The source of this uncorrected OCR text may be viewed in the DjVu format at: http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/5tgbi or http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/ugafax/QK488xE4/5tgbi G e t B fain Ireland BY Henry John Elwes, F.R.S. AND Augustine Henry, M.A. Edinburgh: Privately Printed ,, .-'i i THE TREES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND * f, » ** t It % -A 's» «* I Î ** %.. . J ^ ' l. " "v « •*r ' 1 '*' -l * f.1'- i: * V l v* ?; i 1r HIMALAYAN SPRUCE ON THE ROAD NEAR NAGKUNDA From a Drawing by the late Miss North *\, i T:N .t' » v I1" A' ' à r Trees . v 4 •,"'' V , of Great Britain Ireland BY Henry John Elwes, F.R.S. AND Augustine Henry, M.A. VOLUME V Edinburgh : Privately Printed MCMX k IX - i/ V CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PINUS ..... PINUS EXCELSA, HIMALAYAN BLUE PINE PINUS PEUKE, MACEDONIAN PINE . PINUS AYACAHUITE, MEXICAN WHITE PINE PINUS LAMBERTIANA, SUGAR PINE . PlNUS MONTICOLA, WESTERN WHITE PlNE . PINUS STROBUS, WEYMOUTH PINE, WHITE PINE PlNUS PARVIFLORA, JAPANESE WHITE PlNE . PINUS CEMBRA, ALPINE PINE PlNUS KORAIENSIS, KOREAN PlNE . PINUS ARMANDI .... PINUS PUMILA PlNUS FLEXILIS .... PlNUS ALBICAULIS, WHITE-BARK PlNE PlNUS BUNGEANA .... PINUS GERARDIANA, GERARD'S PINE PINUS BALFOURIANA, FOXTAIL PINE PlNUS ARISTATA, BRISTLE-CONE PlNE PlNUS MONOPHYLLA, ONE-LEAF NUT PlNE . PlNUS EDULIS .... PlNUS CEMBROIDES .... PINUS PARRYANA .... PlNUS MONTEZUM/E, MONTEZUMA PlNE PlNUS PSEUDOSTROBUS PlNUS TORREYANA .... PINUS COULTERI, COULTER'S PINE . PINUS SABINIANA, DIGGER PINE PlNUS PONDEROSA, YELLOW PlNE PlNUS TUBERCULATA, KNOB-CONE PlNE PlNUS RADIATA, MONTEREY PlNE PINUS PATULA, MEXICAN PINE PINUS TEOCOTE .... I'AGE vii IOOI ion 1014 1017 IO2O IO22 1025 1033 IO4I 1043 1045 1046 1048 1050 IO52 1054 1055 1056 1058 IOÖO I CO I 1064 1065 ICO? 1069 IO7I 1077 1079 1085 1086 111 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Contents PINUS RiGiDA, NORTHERN PITCH PINE PlNUS SEROTINA, POND PlNE PINUS PALUSTRIS, LONG-LEAF PINE, PITCH PINE PINUS TJEDA, LOBLOLLY PINE PlNUS CANARIENSIS, CANARY PlNE . PlNUS ECHINATA, SHORT-LEAF PlNE . PlNUS HALEPENSIS, ALEPPO PlNE PlNUS MURICATA, BlSHOP's PlNE PlNUS PUNGENS ..... PlNUS VIRGINIANA, JERSEY PlNE, SCRUB PlNE PINUS BANKSIANA, JACK PINE PINUS PINASTER, MARITIME PINE . PINUS PINEA, STONE PINE .... PlNUS DENSIFLORA, JAPANESE RED PlNE PlNUS MONTANA, MOUNTAIN PlNE . PlNUS CONTORTA ..... PINUS RESINOSA, RED PINE. PINUS THUNBERGII, JAPANESE BLACK PINE . CUPRESSUS ..... CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENS, MEDITERRANEAN CYPRESS CUPRESSUS TORULOSA, HIMALAYAN CYPRESS CUPRESSUS CASHMERIANA .... CUPRESSUS FUNEBRIS, CHINESE WEEPING CYPRESS . CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA, MONTEREY CYPRESS CUPRESSUS GOVENIANA, GOWEN'S CYPRESS . CUPRESSUS MACNABIANA, MACNAB'S CYPRESS CUPRESSUS LUSITANICA, MEXICAN CYPRESS . CUPRESSUS ARIZONICA .... CUPRESSUS OBTUSA, HINOKI CYPRESS CUPRESSUS PISIFERA, SAWARA CYPRESS CUPRESSUS NOOTKATENSIS, SITKA CYPRESS . CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, LAWSON CYPRESS . CUPRESSUS THYOIDES .... QUERCUS ...... QUERCUS PHELLOS, WILLOW OAK . QUERCUS CINEREA, BLUE JACK QUERCUS IMBRICARIA, SHINGLE OAK QUERCUS LEANA ..... QUERCUS HETEROPHYLLA, BARTRAM'S OAK . QUERCUS NIGRA, WATER OAK 1096 1098 1099 II04 1106 1107 1109 1113 1119 1125 1127 "34 1140 II43 1146 "51 1158 1161 1162 1165 1171 "74 1176 "83 "85 1190 "94 I20O I2IO I2IS 1228 1230 1231 1232 "35 QUERCUS MARYLANDICA, BLACK JACK QUERCUS CUNEATA, SPANISH OAK . QUERCUS ILICIFOLIA, BEAR OAK QUERCUS VELUTINA, BLACK OAK, QUERCITRON OAK QUERCUS KELLOGGII, CALIFORNIAN BLACK OAK QUERCUS RUBRA, RED OAK. QUERCUS COCCINEA, SCARLET OAK . QUERCUS PALUSTRIS, PIN OAK QUERCUS SCHNECKII .... QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA, CALIFORNIAN LIVE OAK QUERCUS WISLIZENI .... QUERCUS CRASSIPES ..... QUERCUS CERRIS, TURKEY OAK QUERCUS LUCOMBEANA, LUCOMBE OAK QUERCUS ^GILOPS, VALONIA OAK . QUERCUS CASTANEJEFOLIA, CHESTNUT-LEAVED OAK . QUERCUS MACEDONICA .... QUERCUS LIBANI ..... QUERCUS SERRATA ..... QUERCUS VARIABILIS .... QUERCUS DENTATA ..... QUERCUS ALNIFOLIA .... QUERCUS COCCIFERA, KERMES OAK . QUERCUS ILEX, ILEX OR HOLM OAK QUERCUS TURNERI, TURNER'S OAK . QUERCUS AUDLEYENSIS QUERCUS SUBER, CORK OAK QUERCUS SEMECARPIFOLIA .... QUERCUS INCANA ..... QUERCUS PHILLYRJEOIDES . QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS .... QUERCUS GLABRESCENS .... QUERCUS ALBA, WHITE OAK QUERCUS LYRATA, OVERCUP OAK QUERCUS MACROCARPA, BURR OAK . QUERCUS LOBATA, CALIFORNIAN VALLEY OAK QUERCUS BICOLOR, SWAMP WHITE OAK QUERCUS PRINUS, CHESTNUT OAK . QUERCUS MUEHLENBERGII, YELLOW OAK . QUERCUS PRINOIDES. .... v PAGE 1236 1237 1238 1239 1241 1242 1247 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1254 I259 1268 1271 1273 1274 ï2?5 1276 1277 1278 1279 1281 1288 1291 1292 1297 1298 1298 1299 1300 1301 i3°4 1306 1309 1310 1311 V O VJ The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland QUERCUS OBTUSATA . QUERCUS TOZA, PYRENEAN OAK QUERCUS CONFERTA, HUNGARIAN OAK QUERCUS MIRBECKII, ALGERIAN OAK QUERCUS PONTICA . QUERCUS MACRANTHERA QUERCUS LUSITANICA, PORTUGUESE OAK QUERCUS INFECTORIA QUERCUS GLANDULIFERA QUERCUS GROSSESERRATA QUERCUS GLAUCA QUERCUS VIBRAYEANA QUERCUS ACUTA QUERCUS DENSIFLORA QUERCUS GLABRA QUERCUS CUSPIDATA PAGE I3I2 1316 1318 1321 1322 1322 1327 1327 1328 1329 '33° Ï331 1332 I332 ILLUSTRATIONS Himalayan Spruce on the road near Nagkunda (from a drawing by the late Miss North) Frontispiece PLATE No. Sugar Pine in California . . . . . . . . .271 Sugar Pine at Eastnor Castle . . . . . . .272 Western White Pine at Murthly Castle . . . . . . -273 Japanese White Pine in Japan . . . . . . . .274 Alpine Pine in the Engadine . . . . . . . . -275 White-bark Pine in Montana . . . ... . . . .276 Foxtail Pine in California . . . . . . . . .277 Montezuma Pine at Fota . . . . . . . . .278 Coulter's Pine at Hoddesdon ... . . .279 Digger Pine at Ledbury . ... 280 Yellow Pine in Montana . . . . . 281 Monterey Pine at Cuffnells . . . . . . . . .282 Monterey Pine at Goodwood. . . . . . . .283 Monterey Pine at Muckross . . . . . . . . .284 Mexican Pine at Carclew . . . . . . . . .285 Northern Pitch Pine at Arley Castle . . . . . . . .286 Aleppo Pine in Syria ......... 287 Aleppo Pine at Margam Park . . . . . . . .288 Jack Pine in Minnesota . . . . . . . . .289 Maritime Pine at Foxley . . . . . . . . .290 Stone Pine in Portugal . . . . . . . . .291 Lodge-pole Pine at Merton Hall . . . . . . . .292 Mediterranean Cypress at Heron Court . . . . . . .293 Mediterranean Cypress near Montpellier ....... 2 93A Himalayan Cypress at Cuffnells . . . . . . . .294 Monterey Cypress in California . . . . . . . .295 Monterey Cypress at Beauport . . . . . . . .296 Monterey Cypress at Tykillen . . . . . . . .297 Monterey Cypress at Osborne . . . . . . • .298 Gowen's Cypress at Dropmore . . . . . • • -299 Mexican Cypress at Hemsted . . . . . • • .300 Portuguese Cypress at Oriel Temple . . . . . . • 301 vii The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Bentham's Cypress at Fota ..... Hinoki Cypress near Imaichi, Japan ..... Hinoki Cypress in Japan •••... Sawara Cypress at Bicton .... Sitka Cypress on Mount Rainier ... Sitka Cypress in Snohomish County, Washington ; Sitka Cypress in Nisqually Valley, Washington Sitka Cypress at Tortworth .... Lawson Cypress at Killerton . Lawson Cypress at Castlewellan White Cedar in North Carolina Water Oak at Lyndon Hall .... Black Oak at Bayfordbury .... Red Oak at Kedleston Hall ...... Pin Oak in Windsor Park .... Turkey Oak at Belton . Turkey Oak at Mamhead ..... Turkey Oak at Mamhead ..... Fulham Oak at Kew Lucombe Oak at Castle Hill Lucombe Oak at Killerton . Valonia Oak at Lyndon Hall Chestnut-leaved Oak in Algeria ; Algerian Oak in Algeria Ilex at Holkham .... Ilex Grove at Holkham Ilex at Mamhead .... Hybrid Oak at Audley End ..... Cork Oak at Mamhead .... Swamp White Oak at Lyndon Hall Pyrenean Oak at Clonmannon .... Hungarian Oak at Orton Hall Algerian Oak at Hursley Park Quercus ; leaves, etc. . Quercus ; leaves, etc. . Quercus; leaves, etc. ... Quercus; leaves, etc. . Quercus ; leaves, etc. .... Quercus ; leaves, etc. ... Quercus ; leaves, etc. ... PLATE No. 302 3°3 3°4 3°5 306 3°7 308 3°9 31° 3" 312 313 314 315 316 31? 320 32! 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 33° 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 PINUS Pinus, Linnœus, Gen. PI. 293 (ex farté) (1737); Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, ii. 121 (1755); Bentham et Hooker, Gen. PI. m. 438 (1880); Engelmann, in Trans. Acad. St. Louis, iv. 161 (1886); Masters, in fount. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xxvii. 236, 248, 258, 269, 309 (1891), xxx. 37 (1893), and xxxv. 560 (1904); Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 425 (1890), and Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 340 (1906); Shaw, in Bot. Gaz. xliii. 205 (1907). EVERGREEN trees or shrubs, belonging to the division Abietinese of the order Coni- ferœ. Bark usually thick, rough, and deeply fissured ; but in some species thin and scaly, and in a few others peeling off in thin flakes like a plane tree. Branches arising from the stem in apparent whorls. Shoots of two kinds : short shoots, which are minute spurs of limited growth, bearing the adult leaves in clusters and deciduous with them ; and long shoots, the ordinary branchlets, which continue growth. In the majority * of pines, the long shoot produced in spring is a single internode, consisting of (a) a leafless base, which bears the staminate flowers, when these are developed ; and (b) a longer upper portion bearing foliage, and ending in (c) a terminal bud, subtended by a whorl of smaller buds, one or more of which may be replaced by pistillate flowers (young cones). The buds and young cones being close to the apex of the shoot, are said to be subterminal. In the second year the mature cones and the branchlets, which have developed from the single whorl of buds of the first year, are situated beneath the base of the new shoot of the year, which has sprung from the terminal bud of the preceding season. In another group2 of pines, the long shoot produced in spring consists of two (rarely three or more) internodes, each with a leafless base, a leaf-bearing portion, and a whorl of buds (with or without young cones). The buds and young cones are in two or more whorls, and are both subterminal and lateral in position. Similarly, in the second year, the branchlets and mature cones are in two or more whorls. In young or vigorous trees of any species of either group the subterminal whorl of buds and young cones, already formed in spring, is occasionally placed in a lateral position by the development above it of a summer shoot, which is distinguished from 1 Termed uninodal pines by Shaw. 2 Multinodal pines of Shaw, who points out that when the trees are old or diminishing in vigour, they often produce shoots with only one whorl of buds, but recognisable as having two internodes by the presence of two leafless bases ; or they may, when very feeble, only develop one internode to each shoot. V IOOI B 1002 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland the normal spring shoot with long leaves and brown withered scale-leaves, by bearing short leaves with green scale-leaves. In this exceptional case, which is, however, common in certain species, the buds and cones are said to be pseudo-lateral. Buds, varying in the different species in shape and in the characters of their spirally imbricated scales, which are united together by their fringed margins or matted hairs, or are embedded in resin, their tips being erect, spreading, or reflexed. The buds are compound ; their outer scales empty and persistent at the base of the shoot, when the bud unfolds ; their inner scales enclosing minute buds, which develop into the short shoots and adult foliage (and when flower- bearing, into the staminate flowers as well). These inner scales persist on the developed branchlets as scale-leaves. Leaves of three kinds : (a) Primordial leaves, borne on seedling plants, solitary, spirally arranged, spreading, linear-lanceolate, keeled on both surfaces, serrulate. (<5) Scale-leaves, containing in their axils the short shoots and adult leaves, triangular-lanceolate, entire or fringed in margin, usually1 quickly deciduous in part, their basal portion only persisting, (c) Adult leaves, needle-like, persistent two to twenty years, in clusters of one to five (rarely six or seven), at the apex of the short shoot, serrulate or entire in margin ; section2 plano-convex in two-leaved species, triangular in three- to five-leaved species ; fibro-vascular bundle branched or simple ; resin- canals, two to twelve, marginal or median. The sheath at the base of each cluster, formed by the scales of the minute buds, is either quickly and entirely deciduous or persistent ; in the latter case usually becoming, with age, shortened, blackened, and lacerated, but in certain species dividing into segments, which become reflexed and surround the base of the leaf-bundle as a rosette. Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers,3 clustered in a head or spike at the base of the current year's shoot, ovoid or cylindrical, surrounded at the base by an involucre of scale-like bracts, composed of numerous imbricated sessile two-celled anthers ; connective crest-like, nearly orbicular ; pollen-grains with two lateral air- vesicles. Pistillate flowers or young cones, sub-terminal or lateral, solitary or in clusters, surrounded at the base by sterile bracts ; composed of two series of scales, minute carpels becoming obsolete in the ripe cone, and large ovuliferous scales, each of the latter bearing two pendulous ovules. Pollination occurs in the first year, when the scales open to receive the pollen, closing immediately afterwards ; but fertilisation, the arrival of the pollen-tube at the embryo-sac, does not occur till May or June in the second year ; in consequence the cone remains small in the first year, and increases only in size in the second year. Fruit a woody cone,4 ripening in nearly all the species6 at the end of the second 1 In the species with leaves densely crowded on the branchlets, the scale-leaves persist during the first year. 3 In P. monophylla, the section of the solitary leaf is terete. 8 Shaw, Pines of Mexico, i (1909), points out that in the Soft Pines the buds enclosing the staminate flowers are not sufficiently advanced at the end of the growing season to be distinguishable ; but in the Hard Pines they are recognisable hy their larger size. In the latter, the young staminate flowers are either (a) enclosed in the general outline of the bud, or (A) they form about the nodes of the bud characteristic enlargements, which are constant for each species. 4 The subterminal, lateral, or pseudo-lateral position of the cone referred to in descriptions of species is, as already defined above, that of the young cone in the first year. 6 In P. Pinea, P. leiophylla, and P. chihuahuana the cones take three years to ripen ; and in these the umbo of the scale shows separate growths of the first and second years. Pinus 1003 year ; symmetrical, or oblique with the scales larger on the outer side of the cone. The exposed part of each scale in the unopened cone, known as the apophysis, is thickened and shows the apex of the growth of the first year as a terminal or dorsal protuberance or scar called the umbo, which is either unarmed or provided with a sharp prickle or stout spine. The cones in most species open their scales when ripe, allowing the seed to escape ; but in P. Cembra, P. pumila, and P. albicaulis the scales are incapable of dehiscence, and the seeds are liberated by the attacks of squirrels and other animals. In other species a large proportion of the cones remain on the trees unopened for many years, the scales ultimately separating when scorched by forest fires. Usually the cones fall through decay at the insertion of their peduncle ; but in P. resinosa, P. ponderosa and P. palustris separation occurs near the base of the cone, a few of the lower scales remaining attached by the stalk to the branch. Seeds, two on each scale, obovate, triangular or cylindrical ; wing embracing by its rim-like base the sides and part of the upper surface of the seed, and either separating freely from it as in the Hard Pines, or adhering closely and breaking off from it irregularly as in P. Strobus and its allies. In certain species, the seeds of which are edible and distributed by animals, the wing, no longer serving for flight, is either reduced to a mere vestige only visible on the upper surface of the seed, as in P. Cembra and its allies, or it is much shortened and reduced to a narrow lateral rim, which usually remains on the scale when the seed falls, as in P. Pinea, P. cembroides, P. Bungeana, and their allies. In germination the shell of the seed, from which the wing has usually fallen, is raised as a hood on the top of the cotyledons,1 which vary from three to eighteen in number and are usually triangular, flat, and green below, and keeled and marked with stomata above, entire in margin, acute or mucronate at the apex. The young stem elongating bears primordial leaves, in the axils of which the adult fascicled leaves are usually produced in the second year. About eighty species of Pinus are known, distributed through the northern hemisphere from the Arctic circle to Central America, the West Indies, Canary Islands, Morocco, Algeria, Syria, Himalayas, Burmah, Philippine Islands, Sumatra, and Borneo. Of these about fifty-two species are in cultivation, which may be arranged as follows :— I. HAPLOXYLON, Koehne, Deutsche Dendrologie, 28 (1893). Soft Pines.2 Leaves with A single fibro-vascular bundle. Scale-leaves subtending the leaf-clusters inserted on prominent bases, which are not decurrent on the branchlets. Cones symmetrical, opening when ripe. Seed-wing present or obsolete, not readily detachable from the seed. Cortex persistent on young trees for many years. Walls of tracheids of medullary rays of the wood not dentate. The wood is usually soft, close-grained, and light in colour ; sap wood generally narrow. 1 The number of cotyledons in each species is variable within narrow limits, and is stated by Dr. Masters mjotirn. Linn. See. (Bet.) xxvii. 236 (1891). Cf. also Hill and de Fraine, in Ann. Bot. xxiii. 199 (1909). 8 The shoots are always uninodal in the soft pines. 1004 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland A. LEAF-SHEATH ENTIRELY DECIDUOUS. LEAVES IN FIVES. § i. STROBUS, Spach. White Pines. Leaves serrate in margin, with marginal resin-canals. Cones sub-terminal, elongated, pendulous, usually long-stalked ; scales thin, each with a terminal unarmed umbo. Seeds with long wings, closely adherent and breaking off irregularly. * Branchlets glabrous. 1. Pinus excelsa, Wal lieh. Himalayas. Seep. ion. Branchlets glaucous, green. Buds conic, shortly acuminate. Leaves 5 to 8 in. long, spreading, slender ; some sharply bent as if broken. 2. Finns Peuke, Grisebach. Balkan Peninsula. See p. 1014. Branchlets shining green. Buds ovoid, shortly acuminate. Leaves about 4 in. long, densely tufted towards the end of the shoot, and not spreading or broken as in P. excelsa. ** Branchlets pubescent. Bud-scales free at tfieir apices. 3. Pinus Ayacahuite, Ehrenberg. Mexico. Seep. 1017. Branchlets covered with a short rusty-brown pubescence. Buds ovoid, acuminate, resinous. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, spreading, occasionally bent as if broken, as in P. excelsa. *** Branchlets pubescent. Bud-scales closely appressed. 4. Pinus Lambertiana, Douglas. Oregon, California. See p. 1020. Branchlets with short brown, partly glandular pubescence. Buds cylindrical, rounded at the apex or sharp-pointed. Leaves about 4 in. long, twisted a complete turn, rigid, ending in a sharp cartilaginous point. 5. Pinus monticola, Don. Western North America. See p. 1022. Branchlets with short brown, partly glandular pubescence. Buds ovoid, acuminate. Leaves 4 in. long, slightly twisted in their upper half, blunt at the apex. 6. Pinus Strobus, Linnaeus. Eastern North America. See p. 1025. Branchlets with pubescent tufts below the insertions of the leaf-clusters, elsewhere usually glabrous. Buds ovoid, acuminate. Leaves 3 in. long, very slender, not twisted. 7. Pinusparviflora? Siebold et Zuccarini. Japan, Kurile Isles. See p. 1033. Branchlets greyish, with a scattered minute pubescence. Buds ovoid, not acuminate. Leaves 2 in. long, white on the inner surfaces, blunt at the apex. § 2. CEMBRA, Spach. Stone Pines. Leaves serrate or entire in margin, with median or marginal resin-canals. Cones sub-terminal, short-stalked; scales thickened, each with a terminal unarmed umbo. Seeds large, edible, with rudimentary or obsolete wings. 1 This species, which is variable in the length of the seed-wing, is intermediate in character, and forms a connecting link between the first two sections. Pinus 1005 * Leaves serrate, -with median resin-canals. 8. Pinus Cernera, Linnaeus. Alps, Carpathians, North-Eastern Russia, Siberia. See p. 1035. Branchlets covered with a dense orange-brown shaggy tomentum. Buds ovoid, acuminate, resinous. Leaves 2^ to 3^ in. long, with few serrations at the tip. 9. Pinus koraiensis, Siebold et Zuccarini. Amurland, Manchuria, Korea, Japan. See p. 1041. Branchlets and buds as in P. Cembra. Leaves with numerous sharp serra tions at the tip, otherwise as in P. Cembra. ID. Pinus Armandi, Franchet. China. See p. 1043. Branchlets olive green, glabrous or with minute scattered hairs. Buds with free or appressed scales. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, spreading, and often bent, as in P. excelsa. * * Leaves entire in margin, with marginal resin-canals. 11. Pinus pumila, Regel. Kamtschatka, Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Saghalien, Kurile Isles, Japan. See p. 1045. Buds and branchlets as in P. Cembra. Leaves1 also similar, but usually shorter and differing in the position of the resin-canals. 12. Pinus ßexilis, James. Western North America. Seep. 1046. Branchlets glabrous or covered with a minute brown soft pubescence. Buds ovoid, sharp-pointed, resinous. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, stout, rigid, curved, sharp-pointed. 13. Pinus albicaulis, Engelmann. Western North America. Seep. 1048. Scarcely distinguishable from P. flexilis in the absence of cones, though the branchlets apparently differ in their scattered minute stiff pubescence. B. LEAF-SHEATH ENTIRELY DECIDUOUS. LEAVES IN THREES. § 3. GERARDIAN^:, Engelmann. Plane-bark Pines. Leaves serrulate, with marginal resin-canals. Cones sub-terminal ; scales much thickened, each with a dorsal umbo. Seeds large, edible ; wing reduced to a narrow deciduous rim, remaining on the scale when the seed falls. 14. Pinus Bungeana, Zuccarini. China. Seep. 1050. Branchlets glabrous, green, smooth. Buds spindle-shaped, with scales free at their tips. Leaves 3 in. long, shining green, rigid, with the basal sheaths deciduous in the first year. 15. Pinus Gerardiana, Wallich. Western Himalayas. See p. 1052. Branchlets glabrous, green, smooth. Buds conic, acuminate, resinous. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long, duller in colour and less rigid than in P. Bungeana, with the basal sheaths deciduous in the second year. 1 In the insular form of this species, the leaves are indistinctly serrulate in margin. ioo6 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland C. LEAF-SHEATHS PARTLY DECIDUOUS, THEIR INNER PART PERSISTING AS A ROSETTE OF REFLEXED SCALES AROUND THE BASE OF THE LEAF-BUNDLE. LEAVES ENTIRE IN MARGIN. * Leaves in ßves. § 4. BALFOURIAN^, Engelmann. Fox-tail Pines. Cones sub-terminal, short-stalked,' cylindrical ; scales each with a dorsal umbo, armed with a slender prickle. Seeds with long wings, easily separable. 16. Pinus Balfouriana, Balfour. California. Seep. 1054. Branchlets stout, pubescent. Buds ovoid, acuminate. Leaves \\ in. long, without stomata on the outer surface, rigid, curved. 17. Pinus aristata, Engelmann. Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, South eastern California. See p. 1055. Differs from the preceding species in the numerous resinous exudations on the leaves, and in the cones and seeds. ** Leaves solitary or in twos, threes, or fours. § 5. CEMBROIDES, Engelmann. Nut Pines. Cones sub-terminal, sub-sessile, globose ; scales few, much thickened, each with a dorsal umbo, unarmed or with a minute prickle. Seed large, edible, with wing reduced to a narrow rim, remaining on the scale. 18. Pimis monophylla, Torrey. Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California, Lower California. See p. 1056. Leaves solitary, rigid, terete, sharp-pointed, i^ in. long, remotely placed on the branchlets. 19. Pinus edulis, Engelmann. Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Northern Mexico. See p. 1058. Leaves in twos, rarely in threes, rigid, sharp-pointed, f to \\ in. long, remotely placed on the branchlets. 20. Pinus cembroides, Zuccarini. Arizona, Lower California, Northern Mexico. See p. 1059. Leaves in threes, rarely in twos, softer and more slender than in the other species of the section, and densely crowded on the branchlets. 21. Pinus Parryana, Engelmann. Southern California, Lower California. See p. 1060. Leaves in fours, rarely in fives, \\ in. long, rigid, sharp-pointed, remotely placed on the branchlets. II. DIPLOXYLON, Koehne, Deutsche Dendrologie, 30 (1893). Hard Pines. Leaves with a divided fibro-vascular bundle. Bases of the scale-leaves sub tending the leaf-clusters, decurrent on the branchlets. Cones sometimes asymmetrical, and often remaining closed for several years after ripening ; scales always with dorsal umbos. Seed-wing present, occasionally reduced to a narrow rim ; always readily detachable from the seed. Walls of tracheids of the medullary rays of the wood not dentate. The wood is usually heavy, coarse- Pinus 1007 grained, and dark-coloured ; sapwood thick, and paler in colour than the heart- wood. D. LEAF-SHEAF PERSISTENT IN ALL THE CULTIVATED SPECIES. LEAVES ALWAYS SERRATE. a. Leaves in ßves. § 6. PSEUDOSTROBUS, Engelmann. Leaves with median resin-canals. Cones sub-terminal. Shoots uninodal. 22. Pinus Montezumœ, Lambert. Mexico, Guatemala. See p. 1061. Branchlets stout, not glaucous, reddish brown. Buds ovoid, pointed, an inch long, reddish brown, scarcely resinous. Leaves about 9 in. long ; basal sheaths i^ to 2 in. long. Scale-leaves persistent. 22A. Pinus Montezumœ, Lambert, var. Hartwegii, Engelmann. Cold regions and high altitudes of Mexico. See p. 1062. Branchlets and buds, as in the type, but the latter smaller, \ to f in. long, usually with resinous appressed scales. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long ; basal sheaths i in. long. Scale-leaves persistent. 23. Pinus pseudostrobus, Lindley. Mexico. See p. 1064. Branchlets slender, glaucous. Buds, leaves, and scale-leaves as in P. Montezumœ. 24. Pinus Torreyana, Parry. Coast of California near San Diego, and Santa Rosa island. See p. 1065. Branchlets glaucous, dull grey in the second year. Buds cylindro-conic, \ in. long ; scales pale brown with appressed points. Leaves 7 to 13 in. long, very stout ; basal sheaths an inch long. Scale-leaves deciduous. ß. Leaves in threes. § 7. TAEDA, Mayr. Leaves with median resin-canals. Cones variable in size and position. Shoots uninodal or multinodal. * Buds resinous ; points of bud-scales appressed. t Leaves more than 6 in. long. 25. Pinus Cmilteri, Don. California. See p. 1067. Branchlets stout, glaucous, remaining green in the second year. Buds ovoid, stout, acuminate or cuspidate, i to i^ in. long. Leaves 10 to 14 in. long, dark green, spreading from the upper part of the branchlets of the first and second years. 26. Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas. California. See p. 1069. Branchlets slender, glaucous, remaining green in the second year. Buds narrowly cylindrical, an inch long. Leaves 7 to 12 in. long, greyish green, spreading or drooping from the upper part of the branchlets of the first and second years. 27. Pinus ponderosa, Lawson. Western N. America. See p. 1071. Branchlets stout, reddish, not glaucous, becoming nearly black in the second ioo8 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland and third years. Buds cylindro-conic, an inch long. Leaves 6 to 10 in. long, dark green, densely crowded on the greater part of the branchlets, directed outwards and forwards. 2 7 A. Pinus ponderosa, Lawson, var. Jeffreyi, Vasey. California and Lower California. See p. 1072. Branchlets stout, glaucous, becoming dark-coloured in the second and third years. Buds stout, cylindro-conic, reddish brown, an inch long, with scales less resinous and their points more free than in the type. •\ t Leaves less than 6 in. long. 28. Pinus tuberculata, Gordon. Oregon, California. See p. 1077. Branchlets reddish brown, not glaucous. Buds cylindrical, pointed, an inch long. Leaves 4 to 5 in. long, rigid, dark green ; basal sheath \ in. long. 29. Pinus radiata, Don. Coast of California, near Monterey. Islands of Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Guadalupe. See p. 1079. Branchlets reddish brown, not glaucous. Buds cylindrical, pointed, ^ to f in. long. Leaves 4 to 5 in. long, slender, flexible and soft in texture, light green, densely crowded on the branchlets ; basal sheath \ inch long. ** Points of the bud-scales free and slightly spreading, not reflexed. 30. Pinuspatula, Schlechtendal et Chamisso. Mexico. See p. 1085. Branchlets glaucous. Buds cylindro-conic, \ to f in. long. Leaves 6 to 9 in. long, filiform, soft and very slender, drooping ; basal sheath, i in. long. 31. Pinus Teocote, Schlechtendal et Chamisso. Mexico. See p. 1086. Branchlets glaucous, the epidermis of the decurrent pulvini peeling off in the second and third years. Buds cylindro-conic, resinous, f in. long. Leaves 4 to 8 in. long, rigid, spreading ; basal sheath an inch long. 32. Pimis rigida? Miller. Eastern Canada, and North-eastern United States. See p. 1087. Branchlets not glaucous. Buds cylindro-conic, ^ to f in. long. Leaves 3^ to 4 in. long, rigid ; basal sheath f to ^ in. long. 33. Pinus serotina,1 Michaux. South-eastern and Southern United States. See p. 1090. Distinguishable from P. rigida by the different cones and longer leaves. 6 to ID in. long ; but in cultivated trees in England the leaves are as short as in that species. *** Buds non-resinous ; bud-scales with free, ßmbriated, and recurved points. The apex of the second year s branchlet is marked with a conspicuoiis sheath of the persistent recurved bud-scales. 34. Pinus palustris, Miller. South-eastern and Southern United States. See p. 1091. Branchlets stout, orange brown. Buds i^ to 2 in. long, with silvery white scales. Leaves 8 to 18 in. long, densely crowded on the branchlets ; basal sheath f to i in. long. Scale-leaves persistent. 1 Adult trees of both these species are readily recognisable by the adventitious shoots on the old branches and stems. Occasionally the buds in P. rigida are very resinous, with closely appressed scales. Pinus 1009 35. Pinus Taeda, Linnaeus. South-eastern and Southern United States. Seep. 1094. Branchlets glaucous. Buds ^ in. long, with brown scales. Leaves 6 to 9 in. long, spreading ; basal sheath nearly I in. long. Scale-leaves persistent. 36. Pinus canariensis, Smith. Canary Islands. See p. 1096. Branchlets yellow, not glaucous. Buds f in. long, with reddish brown scales. Leaves 7 to 12 in. long, densely crowded on the branchlets, slender, flexible. 7. Leaves in twos ; in one species, clusters of three leaves also occur. See § 8 and § 9. § 8. BANKSIA, Mayr. Cones lateral. Shoots multinodal, a vigorous branch showing a whorl of buds, branchlets, or cones in the middle of each year's shoot, in addition to the subterminal whorl. * Leaves in twos and in threes, on the same branch. 37. Pinus echinata, Miller. South-eastern United States. See p. 1098. Branchlets slender, brittle, glaucous, with the bark in the third year exfoliating in large flakes. Buds \ in. long, brownish, shining, with resinous appressed scales. Leaves 3 in. long, resin-canals median ; basal sheath f in. long. ** Leaves always in pairs. t Buds non-resinous, with free and reciirved points to their scales. 38. Pinus halepensis, Miller. Mediterranean region, Caucasus. See p. 1099. Branchlets glaucous. Leaves 2^ to 4 in. long; resin-canals marginal; basal sheath \ in. long. In var. Brutia the leaves are 4 to 6 in. long. 11 Buds resinous, with appressed scales. 39. Pinus muricata, Don. California. Seep. 1104. Branchlets stout, reddish brown. Buds cylindrical, f to i in. long ; scales encrusted with white resin. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, stout, rigid ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath \ in. long. 40. Pimispungens, Michaux. Alleghany Mountains. Seep. 1106. Branchlets shining brown. Buds cylindrical, f in. long. Leaves 2 to 2^ in. long, stout, rigid, very sharp-pointed; resin-canals median; basal sheath \ in. long. 41. Pinus virginiana, Miller. Eastern United States. Seep. 1107. Branchlets slender, glaucous violet. Buds cylindrical, f in. long. Leaves i^ to 3 in. long ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath T3e in. long. 42. Pimis Banksiana, Lambert. Canada, east of the Rockies ; United States, Minnesota to Maine. See p. 1109. Branchlets slender, greenish. Buds ovoid, \ in. long. Leaves i in. long ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath \ to \ in. long. § 9. PINASTER, Mayr. Cones subterminal. Shoots uninodal, a branch, even when vigorous, showing only one whorl of branchlets, buds, and cones, in each year's shoot, close to its apex. Leaves always in pairs. c V IQ i o The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland * Buds non-resinous ; bud-scales with free and recurved points. 43. Pinus Pinaster, Solander. Mediterranean region. Seep. 1113. Branchlets stout. Buds stout, spindle-shaped, pointed, f to i in. long. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long, stout, rigid ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath i in. long. 44. Pinus Pinea, Linnaeus. Mediterranean region. See p. 1119. Branchlets slender. Buds ovoid, pointed, f in. long. Leaves 4 to 5 in. long ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath -^ in. long. ** Buds resinous ; brid-scales free at the apex. Bark of upper part of the stem reddish and peeling off in thin papery scales. 45. Pinus sylvestris, Linnaeus. Europe, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Siberia. See Vol. III. p. 571. Branchlets shining, greenish. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, glaucous blue, broad and flattened ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath \ in. long. 46. Pinus densiflora, Siebold et Zuccarini. Japan. Seep. 1125. Branchlets glaucous. Buds \ in. long. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long, dull green ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long, often ending in two long narrow filaments. *** Buds resinous ; points of the bud-scales appressed. •j" Buds cylindric or spindle-shaped. Leaves i-| /0 3 in. long. 47. Pinus montana, Miller. Mountains of central and southern Europe. See p. 1127. Branchlets brown. Buds ^ to ^ in. long, very resinous. Leaves persistent 5 to IQ years, i^ to 2\ in. long; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath \ to £G in. long. 48. Pinus conforta, Loudon. Western North America. See p. 1134. Branchlets brown. Buds ^ in. long, very resinous. Leaves persistent 3 to 8 years, twisted, i^ to 3 in. long ; resin canals median ; basal sheath ^ in. long. •(••(• Buds ovoid. Leaves1 3 to 6 in. long. 49. Pinus resinosa, Solander. Eastern Canada ; United States, Minnesota to Massachussets. Seep. 1140. Branchlets orange-brown. Buds pale brown, ^ to f in. long. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long. 50. Pinus Thunbergii, Parlatore. Japan. Seep. 1143. Branchlets brown. Buds \ to f in. long, whitish. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long, rigid, sharp-pointed ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath \ in. long, ending above in two long filaments. 51. Pinus Laricio, Poiret. Southern Europe, Caucasus, Asia Minor. See Vol. II. p. 407. Branchlets brown. Buds ^ to i in. long, light brown, tinged with white. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath \ in. long. 52. Pinus leucodermis, Antoine. Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro. See Vol. II. p. 424. Branchlets glaucous. Buds \ to i in. long, dark brown. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, rigid, sharp-pointed ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath \ in. long. (A. H.) 1 They are sometimes only 2 in. long in P. leucodermis, No. 52. Pinus 101 I PINUS EXCELSA, HIMALAYAN BLUE PINE Pinus excelsa, Wallich, List 6059 (1828), and PL As. Rar. iii. t. 201 (1832); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2285 (1838); Forbes, Pinet. Woburn. 75, t. 29 (1839); Masters, Gard. Chron. xix. 244, figs. 32, 35 (1883), and Journ. Linn. Soc. (Sat.), xxxv. 581 (1904); Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 27, t. 4 (1884); Hooker, Fl. Brit. India, v. 651 (1888) ; Kent, Veitch's Man. Conifères, 328 (1900); Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 704 (1902); Brandis, Indian Trees, 689 (1906); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 20 (1909). Pinus nepalensis, De Chambray, Traité Prat. Arb. Res. Conif. 312 (1845). Pinus pendula, Griffith, Journals, 211, 237, 239, 264, 265, 287, 293 (1847). Pinus Griffith», M'Clelland, in Griffith, Notul. iv. 17 (1854), and Icon. PL Asiat, iv. t. 365 (1854). A tree, attaining in the Himalayas 150 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. Branches widely spreading ; branchlets upturned at their tips. Bark greyish brown, smooth on young trees, ultimately fissuring into small regular plates. Buds conical, elongated, shortly acuminate ; the long subulate points of the scales either free or appressed together with resin. Young branchlets glaucous, smooth, glabrous, turning olive green in winter, and dark grey in the second year. Leaves in fives, persisting for three years, 5 to 8 in. long, spreading, often bent near the base, as if broken ; slender, scarcely curved or twisted, serrulate, sharp-pointed, marked with stomatic lines on the three surfaces ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long, early deciduous. Cones solitary or two to three together, erect when young, pendulous in the second year on stalks i£ to 2 in. long ; cylindrical, 6 to 10 in. long, light brown when mature. Scales elongated-cuneate, about i^ in. long, i in. broad at the widest part ; apophysis longitudinally channelled, convex from side to side, and thickened in the centre, with rounded thin upper margin, and short pointed terminal dark coloured umbo. Seed ovoid, brown, £ to ^ in. long ; wing £ in. long, f in. wide, very oblique on the outer side, light brown, streaked with darker brown wavy lines. Cotyledons 8 to 12. This species is readily distinguishable from all the other pines with five leaves and a deciduous sheath, by its glabrous glaucous branchlets. StripedJ and one-leafed2 sports, arising in cultivation, have been described ; but appear to be unknown in England. DISTRIBUTION This species,8 known as the blue pine in India, is a native of the temperate Himalayas, at 6000 to 12,500 feet elevation, extending westward to Afghanistan and Kafiristan, and eastward to Nepal, but has not been seen in central and north-west Kumaon. It has not been found in Sikkim, but is common in Bhutan.4 According to 1 Var. zebrina, Croux, in Rev. Hort., 1889, p.392, fig. 101. Leaves marked an inch below the apex with a cream-coloured band. Originated at Sceaux in France. 2 Var. monophylla, Carrière, Conif. 398 (1867). Each sheath with apparently only one leaf, all the five leaves being welded together. 3 It was first collected by Buchanan-Hamilton near Karainhetty, in Nepal. 4 Hooker and Thomson, Fl. Indica, Introductory Essay, 178, 181 (1855), and Griffith, Journ. Mission Bootan in 1837-1838, p. 129. IQ i z The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Gamble it either forms pure woods or is mixed with other trees, such as the deodar, being accompanied at high levels by birch and silver fir, and at low elevations by Pinus longifolia. On the edges of the forest, scrub lands soon become covered with seedlings, which grow up into dense belts. These seedlings, on account of their rapid growth, soon suppress those of the deodar. Mayr1 refers to the ease with which this pine naturally regenerates itself in the Himalayas, and gives a picture of the forest with numerous seedlings. It commonly attains a height of 100 to 120 ft., with a girth of 6 to 10 ft., rarely reaching 150 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. On good soils at moderate elevations, it grows rapidly, making five rings per inch of radius ; while at high elevations on rocky soil its rate sinks to 20 to 25 rings per inch. It prefers sandy or clayey soils, though occasionally met with on limestone. In India, while easy to rear in the nursery, it bears transplanting badly ; and Gamble recommends that it should be grown in baskets, which should be used in planting out. The timber is good, next in value to that of the deodar, and is largely used in construction throughout the western Himalayas, especially in Kashmir and the Punjab. For railway sleepers it is slightly inferior to the deodar ; but for planking, doors, windows, and furniture, it is better than the timber of that tree, as it is not so brittle, and is free from the oil, which in the deodar so readily absorbs dirt. In Kangra and Kulu, it is said to be used for making tea-boxes, as it is free from strong scent.2 The wood is highly resinous, and produces turpentine and tar.2 The trees are tapped for about three years, then allowed three years' rest, when tapping is recommenced on the other side. The more resinous parts of the wood are much employed for torches, known as mashâl in Hindustani. In dry winter seasons, the leaves and twigs become covered with a copious sweet exudation, which is collected and eaten by the natives. The origin of this manna-like substance is not yet accurately determined.3 (A. H.) CULTIVATION P. excelsa was introduced into cultivation4 by Lambert, who raised many plants in 1823 at Boyton. Plants were also reared in the Chiswick Garden and in the Glasgow Botanic Garden in 1827 from seeds sent by Wallich. It is perfectly hardy in all parts of Great Britain, Mr. Palmer's tables showing only five places out of ninety-five in which it was killed by the severe winter of 1860, and in three of these the thermometer fell below zero. Two-year seedlings raised at Colesborne from Himalayan seed were uninjured in my garden in 1908 by a temperature of about zero. But judging from its comparative rarity, and the smaller size of the trees we have seen in the north of England and in Scotland, it requires the full summer heat of our climate to do it justice, nearly all the largest specimens I 1 Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 375, fig. 122 (1906). 2 Cf. Watt, Commercial Products of India, 888 (1908), who refers to Thurston, Resin and Turpentine from Indian Pines, Imp. fust. Handbook, 1893, pp. 7-19; Lawrence, Valley of Kashmir, 80 (1895); etc. 3 Cf. Madden, mjourn. Agri-Hort. Soc. India, reproduced in Indian Forester, i. 55(1875). 4 Genus Pinus, ii. 6 (1824). Pinus 1013 have seen being in the south and east, not attaining such large dimensions where the winters are very mild. It seems comparatively indifferent to soil, growing best on a good deep loam, and is one of the pines which may be planted on limestone successfully. As a rule it seems to have a tendency to fork low down, and often develops into large spreading bushy trees with several leaders, and the lower branches resting on the ground. Its growth when young is rapid, but seems to fall off very much after forty or fifty years. It is liable to be injured by wind, and requires a sheltered situation, with full sun. I am not aware that it has anywhere been tried under forest conditions, and it has no special qualities that will justify its being looked on as other than an ornamental tree. It produces seed freely, which sheds early, and in favourable situations reproduces itself naturally. REMARKAKLF TREES The best specimen as regards height and symmetry that I have seen is at Hewell Grange, near Bewdley, the seat of the Earl of Plymouth, which in 1909 measured 93 ft. by 8 ft. 4 in. There are two fine trees growing on low ground near the lake at Eastnor Castle, with tall oaks and elms near them. Mr. MuIIins, the gardener, measured these in 1909, by sending a man up the stems to near the top, and found them to be 90 ft. by 7 ft. 11 in., and 80 ft. by 8| ft. A tree at the Hendre, Monmouthshire, is said by Sir H. Maxwell1 to be 90 ft. high. A well-shaped tree near the mansion at Claremont was 81 ft. by 8 ft. in 1907. A tree at Nuneham Park was 74 ft. by 8 ft. 7 in. in 1907. A large tree forking close to the ground, where some of the branches have layered, about 60 ft. by 8 ft., is growing at Goodwood. At Ampney Crucis, near Cirencester, on the lawn of the house occupied by Mrs. Elwes, a tall slender tree was about 68 ft. by 4 ft. in 1909. At Highnam, Gloucester, a tree measured in 1906, 63 ft. by 8 ft. 5 in. At Wilton House, near Salisbury, a tree was 77 ft. by 8 ft. 3 in. in 1906. At Merton, Norfolk, there is a tall tree, dividing near the base into four stems which reach a height of 86 ft. This was raised from seed in 1861. At Munden, Watford, a fine tree is 75 ft. high, girthing 9 ft. at two feet from the ground, and dividing above into two stems. There is a very remarkable specimen at The Frythe, Welwyn, which was planted in 1846. It is 60 ft. high and 7 ft. in girth, with extremely wide spreading branches, many layering and sending up erect stems. The total circumference of the branches was 246 ft. in 1906. Mr. H. Clinton-Baker measured a tree at High Canons, Herts, 75 ft. by 7 ft. in 1908. Another is that at Barton, near Bury St. Edmunds, which measured in 1904, 87 ft. by 9 ft. 5 in. It was raised2 from seed given to Lady Napier by Wallich, and was planted out in 1843. It bore the severe winter of 1860-1861 without injury. There is a large tree at Casewick, Stamford, from which Lord Kesteven 1 Green, Encyl. Agr. iii. 280 (1908). z Bunbury, Arboretum Notes, 131 (1889). i o 14 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland has raised numerous seedlings. At Wimpole, near Cambridge, a well-shaped tree measured 63 ft. by 7 ft. 3 in. in 1909. In Wales the largest I have seen is an ill-grown tree, at Maesllwch Castle, forking at the ground, where it was 10 ft. 10 in. in girth in 1906. In Scotland the finest tree1 is probably one at Smeaton-Hepburn, planted in 1839, which was 76 ft. high in 1902, with a trunk 12 ft. in girth at two feet from the ground, dividing above into three stems. At Keir, Perthshire, a fine tree measured 67 ft. by 6 ft. 3 in. in 1903. At Galloway House, Wigtownshire, there is a healthy tree, about 40 ft. in height. In Ireland, there is a fine wide-spreading tree at Kilruddery, near Bray, which in 1904 measured 65 ft. by 9 ft. 4 in. There are also good specimens at Castle- martyr. At Brockley Park, Queen's County, a tree, dividing into several stems near the base, was 64 ft. high in 1907. At Emo Park, Portarlington, another measured, in the same year, 66 ft. by 6 ft. 9 in. Sargent2 says that in New England it is hardy though short-lived ; but there are large, healthy cone-bearing trees in Central Park, New York, and near many cities of the middle states. (H. J. E.) PINUS PEUKE, MACEDONIAN PINE Pinus Peuke, Grisebach, Spicileg. Flor. Rumel. ii. 349 (1844); Christ, in Flora, xlviii. 257, t. 2 (1865); Boissier, Flora Orientalis, v. 698 (1884); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xix. 244, figs. 33, 34 (1883), and w.Journ. Linn. Soc. (£of.), xxii. 205, figs. 30, 31 (1887), and xxxv. 581 (1904); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 357 (1900) ; Beck von Mannagetta, Vegetationsverhält. Illyrischen Ländern, 363-365 (1901); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 42 (1909). Pinus excelsa, J. D. Hooker, Joitrn. Linn. Soc. (Sot.), viii. 145 (1864) (not Wallich). Pinus excelsa, Wallich, var. Peuce, Beissner, Nadelholzkunde, 286 (1891). A tree, attaining in Bulgaria 100 ft. in height and 7 ft. in girth, narrowly pyramidal in habit. Bark similar to that of P. excelsa. Buds ovoid, shortly acum inate, about § in. long, brown, resinous ; scales with long subulate free points. Young branchlets smooth, glabrous, shining green, becoming brownish grey in the second year. Leaves in fives, persistent two or three years, about 4 inches long, directed for wards and slightly outwards, not widely spreading or bent as in P. excelsa, slender, straight, not twisted, serrulate, sharp-pointed, marked with stomatic lines on all three surfaces ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long, early deciduous. Cones on short (less than \ in.) stalks, subterminal, spreading or pendulous, green before ripening, brown when mature, cylindric, tapering to a blunt apex, 4 to 6 in. long, i^ to 2 in. in diameter. Scales broadly cuneate, thin, i£ to \\ in. long, f in. broad ; apophysis slightly rounded or almost straight in the thin bevelled upper margin, raised in the centre and marked exteriorly with longitudinal channels, convex from side to side, ending in a small dark-coloured depressed umbo. Seed 1 Cf. Hist. Berwickshire Nat. Club, xviii. 211 (1904). * Garden and Forest, x. 461 (1897). Pinus 1015 similar to that of P. excelsa, but with a shorter broader wing, which has finer, closer, and straighter longitudinal veins. Specimens from the Balkans, with shorter thinner leaves than those first described from Mt. Peristeri, were distinguished by Dr. Christ as var. vermiculata^ ; but such trivial and inconstant differences scarcely deserve a varietal name. This species is closely allied to P. excelsa, but differs remarkably in the narrow pyramidal habit seen both in cultivation and in Bulgaria, where, as Velenovsky states, natural woods look exactly like plantations of Weymouth pine. It has shorter stiffer leaves, more or less appressed to the branchlets, and not spreading or bent as in P. excelsa. The green glabrous branchlets distinguish P. Peuke from all other species of the Strobus and Cembra sections. DISTRIBUTION This pine has a limited distribution, being confined to three small areas, in Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Montenegro. The largest of these is on the confines of Bulgaria and Macedonia, where the tree is known as Mura, and occurs on the Rilo Mountains, on the Mussala Mountain in the Rhodope range, and in the Perim range in Macedonia. Here it forms woods of considerable extent, which extend low down into the valleys, where it is mixed with Pinus sylvestris, and ascend up to the alpine zone, where it is associated with Pinus montana, var. mugh^ls. Accord ing to Velenovsky,2 trees 100 years old are growing on the Rilo and Mussala Moun tains, which are 100 ft. in height and 5 to 7 ft. in girth. There are specimens in the Kew herbarium, which were collected on the Rilo Mountains in June 1899 by Elwes. The second area of distribution is confined to Mt. Peristeri, above Monastir (lat. 41°, long. 21°), where the species was first discovered in 1839 by Grisebach. The small forest on this mountain, situated on granite soil between 2400 and 5800 ft. altitude, consisted of pines growing rather scattered amongst a dense undergrowth of juniper, and of no great size, scarcely exceeding 40 ft. in height at the lower levels, and becoming mere bushes, 4 ft. in height, at the higher elevations. Orphanides rediscovered the tree on Mt. Peristeri in 1863, and records it as growing between 3000 and 6000 ft. altitude. Halacsy3 is of opinion that its occurrence on the mountains of northern Thessaly is probable, but as yet uncertain. The third locality is in Montenegro, close to the Albanian frontier, where the tree is known as Molika, and occupies a narrow strip of territory, about 22 miles in length, extending from west to east through the mountains, in which the river Lim takes it origin. It is recorded from the high ridge between the valleys of the Perucica and Vermosa rivers in the Kom Mountains, and on the Zeletin, Zjekirica, and Sekular Mountains. According to Beck, the tree is not found on the north Albanian Alps, as these are composed of limestone, on which it never grows in the wild state. In Montenegro it is not much affected by the great differences in climate throughout its extensive range of elevation, 2600 to 6300 ft., in which three species of juniper are found, each confined to a distinct zone of altitude. It assumes a bushy 1 Ex Beissner, Nadelhobku»de, 286 (1891). * Flora Bulgaria, 518 (1891), and ibid., Suppl. \. 333 (1898). 3 Consf. Flora: Graf a, iii. 451 (1904). ioi6 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland habit both at the lower levels and on the highest parts of the mountains, and never forms pure woods, growing scattered amidst other trees, and only attaining 30 to 45 ft. in height. CULTIVATION This species was introduced by Orphanides, who gathered ripe seeds on Mt. Peristeri in 1863, which were distributed by Messrs. Haage and Schmidt1 of Erfurt. Through the kind offices of Pierce O'Mahony, Esq., I received a large quantity of seed from King Ferdinand of Bulgaria in April 1908. This has been widely dis tributed to different friends throughout England, Ireland, and Scotland. Most of it was tardy in germination, and the seed came up irregularly, some not germinating until igog.2 The finest tree known to us in England is one at Bicton, which, when measured by Elwes in 1906, was 42 ft. high by 3 ft. 8 in. in girth, and was bearing cones. There is also a good one at Grayswood, 36 ft. by 3^ ft., planted in 1881 ; and one at The Heath, Leighton Buzzard, 37 ft. by 2 ft. 10 in., both measured by Mr. A. B. Jackson in 1908. A group of healthy trees are growing in Kew gardens, near the Isleworth Ferry gate, which were raised from seed of the original importation sown in 1864. These trees have a thriving appearance, and the largest one measured, in 1909, 42^ ft. by 3 ft. lo in. At Westonbirt there are several trees 30 to 35 ft. in height and a foot in diameter, growing beside a tree of P. monticola, about 50 ft. high and 15 in. in diameter, which was planted at the same time. There are two trees at Galloway House, Wigtownshire, the larger of which measured, in 1908, 48 ft. by 4 ft. 9 in. ; and a smaller tree is growing at Ochtertyre, Perthshire. According to Mayr, P. Peuke is as fast in growth and as hardy in Germany as the Weymouth pine. It has withstood without injury the severe temperature of — 22° Fahr, at Grafrath, near Munich, and for so far has not been attacked by Açaricus melleus. It may possibly also be immune to the pine blister (Peridermium Strobî), which is so destructive to the Weymouth pine in many places on the con tinent. For these reasons Mayr is inclined to recommend the immediate planting in Germany of P. Peuke in place of the Weymouth pine. Elwes saw in the nursery of Regel and Kesselring at St. Petersburg in 1908 young trees of P. Peuke which on damp and sandy soil had attained 12 ft. high in twelve years, and had resisted 30 degrees centigrade of frost without injury. It seems, therefore, likely to become a valuable forest tree in central Europe. In New England this species8 is quite hardy in the Arnold Arboretum, where, however, Sargent says that it is a slow-growing tree of no especial ornamental value. (A. H.) 1 A letter of Haage and Schmidt to Lindley concerning the first seed of this pine, and dated nth January 1864, is preserved in the Cambridge Herbarium. z Mr. Storie reports from Highclere that about 300 plants came up in April 1909. 3 Garden and Forest, x. 461 (1897). Pinus 1017 PINUS AYACAHUITE, MEXICAN WHITE PINE Pinus Ayacahuite? Ehrenberg, ex Schlechtendal, in Lintuea, xii. 492 (1838); Loudon, Etuycl. Trees, 1023 (1842); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xviii. 492, f. 83 (1882), in Lawson, Pinetum Brit. \. 9, t. 2 (1884), and in Jmcrn. Linn. Soc. (Hot.) xxxv. 579 (1904); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 311 (1900); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 8 (1909); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 9, t. iv. (1909). A tree attaining in Mexico 100 ft. or more in height and 12 ft. in girth, and in cultivation resembling P. excelsa in habit. Bark rough and scaly on old trees. Buds reddish brown, resinous, ovoid, acuminate, about \ in. long ; scales with long acuminate tips, usually free and directed upwards. Young branchlets covered with a short brown pubescence, occasionally confined to the parts below the insertions of the leaves ; older branchlets glabrescent, and bright brown or greyish in colour. Leaves in fives, spreading, usually persistent for three years, very slender or filiform, 4 to 8 in. long, serrulate, sharp-pointed, straight, scarcely twisted ; outer surface green, with two or three short stomatic lines near the top ; inner flat surfaces, each with three or four continuous white stomatic lines ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long, early deciduous. Cones sub-terminal, pendent, solitary, or in pairs, on stalks about \ in. long, ovoid - cylindrical, often curved, gradually narrowing towards the obtuse apex, 8 to 18 in. long, 2^ to 6 in. wide towards the base, pale brown and resinous when mature. Scales about 2 or 3 in. long, and i to i^ in. wide ; apophysis rhomboidal or triangular, reflexed, ending in a swollen, rounded, inflexed or reflexed resinous tip. Seed ovoid, compressed, f in. long, brownish, mottled with dark streaks or spots ; wing oblong, narrow, oblique, about f in. long, pale brown, with longitudinal darker streaks. This species so closely resembles P. excelsa in habit and foliage that possibly some of the trees passing under the latter name in cultivation may belong to it, but it is readily distinguished by the more slender leaves and the pubescent branchlets, which have in cultivated trees a reddish brown colour. It is quite distinct in cones and seeds. VARIETIES This pine varies extremely in the size and shape of the cones, seeds, and seed- wings, and according to Shaw, comprises three distinct geographical races, which are however connected by numerous intermediate forms :— 1. Typical form, described above. Seed with a long narrow wing. Prevalent in Guatemala and the southern states of Mexico. 2. Var. Veitchii, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 10, t. v. (1909). Pinus Veitchii, Roezl,2 Cat. Gr. Conif. Mex. 32 (1857). Pinus Bonapartea, Roezl, in Gard. Chron. 1858, p. 358; Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 12 (1909). Pinus Loudoniana, Gordon, Pinetum, 230 (1858). 1 Roezl's P. durangensis is probably typical P. Ayacahuitc. z P. Don Ptdri, P. hamata, and P. Pofofatefetlt, names given to certain cones by Roezl, belong to this variety. V D ioi8 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Cones larger, as a rule, than in the type. Seed larger, ^ in. long, ovoid, com pressed, dark brown or blackish ; wing short and broad, about \ in. long and wide, dark brown in colour. Prevalent in the central states of Mexico.1 3. Var. brachyptera, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, n, t. vi. (1909). Pinus strobiformis, Engelmann, in Wislizenus, Tour N. Mexico, 102 (1848). Differs from the type, according to Shaw, in the larger seeds, with extremely short wings. Occurs in the states of Durango and Chihuahua, in northern Mexico. DISTRIBUTION This pine, according to Shaw, is a native of cool temperate altitudes in Central America, and extends from Guatemala throughout Mexico to the borders of the United States. The typical form of the species was discovered2 by Ehrenberg in 1836 in Mexico, who found trees 100 feet high at Omitlan, near Hacienda de Guerrero, and appears to be common in Oaxaca, particularly on the higher points of the Cumbre Mountains and on Mount Pelado. Hartweg found it in Guatemala, where he observed dead trees on the volcano Xetul, near Quezaltenango, at 10,000 ft. elevation. Var. Veitchii was discovereds by Roezl on the Sierra Madre range at 8600 ft. and at Tenango, and also on the eastern side of Mt. Popocatepetl at 11,000 to 12,000 ft., where it grows abundantly on the borders of deep ravines, never descending into the depths of the gorges, or ascending much above them. Here the winters are dry, the temperature descending to 10° to 14° Fahr., but the summers are long and warm. It is known to the Mexicans as Ayacahuite Colorado, or red pine, on account of the excellence of its timber. Var. brachyptera was discovered on the mountains of Cosihuiriachic in the province of Chihuahua, at about 8000 ft. elevation, where, according to Engelmann, it is a large tree, 100 to 130 ft. in height, with short leaves 2^ to 3 inches long, and very resinous cones about 10 in. in length. This northern form does not appear to have been introduced into cultivation. (A. H.) CULTIVATION The typical form of the species was introduced into the Chiswick garden of the Horticultural Society by Hartweg in 1840, and seeds were again sent to this country by Roezl in 1857. It is comparatively rare in cultivation, and appears to succeed best in the south-west and west of England, Palmer's frost tables4 showing that it was killed in 1860 at Thorpe Perrow in Yorkshire, and at Highnam Court in Gloucestershire. At Westonbirt a tree, which produces cones freely, from the seed of which numerous seedlings have been raised at Kew and Glasnevin, measured in 1909, 62 ft 1 Engelmann, in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Set. iv. 178 (1886), considered this variety to be a distinct species (P. Bona- partea), with stout leaves, showing on section seven resin-canals ; while P. Ayacahmte has more slender leaves with only two resin-canals. The number of resin-canals, however, is variable, two to eight being found by Shaw in wild specimens ; and this character alone cannot be relied on for the discrimination of the type and var. Veitchii. 2 Cf. Loudon, Card. Mag. xv. 129 (1839). 3 Cf. Card. Chron. xxi. 769 (1884). 4 Masters, in Lawson, Pinetnm Brit. loc. cit. Pinus 1019 by 6 ft. 8 in. It is pyramidal in habit, with slightly ascending branches. I have raised seedlings from this tree which appeared to me to be hardy, as they endured very severe frosts in early autumn and late spring. Planted, however, on rather heavy soil in a low situation, they succumbed to a frost certainly below zero in the winter of 1908-1909. The tree seems to endure lime in the soil without injury, and may be planted in a dry sunny position in most parts of England. Another large tree is growing at Beauport, Sussex, and was 55 ft. high and 8 ft. in girth in 1904. At a distance this tree is indistinguishable from P. excelsa, having the wide-spreading branches and upturned branchlets which are usual in that species. It bears cones freely, but had increased little in size when seen in 1909. There is a fine specimen at Bicton, which Mr. H. Clinton-Baker measured in 1908 as 65 ft. by 7 ft. 8 in. At Batsford Park, Gloucestershire, the seat of Lord Redesdale, there are two trees, the larger measuring 42 ft. by 3 ft. The other, more dense in habit and with less spreading branches, is scarcely so tall, and is 2 ft. ID in. in girth. In Shroner wood, near Winchester, at 450 feet elevation, there is a narrow pyramidal tree, 51 ft. by 3 ft. 8 in., which was bearing ripe cones in February [910. Mr. E. L. Hillier, who has sent us specimens, stated that this tree was planted in 1889, and is making very rapid growth. Another in Messrs. Paul and Son's nursery at High Beech, Essex, which was planted probably in 1850-55, is only 30 ft. by 2 ft. 8 in. It survived the severe winter of 1860, which killed a deodar standing beside it; but subsequent hard winters have much damaged the stem on the north side. It bore cones1 9 in. long in 1882, and in subsequent years up to 1903, but the seeds proved unfertile when sown. At Grayswood, Haslemere, trees of this species, growing on light sandy soil, succumbed to the attack of a fungus which affects Weymouth pine in that neighbour hood. Var. Veitchii was introduced in 1857 by Roezl, who gave it many specific names. It is extremely rare in cultivation in England, where, however, it thrives in the mild humid climate of the west and south-west. The largest tree2 known to us is growing at Heligan, near St. Austell, Cornwall, in the grounds of John Tremayne, Esq., who informed us in 1906 that it was then 60 ft. in height and 8 ft. 6 in. in girth. It measured in 1909, 66 ft. by 9 ft. 8 in. at 3 ft. above the ground, dividing above into several main stems. Another tree,3 cones of which are preserved in the museum at Kew, is growing at Ballamoar, in the Isle of Man. According to Dr. Teilet, of Ramsey, who sent a specimen branch, it was about 40 ft. high and 4 ft. 8 in. in girth in 1906. At Eastnor Castle a thriving specimen, about 35 feet high, produced cones with apparently fertile seeds in 1908; and the gardener, Mr. Mullins, believes that it was planted about twenty-five years ago. (H. J. E.) 1 Figured in Gard. Chron. xviii. 492, fig. 83 (1882). * Described and figured as P. Ayacahuite in Card. Chron. xx. 748, figs. 131, 132 (1896), when it was said to be 49 ft. high and 7 ft. in girth. 3 Cf. Gard. Chron. vi. 599 (1889), and Garden, xxxii. 47 (1887). Dr. Tellet's letter was kindly forwarded to me by the owner, Mrs. Farrant. The soil is sandy—glacial drift containing clay. The tree is supposed to have been planted between 1857 and 1860. 1020 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PINUS LAMBERTIANA, SUGAR PINE Pinus Lambertiana, Douglas, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 500 (1827); Loudon, Arb. et frut. Brit. iv. 2288 (1838); Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 47, t. 7 (1884); Masters, in Gard. Chron. i. 772, f. 144 (1887), and mjourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 578 (1904); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 27, tt. 542> 543 (l897). and Trees N. Amer. 5 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 336 (1900); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 29 (1909); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 12 (1909). A tree, attaining in Americal about 250 ft. in height, and 40 ft. in girth. Bark of young stems and branches smooth, thin, dark green ; becoming on old trunks 2 or 3 in. thick and deeply divided into long irregular scaly ridges. Buds cylindrical, rounded at the apex or short-pointed, 5 in. long, brownish, resinous, with closely, partly glandular appressed scales. Young branchlets smooth, covered with a minute brown, partly glandular pubescence. Leaves in fives, deciduous in the second and third year, 3^ to 4 in. long, rigid, sharp-pointed, twisted, making a complete turn, serrulate, with two or three stomatic lines on each of the three surfaces ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long, early deciduous. Cones sub-terminal, cylindrical, 11 to 21 in. long, 3 to 4 in. in diameter when closed; scales woody, 2 to 2^ in. long, i^ to if in. wide, thickened towards the middle line, thin in margin, flat or slightly convex from side to side ; apophysis smooth, orange-brown, slightly reflexed at the apex, which is marked with a small thickened resinous umbo. Seed ^ in. or more in length, ovoid, compressed, dark- brown or nearly black ; wing i to 2 in. long, ^ in. broad, dark-brown, oblique and broadest below the middle. Cotyledons twelve to fifteen. This species is very variable in the size of the cones, and of the seeds, which often have very long wings.2 It is readily distinguished from all the other pines of the Strobus section by the rigid leaves, which are sharp-pointed and twisted, the twist making a complete turn. DISTRIBUTION The sugar pine is the largest species of the genus, and derives its name from the sugar3 which exudes from wounds that have been made in the heartwood. It is found in Oregon, from the valley of the Santiam river southward along the Cascade and Coast ranges, at elevations of 3000 to 4000 ft. ; and extends in California through the Siskiyou and Coast mountains to Napa county/ and along the western side of 1 Dr. W. P. Gibbons, in Erythea, i. 161 (1893), says that he has seen a sugar pine 12 ft. in diameter, the height of which was 300 ft. ; and another 8 ft. thick, the measurement of which when felled was something over 300 ft. 2 Sargent, Trees N. Amer. 5 (1905), says that the seeds are lj to 5 in. long, but this is evidently a misprint for IJ to 2 in. 3 This sugar exudation is often found on the surface of the heartwood where a forest fire has scarred the tree. It is white in colour and delicious to the taste, but can only be eaten in small quantity as it is laxative, and bears are said never to touch it. Cf. Muir, in Harpers Magazine, xxii. 717. 4 Jepson, Flora W. Mid. California, 20 (1901), says that it forms considerable forests in the high Coast ranges north of Clear Lake, where there are magnificent specimens, 150 to 175 ft. high and 22 ft. in girth. The record in Sonoma County, given in Erythea, iv. 152, needs confirmation. Jepson reports it in the Santa Lucia mountains. Pinus 1021 the Sierra Nevada at least 200 miles farther south, where it attains its maximum size at 3000 to 7000 ft. high. It also grows in the southern part of the state in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca mountains ; and was discovered by Brandegee on Mount San Pedro Martir in Lower California. It is seldom found growing pure, occurring usually in open woods in company with P. ponder osa, and is most common on mountain slopes and on the sides of ravines and canons. Douglas fir, Libocedrus, Sequoia gigautea, and Abies Lowiana are also often associated with the sugar pine. This pine is remarkable in its appearance in the forests on account of the long outward and downward sweep of the branches, the first of which often arise at loo ft. above the ground. Sir Joseph Hooker, who gives a picture of a tree growing near the hotel at Calaveras, not far from the Wellingtonia grove, says2 that the droop ing attitude of the leaves towards the under side of the branches near their tips is very characteristic. The largest tree recorded seems to have been one near the Umpqua river in Oregon found by Douglas,3 which was 245 ft. in length, as it lay on the ground, girthing at 3 ft. from the ground 57 ft. 9 in- and at 134 ft. up no less than 17 ft. 5 in. Mr. F. R. S. Balfour photographed a fine tree, 27 ft. in girth at 5 ft. from the ground, which was growing near the bend on the M'Cloud river in Shasta County, California. (Plate 271.) Like all travellers, he was much impressed by the size' and number of the cones which hung from the ends of the tapering branches. He says that the tree matures at 300 to 400 years old, though trees have been felled with as many as 700 rings. (A- H-) CULTIVATION This noble pine was discovered8 by Douglas in 1825 on the headwaters of the Multnomah river in Oregon ; and was introduced by him in 1827, when plants were raised in the garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick, most of which, how ever, according to Loudon, died before they had attained 5 ft. in height. Lobb4 collected a further supply of seed in 1851. Though rather slow in growth, this pine appears to be hardy, and is represented by single specimens in a few collections, more especially in the south of England. A tree at Dropmore raised from seed given to Lady Grenville by the Duke of Buccleuch in 1843, bore cones for the first time5 in 1872; and occasionally in subsequent years, thrice in the last eight years. Mr. Page measured it in 1908 as 85 ft. by 10 ft., and says that occasionally the cones are as much as 18 in. in length. There are two younger trees at Dropmore which have not as yet borne cones. A fine tree at Arley Castle, also raised from the seed sent by Douglas, measured6 91 ft. by IG ft. 8 in. in 1903 ; and so far as Mr. Woodward can ascertain has never borne cones. There is a well-shaped tree at Eastnor Castle (Plate 272), which occasionally bears cones, 83 ft. by 10 ft. in 1909. 1 Cf. Zoe, iv. 201 (1893). 2 In Card. Chron. xxiii. u, fig. i (1885). 3 Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 92, 130 (1836). 4 Hortus Veitchii, 39 (1906). According to Loudon, Card. Mag. xvii. 429 (1841), Dr. M'Laughlin sent home a parcel of cones in 1841 from Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia river ; but it is unknown whether any trees were raised from these. 6 Card. Chron. 1872, p. 1166. 6 Hortus Arleyensis, 14(1907). 1022 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland A splendid tree at Danesbury, near Welwyn, Herts, measured 90 ft. by 10 ft. 4 in. in 1907, and produced cones for the first time in 1897. There are several other good specimens in the same county ; two trees at Brickendon Grange, the larger of which was 49 ft. by 4 ft. 10 in. in 1906, when it bore cones; another at Bayfordbury which measured 64 ft by 7 ft. 3 in. in 1905, and has borne cones of late years. At Nuneham Park, Oxford, a fine tree measured 75 ft. high and 10 ft. 9 in. in girth in 1906. Mr. H. Clinton-Baker in 1907 saw a tree at Flitwick Manor, Bedford, 72 ft. by 7 ft. 6 in., which was bearing numerous young cones. Sir Hugh Beevor reports a tree at Fulmodestone, Norfolk, said to have been planted about 1851, which was 60 ft. by 6 ft. 5 in. in 1903. A tree1 at Barton, Suffolk, measured 65 ft. by 10 ft. in 1905. The best specimen in Kew Gardens measured 63 ft. by 4 ft. 7 in. in 1903. A fine tree, measuring 74 ft. by 7^ ft. in 1908 when it produced cones, grows in the grounds of Bowood Park, Wilts, the seat of the Marquess of Lansdowne. It is said to have been planted about the year 1838. The following were the only trees of the species mentioned in the reports2 sent to the Conifer Conference in 1891 :—Revesby Abbey, Lincolnshire, forty- three years old, 50 ft. high, 6 ft. 8 in. in girth ; Poltalloch, Argyllshire, 45 ft. high, 9 ft. in girth, said to be growing vigorously. Murray reported3 in 1860 that a fine tree, now no longer living, in the Keillour Pinetum, had produced cones for several years past. This is remarkable, if true, as this species, rare in Scotland, appears to bear fruit only in the south of England. In Ireland it is not common, the best I know of being a tree at Woodstock, which in 1909 was 62 ft. by 6 ft. A tree in the Wellesley Pinetum,4 Massachusetts, U.S.A., was 27 ft. high in 1905 ; but Sargent says that although hardy as far north as Boston, it is not worth growing in New England except as a curiosity. (H. J. E.) PI N US MONTICOLA, WESTERN WHITE PINE Pinus monticola, Don, in Lambert, Genus Pinus, ii. t. 81 (1832), and iii. t. 87 (1837); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2291 (1838); Sargent, Suva N. Amer. xi. 23, tt. 540, 541 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 5 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 349 (1900); Masters, Joiirn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 580 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 36 (1909). Pinus Stratus, Linnœus, var. monticola, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 118 (1849). Pinusporphyrocarpa, Murray, in Lawson, Pinetum Brit. i. 83, ff. 1-8 (1884). Pinus Grozelieri, Carrière in Rev. Hort. 1869, p. 126, f. 31. A tree, usually attaining in America 100 ft. in height and 15 ft. in girth, rarely as high as 150 ft., with a trunk 25 ft. in girth. Bark of young stems and branches thin, smooth, and light grey, becoming on old trees i^ in. in thickness and divided 1 There is no record of this tree in Bunbury, Arboretum Notes. 2 Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. xiv. 492, 503 (1892). A tree at Keir, Perthshire, incorrectly reported (ibid. 531)10 be P. Lambertiana, turns out to be P. Strobus. 3 In Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. vi. 370 (1860). 4 Sargent, Pin. Wellesley, IO (1905). Pinus 1023 by fissures into small square scaly plates. Buds, as in P. Strobus, but larger. Branchlets, covered with short, brown, partly glandular1 pubescence, retained in part in the second year. Leaves, in fives, slightly spreading, dense upon the branchlets, persistent for three or four years, about 4 in. long, often only 2 to 3 in. long in native specimens, rigid, broader and thicker than in P. Strobus, serrulate, narrowed but blunt at the apex, with several stomatic lines on the inner surfaces, and two to three broken lines of stomata on the outer surface near the tip ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath about f in. long, early deciduous. Cones spreading, on short stout incurved stalks, cylindrical ; very variable in length in wild specimens, averaging 5 to 8 in., occasionally 12 and rarely 18 in.; in cultivated specimens usually about 5 in. Scales thin, oblong-cuneate, averaging i^ in. long and f in. broad ; apophysis rounded and thin in upper margin, slightly convex from side to side, and tipped with a small dark-coloured resinous umbo. Seed narrowed at the end, ^ in. long, reddish brown, mottled with black ; wing about i in. long, narrow, pointed, dark brown. Cotyledons 6 to 9. The cones are usually green in colour before ripening, but a tree at Glenalmond in Scotland produced purple cones and has been named var. porphyrocarpa, Masters.2 (A. H.) DISTRIBUTION This tree represents P. Strobus in the Pacific coast region of North America, where it occurs in the north in Vancouver Island, in the Columbia river valley, and on the Selkirk range in British Columbia ; and extends southwards to Idaho, where it attains its maximum size in the Bitter Root Mountains, and to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains in northern Montana ; and is found throughout the coast ranges of Washington and Oregon, and on the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges as far as the Kern river valley in California. It descends8 to sea-level in Vancouver Island, ascends in the Selkirks to 2500 ft., and reaches 10,000 ft. altitude in the Californian Sierras, where trees with enormous stems and short twisted branches withstand for centuries the fiercest mountain gales.4 It does not often grow as pure forest, but wherever I have seen it, is mixed with other conifers, and most abundant in regions where there is a heavy rainfall, though usually not a large tree in comparison with others in the same region, and commonly about loo ft. high. Sargent gives 150 as its extreme height, and Sheldon says 100 to 200 ft. I measured at 1650 ft. elevation near Camp 6 of the Victoria Lumber Company at Chemainus in Vancouver Island, a tree which was at least 200 ft. high by 13^ ft. in girth, with a stem clear of branches to 80 or 90 ft. It is not abundant 1 Some of the hairs are tipped with a globose gland. 2 In/«««, /?. Hort. Soc. xiv. 235 (1892). This is P. porphyrocarfa. Murray, in Lawson, Pin. Brit. i. 83 (1884). 3 Throughout the greater part of its range, it occurs at considerable altitudes, and though in south-western Vancouver Island it grows sparingly through the coast forest, it is more abundant at 500 ft. where the fogs are less and the summer days are warmer. Close to the sea, trees are usually somewhat stunted. Cf. Butters, in Postclsia, Year Book of the Minnesota Seaside Station, 1906, p. 160. 4 Garden and Forest, x. 460 (1897). In this journal, v. I, figs. I and 2 (1892), there are two excellent illustrations of trees of great age, growing in an exposed situation in the Yosemite valley. 1024 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland here, and though occasionally cut up in the sawmills, does not form an important item in the timber resources of British Columbia. According to Macoun and Anderson* the wood is used for the same purposes as eastern white pine. It is useful for window-sashes, doors, powder barrels, and similar work, but being a white and very light wood it is unfit for outside work and decays rapidly in contact with the ground. In north-western Montana, this species does not ascend above 4000 ft. and never crosses the continental divide. It is of rather rare occurrence in the Flathead region where scattered trees grow in the mixed forest, which is mainly composed of western larch and Douglas fir. It thrives best on moist soil, but on swampy ground has shallow roots and is often blown down. Seedlings2 germinate in the open, where the soil is not too dry ; but they bear a certain amount of shade, though they are never seen under the dense cover of Thuya plicata or Tsuga Albertiana. CULTIVATION Though discovered by David Douglas in 1831 and introduced by him soon afterwards, the tree did not become common in England until Lobb and others sent seeds in quantity between 1851 and 1855. It seems to be perfectly hardy as regards cold everywhere, but does not succeed as well in England generally as in Scotland, and even there it seems very subject to the attacks of a rust which was identified by Mr. W. G. Smith as Peridermiumpini? and which is described by Mr. J. Laurie, gardener at Murthly Castle, as spreading over all the trees there, but not attacking P. Strobus which grows close by. From what I have seen elsewhere this or a similar rust has destroyed other trees in different parts of the country. It seems to succeed best in the wetter parts of Scotland, and to dislike lime, as the seedlings I have raised will not grow at Colesborne. It cannot be recommended on our present knowledge as a forest tree in this country. Among the finest I have measured in England are those at Adhurst St. Mary near Petersfield, the seat of Miss Bonham Carter, where in 1908 I measured a tree growing on the lower greensand which was 78 ft. by 5^ ft. At Barton, in 1904, a tree with three leaders was 79 ft. by 8 ft. It was planted in i8484 and bore cones in 1864. At Beauport, two trees, 81 ft. by 7 ft. and 68 ft. by 7^ ft, were healthy and covered with cones in 1905. At Enville Hall, Staffordshire, Henry saw a beautiful glaucous tree which in 1904 was 77 ft. by 6 ft. At Kew, a tree on the lawn north-west of the Water Lily house, planted in 1843, measured in 1903, 63 ft. by 5 ft. i in.5 At Highnam, Major Gambier Parry in 1906 measured a tree 64 ft. 1 Brit. Columbia, Bureau Inform., Bull. No. 15, p. 239 (1903). 2 Cf. Whitford, in Bot. Gaz. xxxix. 201 (1905). Henry in 1906 saw numerous seedlings near Nyack on the Great Northern railway. The tree is of no economic importance in Montana, and is estimated by Ayres to yield about one per cent of the total timber in the Lewis and Clarke Forest Reserve. Elrod gives 10 ft. as the maximum girth. 3 Gard. Chron. xxiii. 244 (1898). Smith says that the rust is Peridermium fini and not P. Strobi. The two fungi are distinct. Cf. Smith, ibid. 202. According to Ulmer, in Natunu. Zeitsch. forst. Landwirtschaft, 1908, pt. 12, of all the five-leaved pines in the forest garden at Tharandt in Saxony, only P. monticola, of which there are several trees eighteen years old, is attacked by Peridermium Strobi. Experiments in that place have shown that the only species of Rites infected by the spores is K. sanguineum. 4 Bunbury, Arboretum Notes, 133 (1889). 6 jfew Hand-List Conifera, xiv, xxii (1903). Pinus 102,5 by 6 ft. 8 in. At High Leigh, Hoddesdon, Mr. Clinton-Baker in 1908 measured a tree 66 ft. by 4 ft. 10 in. In Scotland the largest known to us is a tree at Murthly (Plate 273), which, when I saw it in 1906, was 85 ft. by 6£ ft. and covered at the top with cones. The next is at Scone, in Perthshire, the seat of the Earl of Mansfield. This, when measured in 1891 for the Conifer Conference, was 71J ft. high, by 5 ft. 11 in. in girth at about forty years of age; and when measured by Henry in 1904 had increased to 82 ft. by 7 ft. 9 in., and was quite healthy. Another at Keillour, which is probably one of Douglas's original introduction, as it was planted in 1834, was in 1904 80 ft. by 6 ft. 9 in. ; and there are many others in Scotland which are from 60 ft. to 70 ft. high. One at Monreith, Wigtownshire, planted in 1876, measured in 1908 56 ft. by 4 ft. 11 in., whilst P. Cernera, planted with it at the same time, is only 16 ft. high. Another at Poltalloch, raised from the seed of a tree at Lamb Abbey, measured 50 ft. by 5^ ft. in 1906, and has itself produced fertile seed. In Ireland it also grows well. At H am wood, Co. Meath, the seat of C. R. Hamilton, Esq., there is a splendid tree planted in 1847 which Henry measured in 1904 and found to be 76 ft. by 7 ft. At Fota, another measured 69 ft. by 6 ft. 8 in. in 1907. - (H. J. E.) PINUS STROBUS, WEYMOUTH PINE, WHITE PINE Pinus Strobus, Linnreus, Sp. PI. 1001 (1753) ; Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2280 (1838) ; Sargent, Suva N. Amer. xi. 17, tt. 538, 539 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 4 (1905) ', Kent. Veitch's Man. Conifercc, 377 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xxxv. 579 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 52 (1909). Pinus tenuifolia, Salisbury, Prod. 399 (1796). Pinus alba canadensis, Provancher, FI. Canadienne, ii. 554 (1862). A tree, attaining in America at the present time 150 to 175 ft. in height and 10 to 15 ft. in girth, but stated to have been much larger formerly. Bark on young stems, thin, smooth, and greenish ; on old trunks i to 3 in. in thickness, and divided by shallow fissures into broad connected scaly ridges. Buds ovoid, sharp-pointed, \ in. long, brown, resinous, with some of the scales free at the tips. Young branchlets with short tufts of pubescence below the insertions of the leaf-clusters on the slightly raised pulvini, being glabrous elsewhere.1 Leaves in fives, persistent two or three years, spreading, 3 to 4 in. long, very slender, straight, serrulate, whitened with stomatic lines on the two inner surfaces ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long, early deciduous. Cones sub-terminal, pendulous on stalks (usually less than i in. long), cylindrical, often curved, pointed at the apex, 4 to 6 in. long, i in. in diameter. Scales i to \\ in. long, \ to f in. wide, usually very convex from side to side ; apophysis smooth, rounded, and thin in upper margin, slightly thickened in the centre, terminating in a 1 Occasionally the pubescence is diffused over the whole surface of the branchlet, but remains densest on the pulvini. V E i o 2,6 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland small resinous flat umbo. Seed ovoid, £ in. long, reddish brown, mottled with black ; wing narrow, i in. long. Cotyledons 7 to 14. VARIETIES Several forms with variously coloured foliage or of peculiar habit have arisen in European nurseries.1 1. Var. nana, Knight, Syn. Conif. 34 (1850). A compact round-headed shrub rarely exceeding 6 ft. in height, with short slender branches, and crowded branchlets ; leaves short, f to i|- in. in length. A specimen of this variety planted at Bayfordbury in 1849 is about 15 ft. high. Sargent says that this is perhaps one of the most distinct and beautiful of all the dwarf conifers in cultivation ; and those which Elwes saw at Underley Hall, Westmoreland, the seat of Lord H. Cavendish-Bentinck, confirmed this opinion. 2. Var. nivea, Booth, ex Knight, loc. cit. Leaves short, and silvery white beneath. 3. Var. aurea. Leaves yellowish when young. 4. Var. variegata. Leaves variegated with yellow. 5. Var. zebrina. Leaves striped with yellow. 6. Var. monophylla, Tubeuf, Forst, naturw. Zeitschr. vii. 34 (1897). A variety with the needles more or less cohering throughout their length, and forming a single needle. 7. Beissner also mentions fastigiate and prostrate varieties, which do not seem to be in cultivation in England. DISTRIBUTION P. Strobus is the largest of all the conifers indigenous in North America east ward of the Rocky Mountains ; and its original area of distribution comprises a vast territory in Canada and the northern United States, roughly bounded on the north by the parallel of 50° from south-eastern Manitoba to Newfoundland, and on the south by the parallel of 42" from Iowa to Connecticut ; while it spreads southwards in the Alleghany mountain region from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, through Mary land, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, to the northern parts of Alabama and Georgia, becoming rarer and confined to high altitudes towards the south. It grows up to about 3500 ft. on the Blue Ridge, but does not there attain anything like the size it does farther north, 60 to 70 ft. high being about the size of the trees which Elwes saw in North Carolina. Although still met with throughout this vast region, the original forest has in many parts been cut away, and in some districts, as in New England and eastern Canada, the species only remains in small areas. The great forests, where the pine occurs in commercial quantity, are now confined to Michigan, Minnesota, and Wis consin in the United States, and to the Ottawa valley, and to the districts bordering Lake Huron and Lake Michigan in Canada. 1 Sargent, in Garden and Forest, x. 460 (1897), mentions two varieties of American origin growing in the Arnold Arboretum ; one, dwarf with pendulous, nearly prostrate branches ; the other, with short, slender, nearly erect branches, in whorls of three, growing a dense, low, round-topped head. Pinus 1027 The white pine is less gregarious than many other pines, and originally formed an important component of the mixed deciduous forest of New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, attaining its best development along water-courses, and reaching its greatest size when growing in mixture with beech, maples, and birches, often towering in such woods high above the general level of the other trees. It is often, however, in the same regions associated with hemlock ; and in eastern Canada is frequent in company with hemlock, spruce, and Thuya occidentalis. The pine forests, which cover large tracts of sandy soil in the Lake States, are composed of varying mixtures of P. Strobus, P. resinosa, and P. Banksiana.1 On poor dry sand the two latter species outgrow and supplant the former, while on moist deep sand P. Strobus is the more vigorous. Its growth is much aided by the presence of organic matter and loam in the sand, and on soil of this kind, pure woods of white pine, sometimes several square miles in extent, occur. With an increase of loam in the soil, deciduous trees make their appearance, and the forest becomes a varied mixture of these trees and P. Strobus. On heavy clay soil, the white pine tends to disappear, and a forest of only hardwoods results. On sandy soil in the eastern states, P. rigida is the companion of the white pine, and in the southern states, P. echinata. This tree prefers a climate with considerable moisture in the air, as is shown by its abundance in the region of the Great Lakes and towards the sea board. It withstands windy and cold exposures, but suffers from strong sea-breezes. It excels all pines in its capacity for bearing shade in the early stage of its growth, and reproduces itself naturally under oak, but not under beech or maples. It is long in cleaning its stem, even where the young growth, as is often the case, forms dense thickets. (A. H.) Though it is improbable that any such trees now exist, Sargent quotes various old writers to show that in former times trees rivalling the giant pines of California were found in New England. A tree, 7 ft. 8 in. in diameter at the butt, on the Merrimac river; and another, 6 ft. in diameter and 260 ft. high, in Lincoln,2 N.H., are mentioned as instances. But trees of 150 ft. high, 24 in. in diameter, are now quite uncommon, and the largest actually measured in Pennsylvania by Pinchot was 155 ft. high, 3^ ft. in diameter at 4^ ft. from the ground, and 357 years old. Emerson tells us8 that fifty years ago several trees at Blanford, which grew 1 In the Cass Lake Forest Reserve, in Minnesota, which I visited in 1906, these three pines occur ; and/". Strobus invariably occupied the better soil where the sand contained a percentage of blackish mould. s With regard to the gigantic heights given by early writers I am very sceptical, and Prof. W. A. Buckhout, of the Pennsylvania State College, to whom I wrote for information, shares my doubts. The most authoritative statement is by Fox, in U.S. Forestry Bull. No. 34, p. 8 (1902), who says : "there is a record of a white pine cut in Meredith, Delaware County, New York, that measured 247 ft. in length as it lay on the ground." He adds : "Many New York lumbermen still living recall giant white pines 7 ft. or more across the stump, and over 220 ft. in height." Fox does not state where the record exists or its authority ; and Springer, in Forest Life and Forest Trees, 40 (New York, 1851 ), says : " In Dr. Dwight's Travels, there is an account of a tree in Lancaster, New Hampshire, which measured 264 ft. in length. I have worked in the forests among the timber several years, have cut many hundreds of trees and seen many thousands, but have never found one larger than the one I felled on a little stream which emptied into Jackson Lake in the eastern part of Maine. Its trunk was 6 ft. in diameter at 4 ft. from the ground. It was about 9 rods in length or 144 ft., about 65 ft. of which were free of limbs, and retained its diameter remarkably well." The tree mentioned in Garden and Forest, 1894, p. 188, which grew in Wis consin, and was said to be 200 ft. high and 45 in. in diameter, is also exaggerated, I believe, as regards its height.—(A. II.) s Woody Plants Massachusetts, \. 74 (1875). 1028 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland on rather dry land, measured after they were felled over 223 ft., and speaks of a mast cut on the Penobscot river in 1841, which, after being hewn to an octagonal shape, measured 90 ft. long, 36 in. in diameter at the butt, and 28 in. at the top. The tree lives to a very great age, remaining sound up to 350 or 400 years, and it is said in New England that no one has lived long enough to see the stump of a white pine decay. Fences made from the stumps after they have been torn up by the roots, show after 100 years few signs of decay. The white pine grows naturally on all kinds of soil, and varies very much in its habit according to the soil and surroundings, but flourishes best in a deep, moist sandy loam, and in land which, being covered with a thick growth of moss, never dries in summer. The trees now commonly seen by the traveller in New England, which have been left when the original forest was felled, or which have sprung up from- seed on abandoned farms, or as second growth in forest which has been logged, give no idea of what the tree is in a virgin forest. These are now only found in remote localities from which the logs cannot be profitably extracted ; and the ingenuity of the lumberman is so great, and the present value of large clean logs so high, that it is not easy to find any which have not been cleared of their finest timber. The reproductive power of the tree is very good, whenever fire is kept out of the forest, and large areas of land which have been abandoned by the descendants of the original settlers as unprofitable to cultivate, are now becoming1 re-covered with white pine, from which second growth in New Hampshire and Vermont alone, Sargent tells us that no less than 100,000,000 ft. of lumber were manufactured in the year 1880. A remarkable instance of the rapid growth and branching habit of the white pine on land which has been burnt over is described by Mary Robbins in Garden and Forest, viii. p. 333. These trees are in a large cemetery at St. Stephen, New Brunswick, on land which was devastated by fire in 1821. The largest of them in 1895 were 75 ft. high and n ft. or more in girth, with high horizontal or perpendicular branches coming off close to the ground, some of which are #s much as 7 ft. in circumference and spread 40 to 60 ft. from the trunk. HISTORY AND CULTIVATION The white pine was first described by Plukenet2 in 1696, and according to Aiton8 was first cultivated4 at Badminton in Gloucestershire by the Duchess of Beaufort in 1705. Its common English name was given it because Lord Wey- mouth planted it6 largely in the beginning of the i8th century at Longleat, Wilts; 1 In U.S. Forest Service, Circular 67 (1907), a leaflet on the planting of this species, it is said that in many situations, if the land is protected from fire, white pine will extend itself rapidly by natural seeding ; and planting is recommended only when natural regeneration is impracticable. 2 Plukenet, Amalth. Bot. 171 (1705). 3 flort. Kew. iii. 369 (1789). 4 It was introduced earlier into France, as a plant was growing in the Royal Nurseries at Fontainebleau in 1553. Cf. Belon, De Arboribus Coniferis, published in that year, and quoted by Bolle, in Gartenßora, 1890, p. 434. 6 The date of first planting at Longleat is uncertain, and possibly preceded that at Badminton. In London Catalogue of Trees by Society of Gardeners, 57 (1730), it is said that " Lord Weymouth's pine was raised from seed in Badminton Gardens several years since, and has been growing many years in the gardens of Lord Weymouth, where it hath produced ripe seed for several years." Pinus 1029 and Miller says that at Mersham le Hatch, near Ashford, Kent, then the property of Sir Wyndham Knatchbull, and still held by his descendant of the same name, it produced, as early as 1726, good seed from which many of the trees in England were raised. I have been unable to find any trees either at Badminton or at Longleat which can be certainly looked on as the original trees j1 but there are many places in England where trees dating from at least the middle of the i8th century still survive, and some of these, as will be shown later, are of great size. The tree is apparently at home on all good deep sandy soils, and when not too dry, grows vigorously for 100 years or more in all the southern half of England ; ripening seed in most seasons and often reproducing itself naturally ; but in Scotland it does not seem to thrive so well, probably on account of insufficient heat in summer. I do not, however, think that it is likely in any part of Great Britain to prove a profitable forest tree in comparison with Scots or Corsican pine, as the value of its timber depends on climatic and soil conditions rarely found in this country. The Weymouth pine has been extensively planted in Germany, there being, for example, 3,000,000 trees in the state forests of Bavaria. In central Europe, it is remarkably hardy, as it is not injured by the severe winter climate, never suffers from spring or autumn frosts, and is not easily broken by heavy snow. It is considered, on account of the abundant fall of its soft needles, which speedily decay, to be a better soil-improver than any European pine. Slow in growth during the first five years, it attains about the same height as the Scots pine in the twentieth year, and exceeds the latter species considerably in height and diameter growth after this period. Dr. L. Wappes,2 a Bavarian forester, states that it seeds early and heavily, is readily reproduced naturally,8 withstands crowding and shading, and produces even on poor soils a large amount of timber. On very inferior soil in the Palatinate, pure plantations, 104 years old, yielded per acre, 13,000 cubic ft. of timber, exclusive of branches and stumps. In spite of such results, much exceeded on loamy sands at other stations in Prussia and Thuringia, it is doubtful if this tree will be planted extensively in the future. It is much subject to the attacks of fungi, many plantations being ruined by Agaricus melleus and Peridermium Strobi, while deer bite the shoots and gnaw the bark, injuring many trees in the German forests. The timber produced in central Europe appears to be as good as that of America, and Wappes states that though little valued at first, it is now readily saleable, the price in 1899 being double that of 1882. Mayr4 gives an instructive comparison of the wood of two trees, one 87 years old, grown in Bavaria ; the other, 138 years old, grown in Wisconsin. The specific gravity of both was identical ; and the Bavarian 1 Forbes, in Pin. Woburn. 83 (1839), says : " The original tree, first brought to England by Viscount Weymouth, is now standing, though perfectly decayed, in a timber grove at Longleat." According to Museum Rusticanum, iv. 381 (1765), gold and silver medals were offered by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, in 1765 and succeeding years, for plantations of Weymouth Pine. According to Dillwyn, Hortus Collinsonianus, 40 (1843), Bartram sent a small tree to Collinson in 1737, which was growing at Mill Hill in 1756, when it was 40 ft. high. * Tlie articles on the cultivation of this pine in Germany, which Dr. Wappes published in Lorey's Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung for 1899, are abstracted by Spalding, in U.S. Forestry Bulletin, No. 22, The White Pine, p. 68 (1899). 3 Unwin, Future Forest Trees, 90, fig. I (1905), gives a good picture of natural reproduction of the Weymouth pine in the Rhine Palatinate. 4 Fremdländ. Wald- und Parkbäume, 378 (1906). Mayr's article on "White Pine in Europe," published in Garden and Forest, 1888, p. lo, should also be consulted. 1030 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland tree excelled in having a less proportion of sapwood. These two trees contained nearly the same percentage of resin ; and Mayr's researches have shown that the wood of the Weymouth pine contains more resin than that of Scots pine, larch, spruce, or silver fir. He considers that its qualities of lightness and softness, for which it is esteemed in America, render it useful for many purposes, for which it is better fitted than any European species. In Belgium the finest specimens of the Weymouth pine are a group of seven trees standing close together in good soil beside a pond on the farm of St. Michel, in the western Ardennes, not far from St. Hubert. These are growing at an altitude of looo ft., and the largest measured in 1909, when they were seen and photo graphed by Henry, no ft. high and 8 ft. 8 in. in girth. They have produced seed freely from an early period, and there are many seedlings of different ages in the vicinity, some, believed to have been of this source, being as far away as two miles to the westward. The dry easterly winds open the cones, and distribute the seeds to a great distance. To the eastward of the tree the seedlings, though numerous, only extend about 200 yards. The older trees are not attacked by the " rouge " (Peridermium Strobi1), but many of the younger trees are affected. This pine succeeds well at considerable elevations in the Ardennes, and would be a desirable acquisition were it not for its liability to disease. This tree grows well as far north as Christiania, where I have seen in the grounds of Baron.Wedel Jarlsberg at Bogstad a healthy specimen about 90 ft. high, with a clean trunk of about 12 ft. in girth. According to Schübeler, it has been planted at many places on the coast as far north as Trondhjem, and in Sweden as far as 64° N. On the Isola Bella, in Lago Maggiore, I saw in 1906 a fine tree, 98 ft. by 10^ ft. and covered with cones, which is said to have been brought from Paris in 1815. v REMARKABLE TREES By far the largest tree of which we have an exact record, grew in a sheltered valley at Ironmill Wood not far from Tortworth, Gloucestershire, and, as I learn from the Earl of Ducie, was measured2 in 1864 by Sir Joseph Hooker and Professor Balfour, who made it about 114 ft. high by 10^ ft. in girth. It was blown down in 1875 when it was believed to be about 105 years old, and measured 122 ft. high and 46 ft. to the first branch, containing no less than 324 cubic feet of good timber, which was cut up and used on the estate. The next largest is a tree at Stowe, probably at least 150 years old, which in 1905 when I measured it, was 104 ft. high by 13 ft. 2 in. in girth at 3 ft., where the stem divides into several massive ascending limbs. At Pains Hill, Surrey, there is a remarkable old tree with very spreading branches, not mentioned by Loudon, which in 1904 was about 90 ft. high by 12 ft. 8 in. in girth. 1 This fungus was first noticed in England, in 1892, at King's Lynn. Cf. Plowright, in Card. Chron. xii. 133, figs. 22, 23 (1892) ; xiii. 425 (1893) ; xxvi. 72, 94 (1899). Dr. Somerville, in Quart. Journ. Forestry, iii. 232 (1909), gives an account of its ravages in late years. 2 In Gard. Chron. 1853, p. 725, this pine was reported to have been planted in 1772 ; and it measured in 1853, 114 ft. by 9 ft. IO in. Pinus 1031 At The Grove, Herts, there are two large rough and branching old trees, one of which Henry in 1904 found to be 96 ft. by 12 ft. 2 in. Another at Cassiobury Park measured 102 ft. by 81 ft. in the same year. In the Belvedere plantation, Windsor, there are a number of fine Weymouth and Scots pines planted about 1760, according to Menzies, though Mr. Simmonds, who showed them to me, thought that they may be older. The best of the former measure about 100 ft. by 9 ft., are clean for half their length, and are little if anything less in size than the Scots pine presumably of the same age. At Hollycombe, Sussex, the seat of J. C. Hawkshaw, Esq., there are some of the cleanest and best grown trees of their age in England growing among larch near the entrance to the lodge. The best I measured was over 100 ft. high by 8^ ft. in girth, and contained 120 to 150 ft. of timber. Mr. Hawkshaw informs me that these trees are about 100 years old. At Woburn Abbey this tree has been planted to some extent on sandy soil, which suits Scots pine very well, but which is apparently too dry for P. Strobus. On the Green Drive there are some large old trees left, of which the best measured in 1908 about 90 ft. by 7^ ft., but the majority have died or been felled ; and the self-sown seedlings which are numerous in the plantation are mostly suffer ing from the attacks of a species of Chermes.1 At Arley Castle there is a tree 95 ft. by 11 ft. 4 in. in 1905, which is perhaps not over 80 years old. At Ombersleigh Court, the seat of Lord Sandys, a tree, with large branches forking low down, in 1906 was 90 ft. by i6| ft. near the ground. At Nuneham Park. Oxford, a tree with a clean stem, was 95 ft. by 7 ft. 9 in. in 1908. At Burwood House, near Cobham, Surrey, Mr. R. Woodward in 1903 measured a tree 92 ft. by 8 ft. 3 in. A tree in a field near Coombe Bank, Sevenoaks, was 80 ft. by 9 ft. 8 in. in 1904. At Black Park, near Slough, the property of Sir R. Harvey, Bart., in a dense wood of Scots pine near the upper end of the lake, there is a very fine Weymouth pine growing on moist sandy soil, which, when I measured it in 1908, was about no ft. high by 9 ft. in girth ; the stem forking at 58 ft. from the ground contains about 200 ft. of timber. At Gwydyr Castle, N. Wales, the property of Earl Carrington, there are several large clean trees growing in a wood, with stems clean to a considerable height, which I saw in 1906 and found to be from 100 to no ft. high and 9 to 10 ft. in girth. The largest in Scotland of which I have certain knowledge is one of nine trees on the banks of the Almond, at Logiealmond, the property of the Earl of Mansfield. Mr. A. Kinnear has recently measured these, and informs me that the largest is 94 ft. high and 7 ft. 9 in. in girth, with a cubic content of 119 ft. over bark. * The remaining eight are from 60 to 80 ft. high, growing on a steep bank of light, dry soil, facing west. 1 Gillanders, Forest Entomology, 331, 336, fig. 307 (1908), says that Chermes corticalis, Kalt., is common in the south of England, and is said to do great injury to the trees. The stems attacked resemble in appearance those of beech trees, affected by Cryftococcus Fagi ; but the two insects have no connection whatever, although on one occasion the absurd proposal was made to cut down Weymouth pines to prevent the extension of the beech disease on a certain property. This aphis is also harmful to the Weymouth pine in Germany. 1032, The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Sir Herbert Maxwell reports1 a very large tree at Dunkeld, 13 ft. 3 in. in girth. At Keir, Perthshire, there is a tree 59 ft. by 6 ft. n in., which was reported2 at the Conifer Conference in 1891 to be 40 years old, and 46 ft. by 6 ft. In Ireland, there are two fine old trees, both about 80 ft. by 7^ ft., at Wood- stock ; and a tree at Muckross, Kerry, was in 1908 about 65 ft. high, and 8 ft. in girth. Another at Coolattin, Wicklow, was 73 ft. by 7 ft. 7 in. in 1906 ; but the forester here reported that larger trees were to be found on this property, where this species thrives, and produces valuable timber. TIMBER The wood of the white pine is, in Sargent's words,3 " light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, very resinous, easily worked, light brown, often tinged with red, with thin, nearly white sapwood, weighing only 24 pounds to the cubic foot when quite dry." For a century or more it has played a conspicuous part in the material develop ment of the United States and Canada. " Great fleets of ships and long railroads have been built to transport the lumber sawn from its mighty trunks, men have grown rich by destroying it, building cities to supply the needs of their traffic, and seeing them languish as the forests disappear." Fifty years ago the supply seemed inexhaustible, and for a long period the price of white pine lumber governed that of most other woods, whilst it formed a basis of comparison for the quality of other kinds of trees. Now the best sources of supply are so much depleted that though, in Michaux's time, three-quarters of the houses, except in the great cities, were built mainly of white pine, it has become so scarce and risen so much in price that Canadian forests are largely purchased by American lumbermen to supply their own needs, and the export to Europe has very much diminished. Much of what still comes is moreover cut from smaller and younger trees, often of second growth, and is inferior in quality to that which gave its reputation, and which was preferred to all others on account of the facility with which it worked up for all domestic purposes.4 Laslett, as timber inspector to the British navy at a time when ships were still built of wood, gives numerous details5 of the experiments which were made on its strength, elasticity, and durability, and states that it was used for masts, yards, bow sprits, and in the form of deals, but says it was not strong enough for light spars subject to great and sudden strains, for which it was inferior in strength and durability to Oregon fir. Mr. Weale of Liverpool writes to me as follows :—" It is the most generally useful of all the pines, and is largely exported to Europe. As a building timber it is 3 Silva, xi. 19 (1897). 1 Memories of ike Mottths, 3rd series. Erroneously named P. Lambertiana, m fount. Roy. Hort. Soc. xiv. 531 (1892). 4 Popular Science Monthly, xxviii. 682. 6 Timber and Timber Trees, 356-66 (1894). Pinus I033 durable for such purposes as windows and doors, but deteriorates if exposed to alter nate heat and damp. It is in favour for the inside linings of furniture, but for this purpose is rapidly giving place to the American whitewood, Liriodendron tulipifera, the latter having a lower price to recommend it. For pattern-making, the yellow pine T is preferred to all other woods, being soft, easily worked, straight-grained, and of a mellow texture. Its value has been steadily advancing for some years, the fine trees producing the best timber becoming scarce in the more accessible districts, and a great and growing demand from the United States, being the chief reasons. The first quality wood in 1905 was 20 per cent greater in price than ten years previous. It is generally imported into Europe in the form of sawn deals, and the disposal in England is practically in the hands of two firms." (H. J. E.) PINUS PARVIFLORA, JAPANESE WHITE PINE Pinus parviflora, Siebold et Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 27, t. 115 (1844); Syme, in Gard. Chron. x. 624, f. 103 (1878); Engelmann, Revision Genus Pinus, 178 (1880); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (£of.) xviii. 504 (1881), and xxxv. 578 (1904); Mayr, Abiet. jap. Reiches, 76, t. v. f. 19 (1890), and Fremdländ. Park- u. Waldbäume, 386 (1906); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 353 (1900); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 40 (1909). A tree attaining in Japan in favourable situations ioo ft. in height, but usually smaller. Bark smooth and greyish for many years, ultimately becoming on old trunks darker in colour and fissuring into small scales. Buds ovoid, less than \ in. long, not acuminate at the apex, light brown, slightly resinous, with some of the scales free at the tips. Young branchlets smooth, greyish, with a scattered minute pubescence. Leaves in fives, persistent for three years, spreading, about 2 in. long, curved, usually blunt at the apex, serrulate, with the inner flat surfaces marked by three or four white stomatic lines ; resin-canals two, marginal ; basal sheath \ in. long, early deciduous. Cones sub-terminal, sessile, spreading, in clusters of three or four, ovoid-conic, 2 to 2^ in. long ; scales spreading widely when open, woody, about f to i in. long and J to f in. wide, convex from side to side, thin in margin ; apophysis thickened, incurved in the centre of the rounded broad upper margin, with a minute dark- coloured or resinous umbo. Seed obovoid, f in. long, \ in. wide, compressed, brown ; wing short and broad, scarcely exceeding \ in. long, usually left in part on the scale when the seed falls. Cotyledons 8 to 10. Seedlings very slow in growth for several years. Var. pentaphylla. Pinus pentaphylla, Mayr, Abiet. jap. Reiches, 78, t. vi. f. 20 (1890), and Fremdländ. Park- u. IVald- bäunie, 377 (1906); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 356 (1900); Masters, vu Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 577 (1904). In the northern part of Hondo, Yezo, and the Kurile Isles the tree bears more 1 The timber when imported is known as yellow fine, a name used in America for other species, and liable to be confused with yellow deal, a London trade name for the timber of Scots pine from the Baltic. V F 1034 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland pendulous larger cones,1 up to 3^ in. in length, and seeds with a longer wing, up to £ in. in length. Mayr considers this variety to be a distinct species ; but there is great variation in the size of the cones and in the length of the seed-wing ; and we have found no constant characters by which the wild and cultivated specimens that we have examined could be clearly separated into two distinct groups. There is no difference in the foliage or the branchlets.2 This species8 is a native of Japan and the Kurile Islands ; the typical form, according to Mayr, being restricted to southern Hondo, Shikoku, and Kiusiu, where it either grows scattered in the beech and chestnut forests, or forms large woods in company with Tsuga. In Kiso he found single trees in woods mainly composed of Cupressus obtiisa. Sargent * says it is a common inhabitant of mountain forests above 5000 ft. elevation, usually occurring singly or in small groves, occasionally reaching a height of 60 or 70 ft., and overtopping the deciduous trees by its hand some head of long, graceful, somewhat pendulous branches. Mayr, however, says that it attains 100 ft. in favourable situations. The large-coned variety is the prevalent, if not the only form found north of lat. 35°, where it is met with in the great central chain of Hondo, being very common in Kotzuke. Mayr states that it is always found in the broad-leaved forest, never ascending into the fir region, and becoming in deep valleys a tree of the first magni tude, but in elevated regions scarcely higher than 50 or 60 ft. Faurie6 collected it on the precipitous mountains of Aomori, and Sargent4 states that it is a rare inhabitant of the mountain forests of southern Yezo. This species is known in Japan both as himeko-matsu and goyo-matsu, the former name being restricted in books to the type, and the latter being assigned to var. pentaphylla ; yet, as is acknowledged by Mayr, in the mountains of the interior the colloquial usage varies, showing that there is little or no difference between the two forms, which only vary in the size of their cones. This pine is cultivated in pots everywhere in Japan, being dwarfed and distorted in many ways. The timber is little used. (A. H.) I saw this tree in the forest above Agematsu in Kisogawa, at an elevation of about 3000 ft. ; and, as I noted at the time, it looked so peculiar in habit and bark, that until I got the leaves and cones I could not believe that it was a pine. The illustration which I give of this tree (Plate 274) was taken for me by Mr. Masuhara of Tokio, and would, I think, be generally taken for a cypress. It was growing alone in a grassy valley, and though not of very large size seemed to be an old tree. In this part of Japan it is scattered here and there among deciduous trees and is not gregarious. 1 Cones collected in Yezo by Maries in 1879 and by J. II. Veitch in 1892 are preserved in the Kew Museum, and though larger than those from other localities, differ in no essential character. 2 Mayr says that in P. pentaphylla the branchlets are glabrous, but in the Yezo specimens which we have seen they are distinctly pubescent. In the northern tree, according to Mayr, the bark separates into larger scales. 3 This species is represented in Formosa by a closely allied species, P.formosana, Hayata, \TiJourn. Coll. Sc. Tokyo, xxv. 217 (1908), referred to in Gard. Chron. xliii. 194 (1908) as P. morrisonicola, Hayata. The Formosan tree has longer leaves (3 to 4 in.) and larger cones, with strongly reflexed scales. 4 In Garden and Forest, viii. 306 (1895) and x. 461 (1897). 6 Cf. Masters in Bull. Herb. Boissier, vi. 270 (1898). Pinus CULTIVATION I035 P. parviflora ' was introduced into cultivation in England by John Gould Veitch in 1 86 1. In England, as is the case in Japan, it bears cones at an early age, which render it rather unsightly as an ornamental tree. The seeds ripen early in the season, and are eaten by finches with great avidity. Seedlings have been raised from home-grown seed. The largest tree that I have seen is one at Wilton House which in 1906 was 36 ft. by 3^ ft. At Eggesford, in Devonshire, it forms a large spreading bush. At Blackmoor, at Westonbirt, and many other places I have seen very similar specimens, of from 20 to 30 ft. high, on lawns, and except as a purely ornamental tree it has no value whatever. At Grafrath, near Munich, the tree is rather fast in growth, and perfectly hardy ; but it suffers much from attacks of Agaricus melleus. In New England,2 Pinus parviflora grows rapidly, and resists the most severe cold. There are specimens 20 to 25 ft. in height, which produce cones in pro fusion. (H. J. E.) PINUS CEMBRA, ALPINE PINE Pinus Cembra, Linnaeus, Sp. PL 1000 (1753) ; Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2274 (1838) ; Murray, in Lawson, Pimt. Brit. i. 17, t. 3 (1884); Willkomm, Forstliche Flora, 169 (1887); Mathieu, Flore Forestüre, 622 (1897); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conifères, 317 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Lin. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 583 (1904); Kirchner, Loew u. Schröter, Lebensgeschichte Blütenpfl.. Mitteleuropas, i. 241 (1905); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 14 (1909). Pinus sibirica, Mayr, in Allgem. Forst- u. Jagdzeitung, 1900, ex Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 388(1906). A tree attaining about 130 ft. high in Siberia and 70 ft. in central Europe. Bark of young trees greenish grey, smooth or warty, with resin blisters ; on old stems reddish grey, and dividing into thin scaly plates. Buds ovoid, resinous, about \ in. long, acuminate at the apex, the long subulate free points of the scales being usually appressed together and not spreading as in P. koraiensis. Young branchlets with prominent pulvini, and densely covered with an orange-brown tomentum. Older branchlets roughened by scars and dark in colour. Leaves8 in fives, persistent three to five years, densely crowded, more or less spreading or appressed and nearly parallel to the branchlets, 2^ to 3^ in. long, slender, curved, acute or acuminate at the apex ; margin with fine and not very close serrulations, which are not continued to the extreme tip ; dark green, with incon spicuous whitish stomatic lines on the two inner surfaces ; resin-canals three, median. Staminate flowers sessile, about ^- in. long, yellow ; connective violet, serrulate. Young cones, violet, nearly \ in. long, erect, solitary, or in whorls of two to six. 1 Cf Card. Chron. 1861, p. 265. The cones collected by J. Gould Veitch in 1860, figured by Murray in Proc. Hint. Sot: ii 272 fi" 13 (1862), as well as those collected by Maries in 1879 and byj. H. Veitch in 1892, came from Yezo, and are those ascribed To var. pentaphylla. From the seeds of these cones some of the trees in cultivation in this country are derived, yet these invariably bear short cones, like those of the typical form described by Siebold. Similarly, in the Arnold Arboretum, a small tree of P. pentaphylla, raised from Yezo seed, has borne short cones.—(A. H.) " Garden and Forest, viii. 306 (1895) and x. 461 (1897). 3 The leaves emit, especially in summer, a very agreeable peculiar odour. Cf. Gard. Chron. xx. 301, 309 (1883). 1036 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Cones subterminal, short-stalked, never opening, spreading, ovoid, obtuse at the apex, 2 to 3 in. long, i£ to 2 in. wide, greenish with a violet tinge before ripening, brown when mature. Scales numerous, scarcely woody, brittle, about i in. long and f in. broad ; apophysis, bent at nearly a right angle to the concealed part of the scale, with semicircular, sharp, and bevelled margin, and minutely tomentose outer surface ; umbo terminal, thickened, triangular or rounded. Seed obovoid, about ^- in. long, dull brown, convex on the lower, flattened on the upper surface, with rounded and scarcely sharp angled sides, wingless,1 edible. These are distributed by nutcrackers, squirrels, and dormice, who break the scales of the cone, which never open, and carry away the seeds to their larders or holes ; and as some are often dropped by the way, seedlings are observed in the Alps and else where at a considerable distance from the parent tree. VARIETIES 2 1. Var. sibirica, Loudon (Pinus sibirica, Mayr8). The tree occurring in Siberia is scarcely to be distinguished by any definite morphological characters from the typical form of central Europe (var. helvetica, Loudon), though Willkomm and others state that it has longer cones and larger seeds. The physiological differences are, however, considerable, as the Siberian tree attains a much greater height, forming a narrow pyramidal tree, like P. Strobus in habit ; and is faster in growth in the young stage, with longer shoots, and more branchlets developed in each whorl. These differences are preserved in trees growing in severe climates, like Scandinavia and Germany ; but in this country the Siberian variety is very slow in growth, and does not appear to be long-lived. 2. Several varieties of horticultural origin have been described, as var. aurea, Kew Handlist of Coniferœ, 127 (1903), and a dwarf form and a single-leaved form, mentioned by Carrière in Conif. 389 (1867). DISTRIBUTION This species occurs in two distinct regions, one embracing a vast area in Russia and Siberia, and the other confined to narrow limits in the Alps and Carpathians. In Europe it is widely spread in isolated tracts throughout nearly the whole of the Alps, scarcely ever descending4 below 5000 ft., and reaching timber line in different places at 6200 to 8000 ft. elevation. In France it is called arole or auvier, and is confined to the northern part of the Maritime Alps, the high peaks of Dauphiné, the Graian Alps, and Mont Blanc. In the Maurienne, close to Modane, it is well seen in the wild forest of Villarodin Bourget, where it begins at about 1 Kirchner, pp. cit. 270, fig. 136, describes and figures the vestiges of the rudimentary wing, which remains attached to the scale. 8 Var. pumila is now considered to be a distinct species, P. pumila, Regel. (See p. 1045.) 3 Mayr relies on trifling differences in the colour of the leaves, and in the shape and colour of the buds, characters which I have not been able to verify. The two trees, one of Swiss, and the other of Siberian origin, in the Christiania Botanic Garden, though strikingly different in habit, show no differences in leaves, buds, or branchlets. 1 The lowest altitude, according to Dr. Rikli, is 4000 ft., near Raron, in the upper Rhone valley. Pinus 1037 5000 ft., where Pinus sylvestris and Abies pectinata cease to grow, and is common mixed with larch and spruce at about 6000 ft., assuming in this dense part of the forest a narrow pyramidal form. Higher up, at about 7000 ft., it grows nearly pure in groups, scattered amidst rhododendrons, where seedlings are numerous, and is of a much more branching and picturesque habit, while far above on the rocky crests up to 8000 ft. isolated and broken trees are visible on the sky line. The largest specimens, which are at about 7000 ft., are of great girth, one tree which I saw in 1904 measuring 5 ft. in diameter, and dividing at 8 ft. from the ground into two stems. It is about 60 ft. high. Taller trees, up to 70 or even 80 ft., but of lesser girth, occur at the lower levels. Still larger specimens are said to exist in the forest of Arvieux in the same district. In Switzerland1 the tree is usually called Zilrbel, Zirbe, or Arve ; but is named Schember in the Engadine, which corresponds to the Italian name zembra or zimbro. The most extensive woods occur in the great central chain, as in the Pennine Alps and in the Engadine, though the tree is nearly extinct in Tessin ; whilst smaller woods and scattered trees are met with in the limestone Alps from Vaud and Freibourg to Chiirfiirsten in St. Gall. From here the distribution extends through the Bavarian Alps to Salzkammergut, whilst it is continued through the Tyrol in the main chain to Gamstein, on the Styrian frontier, its most northern and eastern station in the Alps. In the southern Alps the tree grows here and there from Mt. Adamello in the Tyrol to Bleiberg in Carinthia and the Steiner Alps in Carniola. Throughout the Alps P. Cembra is seen on all formations—granite, slate, lime stone, dolomite, etc.—but it thrives best and forms the largest woods on moist soils containing a considerable amount of clay, and remains stunted on dry limestone. (A. H.) In the Swiss Alps it is becoming in most places a scarce tree,2 as the wood is in great request for carving, and the seeds are mostly eaten by mice and birds. But in the high Alps on the south side of the Valais many fine old trees may yet be seen. A very beautiful one is shown in Plate 275, which is reproduced from a nega tive lent me by M. Coaz, Chief Inspector of the Swiss Government Forests, and forms plate xvi. of Les Arbres de la Suisse. It grows at Muotta da Celerina, near Pontresina, on a formation of mica schist and syenite rocks, at an elevation of 2120 metres, and measures 15 to 16 metres high, with a girth of 4.20 metres. It is divided into three principal stems, with many great branches, which extend to a diameter of 16^ metres, and is surrounded by numerous seedlings, which often grow from seeds dropped by the nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes). By far the best illustrations that I have seen of this tree in its native Alps are a series of twelve plates (27 B to 36 B) in Vegetationsbilder 11 (1905), by Dr. L. Klein. Of these the most remarkable is a tree broken off at a few feet up, where it measures 4^ metres in girth, with eight ascending candelabra-like branches. This grows at 1 A very complete account of this pine in Switzerland has lately been published by Dr. M. Rikli, Die Arve in der Schweiz, pp. xl + 455, with 21 maps and 60 illustrations (Georg et Cie, Basel, 1909). A review of this important work is given in Nature, Ixxxii. 399, figs. I, 2 (1910). 8 This species, according to Kirchner, op. cit. 250, was formerly much more widely spread in the Alps and Carpathians than it is at the present time. 1038 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 2300 metres behind the Findelen Hotel, on the Riffel Alp. Another decayed tree grows near it, measuring, close to the ground, no less than 7.67 metres (about 25 ft.) in girth, which Dr. Klein computes, from a careful counting of the rings in other trees, to be from 1000 to 1100 years old, and considers to be the oldest recorded tree of the species in Switzerland.1 In the Carpathians2 the woods of P. Cembra are smaller in extent and less frequent than in the Alps, occurring from the Tatra mountains in the north to Baiku in Banat, and ranging