The source of this uncorrected OCR text may be viewed in the DjVu format at: http://fax.libs.uga.edu/HD2951xC776/co30 or http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/ugafax/HD2951xC776/co30 240 COOPERATION PUBLICATIONS *t —OF— THE COOPERATIVE LEAGUE V COOPERATION HISTORICAL Per Copy Per 100 1 3. Story of Cooperation. ............$ .10 7. British Cooperative Movement..... .10 38. Consumers' Cooperative Movement in U. S., 1926................... .10 59. Cooperative Movement in Europe.. .05 64. Progress of Cooperation in United States . . .................... .05 69. Story of Toad Lane (By Stuart Chase). ..................... , .05 $6.00 6.00 6.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 2.50 l.flO TECHNICAL 4. How to Start and Run a Rochdale Cooperative Society ............ .10 6. A Model Constitution and By-Laws for a Cooperative Society....... .05 8. Cooperative Education. Duties of Educational Committee Denned.. .10 9. How to Start a Cooperative Whole sale ........................ .10 27. Why Cooperative Stores Fail...... .02 14. How to Start and Run a Women's Guild. .................... .10 15. How to Organize a District Coopera tive League ................... .10 29. Credit Union Primer (By Ham and Robinson)................... .50 43. Cooperative Housing ............. .10 50. A B C of Cooperative Housing.... .10 51. Model Lease for Cooperative Apart ment House .................. .10 MISCELLANEOUS 16. Model Co-op State Law........... .10 46. Producers' Cooperative Industries.. .10 11. Control of Industry by the People through the Cooperative Movement . 10 12. Credit Union and Cooperative Store. .05 13. The Place of Cooperation Among Other Movements ............. .25 34. Cooperative Movement (Yiddish).. .02 30. " When the Whistle Blew " (Story, by Bruce Calvert) ............. .06 66. International Directory of Coopera tive Organizations ............. .60 41. Social Aspects of Farmers' Coopera tive Marketing (By Benson Y. Landis). .................... .25 42. Co-op Homes for Europe's Homeless .10 49. A Way Out .................... .02 55. A Better World to Live In........ .05 57. How a Consumers' Cooperative Dif fers from Ordinary Business.... .02 •62. Buttons (League emblem), 54 inch diameter . . . . . ............... •63. Sign or Transparency of League Em blem. Green and gold, 8 in. diam.. . 25 67. Stock certificates, engraved, with League Emblem. Bound in books of 100, 200, or 250. 68. To Mothers ..................... .02 70. Farmers Marketing and Consumers Cooperation: An address by J. P. Warbasse.................. .10 71. International Cooperation: An ad dress by H. J. May. ........... .10 ONE-PAGE LEAFLETS i (One Cent each; 50 Cents per 100; $2.50 per 506; $4.00 per 1,000.) (1) Principles and Aims of The Cooperative League; {20) Why Loyalty Is Necessary; (21) Cost and Crime 1.7S 1.2S .75 ,60 2.00 15.00 1.00 »f Credit; (25) Resolutions Adopted by A F ( (26) Factory Workers Cooperate!; (28) Do' Y™ v • About Cooperation in Europe?; (40) Have V °* Committee on Education and Recreation?- (4S-\ a5* ,a and Stores; (47) A Man's Right to a Job °°!s MONTHLY PUBLICATIONS Cooperation—(In bundle lots, $7.50 per huudmll Subscription, per year.................... tj „'.; (Pub. by $1.65 if paid by check. ion, per year. ............... tl „'„ F INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION :?1.L _£JH ••••-•••••• Per Year, $1.50 $2.50 .15 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 .60 1.00 3.00 .75 BOOKS The following books are recommended as containing the best discussions of the modern Cooperative Move ment. They may be ordered through The League: Blanc, Elsie T.: Cooperative Movement in Russia . . . . ........................... Brightwill, L. R.: Animal "Co-op" Book—For Children . . . . ......................... Chase and Schlink: Your Money's Worth, A Book for Consumers..................... Flanagan, J. A.: Wholesale Cooperation in Scotland, 1920 . . . . ................... Gide, C.: Consumers' Cooperative Societies American edition and notes, 1922. Cloth.. Hall, Prof. Fred: Handbook for Members of Co operative Committees ................... Harris, Emerson P.: Cooperation, The Hope of the Consumer, 1918. Paper bound........ Holyoake: Rochdale Pioneers................. Jessness, O. B.: Cooperative Marketing of Farm Products ......................... Madams, J. P.: The Story Retold............. Mears and Tobriner: Principles and Practices of Cooperative Marketing................ Nicholson, Isa: Our Story................... Oerne, Andres: Cooperative Ideals and Problems Owen, Robert: Autobiography................ Poisson, E.: The Cooperative Republic........ Potter, B.: Cooperative Movement in Great Britain . . . . . ......................... Redfern, Percy: The Story of the C. W. S.... Redfern, Percy: The Consumers' Place in So ciety, 1920 ............................ Smith-Gordon & Staples: Rural Reconstruction in Ireland, 1918........................ Smith-Gordon and O'Brien: Cooperation in Denmark . . . . ......................... Smith-Gordon and O'Brien: Cooperation in Many Lands, 1920...................... Sonnichsen, A.: Consumers' Cooperation. Paper bound . . . . . ....... .................. Stolinsky, A.: The Cooperative Movement. (In Yiddish). . . . .:....,.............--... Warbasse, J. P.: Cooperative Democracy, 1927). . . . . ........................... Warbasse, J. P.: What Is Cooperation, 1927... Warne, C. E.: Consumers' Cooperative Move ment in IlUijois ...................-•••- Webb, B. and S.: The Consumers' Cooperative Movement, 71921. Board, $2.00; cloth..... Webb, CatheruV: Industrial Cooperation, 1917.. COOPERATION, Bound Volumes, 1915 to 1928 inclusive, :ach ................••••..••• Report of the American Cooperative Congresses, 1920, 19^', 1924, 1926, each. ........-••• Northern Stat s Year Book, 1928. Paper. The People's "Year Book, 1929. Cloth, $1.25; paper boind ..................-•-•••••• 3.20 .25 1.25 .50 1.75 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 .75 1.00 1.50 .50 3.50 5.00 1.50 1 1.25 1.00 .60 .n (Ten cent postage should be added for all books.) OFFICIAL ORGAN OF The Cooperative League of U. S. A. VOLUME XVI January— December 1930 Published by The Cooperative League of U. S. A. 167 West 12th Street, New York City INDEX PAGE INDEX Accord Farmers Cooperative Association. Auditing ............................. Accounting Bureau ....................................... Advertising, Prof. Gide on .................................. Alanne, V. S. ............................................. Alexander, A. V. ......................................... Amalgamated Construction Corporation ........................................... Amalgamated Cooperative Apartments ....................................... 62, 73 Amalgamated Cooperator ......................................................... Analyzing Betail Selling Time ....;................................................ Anthology of Eevolutionary Poetry, An ............................................. Antsif erov, A. N. ................................................................ Argentina Cooperation in ....................................................... .95 Arnold, Mary E. ............................................................. .43, Australia, Cooperation in ......................................................... PAGE ................ 69j 146 ................ 73> 223 .................. 214 ................. 65 29, 87, 89, 126, 185, 226 gg gy 92 gg 97 ^5 -[$% 233 igs 150 Baker, Everett ............................................................... 107, 138 Baker, J. W. .................................................................107, 128 Bakeries ..............................................................22, 38, 89, 150 Bankers Advise the Farmers...................................................... 134 Banking ....................................................................... 7, 67 Barnes, Alfred .................................................................. 132 Belgium, Cooperation in ....................................................... 51, 94 Berea Credit Union .. .\.......................................................... 128 Bihar Cooperation ............................................................... 153 Bittner, G. E. ................................................................... 97 Bloomington Cooperative Society .................................................. 190 Book Reviews ..........................................15, 34, 55, 76, 97, 136, 152, 235 Borodaewsky S. ............................................................... 32, 93 Bowman, L. E. ................................................................. 236 Boycott Attempt Fails ........................................................... 167 Brookhart, Senator Smith W....................................................... 7 Budget of The League............................................................ 18 Cafeterias ....................................................................... Calendars ................................................................ 38, 117, Can Capitalism Promise More ..................................................... Canada, Cooperation in .............................9, 12, 32, 52, 71, 112, 145, 196, Central States Cooperative League........................26, 31, 74, 78, 90, 129, 148, Certificate of Merit..................................................129, 165, 172, Certificate of Merit, Requirements. ................................................. Charity via Corporations .......................................................... College^ Cooperative ............................................................. Chain Stores ...................................................7, 27, 56, 107, 116, Chain Stores and No Chains ....................................................... Chicago Cooperative District League ............................................... China, Cooperation in .................................................^•••••••••• Cloquet Cooperative Society ....................................................... Commonwealth Mutual Savings Bank. .............................................. Communism ..................................................................... 42 230 145 236 211 215 58 148 228 129 96 37 235 107 67 104 Communist Party ................................................................ 26 Communists, Cooperators versus ................................................... 86 Community Chests ............................................................... 148 Community Cooperative Oil Association, Faribault, Minn. ............................ 193 Congress, Seventh, of The Cooperative League..................... 106, 182, 188, 202, 226 Consumers Cooperation in United States............................................ 153 Consumers Cooperative, What is a................................................. 206 Consumers Cooperative Services .........................................42, 66, 76, 169 Contrast, An Interesting ......................................................... 89 COOPERATION Circulation ... .................................................. 215 Cooperative Automobile Service, Brooklyn........................................... 169 Cooperative Bakery of Brownsville & East New York................................. 22 Cooperative Boarding House, Cleveland, Ohio....................................... 127 Cooperative Central Exch., Superior, Wis.26, 28, 104, 111, 130, 146, 149, 181, 192, 217, 230 Cooperative Consumers League, Los Angeles, Cal. ......"............................. 38 "Cooperative Control" .......................................................... 125 Cooperative Education ........................................................... 76 Cooperative Month ............................................................... 149 Cooperatwe Oil News ............................................................ 28 Cooperative Trading Association, Brooklyn, N. Y. .........................46, 81, 82, 83 Cooperative Trading Company, Waukegan, 111. ................9, 48, 49, 88, 110, 168, 208 Cooperators Day ................................................................. 148 Correspondence School .........................................................38, 126 Creameries, Cooperative, Compete.................................................. 208 Credit ............................ ............................................ 7 Credit Extension & Business Failures............................................... 153 Credit Unions ............................................9, 87, 110, 128, 207, 233, 235 Credit Union Extension .......................................................... 68 Credit Unions Without State Law.................................................. 237 Credits for the People............................................................. 233 Czecho Slovakia, Cooperation in.................................................32, 93 Dairy Farmers Cut Out Some Exploiters............................................ 46 Denmark, Cooperation in ......................................................... 93 Destroying the Peoples' Food..................................................... 145 Directors, The League ........................................................ 215, 228 Eastern States Cooperative League ................. 11, 30, 49, 73, 91, 148, 172, 211, 231 Eastern States Farmers Exchange ................................................ 91 Education, Cooperative ...........................................76, 168, 202, 217, 224 Educational Meetings for Employees..... r...................................... 188, 217 Electricity in Czecho Slovakia..................................................... 32 Electric Power Lines ............................................................. 171 Employees, Cooperative ....................................................... 188, 217 Endorsements ..............................................................8, 69, 169 England, Cooperation in. .12, 31, 32, 50, 72, 93, 113, 134, 150, 151, 177, 196, 212, 231, 232 Equity Union, Nebraska ......................................................... 208 Exploitation, Spirit of ........................................................... 44 Farm Board, Federal .............................................36, 76, 124, 190, 229 Farm Loan, Federal ............................................................. 78 Farmer, Why be a............................................................ -33, 54 Farmers Cooperation ..................................................46, 48, 152, 236 Farmers Cooperative Buying and Selling Organizations in Michigan....,,,,.,,,,,,.... 76 INDEX PAGE Farmers Cooperative Mercantile Association, Kettle Eiver, Minii. .................. 7., Farmers Cooperative Mercantile Company, Wellman, Iowa.......................... ^g. Farmers Cooperative Purchasing Associations in Pennsylvania..................... OQK Farmers Marketing Act ........................................................ ogq Farmers in New England ....................................................... jo Farmers Keep the Speculators Out, How........................................... 4g Farmers Union Cooperative Creamery, Nebraska.............................46, 128, 208 Farmers Union, Nebraska ................................................. 48, 152, 208 Farmers Union, National ........................................................ n Farmers Union, Washington .................................................. 105 JQO Farmers Union Cooperative Oil Association, Nebraska..............................8, 109 Farmers Union State Exchange, Nebraska............................... 26, 69, 147, 153 Fascist!, Destruction of Cooperation by.........................................150, 216 Field Work of The League........................................................ 314 Finland, Cooperation in .......................................................... 72 Financial Statements, How to Make and Use. ...................................... 235 Forward South, The ................................................'............. n$ Fox, E. L. ...................................................................... 73 France, Cooperation in ........................................................... 232 Franklin Cooperative Creamery Association, Minneapolis, Minii. ................ 69, 110, 192 Freedom of the Air............................................................... 217 Free Trade ..................................................................... 154 G Gary Workers Cooperative Restaurant.............................................. 128 Germany, Cooperation in ................................... 13, 71, 92, 94, 113, 136, 177 Give Them a Vacation............................................................ 63 Gide, Prof. Charles .............................................................. 65 Goss, A. S. ...................................................................24, 125 Government Extension in Cooperation............................................... 8 Government, Nature of ........................................................... 197 Graham, Marcus ................................................................. 15 Grange Cooperative Wholesale .................................................. 68, 105 Grange Opposed to Chain Stores................................................... 27 Grange Warehouse, Cooperative, Port Angeles, Washington. .......................... 171 Green, Joel H. ................................................................... 198 H Haloiien, Arne ................................................................... 166 Halonen, George ................................................ .26, 149, 185, 203, 220 Hard Times an Aid to Cooperative Movement....................................143, 146 Hayes, A. J. ..................................................................63, 202 Hayes, Helen .................................................................... 112 Hedberg, Anders ................................................................. 231 Heiskaiien, A. F., Fund........................................................... H Herron, L. S. ................................................ .36, 77, 78, 185, 202, 228 Hillsboro Cooperative Association ................................................. 88 Hoan, Daniel W. ................................................................. 187 Holland, Cooperation in ....................................................... 51, 232 Honesty, An Asset of Cooperation. ................................................. 45 Housing ............................................................3, 42, 62, 66, 67 Housing, Cooperative Principles ................................................... 3 Huelle, J. W. ................................................................... s3 Hull, I. H. ...................................................................... 209 Hull, J. T. ...................................................................... 76 Hungary, Cooperation in ...................................................... -51) 227 Hyde, Wm. A. ,,,,.,..,,,................................................... -211, 215 INDEX I PAGE Ideal Movement Needs Practical Program and Able Executives........................ 24 Idrott Cooperative Temperance Cafe, Chicago, 111. ................................... 168 India, Cooperation in .........................................................153, 196 Industrial Arts Cooperative Service, New York City................................. 38 Institutes ...............................................70, 90, 108, 149, 164, 172, 225 Insurance .......................................................28, 166, 202, 211, 217 Integral Cooperation ..........................................................55, 118 International Cooperation, Thoughts on............................................. 212 International Cooperative Alliance ......................................... 112, 135, 222 International Cooperative Alliance Congress..................................... 189, 204 International Cooperative School .................................................. 92 International Labour Office ................................................... 176, 196 International Wholesale .......................................................... 233 Italian-American Cooperatives, An Appeal to........................................ 192 Italy, Cooperation in ...................................................... 95, 150, 211 Japan, Cooperation in ............................................................ 158 Jugo-Slavia, Cooperation in ...................................................... 13 Kaufman, W. H. ................................................................ 37 Kayden, Eugene M. .............................................................. 152 Keen, George .......................~............................................ 78 Kazan, A. E. .................................................................... 62 Labor and Internationalism ....................................................... 97 Lane, H. A. ..................................................................... 238 Lare, Raymond T. ............................................................... 38 Larseii, John .................................................................... 138 Lasserre, Henri ............................................................... 55, 118 Laundry, Farmers Cooperative, Eiver Falls, Wis. .................................... 207 Laws Covering Consumers Cooperation.............................................. 208 "Live Wire" Buys Out the Cooperative; a......................................... 105 Long, C. 2, 6, 16, 35, 42, 45, 55, 64, 76, 84, 85, 97, 102, 105, 124, 136, 142, 183, 206, 222, 227 Lorwin, L. I/. ................................................................... 97 M McCarthy, C. ................................................................... 185 MacDonald, Prime Minister ...................................................... 64 Marketing, Benefits of Cooperative................................................. 9 Martin, Everett Dean .................. ......................................... 188 May, H. J. ..............................................................92, 187, 227 Membership of The League ............................................... 17, 214, 224 Membership Trade for Cooperatives ............................................... 144 Mercer, T. W., Aphorisms...................................................... 18, 236 Midland Cooperative Oil Association, Mora, Minn. ............................... 132, 193 Milk Distributed Free .........................................................48, 74 Milk Prices in England .......................................................... 31 Minnesota Daily Star ........................:................................... 9 Model Store Plan ...................................................'............. 53 Moore, U. G. .................................................................... 237 Mohl, J. G. ..................................................................... 57 Municipalities and Cooperatives in Partnership...................................... 134 Mutual Telephone Services .....................................................83, 150 INDEX N PAGE Nebraska Farmers Union State Exchange............................26, 27, 88, 109, 147 Negro Labor Conference, National................................................. gg Neri, Eaymond E. ................................................................ igg New Cooperative Company, Dillonvale, Ohio..................................... 147, 237 New Era Life Association ........................................... 110, 132, 166, 209 New Year and a New Decade, The ..........................-•••••••••••••-........ 2 Nicotri, Gaspare ................................................................. 192 Nordby, H. I. ................................................................... 183 Northern States Cooperative League... .10, 28, 30, 72, 90, 111, 130, 131, 162, 192, 210, 230 North Star Cooperative Store Company, Fairport Harbor, Ohio.................... 147, 190 Norway, Cooperation in .......................................................... 177 Novak, Josef A. .............................................••••••••••••••...... 37 Ohio Societies Working Together.................................................. 211 Omaha Farmers Union Cooperative Credit Association................................ 207 Oil, Cooperative, Companies .......8, 27, 28, 68, 88, 109, 126, 127, 132, 167, 170, 193, 228 Our Economic Morality .......................................................... 34 Our Impartiality Challenged ...................................................... 237 Over-Production or Under-Consumption ............................................ 64 Overstocked Grocers .............................................................. 230 Pacific Coast Cooperative Organizations............................................. 215 Palestine, Cooperation in ......................................................... 32 Paradise Cooperative Society ..................................................... 93 Patrick, Sara L. ................................................................. 38 Peace Conferences in a Warring World............................................. 84 Petersburgh Coal Co. ............................................................ 128 Plans and Program of The League................................................. 222 Point of View, My...............14, 33, 54, 74, 96, 114, 133, 154, 174, 194, 211, 233, 237 Poland, Cooperation in .....................................................32, 71, 232 Politics ........................................................ -64, 136, 210, 215, 227 Political, Auti- .................................................................. 57 Politico-Economic Situation, The .................................................. 14 Powell, Whitou .................................................................. 235 Prasad, S. ...................................................................... 153 Press, International Conference ..................................••••••••••••••••• 1S9 Prize Contest ................................................................ -16, 230 Producers and Consumers ......................................................... 19* Propaganda Leaflets .............................................-•••••-••••••••• i78 Prosperity ................................-............••••••••••••••••••••••••• ^8 Purity Cooperative Society, Paterson, N. J. ........................................ 89 Q Quality First 74 Eaiffeisen Among Chinese Farmers, Herr. .......................................... 235 Eaise Wages or Eedueing Living Costs. ...................................••••••••• Eecreation .............................................................. -94, 141, 1« Eed Star Chorus Girls. ...............................•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Eelations with Other Cooperative Movements ................................-••••••• Restaurants .........................................................-89, 128, 168,229 Eestaurant for State Employees. .................................................. Eesolutions Passed at Seventh Congress. .................................-•••••••••• INDEX PAGE ^evolutionary Poetry, an, Anthology................................................ 15 Beholds, Quentin ........................................................91, 116, 229 Richardson, J. B. .............................................................57, 156 Rochdale, England, Tood Lane Shop............................................... 232 Roek Cooperative Company, Michigan............................................48, 190 Ronn, Eskel ..............................................................26, 185, 202 Rosenthal, E. A. ................................................................. 42 Rubinson, Meyer ................................................................. 22 Rudyard Cooperative Company, Michigan........................................... 230 Eussia, Cooperation in ...................................31, 95, 151, 152, 196, 213, 232 Russia During the War, Cooperative Movement in................................... 152 Russian Workers Cooperative Meat and Grocery Stores, Brooklyn...................9, 149 Russian Workers Coopertive Association, Chicago, 111. ............................... 28 Russian Workers Cooperative Eestaurant, Chicago, HI. .............................. 89 Ruusuuen, T. .................................................................... 215 8 Secretary's Report to 7th Congress of C. L. U. S. A. ................................ 214 Schools, Cooperative .................................. .147, 149, 172, 203, 224, 230, 231 Scotland, Cooperation in .......................................................65, 114 Shaw, George Bernard .........................................................64, 116 Shoemaker, E. L. ................................................................ 152 Simpson, S. W. .................................................................. 4 Sixty-three Years of the C. W. S................................................... 136 Skliaroff, N. .................................................................... 56 Slovenian Cooperative Store Co., Cleveland, Ohio..................................... 146 Social Work and Legislation in Sweden............................................. 55 Snowdeu, Philip ................................................................. 64 Soo Cooperative Mercantile Assoc., Sault Ste. Marie, Mich............................ 4~8 Stamp Exchange ................................................................ 98 Starr, Mark ..................................................................... 116 Starvation in a Land of Plenty.................................................... 85 Statistics .......................9, 12, 17, 32, 47, 58, 72, 92, 122, 127, 135, 176, 196, 231 Stem, J. K. ..................................................................... 236 Stewart, Eobert ................................................................. 236 Stocks, Should Workers Invest in.................................................. 6 Suttou, H. J. .................................................................... 138 Sweden, Cooperation in ..........................................55, 150, 177, 195, 232 Switzerland, Cooperation in .................................................... 72, 93 Tariff ...............................................................92, 133, 154, 195 Tax, Special for Chain Stores..................................................... 107 Telephones, Cooperative ........................................................ 83, 150 Tenhunen, M. ................................................................... 229 Teuhunen, Toivo ................................................................ 210 Trade Unionists in Credit Unions.................................................. 9 Trade Unions, Cooperatives and the Labor Party.................................... 64 Trade Unions, Beneficial Activities of ............................................. 235 Training Schools ..................................................... 10, 225, 230, 231 Trico Cooperative Oil Association, Floodwood, Cloquet, Minn. ........................ 170 Tsipou, H. ...................................................................... 38 Tuva Eepublic, Asia, Cooperation in................................................ 232 Twin City Workers Cooperative................................................193, 210 Tyomies ......................................................................... 26 Tyovaeu Osuustoimiuta-Lehti ... .................................................. 26 o INDEX U PAGE Under-consumption, Proposals for Curing..... ................................... , . Union Supply & Fuel Co., Staunton, 111. ..... £................................... United Cooperative Farmers of Fitchburg, Mass. ................................ United Cooperative Society, Mtchburg, Mass. .............................. 102, I4g 191 United Cooperative Society, Quincy, Mass. ...................................... .„ United States Government Cooperative. Extension.................................. „ Utica Cooperative Society ..................................................... n .„ Utopian Cooperators, a Program for............................................. . V Virginia Workpeople's Trading Company, Minnesota ................................ ^g W Walker, Mayor of New York City.................................................. gg Warbasse, J. P. .........14, 16, 33, 38, 54, 55, 74, 92, 96, 97, 114, 133, 154, 174, 183, 185, 194, 204, 211, 233 Ward, Gordon H. ............................................................. 36, 77 Ward, Harry F. ................................................................. 34 Warring Industries Exploit the Consumers.......................................... 125 Warinner, A. W. ..........................................................44, 54, 185 Warne, C. E. .................................................................... 126 Washington, Cooperation in ...................................................... 171 Washington Farmers Union ....................................................... 109 Washington State Grange, Seattle, Wash. .......................................... 105 Whitnall, C. B. ...............................................................67, 197 Wholesale, Eastern Cooperative .......................................... 11, 29, 50, 91 Wholesaling .........................................11, 69, 91, 112, 122, 211, 223, 233 Wholesale Grocers' Problems ..................................................... 16 Why Stores Fail ................................................................. 173 Wilderness of American Prosperity................................................ 236 Wolff, Henry W. ................................................................ 50 Women's Cooperative Guilds ....................................112, 113, 163, 189, 217 Woodmen of the World Protect Their Mutual....................................... 28 Woodcock, L. E. ................................................................ 43 Workmen's Furniture Fire Insurance Society....................................... 88 Workingmen 's Cooperative Bakery of Lynn, Mass. .................................. 49 Workingmen 's Cooperative Company, Cleveland, Ohio ....................... 141, 142, 191 Workmen's Mercantile Association, Chicago, 111. .................................... 107 Y Year Book of Cooperative Central Exchange........................................ 191 Year Book of C. L. U. S. A. .......................................29, 49, 93, 210, 224 Year Book, The Peoples .......................................................... 35 Youth League ...........................'................................... .210, 230 OTCMION A magazine to spread the knowledge 3f the Cooperative Movement, whereby the people, in voluntary association, produce and distribute for their own use the things they need. Published Monthly by THE COOPERATIVE LEAGUE OF THE U. S.A. 167 West 12th Street, New York City CEDRIC LONG, Editor Entered as Second Class matter, December 19, 1917, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Price $1.00 o year. VOL. XVI, No. 1 JANUARY, 1930 10 CENTS IN THIS ISSUE The New Year and A New Decade J. P. Warbasse on the Politico-Economic Situa tion Essential Principles for Cooperative Housing Senator Brookhart on Our Financial System Another Training School Completed Cooperative Conference in New England I mi 2_ COOPERATION COOPERATION 4 « The New Year and A New Decade The New Year is upon us, 1930, beginning of another decade. How shal] it be greeted? Our right to look forward with hope and courage to the next ten years depends in no small measure upon our achievements during the past ten years. What are they ? At the opening of 1920 The Cooperative League was a babe in swaddling clothes. The First Congress had been held in 1918, in Springfield, Illinois, and another was in prospect for Cincinnati. There was no affiliated membership of cooperative societies, if such membership is to be measured in terms of per capita dues. There was a mere enrollment of societies interested in the purposes of The League. Between that January ten years ago and today there has been built up a national union of consumers' cooperative societies, conscious of its strength and its purpose, and capable of speaking in behalf of the entire consumers movement in the United States. It is the sole member of the Inter national Cooperative Alliance in this whole country. There are three district leagues now where there were none before. There are four wholesales, only two of which were in business before 1920. Our officers have visited and fra ternized with the leaders of the movement in all the countries of Europe, and our President is recognized the world around as one of the foremost authorities on the philosophy of consumers' cooperation. We have, thanks chiefly to the work of Dr. Warbasse, carried information concerning cooperation into hundreds of the schools and colleges of the country so that thousands of the young men and women of the decade before us are to begin their work in life with an understanding of these important economic facts. Of cooperative training schools there have been almost a score; we close the decade with the publication of our first Cooperative Year Book. A certain amount of factionalism which had persisted, more or less, from 1918 down to 1928 has been quite entirely eliminated, and we enter 1930 with a membership better united in cooperative understanding and true fraternity than ever before. And what of the years that lie ahead ? Prophecies are uncertain. Instead we should like to make an appeal and present a challenge. The appeal is that each society in membership with The League shall give earnest support to three phases of our work: Financial support for the central office; the magazine COOPERATION; our Training Schools, Institutes and Corre spondence Courses. Our challenge is directed to the various district leagues now in existence or to be formed in the future. Can they multiply their memberships seven times before 1940? It is not enough to seek to double or quadruple the membership of the League; we must do more. Have we not in the past ten years grown from a membership of zero to more than 140 societies? To urge for 1,000 societies before the New Year bells ring in January 1, 1940, is not too much. Some would set the figure at 2,500 or 5,000. But we cannot here indulge in fantasy. If we achieve 1,000 societies we shall be doing extremely well. This will call forth the utmost efforts of the staff and membership of the district leagues now in the field. A greater support for The League! A campaign to increase our consumer- strength sevenfold! Appeal and challenge that will not go unanswered—if the past ten years are any measure of the decade which lies ahead. C. L. Special Articles COOPEEATIVE HOUSING PRINCIPLES York City has many hundreds of apartment houses popularly known as cooperative. Less than 50 of these, how ever, have ever been given any recog nition by the cooperative movement as being cooperative in the Eochdale sense. Within the past few years, the officers of The League have had great difficulty in deciding just how many of these few were really cooperative; many of them apparently are permitting their mem bers to sell or sublet their apartments at a profit. If all such houses are to be excluded from the list of genuine coop eratives, there are scarcely half a dozen left. One of the causes for this indefinite situation is to be found in the fact that The League itself has never set forth in clear cut and final form the require ments necessary for genuine non-profit cooperative housing. Therefore, late in the autumn, the Executive Staff of the National League, in conjunction with directors of the Eastern League, ap pointed a sub-committee to make a com plete study of this question and bring in a report. At a meeting in November of officers of The League and of the Eastern League, the following were adopted as the essential cooperative principles and the essential business principles under which any apartment house must operate, if it is to receive recognition from The League. ESSENTIAL COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES IN HOUSING I. There should be no profit to the members individually or collectively from the oper ation, leasing or sale of any of the asso ciation's property. This means that: A. The interest on the members' invest ments is to be at not more than the current legal rate. B. If there is any distribution of net savings or earnings (after interest charges, which are to be considered as operating expenses), it is to be made as patronage rebates (in the form of either cash or reduction of rents). C. There should be no profits from rent ing to non-members. (1) As a general rule, all apartments should be occupied .in person by tenant-members'. Furthermore, they should be used only by such members and their immediate families; they should not be used in part as rooming houses for revenue. (2) Where sub-leasing by a tenant- member is necessary, the rental charged to the sub-lessee should be based on actual costs of opera tion to the member (with due and conservative allowance for inter est on his investment, cost of decoration, depreciation of furni ture, etc.). There should be a definite time limit set to the duration of such sub-letting. (3) Where the sub-leasing of vacant apartments to non-members is temporarily and of necessity un dertaken by the association as a whole, the rentals charged are to be based on actual cost of opera tions, not at an exorbitant market rate. The "cost of operation," in this instance, may mean actual upkeep plus a reasonable safety margin to cover possible losses to the association from vacancies or other unforeseen emergencies. If a profit develops from such a safety margin it should not be used to reduce members' rents, but either for cooperative educa tion and expansion or as patron age rebates to the non-members in the form of credits to assist them in financing the purchase of stock which shall make them full members. (4) A house shall be considered coop erative when the majority of its occupants shall have become mem bers, and when, under strictly cooperative rules, it shows that its whole .purpose and policy is con sciously and definitely moving toward full cooperative develop ment. II. There should be complete consumer-control. Voting should be based on membership interest, not on investment interest. III. Besident-ownership should be a funda mental policy—for social reasons: A. So that there shall not be several dif ferent classes of tenants in buildings. B. To insure that the consumers shall be interested and effective in exercising control. IV. Provision should be made for the per manence of the cooperative features of the association. COOPERATION COOPERATION •i. ESSENTIAL BUSINESS PRINCIPLES IN HOUSING (They are peculiarly necessary in a demo cratically organized institution.) I. Tenant-members should elect a Board of Directors or Executive Committee which, in turn, should appoint a definitely re sponsible executive. II. Tenant-members should make a regular and careful check-up both of the execu tion of the general policies they have adopted for the association and of the financial soundness of its operations. This means: A. Regular audits by the Accounting Bureau of The Cooperative League or by some Certified Public Accountant; and B. Regular reports by the Executive in charge both to the Board of Directors and to the tenant-members. III. The technical ownership of the property should remain with a cooperative asso ciation (or possibly with more than one such association) ; and the tenant-mem bers should receive leases to their apart ments. IV. Officers and employees entrusted with funds or property of the association should be adequately bonded. V. Adequate allowances should be made for depreciation on all buildings and equip ment. VI. The plan of organization and tire finan cial set-up should be such as to give to the tenant-members every possible assur ance of the security of their investment and the permanence of their occupancy. VII. A very conservative attitude should be be maintained toward the assets of the association. Increases in land values or increases in current building costs should not be capitalized except under the most extraordinary circumstances. In other words, the value of the property should never be appraised according to the mod ern theory of "Reproduction Cost." A PROGRAM FOR UTOPIAN COOPERATORS By S. W. SIMPSON Though Cooperators profess no idea of an ultimate state of man they may dream a proximate Utopia that is realiz able and that indeed must be realized as a condition of continuing human progress. Our Utopia is simply the highest civilization we can envisage. To sustain our hope of achieving it we must rely on the cumulative power of progress. To define our Utopia: it is a con dition in which liberty and justice are synonymous, and all men clearly that civilization is cooperation. Jj 6e it cannot be encompassed by violet revolution nor will any political stat or legislative assembly lead us into it Rather we must strive to be let alone t conquer it; for it must be conquered How may we approach it? The open road seems to be through the worldwide Cooperative Movement "allied with or aided by that for the emancipa tion of childhood through freedom in education (as yet hardly known) and such work as that of the American Civil Liberties Union to recover and preserve the rights we lost by the Great War The conditions of our Utopia will be preserved, extended, and intensified by the emancipation of education. Our responsibility for our children imposes the duty of providing for their happi ness and well-being; and the last Utopian hope rests in their being reared with open minds. Institutions keep the world in darkness; and our institutions are fostered first and most of all in our elementary schools. Among the impor tant jobs for Utopians, therefore, is the promotion of libertarian, non-institu tional schools; such as eschew fiagwav- ing and every form of indoctrination. Children coming from such schools will have the uncommon faculty called com mon sense and will be able to discrimi nate truth from falsehood. The cooperative movement will be fostered by these preliminaries. Then in itself it can achieve our peaceful revolution; for it is the most inclusive of essentials for a decent civilization, the most radical and the most peaceful of all movements. And it not only moves, it is achieving at every step. A glance at its origin and its growth may give us a measure of the expectation included in our hopes. The movement now dates its beginning from the end of 1844 when the little store of the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers was opened with a total capital of £28 that took a year for collection from the 28 poor weavers who organized the society. The poor workmen were driven to this organiza tion to relieve their suffering in conse quence of repeated reductions in their wages. That they were men of vision. • shown by this article from their original "Laws and Objects": "That as soon as practicable, this society hall proceed to arrange the powers of pro duction, distribution, education, and govern- eJ1t or in other words to establish a self- upporting home colony of united interests, or Assist other societies in establishing such colonies." Quite probably such an ideal is hardly seen by most present-day members of cooperatives, but its vision remains with the leaders of the movement; and that it will be pursued to fruition, we must believe when we contemplate the ac complishments of 83 years. The Cooper ative Wholesale Society of Great Britain has grown to be perhaps the largest mercantile establishment in the world; and there are similar concerns in Ger many and other European countries, and some lesser ones in the U. S. A. The societies in many lands are grouped into regional and national federations, like the few district leagues in this country and the national Cooperative League of the U. S. A.; and the most important of these are united in the International Cooperative Alliance, which celebrated its thirtieth anniversary in 1925. In this alliance, 38 nations are represented by 103 national unions and federations, eight regional unions, and 485 local con sumers' societies. The societies consti tuting the unions and federations number 100,000, and their individual membership 50,,000,000. The president of the Alliance, Vaino Tanner, has also been the head of the government of Fin land. In his call on behalf of the I. C. A. for the celebration of the Interna tional Cooperative Festival, July 7th this year, he termed the 50,000,000 "mostly heads of families," who there fore may "claim to represent an army of peaceful evolution of not less than 200,000,000 people.'' But these are only a part of this great movement. Here in the U. S., for instance, but a few hundred of the 3,000 or more local co operative societies known to exist are as yet members of our National League, which is the sole American member of the I. C. A. So of the rest of the world. Leaving out of account the 10,000 con sumers' societies and as many more of producers' in Italy destroyed by Fas cism, it seems safe to estimate no fewer than 500,000,000 people interested in some degree in the cooperative move ment. In this fact we can see an ap proach toward a decent civilization. The mere fact of the I. C. A. with its Inter national Summer School and Festival, its interest in free trade and interna tional banking and insurance, indicates the intent to renounce nationalism and promote world-unity. Perhaps the interest in "dividends" among half-baked cooperators (which I sadly fear names a very large number who use this word and "profit" where only the word "savings" should ap pear), obscures a full vision of truly cooperative banking. I think it likely that the great mass of producers might be rallied to an almost immediately effec tive demand for such a reform of cur rency and banking as would at once reduce and finally abolish interest for money and ultimately all profit to cap ital purely as such. The need to this end is the repeal of all laws creating monopolies in banking—and most co- operators will agree that the only good laws are repealers. Already our Fed eral Reserve banking system has partly dethroned the gold fetish. With this starter we should see how to go on to a realization of Proudhon's Bank of the People. Freed of restrictive laws busi ness men and producers would join together in setting up mutual or coop erative banks to issue currency based on pledges of the wealth of the members and loaned to the members on these pledges; of course, on a safe margin, say to half or three-quarters of the well certified value of the security. Such banks would need no capital beyond the trivial amount required for their print ing or at most for conductins their business, they being merely the distrib utors of the credit of their members. Their notes would be as good as gold or better. This would show the world what interest for money is—a mere bonus to financiers—and how profit on capital throttles production. Borrowers from these banks would be charged at a tenta tive rate, say 2 per cent, all but cost being rebated at settlement or at fixed l! 6 COOPERATION COOPERATION periods. Close students of the matter have estimated that less than half of 1 per cent would cover all cost of insur ance and administration. How shall we escape from economic rent, ground rent? A cooperative civil ization must provide an answer to this question, though in a purely economic sense it can hardly matter in such a civilization fully consummated. Can we find the answer without the compulsion of the political state, which must be abolished before we can become truly civilized ? There are students of money and banking who think they see the equivalent of the single tax in the aboli tion of interest, and I am not sure they are wrong; but so far I have not been able to envisage it to my own satisfac tion. Mr. Hugo Bilgram in his great book "The Cause of Business Depres sions" (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.) undertakes to show that with inter est abolished the price of land would be bid up to an equivalent of the capital ization of its tax instead of its rent as now. Mr. Bilgram's book is a truly scientific exposition of economics, espe cially of money and credit. Its argu ment for the mutual or cooperative banking that would abolish interest is similar to Proudhon's and Greene's, briefly suggested above, but is even more rigorously logical. Col. Greene's pam phlet "Mutual Banks," long out of print, is now again available together with Proudhon's arguments in a volume entitled "Proudhon's Solution of the Social Problem" published by the Van. guard Press, New York. With the proscription of profiteers pulpiteers, patrioteers, and politicians will go most if not all of the police and all the lawyers and whatever other loafers there may be, with of course all the soldiers of every stripe. What a world of joy a cooperative civilization will bring! Even the ridiculous Daugh ters of a violent Revolution that brought only a change of governments (who so fear any connection with a peaceful evo lution that they have proscribed the Cooperative League), might be helped in such a world. A cooperative world means a world without fears. In a so ciety from which acquisitiveness has been banished human intercourse will be all candor and sincerity; there can be no suspicions of axes to be ground. I am trying to offer a program only to such Utopians as ask hardly more than the right to mind their own busi ness. That, we think, is the true defini tion of justice, as it is also of liberty. Politicians spout loudly of these without the most elementary notion of what they mean. Liberty or justice can come only with such a civilization as will renounce institutions that foster inhibitions and contradictions of common sense. News and Comment Editorial SHOULD WORKERS INVEST IN STOCKS? According to William Green, Presi dent of the American Federation of Labor, who spoke recently over the na tional broadcasting chain, the workers of the country, if they are well paid and secure in the enjoyment of continuous employment, will buy goods and invest in securities. He went on, according to the statement of the Federated Press, to advise workers to make only safe invest ments through reliable firms. This speech, according to the Labor Press Service, was made on time paid for by Halsey, Stuart & Co., well-known brokers of stocks and bonds. The workers of the country will bring no permanent benefit to themselves or to the cause to which they should be devoting their energies, by playing the stock market in search of comparatively "safe" investments. Capitalism is already well supplied with billions of dollars of workers' savings, and the leaders of the labor movement, if they wish to offer financial advice of any kind, should be pointing out where union members may safely place their funds at the disposal of the cooperative or the labor movement. It is the height of irony that labor leaders should be instructing the rank and file in ways of strengthening the capitalist system. C. L. IN THE PECULIAR TRENDS OP CHAIN STORE COMPETITION The National Bank of Commerce has recently made a survey of chain grocery stores and the latest developments in that field of merchandising. Some of their conclusions are very interesting for students of the cooperative move ment. In the highly developed centers of the East, it is believed that chain groceries have almost reached their saturation point, and in some neighborhoods have actually been losing ground to the inde pendent stores. Competition today in many centers is not so keen between chain stores and independent stores as between chain store systems themselves.' Where dif ferent chains are engaged in a life and death struggle, cut prices are not of much value since all the chains have the same purchasing power. Thus, without the advantage of cut prices, competition takes the place of cutting down margins of profit. Therefore, many of the chains are gradually eliminating the cut price leaders which are sold below cost. This business of selling leaders not only de stroys its own effectiveness when it is overdone, but it brings into the stores customers who are not profitable. Another recent development is the ex cursion of the chain, store into the field of perishable products like fruit, vegeta bles and meat. A third development is the increasing dependence upon nationally advertised products rather than private brands. It is found that the chains which have the highest stock turnover, that is the chains which turn their stock of goods from fifteen to twenty-five times a year, are the ones handling a large proportion of nationally advertised goods. BROOKHART AT LEAGUE DINNER Seventy-five delegates from thirteen cooperative societies attended the dinner to Senator Brookhart held at "Our Co operative Cafeteria," N. Y. C., on December 3 under the auspices of the Joint Educational Committee of Greater New York. It was one of the few occa sions when Cooperators have had an opportunity to hear an outstanding po litical leader of the country display a thorough knowledge of cooperative principles.- It appeared that the Senator's main interest lay in the extension of coopera tive credit. Naturally enough he was concerned chiefly with the legal obstruc tions that capitalistic business has inter posed. So rigid are the present banking laws that consumer and labor institu tions are practically compelled to act as ordinary profit banks. Senator Brook- hart described in detail the amendments he has set before Congress with the view of introducing the cooperative principle into existing banking law. Briefly, he would reorganize the present Intermediate Credit Bank as a Federal Reserve Bank for Cooperators, in effect ive competition with the Federal Re serve System of bankers' banks. But the Senator had enough facts and figures to gladden the hearts of Coop erators of all varieties. He referred to the fact that 92 per cent of private business ventures in America end in failure; whereas in most European countries the percentage of cooperative failures is practically nil. He deplored the spread between the $9,000,000 that goes to the farmer and the $30,000,000, that the consumer leaves when he buys the farmer's products. He explained how the farmers have been forced to pay for the over-valuation of the railroads, and how their troubles have been merely aggravated by the operations of the Federal Reserve Board, by tariff in creases, and by the patent laws. Again he stressed the need of meeting the attack on consumers and workers by injecting cooperative provisions into our existing legal structure. It was a startling revelation of the efficiency of cooperative business when Senator Brookhart told the story of the agent of the British Wholesale who pur chased flour in the United States, paid freight on it to the coast and across the COOPERATION COOPERATION 9 ocean, milled it, baked it, and distrib uted the bread among the members of several societies at a price a little less than half what the same commodity sold for in the American city at which he bought the flour. Everyone was glad to know that there was at least a ghost of a chance of the newly-created farm board learning something about genuine cooperation, for the speaker revealed that, in answer to Senator McNary's request, he has framed a cooperative code for the use of the farm board in the future. In commenting on the recent stock debacle, Brookhart attrib uted the extraordinary evenness of fluctuations in the English market to the fact that 30 per cent of English com mercial business is in cooperative hands. Dr. Warbasse, as chairman, intro duced Senator Brookhart and conducted the question period that followed the address. ANOTHER ENDORSEMENT FOR CONSUMERS' COOPERATION The following is in part a resolution presented and passed unanimously at the convention of the National Farmers Union held in Omaha, November 19 to 21. CONSUMERS' COOPERATIVES The economic problem of the farmer is dual in nature. As a producer he is being exploited by those who handle and process the crops and speculate on their value during their journey to the ultimate market. As a consumer he is also being exploited by those who profit on the things he must buy to operate his farm and supply his family with the things necessary to the largest measure of life and living. Any gains made by successful cooperative marketing of his crops are often lost in the failure like wise to buy cooperatively the things he needs as s consumer. Therefore, we urge the following: 1. That we endorse the policy of consumers' cooperation based upon the well known Koch- dale plan as of equal importance with pro ducers cooperation in the solution of the farm economic problem. 2. That the National Farmers Union en courage and assist in the promotion of con sumers' cooperation by persistently disseminat ing information about cooperation, its history, its principles, its accomplishments, and its effectiveness, at the same time warning of the mistakes which cooperatives sometimes make. 3. That the National Farmers Union use its good offices in trying to promote a more unified system of organization and buying among tl cooperatives we now have to the end that tlT buying power of the members of our great organization be not scattered but rather united into a tremendous force when we go into th markets to purchase the supplies the farmer uses. . . . 4. We urge that wherever possible and prac ticable our cooperatives should federate for more effective bargaining power. 5. We recommend that every encouragement possible be given by the Farmers Union to all workingmen's efforts at consumers' coopera tion, recognizing that at some time these cooperatives may be of great assistance to our producers' cooperatives in affording an outlet for our own products, to the mutual benefit of both. COOPERATIVE EXTENSION BY THE GOVERNMENT The Secretary of Agriculture in his report at the close of 1929 states that almost $23,000,000 was used for coop erative extension work during the pre vious fiscal year, 39 per cent of this amount coming from the federal gov ernment, 33 per cent from county ap propriations, and 28 per cent from state agencies. The field staff, located in the various states to carry on this work, numbered 5,691, the majority of them employed for county agent, home admin istration, or boys and girls club work. Among the many activities of the cooperative department are its motion picture laboratories from which 3,500 shipments of films were made during the year. COOPERATIVE EARNS 146 PER CENT ON CAPITAL A net gain or surplus saving of $4,969.69 on a share capital of $3,390.00, equivalent to 146 per cent on the capital, was the excellent showing made by the Farmers Union Co-Operative Oil Asso ciation of Wisner, Nebr., in its first year of operation, ending October 31, 1929. After providing for a share dividend of 5 per cent, and setting up 5 per cent of the net earnings as surplus reserve, the remainder available for patronage divi dends was $4,568.00, equal to 12 per cent of the sales of gasoline, kerosene, lubri cating oils, and greases, amounting to a total of $37,772.22. A very remarkable part of this excellent showing was the fact that at the close of the year the nncollected accounts of the association amounted to only $219.26, and none of these were of more than a few days' standing. This association does not operate a public filling station, but de livers the products to patrons by motor trucks. STOCKHOLDERS OF FORMER LABOR PAPER CAUGHT There were upward of 5,000 labor organizations and individuals who held stock in the Northwest Publishing Co., which launched the Minnesota Daily Star, mistakenly known as a "coopera tive labor paper" to thousands of work ers of the Northwest. The labor press of Chicago now reports that these 5,000 stockholders are being forced to pay an assessment of 100 per cent on their in vestment to the receivers of the Com pany. A previous 25 per cent assess ment on the part of 3,000 of these stock holders failed by $60,000. to clear up the obligations of the company: 2,000 of the holders of stock refused at that time to pay any assessment, claiming that the whole scheme was merely a vindic tive attack upon a farmer-labor enter prise. The receivers now claim that all of the original owners are legally liable for the full 100 per cent assessment. THE BENEFITS OF COOPERATIVE MARKETING A very large proportion of the wheat grown in Canada is marketed through the cooperative wheat pools. In the United States an insignificant percentage of the wheat is handled cooperatively. Last summer along the international boundary line, farmers were sending their wheat into Canada, paying a duty of 12c a bushel and still getting a higher price than was offered them in the States, simply because the wheat pools have raised the price for all wheat in Canada whether it is the cooperatives or private firms that buy it. NEW RECORD AT WAUKEGAN Sales for the Cooperative Trading Company set a new high mark in Octo ber, when they reached a total of $73,181 and a total for the ten-month period of almost $647,OjOO. It is now evident that the sales for the year will reach $800,- 000, or $50,000 more than the quota established a year ago. The membership was 1,547 at the close of the summer of 1929. TRADE UNIONISTS IN CREDIT UNIONS According to the U. S. Department of Labor, more than 150 credit unions had been organized by trade union locals up to the end of 1927, the initiative in this work being taken by a few central labor unions in New England. The total membership exceeded 25,000 and the capital and reserves one and a half mil lion dollars. Following is the list pre sented by the department: Date of Number of organization Credit Unions of first Central labor unions. . 3 1915 Cigar makers ....... 1 1916 Telephone workers .. 4 1917 Lithographers ...... 1 1919 Carpenters ......... 1 1920 Amalgamated Clothing Workers ......... 3 1920 Various unions ..... 1 1921 Postal employees* ... 83 1923 Headgear workers ... 2 1924 Textile workers ..... 1 1925 Fur workers ........ 1 1926 Railway clerks ...... 41 1926 Teachers .......... 4 1926 Expressmen ........ 1 1927 Machinists ......... 1 1927 Street railway em ployees .... .... 2 1926 Total .......... 150 * Not strictly union. TWO NEW STORES FOR BROOKLYN SOCIETY The R. W. Cooperative Meat and Gro cery Stores Association of Brooklyn, N. Y., on December 14th opened its seventh store on Lorimer Street, Brook lyn, and on December 19th its eighth store at Hastings-on-Hudson. This ex pansion program started five years ago and has carried the society from Maz- peth, Long Island, to Hastings, a terri tory more than 25 miles long. No other society in the East has made such phenomenal progress as this. 10 COOPERATION COOPERATION 11 i Northern States Cooperative League 2100 WASHINGTON AVE. No. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. ANOTHER SESSION OP TRAINING SCHOOL COMPLETED Thirty-one students of the Northern States' Coop. League Training School com pleted a stiff six-weeks course in various cooperative subjects, which covered both the theoretical and the practical field. The school closed Saturday evening, December 7, with commencement exercises held in the school rooms, 242 West Broadway, Minne apolis, Minn. At the close of the school the students unanimously adopted a resolution urging the Northern States' Cooperative League to extend the period of the school in the future to 8 weeks. They felt the strain of the intensive training to such an extent that every one of them realized the need of more time to absorb the subjects cov ered. It is to be hoped that the board of directors of the League will add another two weeks to the curriculum of the school next year. Also for the first time in the history of the League's Training School various cooperative societies had donated money into a general scholarship fund from which the League was able to. give scholarships to the students at the school. Each of the 31 students were given $15 from this fund and 8 students were given special scholar ships in addition. Altogether $610 were distributed among the students, and besides this they were given cooperative literature to a total value of about $75. Franklin Cooperative Creamery Association alone donated $500 to this scholarship fund, Coop erative Central Exchange donated $50, the Cooperative Trading Company of Wauke- gan, HI., $50, and 7 other cooperative or ganizations donated a total of $85. Besides these scholarships given from the general scholarship fund four students re ceived scholarships directly from their local societies, these four scholarships totaling a little better than one hundred dollars. All of this goes to prove that the coop erative societies affiliated with the Northern States' Cooperative League are beginning to appreciate the value of the school and are willing to appropriate money to make it financially easier for the young men and women in the movement to attend and get this important training. The average age of the 31 students in the class this year was about twenty and one-half years which is somewhat lower than the average age at any of the previous sessions of the school. The percentage of those in the class who had had practical experience in the cooperative stores before attending the school was also somewhat lower than at the previous schools. This is another factor which makes it necessary to extend the time of the school, as younger students lacking practical experience in the cooperative work require more time to ab sorb the knowledge given them. Besides the 4 regular instructors (H. V. Nurmi, Walter Jacobson, Eskel Ronn, and V. S. Alanne, principal of the school) the following cooperators talked to the class about some cooperative or technical sub ject : E. E. Branch, president, New Era Life Association, Grand Rapids, Mich.; E. Gr. Cort, manager, Minnesota Co-op Oil Com pany, Minneapolis, Minn.; A. J. McGuire, general manager, Land 0 'Lakes Creameries, Minneapolis, Minn.; H. I. Nordby, presi dent, Franklin Cooperative Creamery Asso ciation, Minneapolis, Minn.; H. L. Brown, treasurer, Franklin Cooperative Credit Union; W. TJ. Ahlstrom, head of the chem ical laboratory of the Franklin Cooperative Creamery; E. J. Holmers, plant superin tendent of the Franklin Cooperative Cream ery Association, and S. A. Stockwell, well-known legislator, and director of the Franklin Cooperative Credit Union. The plants of the Franklin Cooperative Cream ery and the Land 0 'Lakes Creameries were visited by the class under the guidance of the instructors. All through the school the students main tained a student club, which met once a week and discussed matters pertaining to the student body and the school. They elected a student council which acted as the executive committee, representing the students' interests. A library of a large number of cooperative books was main tained, being in charge of one of the stu dents assigned to the job of librarian by the student body. In spite of the stiff curriculum, the stu dents found time to arrange an entertain ment at the close of the fourth week to which friends of the school in Minneapolis were invited and for which the students furnished practically all the program them selves. At the close of the school a banquet was given by the Educational Committee of the Franklin Cooperative Creamery Association to about one hundred people including the students and all alumni resid ing in Minneapolis. Another District Conference Georgeville is a small village located about 100 miles Northwest of Minneapolis. Several years ago the farmers there or ganized a cooperative store. In 1926 the store organization joined the Northern States' Cooperative League. A year ago they engaged a manager who had attended the training school of the Northern States' Cooperative League. This manager, J. D. Dahlstrom, naturally was interested in bringing the store into contact with other cooperative stores in the vicinity. So it was planned to call these stores into a district conference. The Northern States' Cooperative League took care of the invi tations to 15 cooperatives, none located farther than 60 miles from Georgeville. The meeting was held Sunday afternoon, No vember 24. To the great disappointment of those who had arranged the conference, only three cooperative stores took part. The others stayed away—for what reasons, we don't know. However, about 15 cooperators gath ered at the meeting hall in the two-story brick building owned by the Cooperative Farmers' Company of Georgeville. The three store organizations represented were: the Belgrade Farmers' Cooperative Com pany, Belgrade, Minn.; the New London Farmers' Cooperative Store Company, New London, Minn.; Cooperative Farmers' Com pany, Georgeville, Minn. The Northern States' Cooperative League was represented by Gideon Edberg, one of its directors, and V. S. Alanne, its executive secretary. In spite of the small number of cooper ators present, there was a fruitful discus sion about the best methods which might be pursued in building up cooperation be tween the various isolated local cooperative groups. On account of so few cooperative stores being represented at this meeting it was unanimously agreed that another at tempt should be made in the near future to call a district conference of the coopera tive stores, and each delegate present pledged himself to work for a larger at tendance at the next meeting. An interesting fact brought out during the discussions at the meeting was that each of the three stores represented al though located within 10 miles of each other had connected up with a different wholesale organization, none of which was cooperative. One, with the so-called Red and White Stores, another with the Inde pendent Grocer's Alliance and one with the Fairway Stores. This was a good illustra tion that cooperative forces become split up unless they understand how to build their own cooperative wholesale. The coop eratives in other countries have learned that the only right thing for them to do in the commercial field is to form their own wholesale organization and give it a hundred per cent patronage. A. F. Heiskanen Benefit Fund (Final accounting) Previously reported.............. $584.49 Northern Farmers' Cooperative So ciety, Angora, Minn., (Collec tion). ....................... 26.65 Cloquet Cooperative Society, Clo- quet, Minn.................... 7.35 Lawler Farmers' Cooperative As sociation, Lawler, Minn......... 5.00 Total. . . $623.49 Our attention has been called to a mis take in the accounting of last number of this magazine. $12.60 credited to New Era Life Association should have been listed as coming from Workers Cooperative Society of Marquette, Mich. We wish to thank once more all those cooperative societies and individual coop erators who have so liberally responded to our appeal in behalf of our fellow cooper- ator Heiskanen. Minneapolis, Dec. 12, 1929. Northern States' Cooperative League, V. S. Alanne, Executive Secretary. Eastern States Cooperative League DISTRICT CONFERENCE FOR EASTERN WHOLESALE A district conference was held in Bos ton, December 15, 1929, by the Eastern Cooperative Wholesale, Inc. Forty-one men assembled, representing 14 local so cieties in Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Hampshire, the Eastern League and the Eastern Wholesale. John Suominen, Treasurer of the Workers Credit Union of Fitchburg, acted as chairman, Cedric Long as Secretary. After interesting and lively reports by delegates of the work of their respec tive local societies the meeting plunged 12' COOPERATION COOPERATION 13 u Ii i into a discussion of the work of the wholsale. Secretary Long led off with a brief history of Joint Buying by several of the Eastern societies during the past three years, the incorporation of the wholesale in the summer of 1928, and the employment of a full time manager in March, 1929. He told of the gradual development of the cooperative label products, the efforts now being made to get agreement among the various whole sales on a uniform cooperative label for the whole country; of the coal business being conducted by the Wholesale in Greater New York and tentative plans for inaugurating a milk service. He reported that more than 30 societies were giving some support to the whole sale, though only ten are shareholders. Manager Wirkkula gave the financial report showing sales for nine months to be in excess of $200,000, an excellent figure for the first year of business. Attention was given to various products handled by the wholesale, par ticularly dairy products, flour and feed, and the ten commodities already packed under the cooperative label. Most of the afternoon was devoted to a further discussion of affiliations of cooperatives with chains of independent grocers, and the delegates enjoyed some considerable display of fireworks at times, for this is a very live subject, especially among the Finnish cooper- ators. Unfortunately the matter . has during the past couple of months been made a subject of debate between the opposition political papers in the Fin nish language and the high emotions engendered have not since then been conducive to a rational discussion of the subject. Two of the Finnish an(j one of the Italian societies have thus affiliated themselves; two of the Finnish and one Italian society appear to be vigorously opposed to such affiliation as a matter of principle; and most of the others are watching developments and waiting for further enlightenment. The manager of the Stafford cooperative store, which has made the remarkable gain of nearly 100 per cent increase in sales in the last 12 months, showed how they were competing most successfully with the chain stores all about them by a judicious use of leaders, careful buy ing, and economizing on all expenses Milford (N. H.)i store has been ap proached by two large chains but as yet sees no advantage to be gained from joining either. Plainfield (Conn.) and Norwood refuse to join any such chain, believing that such affiliation is a vio lation of cooperative principle and an injury to our own wholesale and to the movement itself. The first district conference of the Eastern Wholesale closed early in the evening, a forerunner, it is to be hoped, of many others to come. Eleven of the fourteen societies represented were mem bers of the Eastern League; four of the Eastern Cooperative Wholesale. Three were not affiliated with either central organization; they were the bakery of Worcester and the stores of Milford, N. H., and Quincy, Mass. Cooperation Abroad From Canada comes the interesting news that the Scottish Cooperative Wholesale Society has joined the Coop erative Union of Canada. This Whole sale has had offices in Canada, chiefly for purchase of grains and other Canadian products, for 23 years, and recently has been on most friendly terms with the consumers' movement, but this is the first direct affiliation of the consumers' movement in the two countries. Membership of the ten largest coop erative societies in England at the begin ning of 1929 was as follows: London ...................... Royal Arsenal ................. Birmingham . . . ............... Liverpool . . .................. Leeds ........................ Barnsley ..................... St. Cuthbert's (Edinburgh)..... Plymouth . . .................. South Suburban ............... Newcastle-on-Tyne ............ Manchester & Salf ord........... Bolton ....................... Derby . . . .................... Leicester ..................... 295.678 217,671 135,077 118,552 105,638 82,452 69,817 68,341 61,674 61,303 57,632 53,749 52,132 51,942 The 1928 statistics of the Cooperative Tlnion show the essential soundness and nrogressiveness of the British move ment. There are 5,885,135 cooperators divided among 1,245 retail societies ffhich have an annual trade of nearly $1,047,0.00,000, yielding a surplus of 4123800,000. Share and loan capital amount to just under $600,000,000. The number of workers in these societies increased 9,633 to a total of 167,576. The educational activities of these or ganizations were allotted over a million dollars. The distributive federations have in creased in number and amount of busi ness, but they are so well organized that there are only 52 employees in the whole of the eleven federations. The total trade of the English Wholesale was $438,600,QQp, and this represented 50.81 per cent of the retail cooperative trade in England, Wales, and Ireland. The Department of Education and Publicity of the Manitoba Wheat Pool is dissatisfied with the present uncer tain financial arrangements which pro vide for the appropriation of one- twentieth of a cent per bushel of grain handled by the Pool, and recommends that the Department be placed on a budget. The budget prepared for 1929-30 calls for $24,000 which, for one province alone, compares most favorably (from the Canadian point of view!) with the $4,000, allotted to the Coopera tive League of the U. S. A. by its affiliated societies. Despite the antagonism of the au thorities in Jugo-Slavia, the cooperative socities managed to stage their celebra tions for International Cooperative Day. Fees were demanded for permission to hold meetings, speeches had to be cen sored beforehand, processions were very unwillingly allowed, and the display of the rainbow banner was prohibited. But in spite of these obstacles many meetings were successfully held in all parts of the country. by states and municipalities and half as many as those built by private con tractors. The cooperatives are most active in the largest cities. In the smaller towns the private contractors reign supreme. In Berlin the coopera tives built more than 68 per cent of the new apartments and in all of the cities having a population of more than 100,- 000, they are responsible for the erection of 51 per cent of all apartment buildings. The German Central Union has a special pension fund for employees of the local societies and the Central Union and Wholesale. In 1928 there Were nearly 27,000 employees insured in this fund or more than half of the total employees of the whole union and- all its affiliated societies. The largest pay ments are being made to widows of employees and the second largest ex penditure is for sick benefits. Smaller amounts are paid out each year in old age pensions and as benefits to orphans of employees. Prom Germany come reports of 78,425 cooperative apartments built in 1927, more than twice as many as those erected The Food Council in Great Britain has rendered a report on its study of the retail meat trade. Its findings are as follows: The retail butcher in Britain is more prosperous than before the war. In 72 towns the number of retail butcher shops increased from 14,044 in 1923 to 16,176 in 1928. Bankruptcies of butchers axe remarkably fewer than before the war. An examination of the balance sheets and operating statements of 96 private butchers, 17 meat corporations, 18 chain store firms and 21 cooperative societies gives the following comparative figures on expenses and net profits in relation to gross sales. Private Corpora- Chain Cooperative' Traders tions Stores Societies Expenses.. 14.4% 17.7% 20.6% 13.5% Net Profits. 4.5 4.7 3.6 11.7 Rates of profit on capital for the three non- cooperative types of business were respectively 51, 27 and 28 per cent, Private butchers are using these fig ures on profits to show that the co operatives are profiteering. They do not mention the cooperative rebates — nor the low expense item for the co operatives. Ml H i. COOPERATION COOPERATION 15 My Point of View By J. P. WAEBASSE THE POLITICO-ECONOMIC SITUATION The total yearly income of all the people of the United States is 90 billion dollars. The total income per capita is $750. The wage workers receive about 33 billion dollars a year. The business people receive in salaries, rents, interest, and dividends some 35 billions. About 10 per cent of the population get one-third of the national income. The talk about the workers owning stock in the industries has not much in it. Of the 100 billion of corporate stock outstanding, employees, including high- salaried executives, own about one bil lion. That leaves the workers with less than one per cent of the stock. Of the total national income, each of the 12,000,000 farmers, on 6,000.,000 farms, gets $700; the 20,000,000 indus trial workers and employees get $1,200 each. The farmers last year got 9 billion dollars for their produce; the consumers paid 30 billion dollars for the same produce. One reason for this difference is the railroads. They are permitted to make their freight rates according to the valuation of the roads as fixed by the Esch-Cummins law. The valuation so fixed is $18,900,000,000. Still, even before the big November slump in stocks, all of their securities could have been bought in the open market in Wall Street for $11,750,000,000. That means that with that amount of money, all of the stocks, bonds and notes of the roads could have been purchased and the roads owned free and clear by the purchaser. Thus the railroads are collecting freight rates on over 7 billion dollars of capitalization which does not exist. As a result of this over-capitalization the roads are taking two or three hundred million dollars a year excess charges from the consumers. If the people owned the roads and ran them for their service, at least this would be saved The big slump in the security market when the small investors lost their money, is characteristic of our industrial system. The Federal Eeserve Bank was created ostensibly to prevent such crises Instead of preventing panic, it is one of the causes of panic. The Federal Eeserve Bank caused the deflation panic of 1920. It did it pur posefully and deliberately, deflating small business and the farmers. It borrows from its member banks and pays them no interest. It lends to its members at a small rate of interest. As a result of this practice, brokers' loans for gambling purposes have increased 90,0 per cent. Senator Brookhart has offered an amendment providing that the Federal Reserve Bank shall pay 2 per cent on deposits and charge 3 per cent for loans to its member banks, no bank to charge more than 5 per cent interest. He favors a Cooperative Reserve Bank. To prevent stock speculation, a 5 per cent sales tax on all stocks sold within sixty days is proposed. If this plan had been in operation during the past twelve months, it would have yielded enough money to pay all of the running expenses of the Government with some left over to pay off the national debt. The outstanding political affair is the tariff. The discussions in Congress of the tariff bill reveal the real character of the Government. The tariff is a scheme to extort tribute from the consumers for the benefit of private interests already rolling in a wealth of profits. No decent man can go to Washington and witness this exhibition of framing a tariff law without a sense of humiliation for the depths of degradation to which his coun try's Government has sunk. The tariff is no longer "for revenue" nor "to protect infant industries." It is purely an instrument of loot. In the end it will prove to be one of the causes of our commercial decay, for we can not hope to export on friendly terms to Tieighb°rs against whom we erect tariff This welter of politics confuses the people- They take it seriously and per- jnjt it to influence their affairs. Behind it all are the real forces which dominate the situation. They are the bankers, the manufacturers, the merchants, the trans portation heads, and the other influences which control and guide the economic affairs of the country. The real life is outside of politics. The bankers', manufacturers', and mer chants' associations are the great syn dicates for the exploitation of the consumers. The consumers are not yet organized adequately for their own protection. They are united as citizens in political parties to get better conditions for them selves. But through these agencies the people work and hope in the midst of futility and disillusionment. They are organized as consumers in cooperative societies, clubs, churches and societies of every sort, in which they get some of the things they want. It remains for them to awaken to a realization of their common needs and common dependability as consumers and as consumers to expand their organiza tions to get all things. If the people were effectively so united they could do for themselves di rectly all of the good things which their political representatives promise to ac complish for them. The great mass of wealth created in this country each year, and inequitably distributed, might be theirs. Its fair distribution might be secured. No law is necessary to do anything provided enough people unite to demand its accomplishment. And despite the law, the people can do anything they want if enough unite to bring it about. The law is for the protection of the privileges of the minority. The major ity need no law if they are united. Book Reviews AN ANTHOLOGY OF REVOLU TIONARY POETRY Compiled by Marcus Graham, New York, 1929. Since nobody knows what revolution is nobody knows what poetry is revolu tionary. This book is a well printed volume of poetic expressions of discon tent, interspersed with a considerable amount of discontent that is not poetry. The general idea prevails throughout the volume that things are pretty bad, some of the versifiers go so far as to intimate that things are rotten. The capitalist comes in for a lot of blackguarding, al though the very excellent paper on which the book is printed, the ink, the lino types, and the presses, involved in the process, were all capitalistic produc tions. One also gets the idea from these verses that the workers are terribly abused, that if they could have their way the world would be much nicer, and that on the whole there is some superior quality about the exploited workers which the leisure class do not possess. The excellent thing about this book is that it is a collection of indictments of the present economic system. It is a gallery of pictures showing the unwhole some spots in our civilization. "The golf links are so near the mill That almost every day The laboring children can look out And see the men at play.'' Here with a few strokes of the pen is flashed a contrast picture. The im portant thing is that the golf links are not bad nor are people wicked for play ing golf. The basic thing is that little children are working in the mill who would like to play, who would be bene fited by play, who ought to play, but who can not. As to where the respon sibility rests, the poets do not tell. If any poet has told, his verses have not been collected info this anthology. Blam ing the capitalists for the bad situation does not suffice, when the workers would 16 COOPERATION COOPERATION 17 like to be capitalists and when the work ers become capitalists whenever they can. While these verses express discontent with things as they are, it is really the discontent of poets and not of the poor, for the poor, as a matter of fact, are not so discontented after all. If poets could only arouse the disinherited into being discontented with dirt and lack of beauty and want of culture, then poetry would rise to a new dignity. The strength of these songs is their call for freedom and for justice. The oppressions of the many by the few is the dominant text. But there are poems which even hint of the oppression of the few by the many. The insanity of war is declared. The State is sung as a folly of men. This collection contains many of the world's great poems. The best are from the old poets—Shakespeare, Shelly, Blake, Browning, Byron, Emerson, Gar rison, Goldsmith, Longfellow, Lowell, Morris, Poe, Euskin, Stevenson, Swift, Tennyson, Thoreau, Whitman, and Wilde. The recent poets have some con tributions that are good. It is encour aging to find the verses of a United States senator in this company, closing- a poem on war with: '' The bankers in the counting house Are busy multiplying; The common people at the front Are doing all the dying." This volume is a real contribution to the literature of discontent, and there fore constructive. J. p. \y The Wholesale Grocer's Problems United States Department of Com merce, Bulletin 4. In these twenty-eight pages are many interesting statistical tables, drafts and studies. Two pages are devoted to an analysis of the changes in wholesaling brought about by mass production5. There are comparisons of the number of brands carried by general store ware houses and wholesalers' warehouses- analysis of sales and inventories and warehouse and delivery costs; instruc tions for estimating quickly the weight and volume of bulk commodities in warehouses; tables of average operating expenses; an analysis of the situation affecting the "small order," and a sur vey of many other perplexities which keep wholesale managers awake nip'nts. C. L. From The League Office WHY NOT BUY YOUR BOOKS AND MAGAZINES COOPERATIVELY? Send your orders to The Cooperative League and they will receive prompt atten tion. Discounts given whenever possible. Pool Your Purchases With Those of Other Cooperators Lend Your Support to the Movement THE COOPERATIVE1 LEAGUE, 167 West 12th Street, New York City WHICH COOPEEATOR GETS THIS PRIZE? Fifty dollars is offered by The Co operative League for the best picture for the League Calendar next year. The 1929 and the 1930 calendars have been designed by Henry Askeli, Chairman of the Joint Education Committee of the Cooperative Societies of Greater New York, and known as one of the foremost artists in the cooperative movement. The painting must be of genuine artistic value, and yet must be symbolic of cooperation in such a way that it also has some propaganda value. It may be in as many colors as the artist cares to use. All paintings submitted in this contest must be sent to The Coopera tive League before March 1,1930. N. E., N. Y., N. J. & Pa. 33 28 29 Central & E. Central 20 19 17 North Central 78 88 90 S. Atlantic N. W. &S. W. 5 7 4 Canada & Misc. 0 0 0 Totals 136 142 140 KEPORT OF CONSTITUENT AND FRATERNAL MEMBERSHIP OF THE COOPERATIVE LEAGUE OF THE U. S. A., AT THE CLOSE OF CALENDAR YEARS 1926, 1927, and 1928 Total No. of Affiliated Societies Paid Up to EM of 1926 1927 1928 Number of Societies Paying Full Per Capita Dues 1926 1927 1928 Number of Societies Paying Only $1.00 Registration Fee 1926 1927 1928 Number of Indirect Memberships Through District Leagues 1926 1927 1928 Fraternal Memberships 1926 1927 1928 Number of Societies in Arrears Less Than 12 Months 1926 1927 1928 Total Cash Income from Dues Paid During the Tear (Special Contribu- bution Not Inclusive) 1926 1927 1928 15 10 4 11 18 25 13 10 5 $520.84 637.37 852.2.6 10 13 14 72 86 12. 11 10 0 0 0* 23 23 13 20 2 0* 93 117 127 16 13 10 24 15 15 $138.94 339.27 181.18 $302.43 846.04 811.10 $10.00 71.00 73.00 $972.21 1,893.68 1,917.54 * All income from societies paying- loss than full clues has this year boon transferred to account " Special Contribution to League Budget." REPORT ON INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP OF THE LEAGUE (at $1 or more each) 1925 Direct membership paid up................................. 289 Direct membership not more than 12 months in arrears...... 174 Direct membership in district leagues. ...................... 338 At End of 1936 1927 1928 253 235 213 149 26 22 421 487 597 Total. 801 823 748 832 !i 18 COOPERATION COOPERATION 19 REPORT OF SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BUDGET OF THE COOPERATIVE LEAGUE OVER A THREE-YEAR PERIOD* Contributions Name of Society 1926-27 Cooperative Central Exchange, Superior, Wis... . $750 Franklin Cooperative Creamery Association, Miu- napolis, Minn............................... 100 Consumers Cooperative Services, New York City, N. Y...................................... 200 Cooperative Trading Ass 'n, Brooklyn, N. Y.. ... 200 Cooperative Trading Co., Waukegan, 111......... 150 United Workers Cooperative Association, New York City, N. Y............................ 300 United Cooperative Society, Maynard, Mass..... 100 United Cooperative Society, Norwood, Mass..... 50 Bock Cooperative Company, Rock, Michigan.... .... Workers Cooperative Union, Stafford Springs, Conn..................................... .... Hussian Workers Cooperative Stores, Brooklyn, N. Y................... .................... .... Soo Cooperative Mercantile Association, Sault Ste. Marie, Mieh................................ .... Cloquet Cooperative Society, Cloquet, Minn..... .... A. C. W. Services, New York City, N, Y......... .... United Cooperative Society, Fitchburg, Mass..... .... Commonwealth Mutual Savings Bank, Milwaukee, Wis...................................... .... Workers Credit Union, Fitchburg, Mass......... .... •Cooperative Bakeries of Brownsville, Brooklyn, N. Y....................................... New Cooperative Company, Dillonvale, Ohio.... .... Progressive Credit Union, Maiden, Mass......... .... Contributions 1927-28 $600 300 300 200 150 100 100 25 50 20 15 Contributions 1928-29 $600 600 300 200 150 100 25 50 15 100 100 100 50 50 25 25 15 10 $1,850 $1,960 $2,515 * The societies listed pay regular dues to The League in accordance with the Constitution. These are additional contributions to help The League office meet its overhead expenses. Total abstainers who oppose the sale of in toxicants in cooperative stores boast of their own society's butchery sales: is it more ad mirable to spill the blood of animals than the blood of grapes? The MONTHLY PROPAGANDA POSTER SERVICE issued by the CENTRAL STATES COOPERATIVE LEAGUE enables you to utilize the display space around the cooperative's premises for the most effective sort of cooperative propaganda, at a very moderate cost. For samples, prices and information, address: CENTRAL STATES COOPERATIVE LEAGUE 1303 N. Park St., Bloomington, 111. The Cooperative Commonwealth must le established in the mind and imagination first; it is not lilcely that it will ever be established elsewhere. The temples of the spirit are not built with hands. ip_ w> MBECEB FARMERS IN NEW ENGLAND More than half of all the 160,000 farms in the six New England states are within 5 miles of shopping centers, and 88 per cent of the farmers own -automobiles. Probably the prev alence of electric and bus lines accounts for the fact that there are fewer automobiles for farmers here than anywhere else in the country. On the other hand, more than half of the farms have electric service, and 25 per cent have electric lighting equipment; 3 per cent cook with electricity, 1% per cent have electric refrigerators, 36 per cent have electric sewing machines, 24% per cent have electric vacuum cleaners, 213 per cent have electric washing machines, 39 per cent haive electric irons. As regards radios, phonographs and pianos, New England farmers lead all others: 51 per cent have the first, 48 per cent the second and 61 per cent the third. COOPERATIVE DEMOCRACY Second Edition completely revised by JAMES PETER WARBASSE president of The Cooperative League of the United States of America ilember of the Central Committee of the International Cooperative Alliance A Di»cu»»ion ef the Consumers' Cooperative Movement In It» Relation to the Political gtate, to the Profit 8y«tem. t» Labor, to Agriculture and te the Art* and Science* The Macmillan Co., New York, Publishers Order from The Cooperative League, 167 West 12th St., New York, TT. S. A. Price, $1.50. The Cooperative Union, Holyoake House, Han over St., Manchester, England. Price 6 sh. German EJdition: Verlagsgesellschaft deutscher Konsumvereine, Strohhause 38, Hamburg, Germany. Price, 6 marks. IS YOUR FURNITURE INSURED IN A COOPERATIVE COMPANY? This Company is 57 years old It has 53,000 members Its rates are the lowest Is there a branch in your town? If not, why not? WORKMEN'S FURNITURE FIRE INSURANCE SOCIETY Care of Cooperative League, 167 W. 12 St. NEW YORK CITY STUDY COOPERATION AT HOME Correspondence Courses prepared and con ducted by experienced eooperators are now ready 1. Elementary English 2. Commercial Arithmetic 3. Bookkeeping for Cooperators 4. Advanced Course in Bookkeeping 5. Principles and Theory of Cooperation 6. Organization and Administration of Cooperatives. For full particulars write THE! COOPERATIVE LEAG¥B 167 West l'2ith Street New York City The Canadian Cooperator Brantford, Ontario, Canada Tbe organ of the Canadian Coopera tive Movement, owned by and eon- ducted under the auaplceft ef Th« Cooperative Union of Canada. Published monthly 75c per annym ''The Cooperative Pyramid Builder" Official Organ of Cooperative Central Exchange is a snappy, live cooperative magazine. Get in line! Subscribe NOW Subscription price 50c a year. COOPERATIVE CENTRAL EXCHANGE Superior, Wis. COOPERATION, 167 West 12th Street, New York. Please send COOPERATION for one year to Name. .................................... Address.................................. $1.00 a year 20 COOPERATION Mil PUBLICATIONS —OF— THE COOPERATIVE LEAGUE HISTORICAL Per Copy Per 160 3. Story of Cooperation. ............$ .10 $6.00 7. British Cooperative Movement..... .10 6.00 38. Consumers' Cooperative Movement in U. S., 1926................... .10 6.00 59. Cooperative Movement in Europe.. .05 4.00 64. Progress of Cooperation in United States ...................... .05 4.00 69. Story of Toad Lane (By Stuart Chase). ..................... .05 4.00 TECHNICAL 4. How to Start and Run a Rochdale Cooperative Society ............ .10 4.00 6. A Model Constitution and By-Laws for a Cooperative Society....... .05 2.50 8. Cooperative Education. Duties of Educational Committee Defined.. .10 i 9. How to Start a Cooperative Whole sale .... .................... .10 27. Why Cooperative Stores Fail...... .02 1.00 14. How to Start and Run a Women's Guild..................... .10 15. How to Organize a District Coopera tive League ................... .10 29. Credit Union Primer (By Ham and Robinson). .................. .50 43. Cooperative Housing ............. .10 50. A B C of Cooperative Housing.... .10 51. Model Lease for Cooperative Apart ment House .................. .10 MISCELLANEOUS 16. Model Co-op State Law........... .10 46. Producers* Cooperative Industries.. .10 11. Control of Industry by the People through the Cooperative Movement .10 12. Credit Union and Cooperative Store. .05 1.75 13. The Place of Cooperation Among Other Movements ............. .25 34. Cooperative Movement (Yiddish).. .02 l.aS 30. " When the Whistle Blew " (Story, by Bruce Calvert) ............. .06 •66. International Directory of Coopera tive Organizations ............. .60 •41. Social Aspects of Farmers' Coopera tive Marketing (By Benson Y. Landis). .................... .25 •42. Co-op Homes for Europe's Homeless . 10 •49. A Way Out .................... .02 .75 .55. A Better World to Live In........ .05 .57. How a Consumers' Cooperative Dif fers from Ordinary Business.... .02 .6,0 •62. Buttons (League emblem), y$ inch diameter .................... 2.00 (63. Sign or Transparency of League Em blem. Green and gold, 8 in. diam.. .25 15.OP r67. Stock certificates, engraved, with League Emblem. Bound in books of 100, 200, or 250. •68. To Mothers ..................... .02 1.00 70. Farmers Marketing and Consumers Cooperation: An address by J. P. Warbasse.................. .10 71. International Cooperation: An ad dress by H. J. May............ .10 ONE-PAGE LEAFLETS (One Cent each; 50 Cents per 100; $2.50 per 500; $4.00 per 1,000.) (1) Principles and Aims of The Cooperative League; <20) Why Loyalty Is Necessary; (21) Cost and Crime »f Credit; (25) Resolutions Adopted by A (26) Factory Workers Cooperate!; (28) r>"' About Cooperation in Europe?; (40) Committee on Education and Recreation?, ,. and Stores; (47) A Man's Right to a Job. ^