, the freeing of a slave, in which sense it is found in Plautus : generally, a freeing, deliverance: also, an asserting, defend ing: also, vindication, vengeance, re venge; punishment. Vineium, i, n. (vinum}, a place planted with vines, a vineyard. Vinum, i, m. (Μ·Ί>Ι), wine. Viola, ee, f. (io»·), a violet : also including many of ihe species stockgilly-flower; violet-color. Violentia, ;e, f. (violentus), violence, impe tuosity, fury, fierceness, tavageness. Viülentus, a, um, adj. (vis), violetti, impe tuous, furious, ßerce, savage. Violo, are, avi, Slum, a. (vis), fo offer vio lence to, injure, sully, violate, dcflle; to wound; to dye, stain. Vïpëreus, a, urn, adj. (vipera, a viper), of a viper, viperous; full of vipers or serpents. Vïr, i, m. a man, the male persoti; one ar rived at man's estate; a brave or true man; the husbajid. Virago, ïnis, f. (vïr), a masculine woman, heroine, virago. Vïrens, entis, part, of vireo: as adj. green, verdant; blooming, youthful. Vïreo, ère, ui, η. ίο be green, be verdant; to bf fresh, lively, vigorous, to flourish. Vïresco, ere, n. (inceptive from vireo), fo become green; to shoot forth; to become strong. Virga, ee, f. (vireo), a slight branch, a twig, osier, rod; a streak like a rod ; a magic rod, especially that of Mercury, wilh which he consigned to Orcus, or re called thence, tlie souls of the departed, and wilh whicli he sealed in sleep the eyes, as of Argus. It was distinct from his CADUCEÜS, which was ornamented with the figure of two snakes, was borne by him in nis character of messenger of the gods, and was an emblem of peace. Virgïncus, a, urn, adj. (virgo), pertaining to a virgin, virgin, virgin-like. Virginiias, nlis, f. (virgo), virginity, maid- enhùod, chastity. 49 VOLO. Virgo, ïnis f. (vireo), a virghi, maid : an unmarried young woman. Vïrîdis, e, adj. (vireo), green, grass-green, verdant. VIrilis, is, e, adj. (vir), pertaining to ma», manly: becoming a man, manful, valiant. Virtus, ulis, f. (vir), manhood, virility; that which ennobles a man; bravery, courage, cannamy, spirit; virtue, good quality, excellence; efficacy, power. Virus, i, n. natural juice, moisture, humor. „ ; foismt, venom, virus. Vis, vis, f. pi. vires, (it, Ms), power, force, vigor, impetuosity, violence; energy, effi cacy, potency, influence. , Viscera, urn, in pi., and more rarely vieciu, in sing., n. all that is under the skin; the interior, inward parts, the bowels, en trails; the flesh. Viso, ere, si, sum, a. (freq. of video), fo sec, look at, behold; to go to see; to visit. Visus, us, m,. (video), a seeing, the sight, vision; a view, appearance, aspect. Vïta, œ, f. (perhaps βιοή), life; manner of life; actions of life, moral conduct; bio graphy. Vitalis, is, e, adj. (vila), pertaining to life, giving life, preserving life, vital; long- lived. Vïiio, are, âvi, âtum, a. (vitium), fo spoil, corrupt, taint, vitiate; to falsify. Vais, is, f. (vico, to weave, intertwine), a vine; a vine-branch, vme-sapling. Vitium, ii, n. injury, hurt, violence; ßaie, crack; defect, blemish, fault, corruption; moral fault or imperfection, vice, vicious conduct. V'ito, are, avi, äium, a. fo shun, avoid, be ware of; to escape. Villa, ee, f. a band, with which the hair, garlands, &c. were tied; a filet for the head, chaplet, headband; the head-dress of afreebom lady: a wreath for the altar. Vftiilus, i, m. (iroXós, an ox), a male calf, yearling bull; young bullock, steer. Vivax, äcis, adj. (vivo), long-living, long- lived, tenacious of life: lively, animated, vivacious; giving life, vivifying. Vivo, ere, xi, etum, η. (/?ι<ω, jÖ«D), fo live, be alive: to support life, live upon. Vïvitur, impersonally, seil, ab illis, they live. Vivus, a, urn, adj. (vivo), alive, living, hav ing life; belonging to a living creature; lively, vigorous, fresh ; native, having natural force. Vix, adv. scarcely, hardly, with difficulty. VOcalis, is, e, adj. (vox), that may be heard, having a voice, vocal, sonorous, speaking, singing, crying, $-c. Vüco, are, avi, âtum, a. fo call; call toge ther; cull upon, invoke; invite. Vulans, amis, part, of \olo. Vilnius, us, in. (volo, are), act of flying flicht; rapid motion. VClo, Tire, ävi, ätum, n. fo fly; to move swiftly, speeil away. Volo, velie, vului, irr. a. and n. ißß», ß&*· .2 K 385 VOLUBILIS. pai, βοίλομαι, to wish), to will, wish, have a I mind, le willing, choose, desire. Volubilis, is, e, adj. (volvo), easily rolled, rolling or turning, valutile; changeable, unstable. Volucer, ria, m. and volucris, is, f. any winged creature: both properly adj. ; see next. Volucer, is, is, e, adj. (volo, toßy),j!ying, winged; light, rapid, swift; inconstant, feeble, feeling. Volumen, Înis, n. (volvo), any thing wound into a roll, a roll: hence, ns the ancients rolled up their writing, and unrolled for perusal, a writing, book, work, volume: a wreath, fold, epire: revolution, rotation. Met. 11.71. Volumes, utis, f. (volo, velie), the will, in clination, desire, with; willingness; in tention. Voluptas, ätis, f. (fr volüpis, delightful, wh. fr. volo, to wish), pleasure, enjoyment, de light. Voluto, are, âvi, âtum, a. (volvo), ίο roll, wind often, turn about, roll about; roll out, emit; revolve. Volvo, ere, volvi, volutum, a. to roll, wind round, roll down, unroll, open. Vumer, Eris, m. a ploughshare. Vorao, ere, ui, ïtum, η. and a. (Gr. ίμί^ή, to vomit; discharge by vomiting, throw up; emit, empty. Votum, i, n. (voveo), that which is vowed, or promised to α deity by vow : a vow, so lemn promise; a wish, earnest hope, fond hope. Vox, ôcis, f. (δψ, a voice), the voice; a call ing out; a sound, tone: a word, words: »seech, language. ZONA. Vulcânius, a, um, adj. pertainim; toVulcan, the lame son of Jupiter and Juno, and husband of Venus : he was god of fire, and artificer for the gods. Vulgäris, e, adj. (vulgus), vulgar, common, usual; mean, vile. Vulgâtus, a, urn, part, from vulgo made public, disclosed, spread abroad, madt common. Adj. common, known, well- known. ^ Vulgus, i, n. or Volgus, (o^Xos), somettmee mosc. the public, people collectively and indiscriminately : hence, a number, a crowd: Hit vulgar, the multitude, the rabble. Vulnero, ór», avi, âtum, π. (vulnus), to wound; to njure, pain, grieve. Vulnïflcus, a, urn, adj. (vulnus and facto), wounding, infixing wounds, vulnifc. Vulnus or volnus, Ens, n. a wound, hurt; a stroke, thru&t, blow; a weapon that wounds: fig. a canker, mortification: also, wound of the spirit or affections. Vultus, us, m. (perhaps volo), the human countenance, as to its expression ; fea tures, aspect; the face generally. X. Xanthus, i, m. Xa7ithus, a river of Troas. z. ZephjTus, i, m. the west wind. Ζίφκοο; waa properly the north-west wind, but is used in the former sense generally by the Latin poets. Zona, œ, f. (ζωνι), α ïielt, girdle, zone: Zonœ, the zones of the heavens and earti 386 THE END. PROFESSOR BROOKS'S GREEK AND LATIN CLASSICS. THIS series of ihe GREEK and LATIN CLASSICS is on an improved plan, with peculiar adaptation io the wants of the American student. To secure accuracy of text in the works that are to appear, ihe latest and most approved European editions of the different classical authors will be con- suited. Original illustrative and explanatory notes, prepared by the Editor, will accompany the text. These notes, though copious, will he intended to direct and assist the student in his labore, rather than by rendering ever) thing loo simple, to supersede the necessity of due exertion on his own part, and thus induce indolent habits of study and reflection, and feebleness of intellect.* In the notes that accompany the text, care will be taken, on all proper occasions, to develop« and promote in the mind ofthe student, sound principles of Criticumi. Rhetoric, llistor}. Political Science, Morals and generul Rei. gioii— so that he may contemplate the subject of the author he IB reading, not within the circumscribed I mill* of a mere rendering of the text, but consider it in all its extended connections and relations — and thus learn to think, as v\eil us to translate In commenting upon the text, besides illustrai ions und parallelisms from the ancient Classics, it Ï6 proposed, in this series, to draw from the treasures of Modern History and Literature copious materials for comparison and illustration, so as to insure on the pan of tha student an acquaint ance with general Belles-Lettres- Especially is it intended to elucidate Grecian and Roman History and the Polities of AVTIQUITY by the history and institutions of our own country, and to sanctify the pag-es of heathen Poetry and Theology by apposite and parallel poesage s from the Bible, and thus foster our distinctive nationality by Plumping early upon the minde of our youth, the impress of Republicanism and Chrisiiaaiiy. The following works have already appeared, or will be speedily produced: Brooks's First Latin Lessons. Tliis is adapted to Brooks's Hoss's Latin Grammar, but \vill suit any other Grammar of tha language. It consists of a Grammar, Reader, and Dictionary combined, mid will enable any ono to acquire a knowledge of the elements of the Latin Language, without an instructor. It he« already passed through five editions. ISmo. Brooks's Caesar's Commentaries. This edition of the Commentaries of Cxsar on the Gallic War, besides critical and explanatory notes embodj ing much in formation, of an historical, topographical, and military character, is illus trated by maps, portraits, views, plans of battles, Ac. It has a good Clavis, containing all the words. Nearly ready, limo. Brooks's Ovid's Metamorphoses. This edition of Ovid is expurgated, and freed from objection ahi e matter. It is elucidated by an , „„I. * —— „_ J - ———— 1„„..«.~.. — « .U., r„l,l„_ 4 ——— -.L ——— ——— ..«- ———._- — _ l T^-. _!._!_ --_._, !___,__ --I - olO- mug ________ __ ____ „ . __ ._ und an illuminated initial letter. Just published. 8vo. Brooks's Eclogues and Gcorgics of Virgil. This edition of Virgil is elucidated by copious original notes, and extracts from ancient and modern pastor D 1 poetry. It is illustrated by plates from original designs, and contains a Cluvis giving the meaning of all the words, övo. Brooks's First Greek Lessons. Tl "'s Greek elementary is on the same plan aa the Latin Lessons, and affords equal facilities to the s.udcm. The parmligm ofthe Greek verb has been erectly simplified, and valuable exercises ii» comparative philology introduced. It has reached a fourth edition. ISmo Brooks's Greek Collectanea Evangelica. This consists of portions of the Four Gospels in Greek, arranged in chronological order; and forms u connected history of the principal events in the Saviour's life and mimeiry. It contains a Lexiron, and is illustrated and explained by notes. Second edition, just published. Ibino Brooks's Greek Pastoral Poets. This contains the Greek Jtlyls of Theocritus, Bion, and Moscliun, elucidated by notes and copi ous extracts from ancient and modern pastoral poetry. Kuch Idyl ie illustrated by beautiful plates from original designs. It contains a good Lexicon. In preparation. 8vo. 887 RECOMMENDATIONS. From the Rev. 3. P. K. HENSOAW, D. D., Episcopal Bishop of Rhode Island, I am glad to pereeue that Sorlu & Ball, of Philadelphia, propose to Issue a series of classical work· Under th«1 able editorial direction of Professor N. C. Brooks. MTiile the latest and most accurate Kuropean editions will furnish the text of the proposed series, the weli-known literary tasto and skill of the Editor wiil ensure all such illustrations and explana tions ΛΒ may be needed to aid the researches of the pupil, without relieving him from the necessity and lobor of careful study. The undersigned recommende the enterprise as deserving patronage from tîie friends of education. J. P. K. HKNSIIAW. Providence, Jan. 6, 1846. From the Rev. W. R. V, HITTINGHAM, D. D^ Episcopal Bishop of Maryland. MY DEAB SIR,—The subject of our last conversation has been ofton in my thoughts, and the result le a confirmation of the opinion tln-n expressed, that a series of Claseical school-books prepared on the plan that you propose, is highly dusìrabic, and if competently executed, muet be of great advantage to the schools and colleges of our country. I kinnr tbnt you will bring to the work many of the most Important quali finitions, and confidently trust the result of your undertaking will be a lasting benefit to the youth of our country, and a proportionate increase of the high reputation you alrcedy enjoy. Very faithfully, your friend and servant, \V. R. WHITTINGIIAM. Baltimore, Jan. 6, 1846. From the Rev. BEVERLY WAUGH, Bishop ofthf Methodist E, Church. From the acquaintance I hn,ye formed with N. C. Brooks, he stands high In my esteem, both as a gentleman and a scholar. He is a man of great moral worth. His character and abilities have been long enough before the public to secure to him a reputation which seldom falie to the lot of one not older than he. The foregoing plan, in my opinion, is admirably adapted to facilitate the study of tho Latin and Qreek Classics, and promises great advantage to academical aud collcgiato students, " B. WAUGH. Baltimore, Jan. β, 1846. From the Rev. 8. S. SCHMUCKER, D. D., President of Theological Seminary. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, GETTYSBURG, ftftntary 3d, 184Θ. GENTLEMEN,—After an examination of Professor Brooks'e hooks, which you sent me, I take pleasure In expressing my high sense of the scholarship of the author, as well as of the accuracy and excel lence of these works. I doubt not, that an impartial judgment will assign to them a respectable rank among the better class of text books for the study of the Roman tongue. S. S. SCHMUCKER. Frcnn the Rev. C. P. KEMJTIT, D. D^ President of Pennsylvania CbUege. DEAR SIR,—Your edition of Boss's Grammar appears to me to contain every thing that could be desired. Its great copiousness, in view of the small bulk of the volume, must bring it into extensive use. Your Latin Lessons aro admirable, and just the book needed by beginners, and it must com mand more extensive patronage than the Grammar, because iji has not, so far as I know, any repu table competitor in use in our country. I hope your useful labors wili be rewarded. Yours with respect, C. P. KRAUTII. From the Rev. W. M. REYNOLDS, A. Jtf.t President of Wittenberg CbÏÏegc. DE\H SIR,—I am very much pleased with the "Latin Lessons." It Is juet such a book as I have long felt anxious to place in the hands of those commencing the study of Latin. Many things in your First Lessons Imvo struck mo very favorably. Its brevity and plainness, its freshness, and its American tone, all combine to make it the Tory book which our tyros need to initiate them into thfr science. I venturo to prophesy your full success in this enterprise, and herewith offer you my con gratulations upon it Yours respectfully, Vf. M. REYNOLDS. From EDWARD SPARKS, A. if., M. Z>-, Professor of Ancient Languages* ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, ANNAPOIIB, MD., January 2ith, 1846. DEIR SIR,—With your revised edition of Rose's Latin Grammar I am much pleased. As a practical proof of my favorable opinion of Ita merits, I have directed a claa.·*. rircntiy transferred from the Grammar school to the Collegiate department of St. John's, to furnish themselves with copiée, to be used as "text-books" on their revision of Grommar. I am also much gratified with your "First Latin Lesaons." This, I pprceive, is the first of a full perles to be edited by you. I wish you all the success which has attended the productions of your pen In another department, and which Is confidently anticipated by your fricnun and those acquimitrd frith your general knowledge, puporaddcd to a long experience as a practical teacher. Very respectfully yours, JäDtt'AllD SPARKS, M. D Prom A. FREITAG, LL. D., of the University of Gb'ttingen, now Professor of Languages^ Battimare. DEÌR SIR,—flavins carefully examined Ross's Latin Grammar, as revised and amended by yon, I find it every way equal, if not. superior, to any used in our schools. After R thorough perusal of your Latin Lessons, I take pleasure in acknowledging th*t never, even in my "fatherland," have I seen « 388 RECOMMENDATIONS. 389 .„ ._ „„„„„..,, ™„ «sor to every patrio __ __- - Yours respectfully, A. FUK1TAG. From the Rev. E. J. WALLACS, A. Jf., Prof essor of Languages, Delaware CoUege. DELAWARE COLLEGE, NEWARK, 11th January, 1846. DEAR Snu—Roes's Latin Grammar has long appeared to me a valuable work. With your improve ments in clearness and arrangement, it will etiil be more acceptable. The additions j ou have mad* have greatiy Increased the value of the book. The Latin Lessons supply a want which teachers must have felt, particularly In regard to those who commence Latin when quite young. Wishing you all success in your efforts to elevate the standard of Classical learning, I remain, yours truly, B. J. WALLACE. from E. A. POE, Esq* Editor of Broadway Journal. JJM tya» iu|t a, C«HCB ui WCTKB 1UF LUC nee vi EcoooiB Bua colleges, tncourugcd liy the populnrity of those already prepared, hie publishers have issued a prospectus for a scries of Crock and Latin Classica. From our knowledge of Mr. Brooks's thorough classical acquirements and nicely correct judgment, we have fuil confidence In the success of the undertaking, and its consequent popularity.—Broadway (Λ1 JT.) Journal. From Pìfifetsor CASTANIS, a native Greek. RICHMOND, VA, July ΙΟίΛ, 1844, DEMI Snu—Your Lessons for the acquisition of Greek, I have examined with pleasure. It is a sort of intellectual whetetonc, that sharpens the devotee of Pluto's tongue to the last page. Yon know that this language to a beginner is a precipitous Parnassus, full of chasms, chimeras and labyrinths, but a methodical book, such as yours, guides him like a torch, to reach with slow but sure steps the bright of its sublimity. I am glad to see the accents are more correctly placed In this than any work of the kind that has fallen under my observation in this country. Tery truly yours, C. PLATO CASTAXIS. BROOKS'S OVID'S METAMORPHOSES.—This work, from the specimen before UP, we have no hesitation In paying, will reflect much credit upon the learning of its anther, and add very considerably to the high reputation he has already acquired in this department of science. It abounds with numerous critical and explanatory notes. These notes contain a vast amount of useful information, not only elucidating the text, but developing the remarkable coincidences between the évente recorded by the poet, and those of sncred history, and thereby establishing in a very clear and satisfactory manner the authenticity of the Scriptures as a divino revelation. On this account It cannot fail to be highly uscfui to the Biblical student. Tho plan upon which this edition is constructed will tend to remove to a great degree one of the principal objections that have been urged against the use of this poet in nnr schoois and colleges.—Evangelical (Monthly) Repofitory. PROFESSOR BROOKS'S OVID'S METAMORPHOSES.—The work in question Is embellished with splendid pic torial illustrations, and yet more brilliant glossarla! commentaries and illustrations of the text in Kngliflh. This valuable book le chiefly intended for the use of schools ; but it should not only adorn the library of every person of finished education and refined taste, but those of the reading pnbllç generally. To those who know but little Latin, it supplies every deficiency; and for those entirely without that language, the notes alone afford a fund of instruction and amusement. The coincidences of thought and expression between those of the Roman bard and the inspired poets and historians, are peculiarly striking; aud the masterly manner in which these arc collected and compared with them, and with the best ancient aud modern authors in all languages, bespeaks the erudition aswelj as the industry of the editor.—Tiie (Ν. Υ.) Home Journal. OVID'S METAMORPHOSES, HT PROFESSOR N. C- BROOKS.—" In nova fort animus mutata« dlcere formas." Yes, here's & metamorphosis, indeed, worthy to be sung by the Roman bard himself, but appreciable only by the schoolboy of the old regime..... Verily thou art now changed, O! Publlus Ovidius Naso. not only from thy firFt form upon the long roll of Prrgamcon ekin, or in the rough sheets nf dingy Kgyptian papyrus, but even from what tbou wast In the days of thy Delphinian glory 1.... We were about to say that eur poet would scarcely know himself in this new form, and yet, methinks, he would rejoice In it. It is, indeed, like the resurrection of the poet in a more glorious form. The notes show Prof. BROOKS to be a good, ripa scholar, a man of taste, a genuine poet, and a most accomplished teacher. To a boy no Latin author Is more interesting than Ovid, and we do not know that any is snore profitable. He le the great store-house of ancient mythology, worth all the " Tooke's Pan theons," and " Classical Dictionaries," and ** Manuals of Classical Literature," that were ever written for the purpose of Introducing tho scholar to the deities of Parnassus, old Npptuno and his watery train, Pluto and his Inumai realms, together with all the demigods, heroes and monsters, and wild legends of Greece and Home. And then his simple style, and his smooth and faultless hexameters, are just what the young scholar requires in order to familiarize him with the capacity of tho lan guage, and to Impress npon his ear and memory all the peculiarities of Latin quantity In the Augus tan era. We. therefore, most cordially wish Prof. Brooks and his enterprising publishers abundant sncccM In tbe spirited undertaking which promisee so much for the interests of classical literature among us. The book does credit to the literature, typography, and taste of our country, and we doubt whether Buy edition of the author, that has yet been published, can vie with it in the elegance of Its execu tion.—Literary (Monthly) Record. NATIONAL SERIES OFJTANDAED SCHOOL-BOOKS. Jiroohs' (hitfli anb futili (Classics. This Btrles of the GREEK nml LATIN CLASSIC. li> N. C. UROOKS «f lìntti in »ν, if on en Improved plmi. with iH'culiw iul.i|iititi HIT fonsultril. insinui illn.-trn.ìve un· I c».\ (tifiti » turi univi«, jnvpnroil l,y ihr Kitilur. Hi-cuinpniiy I e t*-\t. Their mura, thmiçb (ii|iliiu*. arc lim-iuli-il to turret und assist Πι« gnnien in Iil? ial)f»r>. rntliei1 than, l>y lemlirin^ mt-rv (him: too Minpli·. t» .•»iipi-r^df ilic necr^ltj of y :in analysis Mini ex planai Ion of ι In· 1·ΊιΙιΙ>·κ. tojirllnT v,\t\i original Knjilish Notes, historical. Im tlioli><^ic th« HtniK-nt. The |>:ir:i'liirtn »if tin· lîr*vk \erb lias Itct-u ^ri.-atlv siinplilit-cl. :iiul valn.-iblt· exorcises in roinparti- tt\c pliilolniry iiitnMliiced BROOKS' GREEK COLLECTANEA EVANGELICA. Ialini. I'rire Ι'Γ_'ί cents .This consists of portions of the Kmr (io-.]«;]s in Greek, un oliaci I in I'lironolopcal older ; and foi ins a conn« ted hi~ton of the prim ij>:.! events in the Sa\ionr's life and niinistrj . It contains a Lexicon, and I'K illustrated anil explained In notes. BROOKS" HISTOÎUA SACRA. Price Cl'J rents BROOKS' CJCSAR ÏIIÎTSTHATED. Price 1.-J5 A. S. BAENES & BURR, Publishers, 51 & 53 John Street, INiew York, NATIONAL SERIES OF STANDARD SCHOOL-BOOKS |loits. THE ENGLISH POETS, WITH ClîlTICAL NOTES. Μ^ΤΟΝ-ΥθυΝ6-ΤΙΙΟΜ80Μ-ΟΟΛνΓΕ*Ε AND POLLOK. Tue I'liblislicrs beg lem e ti) ctimmcniHliese nniiotatcil editions «f ilio E\ci isn !\>KIH tu ilie {iiirllcuiur cuiiHidcrutiun of Instriu-turs, »ml or nil nln> niv cuncornnl In se'.i-i-iiiii; luniks lur District Sclmol and «rtn-r Libraries, us Miluuljlc trM-lnj.iks lur K-lioul:·, finii ilfserving üf B place in every library, public und jimuti!. Ί lu-y cannot lielliT *·\ίιι·ι.·8·ί tliiiir own views nf (lie ]iocnliar exrcllencles ul' llu-u t-ilit ini-i, than by ei>|-iug u portion υ| tlie Introductory i)liscr\utions of tbt- cilltor. |ircti\nl lu THOH- BÌ.N'B M'.ASONS:— " In this a^e, when llic prc^s Is cohering our lumi with a Irliuloiis und |>i-rnicli>uil llturatnru. tliero is groat danger that Ibo rising gciiurntliin \vill loti mm li lii-gloct. if Mot enlirtly lose Hulit uf tini»« liuLlö nnd solid jirodiu-timis nf tilt· Ιΐι-ill.sL Mn.se i% lu li luue lieen fuiniiiar to liiclr jiredvce^ors — tlie 1'iHins ι;Γ Milton anil Ytiung. of ThnliiSon Miul Cmvpi-r, TLcse are worlliv, not of Β Ιι.ιΜΛ ΡΓΠΙ·Ά| iuilv, Ittit οΓ Ιϊο- qdi-iit anil priifoiiuil study — es|n-clilly by the >ηιιηκ — lor tlie \nrud inlurmallun \\lliL-li they cuntnin ; for lilo learning anil taste, null Li:.li ordt-rof genius i\Lich they di.Njtliiy; MU\ft>r the entiiifnt sen-ice which they arti uilapÌetl to ajfufd in tfie I» ojier culture »f llul mind and of t/i heurt." 1. The Paradise Lost. By JOHN MILTON. With Notes, Ex planatory anil Critical. Edited by Key. JAMES lì. IÌOYD, author of Elemente of lihetoric, &.C. Price $1 00. School Edition 62J cts. 2. Night Thoughts on Life, Death, and Immortality. lly Ευν.Λΐ!ΐ> ίοι,χο, LL. D. Λ\ ith a Memoir of the Author; a Ciiticiil View of his Writings ; and Explanatory Notes. By Rev. JAMIS lì. Uovi). JVice $1.00. School Edition Ü2,J cts. 3. The Task, Table Talk, and ether Poems. By WILLIAM (Όννί'κκ. With Critical Observations of various Authors on his Genius and Character; and Notes, Critical and Illustrative. By Kev. JAMFS II. Boir. Price SI.00. School Edition C2J eta. 4. The Seasons.- Uy JAMES THOMSON. With Ciitical Observa tions of various Authors on his Genius and Character ; and Note«, Criticai and Illustrative. By liev. JAMES E. BOYD. Price $1.00. School Edition C2J cts. 5. The Course Of Time. By EOHKHT POLLOK With Notes, Ciitical and Explanatory. By Eev. JAJIÌS K. BOYÜ. Price $1 00. School Edition U2Ï cts. (ff™ Library Editions of the foregoing Volumes are also published in variola Styles of Binding, iit Sro form, mlh Handsome lllitslralions. A. S. BARNES & BURR, Publishers, 51 & 53 John Street, Nr>vr York. NATIONAL SERIES OF STANDARD SCHOOL-BOOKS. MATHEMATICS. 1. Church's Calculus. ELEMENTS OF THE »IFFERKN T1AL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS. Containing the Elements of the Calculus of Variations. Arranged by AI.LKIU· E CIHIIICH, LL.Ü., Professor of Mathematics in th<; United States Military Academy. Price $2.00. Tble work was prepared fur tiie studente Bt West Point Academy, but In« lieen Intri'duced into mimy other institution.", among which nre Ihe Mloivitii:;—IInrVHrd College, Ciimbmlïu; Y Blé College; Georgetown Collfgti; University of Nurtb Cnro- iinii; Universily òf Michigan. 2. Church's Analytical Geometry. ELEMENTS OF ANA LYTICAL GEOMETRY, liy ALBKiir Ε. Ciiuuen, LL.D. $2.00. frnvti Killimai?* Journal of Scieticc. For a besinner, tiie best of these will, quite surely, be I'rof. Church's recent work. Tile clearness «nd nrnmiprinte eh.iracter of Ills instruction to fourteen successive classes at the U. 3. Military Aciuleluy, snow timt it was hiä duty to improve on bis (>recierf"sor3. We tulnk he iins (lune eo to euch an extent, as ninth tu facilitate the btuily of this eubjecL Courtenay's Elements of Calculus. THE DIWSUENTIAL AND INI'ICÜHAL CALCULUS. H\ KDWAKII H. COIIRTKNAV. late I'rofessor of Matheniatice in the University of Virginia. $i.iîû. Hackley's Trigonometry. A TREATISE ON TRIGONO« ETRY, Plane and Sphfrical, with.its ApplicMtiuii to Navigati^D and Surveying, Nautical and Practical Astronomy and Geodesy, with Logarithmic, Trigonometrical, and Nautical Tables. By Rev. CHARLES W. HACKI.KY. S. T. D., Professor of Mathematics and As tronomy in Columbia College. Price $2.00. A New Treatise on Astronomy and the Use of the Globes. Containing LVfmiiion«, Motions and Positions of the Sun, Moon, and Planets; Kc[>ier's Laws, and the Theory of Gravi tation ; Gravitation: Refraction; Twilightand Parallax ; Connec tions, Periods. Distances, Phenomena, anil Mnjinittidcn of the Hi-av- fuly Bodies, composini; the Solai· System, &c. ; also, an extensive collection of UK: most useful Problems on the Globes ; illustrated by a suitable variety of examples. By JA jits Melismi«, M LX, Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy in the Central High School of Baltimore. Price 81.00 Practical Examples in Arithmetic, p.y WH.MAM H. RKH™, Principal of Ward School No. 7 ; and Professor of Mathematics iu the Male Normal School of New York. Price 50 cents. Practical Examples in Denominate Numbers. By the bame Author. Price 25 cents. A. S. BAENES & BUEE, Publishers, 51 & 53 John Street. New York