VOLUME The source of this uncorrected OCR text may be viewed as a digital facsimile at: http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ Great Britain Ireland BY Henry John Elwes, F.R.S. AND Augustine Henry, M.A. Edinburgh : Privately Printed THE TREES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND A. HENRY „. j. **• < *B if *.. ' Ift* , f » > ,< \ .• 'C \ - T! in . ;• \ »>. l1-*, •;, . M ' '*' t, A The Trees rf Great Britain 4 ^* Ireland BY Henry John Elwes, F.R.S. * < .. ? Si '< * •* .. J > AND Augustine Henry, M.A. VOLUME VII Edinburgh: Privately Printed MCMXIII CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS TILIA . ... TlLIA CORDATA, SMALL-LEAVED LlME TILIA PLATVPHVLLOS, LARGE-LEAVED LIME . TILIA VULGARIS, COMMON LIME TILIA EUCHLORA .... TILIA TOMENTOSA, WHITE LIME TILIA PETIOLARIS, WEEPING WHITE LIME . TILIA MONGOLICA .... TILIA PAUCICOSTATA .... TILIA OLIVERI TlLIA MANDSHURICA TILIA MAXIMOWICZIANA. TILIA MIQUELIANA .... TlLIA AMERICANA, AMERICAN LlME, BASS-WOOD TlLIA HETEROPHVLLA TILIA MICHAUXII .... TRACHVCARPUS .... TRACHYCARPUS FORTUNEI, CHUSAN PALM ACANTHOPANAX .... ACANTHOPANAX RICINIFOLIUM ACACIA ..... ACACIA DEALBATA, SILVER WATTLE . ACACIA MELANOXVLON, BLACKWOOD . LAURELIA ..... LAURELIA SERRATA .... ILEX ..... ILEX AQUIFOLIUM, COMMON HOLLY Buxus ..... BUXUS SEMPERVIRENS, COMMON Box CRAIVEGUS ..... 111 vu 1653 1656 1661 1664 1674 1675 1677 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1688 1689 1690 1690 1694 1694 1697 1697 1699 1700 1701 1702 1704 1721 1724 I73I IV The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland CRATVEGUS MONOGYNA, HAWTHORN, WHITETHORN CRAT.ŒGUS OXYACANTHA, HAWTHORN, WHITEHORN SALIX ...... SALIX CAPREA, SALLOW, GOAT WILLOW SALIX PENTANURA, BAY WlLLOW SALIX BABYLONICA, WEEPING WlLLOW SALIX FRAGILIS, CRACK WILLOW SALIX ALBA, WHITE WILLOW SALIX CŒRULEA, CRICKET-BAT WILLOW SALIX VITELLINA, GOLDEN WILLOW . POPULUS ...... POPULUS ALBA, WHITE POPLAR POPULUS CANESCENS, GREY POPLAR . POPULUS TOMENTOSA .... POPULUS TREMULA, ASPEN .... POPULUS TREMULOIDES, AMERICAN ASPEN . POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA .... POPULUS SlEBOLDII ..... POPULUS FREMONTII .... POPULUS NIGRA, BLACK POPLAR POPULUS MONILIFERA, CANADIAN BLACK POPLAR POPULUS ANGULATA, CAROLINA POPLAR POPULUS SEROTINA, BLACK ITALIAN POPLAR POPULUS REGENERATA .... POPULUS EUGENEI ..... POPULUS MARILANDICA .... POPULUS HENRYANA .... POPULUS ROBUSTA .... POPULUS LLOYDII ..... POPULUS ANGUSTIFOLIA .... POPULUS BALSAMIFERA, BALSAM POPLAR POPULUS CANDICANS, ONTARIO PoPIAR POPULUS TRICHOCARPA, WESTERN BALSAM POPLAR . POPULUS MAXIMOWICZII .... POPULUS SIMONII ..... POPULUS TRISTIS ... POPULUS SUAVEOLENS POPULUS LAURIFOLIA POPULUS LASIOCARPA ULMUS ...... FAGE 1733 1739 1745 1747 1749 1754 1763 1768 1770 1777 1780 1786 1787 1791 1792 1794 '794 1807 1810 1816 1824 1826 1828 1829 1829 1830 1831 1832 r836 1838 1840 1841 1842 1846 1847 Contents ULMUS PEDUNCULATA, EUROPEAN WHITE ELM ULMUS AMERICANA, AMERICAN WHITE ELM ULMUS RACEMOSA, ROCK ELM " . . ULMUS FULVA, SLIPPERY ELM . ULMUS MONTANA, WYCH ELM . ULMUS VEGETA, HUNTINGDON ELM, CHICHESTER ELM ULMUS MAJOR, DUTCH ELM . ULMUS NITENS, SMOOTH-LEAVED ELM ULMUS MINOR, GOODYER'S ELM . ULMUS CAMPESTRIS, ENGLISH ELM .... ULMUS JAPONICA ... . ULMUS ALATA, WAHOO, WINGED ELM ULMUS CRASSIFOLIA ...... ULMUS PUMII.A ...... ULMUS PARVIFOLIA ...... KOEI.REUTERIA ...... KOELREUTERIA PANICULATA ..... PAGE l85I 1860 1862 1864 1879 1883 1887 1901 1903 1923 1924 1925 1926 1928 1930 1932 ILLUSTRATIONS Portrait of the Authors ...... . Frontispiece PLATE No. Small-leaved Lime at Sprowston, Norwich . . . . . . . 372 White Lime at Albury .......... 373 Weeping White Lime at Hatherop Castle . . . . . . -374 Chusan Palm at Lamorran . . . . . . . . -375 Acacia dealbata at Derreen . . . . . . . -376 Holly at Gordon Castle . . . . . . . . -377 AVhitethorn at Hethel . . . . . . . .378 Weeping Willow at Cheltenham ... • • 379 White AVillow at Haverholme . . . . . 380 Cricket-bat Willow at Hertford ...... .381 Grey Poplar at Colesborne .... . . 382 Female Lombardy Poplar in Brunswick . . . 383 Carolina Poplar at Danny Park ........ 384 Fastigate Black Poplars in Belgium ........ 385 Black Italian Poplar at Belton ........ 386 Balsam Poplar at Bute House, Petersham ....... 387 Western Balsam Poplar in Vancouver Island ...... 388 European White Elm at Syon ....... 389 European White Elm at Ugbrooke ........ 390 American White Elm in Massachusetts . ..... 391 American White Elm at Hargham ........ 392 Weeping Wych Elm at Glasnevin .... . . 393 Wych Elm at Studley Royal ......... 394 Huntingdon Elm at Magdalen College, Oxford . . • • 395 Elms in Kensington Gardens ..... . 396 Cornish Elms at Coldrenick . . . . . . . . -397 Wheatley Elm at Richmond . . . ... 398 Smooth-leaved Elm at Sharpham ... . . 399 Wych Elm at Cassiobury ......... 400 vii The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Smooth-leaved Elm at Briggins Smooth-leaved Elm at Saling Goodyer's Elm at Weston Birt . English Elm at Powderham . English Elms at Well Vale . Fastigiate Beech at Dawyck . Tilia ; leaves, etc. Populus; leaves, etc. Populus ; leaves, etc. Populus ; leaves, etc Ulmus ; leaves, etc. . Ulmus ; leaves, etc. . PLATE No. 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 TILIA Tilia, Linnœus, Hort. Cliff. 204 (1735), Sp. PI. i. 514 (1753), and Gen. PL 267 (1767); Bentham et Hooker, Gen. PL i. 236, 986 (1862-7); V. Engler, Monog. Gatt. Tilia, pp. 1-159 (1909). DECIDUOUS trees, belonging to the order Tiliaceae, with tough fibrous inner bark. Leaves simple, long-stalked, alternate, arranged on the branchlets in two rows ; unequal* and cordate or truncate at the base ; acute or acuminate at the apex ; serrate or toothed ; venation pseudo-palmate, the midrib giving off secondary nerves pinnately on both sides, the lower two pairs of which arise together at the base, and give off tertiary nerves on the outer side only. Stipules ligulate, membranous, caducous. Flowers white, fragrant, regular, perfect, in cymes ; peduncle connate with the axis of a membranous elongated persistent bract, from the middle of which it apparently arises ; inflorescence and bract springing from the axil of a leaf, alongside a bud, which develops into a branch in the following year.2 Sepals five, distinct ; petals five, imbricate in bud. Staminodes either absent or present as petaloid scales, one opposite each petal, and united with the base of the stamens. Stamens numerous, free, or in five clusters united together at the base. Filaments unbranched, or forked at the apex, with each branch bearing an extrorse half-anther. Ovary sessile, five- celled ; style erect, dilated at the apex into five spreading stigmatic lobes ; ovules two in each cell. Fruit nut-like, dry, indéhiscent, one-celled, and one- to two-seeded by abortion. Seeds obovate, with fleshy albumen. Cotyledons reniform or cordate, palmately five-lobed, raised above ground on germination. In winter the twigs are zig-zag and bear lateral buds, disposed alternately in two ranks ; each bud with two to three scales visible externally, ovoid, obliquely displaced to one side of the semicircular leaf-scar, which is set on a prominent pulvinus. Stipule-scars small, linear or oblong, one on each side of the leaf-scar. Terminal bud absent ; a circular scar at the apex of the twig, opposite the uppermost leaf-scar, indicating where the tip of the branchlet fell off in early summer. Base of the branchlet girt with a ring of scars, due to the fall of the bud-scales in the previous spring. About twenty species of Tilia can be distinguished. These are widely distri buted in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, extending southward in North America as far as the highlands of Mexico ; but in the old world, while common in Europe and in northern and eastern Asia, no species is known in 1 Cf. Van Tieghem, in ^4«». Set. Not. (Bot.) iii. 378 (1906), on the peculiar asymmeliy in the leaves and stipules of the lime. 2 The occurrence of an inflorescence and a normal bud in one and the same axil is unusual ; and is explained by the feet that the former is the result of the very early development of a flower-bud under the first scale of the normal bud, the other scales of the latter remaining dormant until the following season. VII 1653 B 1654 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland northern Africa or in the Himalayas. A large number of hybrid forms have arisen, some of which are common in cultivation. The following key, based on the characters of the branchlets and leaves, will serve to distinguish the species and hybrids which are cultivated in this country. I. LEAVES GREEN BENEATH, WITH AXIL-TUFTS OF PUBESCENCE, BUT WITHOUT ANY STELLATE TOMENTUM. (a) Axil-tufts^ present at the base of the leaf and elsewhere. * Branchlets glabrous, or nearly so. Leaves glabrous, except for axil-hifts beneath. 1. Tilia mongolica, Maximowicz. North China and Mongolia. Seep. 1679. Branchlets quite glabrous, reddish. Leaves 2\ in. wide, often trilobed, glaucous beneath with non-prominent tertiary veins, coarsely toothed. 2. Tilia cordata, Miller. Europe, Caucasus. See p. 1656. Branchlets slightly pubescent at first, speedily becoming glabrous. Leaves 2 to 2 J in. wide, bluish green beneath with non-prominent tertiary veins, finely serrate. 3. Tilia vtilgaris, Hayne. A hybrid, occasionally wild in Europe. See p. 1664. Branchlets quite glabrous. Leaves 3 in. wide, dull green above, pale green beneath and with prominent tertiary veins, finely serrate with short points to the teeth. 4. Tiliaeuchlora, Koch. A hybrid, occasionally wild in the Caucasus. Seep. 1674. Branchlets usually quite glabrous. Leaves 2\ to 3 in. wide, dark shining green above, pale green beneath and with prominent tertiary veins, finely serrate with long points to the teeth. ** Branchlets densely ptibescent -with long hairs. 5. Tilia platyphyllos, Scopoli. Europe. See p. 1661. Leaves 3 to 4 in. wide, upper surface with short scattered pubescence, lower surface covered with long hairs. (b) Axil-tufts absent at the base of the leaf, present elsewhere. 6. Tilia americana, Linnaeus. North America. See p. 1685. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long and 3^ to 4^ in. wide, broadly ovate, cordate at the base, glabrous beneath and with numerous prominent parallel tertiary veins ; margin with long-pointed coarse serrations. 7. Tiliapaucicostata, Maximowicz. Western China. See p. 1680. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves 2\ in. long and 2 in. wide ; ovate, usually truncate at the base, glabrous beneath with few prominent irregular tertiary veins ; margin with long-pointed fine serrations. II. LEAVES GREEN OR GREYISH BENEATH, WITH SCATTERED STELLATE TOMENTUM. (a) Under surface of the leaves without axil-tiifts, but with long hairs on the midrib. 8. Tilia Moltkei, Schneider. See p. 1686. A hybrid, with large leaves similar to those of T. americana in shape and serrations. Buds and branchlets glabrous. 1 These are tufts of hairs at the junctions of the midrib and lateral nerves on the under surface of the leaf, which are now often termed domatia ; they are the abodes of mites, and serve a useful purpose in the economy of the tree. They were fully studied and described by Lundström, in Nov. Act. Keg. Sac. Sei. Ufsala, xiii. pt. 2, pp. 3-10 (1887). Cf. Lord Avebury, Brit. Flffivering Plants, 123 (1905). Tilia l6S5 9. Tilia spectabilis, Dippel. See p. 1686. A hybrid similar to T. Moltkei, but with smaller leaves, which have long hairs on the principal nerves, as well as on the midrib. Buds pubescent in their upper half. Branchlets with traces of stellate pubescence. (b) Under surface of the leaves with axil-tufts. 10. Tilia Michauxii, Nuttall. North America. See p. 1689. Leaves usually large,1 5 to 7 in. in length and 4 to 6 in. wide ; ovate-cordate, very oblique at the base, with long-pointed large triangular serrations. Buds and branchlets glabrous. III. LEAVES WHITE OR GREY BENEATH, AND COVERED WITH A DENSE STELLATE TOMENTUM. (a) Branchlets glabrous. * Axil-tufts present. IDA. Tilia Michauxii, Nuttall. In some forms of this species the leaves are densely greyish tomentose beneath. See above, No. io. * Axil-tufts absent. it. Tilia Jieterophylla, Ventenat. North America. Seep. 1688. Leaves ovate-cordate, very oblique at the base, 4 to 5 in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide, covered beneath with a silvery white tomentum ; serrations coarse and short-pointed. 12. Tilia Oliveri, Szyszylowicz. China. See p. 1681. Leaves orbicular-ovate, 3 to 4 in. long, z\ to 3 in. wide, silvery white beneath ; serrations minute, crenate. (b) Branchlets pubescent. *'Axil-tufts present. 13. Tilia Maximowicziana, Shirasawa. Japan. See p. 1683. Leaves orbicular-ovate, averaging 5 in. long and broad, covered beneath with a greyish tomentum ; axil-tufts and tomentum on midrib and nerves brownish. ** Axil-tufts absent. 14. Tilia tomentosa, Moench. South-eastern Europe, Asia Minor. See p. 1675. Leaves orbicular-ovate, 3 to 5 in. across, greyish or snowy white beneath, with stout or slender short petioles ; serrations fine, regular, ending in short points. Buds, branchlets, and petioles grey tomentose. 15. Tilia petiolaris, Hooker. See p. 1677. Possibly a sport of T. tomentosa, from which it differs in the pendulous habit of the tree, the long" slender petioles, and the peculiar fruit. 16. Tilia mandstmrica, Ruprecht and Maximowicz. Manchuria, North China, Korea. See p. 1682. Leaves orbicular-ovate, 4 to 5 in. across, white beneath ; margin often one- to two-lobed, with coarse serrations, ending in long awn-like points. Branchlets, buds, and stout petioles brown tomentose. 1 In native specimens the leaves are smaller, averaging 4 to S in. long anil 3 to 4 in. wide. 1656 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 17. Tilia Miqueliana, Maximowicz. Cultivated in Japan. See p. 1684. Leaves remarkably variable in shape, deltoid or ovate, usually much longer than broad, 3 to 4 in. long and 2 to 2^ in. wide, grey beneath ; serrations irre gular, ending in short points. (A. H.) TILIA CORDATA, SMALL-LEAVED LIME Tilia cordata, Miller,1 Gard. Diet. No. i (1768); Moench, Verz. Ausl. Weissenst. 135 (1785); Schneider, Laubholzkunde, ii. 372 (1909); V. Engler, Monog. Gatt. Tilia, 74 (1909). Tilia europœa, Linnœus, Sp. PL 514 (1753) (in part); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. i. 364 (1838). Tilia iilmifolia, Scopoli, Fl. Cam. i. 374 (1772); Sargent, in Garden and forest, ii. 256, f. 111(1889). Tilia parvifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. Naturk. v. 159 (1790); Willkomm, Forstliche Flora, 729 (1887); Mathieu, Flore Forestière, 29 (1897). Tilia microphylla, Ventenat, in Mem. Acad. Se. Paris, iv. 5 (1803). Tilia sylvestris, Desfontaines, TaMe Éc. Bot. Mus. Paris, 152 (1804). A tree, attaining ioo ft. in height and 20 ft. in girth. Bark smooth and grey on young trees ; ultimately on old trunks divided by narrow longitudinal fissures into scaly ridges. Young branchlets green, slightly pubescent at first, speedily becoming glabrous, the pubescence, however, being often retained on short shoots ; older branchlets dark brown. Leaves2 (Plate 407, Fig. 8), membraneous, 2 to 2^ in. wide, usually broader than long, smooth and not wrinkled, cuspidate at the apex, cordate at the base ; margin non-ciliate, regularly serrate, the teeth ending in short cartilaginous points ; upper surface dark green, shining, glabrous except for occasional long hairs on the nerves ; lower surface bluish or glaucous green, glabrous except for the conspicuous dense orange-brown axil-tufts at the base, and at the junctions of the midrib, primary, and secondary nerves ; tertiary veins scarcely prominent on the under surface, and more irregular, and less straight and parallel than in T. vulgaris and T. platyphyllos ; petiole about half as long as the blade, slender, glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs. Cymes directed upwards, five- to seven-flowered ; bract long-stalked, glabrous ; pedicels glabrous or with a few scattered hairs ; sepals pubescent ; petals glabrous ; stamens about thirty, longer than the petals ; staminodes absent ; ovary tomentose, style glabrous. Fruit globose, faintly ridged, apiculate at the apex, covered with long scattered tomentum ; shell thin and fragile. In winter the buds are more globose than those of T. vulgaris or T. platyphyllos, and appear to be composed of two external scales, though the 1 E. G. Baker, \njourn. Bot. xxxvi. 318 (1898), states that Miller's specimen in the British Museum is T. platyphyllos ; but there is no evidence that this is a lype specimen. It is plain from Miller's statement that T. cordata " grows naturally in the woods in many parts of England," and from his identification of it with Tilia foemina, folio minore, C. Bauhin, Finax, 426 (1671), that he meant the small-leaved lime. 1 The leaves on coppice shoots in the first year are remarkably large. Mr. Riddelsdell sent us specimens from Glamorganshire, with leaves 5 to 7 in. long and nearly as broad, coarsely toothed, deeply and narrowly cordate at the base, ending at the apex in a long acuminate point, and on short petioles scarcely an inch in length. As the coppice shoots lengthen year by year, the leaves gradually assume their normal form, small in size, broader than long, and with long petioles. Lees, in Bot. Worcestershire, 16 (1867), argues from the variable appearance of the leaves of coppice shoots of T. parvifolia, that the common lime is only a variety of the latter. The coppice shoots of most broad-leaved trees have peculiar leaves, different from those in the adult state, and more alike in allied species, so that their discrimination is difficult. Tilia 1657 pubescent tip of a third scale may be discerned at the apex of the bud ; the first and second scales are shining, glabrous, ciliate. This species is readily distinguished by the bluish tint of the under surface of the leaves, which are very different in their tertiary venation from the other common limes. The erect and not pendulous cymes of flowers are also a peculiar feature. VARIETIES This species, as limited here to the European and Caucasian small-leaved lime, displays little variation in the wild state, the varieties1 established by Schneider on the shape and size of the leaf and the amount of the pubescence on the fruit, being probably due to soil conditions, and not worth enumerating. A few peculiar sports have been noticed, none of which appear to be known in England :— 1. Var. vitifolia, Schneider, op. cit. Leaves three-lobed. Wild in Hungary. 2. Var. aureo-variegata, Schneider,2 op. cit. Leaves variegated with yellow. 3. Var. cîtcullata, Henry (var. nova). Similar to the variety so named of T. platyphyllos. De Vries, Species and Varieties, 355, 669 (1906) and Mutation Theory, 470, fig. 106 (1910), draws attention to a tree with peltate and pitcher-like leaves, which is growing at Lage Vuursche, near Amsterdam. DISTRIBUTION The small-leaved lime is a native of the greater part of Europe and of the Caucasus, the closely allied forms3 in Siberia, Manchuria, and Japan being now regarded as distinct species. In Europe, it extends from northern Spain to the Ural range, attaining its maximum development in Russia, where it occasionally forms pure woods, but more usually, as is always the case elsewhere, growing as isolated trees or in small groups with other deciduous trees. It occurs as far north as the province of Volgoda, where it disappears after becoming a small shrub at lat. 62°. In the Ural, it reaches as far north as lat. 58° 50'. The finest lime woods 1 Var. Blockiana, Schneider (T. Blockiana, Borbas), and var. ovalifolia, Spach, with leaves larger and less cordate than usual, are possibly of hybrid origin. 2 Tilia iilmifolia, Scopoli, \3.r.foliis variegatis, Petzold and Kirchner, Arb. Muse. 156 (1864), is another name for this variety. 3 The Asiatic forms are distinguished as follows from the European T. cordata :— A. Tilia sibirica, Bayer, in Verh. Z. Bot. Ges. Wien. xii. 23 (1862). Tilia cordata, var. sibirica, Maximowicz, in Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. xxvi. 432 (1860). Indigenous in western Siberia. Not yet introduced. Differs mainly in the leaves, truncate or cuneate at the base, with sharper serrations, and long hairs on the nerves. B. Tilia amurensis, Ruprecht, Fl. Cane. 253 (1869). Tilia Maximowiczii, Baker, injottrn. Bot. xxxvi. 319 (1898). Tilia cordata, var. mandslmrica, Maximowicz, in Mil. Biol. x. 584 (1880). Indigenous in Manchuria and Korea. Not yet introduced. Differs in the larger leaves, with fewer coarser serrations, which are tipped with long points. C. Tilia japonica, Simonkai, in Math. Term. Koezl. xxii. 326 (1888). Tilia cordata, var. japonica, Miquel, in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 18 (1867) ; Sargent, in Garden and Forest, vi. ill (1893), and Forest Flora Japan, 20(1894); Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. Forest. Japon, i. text 115, t. 72, figs. I-IO ( 1900). Indigenous in Japan, where it is a small tree, rarely higher than 60 ft. It was introduced into the Arnold Arboretum, U.S.A., in 1886, where it is hardy, producing flowers and fruit every year ; but is said to be scarcely distinct from the European species. It appears to differ mainly in the flowers, which are 20 to 40 in each cyme, and possess staminodes. Specimens collected by Elwes at Asahigawa in Yezo show no difference in leaves and branchlets. 1658 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland in Russia are in the region extending southwards from Kostroma to the edge of the steppe ; and here both this species and T. platyphyllos grow together. In Norway it is found as a wild tree as far north as lat. 62° 9' on the west coast, and in Sweden up to 63° ic/ in Angermanland ; but according to Schübeler, it thrives when planted as far north as 67° 56' in Norway, 65° 50' in Sweden, and 63° in Finland. It appears to be not a native tree in Belgium, Holland, Denmark, and north-western Germany ; and is nowhere very common in central Europe at present, though it is supposed to have been more widely spread in ancient times, as the word linden is very prevalent in German and Slavonic names of places. It is rather a tree of the plains than of the mountains; but it ascends in Bohemia and Bavaria to 2000 ft., and in Switzerland and the Tyrol to 4000 ft. Bolle informed Sargent that very old and enormous trees1 of this species, one being nearly 23 ft. in girth, exist at Paelitzaerder on the Paarestein lake near Eberswalde. In France, it is met with in most of the forests of the plains and low hills, except in the departments bordering on the Mediterranean. It is occasionally treated as coppice, being used for firewood and making charcoal. Bast, which was formerly a product of some importance, is now only produced in the forest of Chantilly, nearly all the bast used being now imported from Russia. Mathieu mentions a tree, planted at Gerardmer in the Vosges, which measured 95 ft. in height and 19 ft. in girth, and was supposed to be at least 250 years old. The small-leaved lime extends southwards to about lat. 41°, occurring in northern Spain, Italy, and the Balkan States ; but is unknown in Greece and Sicily. Huffel2 says that both it and T.platyphyllos are common in the forests of the hills of Dobrudja, Roumania, where they are the dominant trees. The small-leaved lime is a native of England, ranging from Cumberland south ward. It occurs in woods in rather inaccessible positions, where it is a rare tree, and more commonly in coppice, situations in which the indigenous vegetation has often been preserved. Ray8 considered this species to be a true native ; and in his time it was frequent and wild in woods and coppices in Essex, Sussex, Lincolnshire, and especially in Bedfordshire, " where there were thousands of lime trees." He adds that it was less common in the Forest of Dean, and rare in Cranborne Chase in Dorset. Many of the local floras give instances of its occurrence, as J. G. Baker4 for Yorkshire, who states that it occurs " at Slip Gill near Rievaulx, where aboriginal woods composed principally of oak and hazel cover the steeply-sloping rocky banks of one of the loneliest and pleasantest glens in the eastern calcareous range." Ley5 records it for different parts of Herefordshire. Murray6 says it is abundant in the Leigh woods near Bristol. It is said7 to be wild in several localities in Glamorgan shire. Bromfield8 mentions wild trees in one locality in the Isle of Wight, and in aboriginal woods on the chalk at Bordean Hill, near Petersfield, Hants. Bromfield supposes that Lyndhurst, in the New Forest, owes its name to the 1 Bean, in A'ew Bull. 1908, p. 397, mentions a tree in the Grosse Garten, Dresden, branching close to the ground, where the trunk was about 8 ft. through. 2 Les Forêts de la Roumanie (1890). 3 Syn. Meth. 316 (1696) and Philos. Letters, 250 (1718). 4 Flora N. Yorks. 274 (1906). 6 Flora Herefordshire, 54 (1889). ° Flora Smnerset, 64 (1896). 7 Riddelsdell, injourn. Bot. Suffi. 18 (1907). 8 FI. Vect. 83 (1856). Tilia prevalence of this species there in ancient times. Limehouse, in London, according to Stowe, was originally called Limehurst, meaning a grove of linden trees in Saxon times. (A. H.) Some doubt exists among botanists as to whether the small-leaved lime is truly native of England or not. It is not mentioned by Clement Reid as having been found in the fossil state in Britain ; and by some it is supposed to have been introduced at an early epoch, perhaps by the Romans. But in some parts of the West Midlands it is found in woods remote from buildings, where one can hardly believe it was planted, so that it might fairly be considered a native but for one important fact. Notwithstanding many inquiries even in the districts where it now seems most at home, I have found no one who has seen a self-sown small-leaved lime. It seems hardly possible that a native tree should have lost its power of reproduction by seed, in a climate where it succeeds so well even as far north as Ross-shire ; and in the north of France self-sown seedling limes are not uncommon, as I have myself observed in the Forêt de Retz. The tree has a remarkable power of persistence after repeated cutting, and of extending from stools to a considerable distance ; so that in two old coppiced woods on my own property, it is now impossible to say where the stools originated. I have seen limes in remote' rocky woods on the Wye valley near Moccas Court, whose stools had the appearance of very great age ; and in the deep rocky gorge of Castle Eden Dene, on the coast of Durham, there are limes growing on such steep rocks that they could scarcely have been planted. But though rabbits will eat almost anything before they touch lime, I have searched in vain for seedlings in all these places. On the Carboniferous limestone rocks at Pen Moel near Chepstow, the residence of W. R. Price, Esq., I saw the tree growing in situations where it must have grown naturally from seed ; and though Mr. Price has never found ripe fruit he has not the least doubt that it is indigenous here and elsewhere on the cliffs of the lower Wye valley. E. Lees, in Botany of Worcestershire, 16 (1867) gives an excellent account of the occurrence of the lime in that county, where it is, in his opinion, " an undoubted native." He states that Shrawley wood, west of the Severn, which is about 500 acres in extent, is remarkable for a great part of it consisting of an undergrowth of lime, which is regularly cut as coppice-wood, and, therefore, is never in a flowering state.1 On visiting this place, I agreed with Sir H. Vernon, of Hanbury Hall, near Droitwich, the owner of the wood, that the stools are in rows as though they had been planted ; moreover there is not, so far as he knows, any lime in the adjoining woods. He says that this underwood used to be cut every seventeen years, and sent to the Potteries for making crates, but that this demand having ceased, it is now difficult to get rid of. It is now allowed to grow into poles, which are sometimes sold for copper-smelting in the Black Country, at about six or seven pounds per acre for twenty to twenty-five years' growth. In Sir H. Vernon's opinion, it would now pay better to grub the lime and plant larch in its place. Lees2 goes on to state that " Ockeridge wood, near Holt, though in a lesser 1 Cf. p. 1656, note 2. 2 Cf, also Lees' remarks in Forest and Chace ofMalverii, abstracted in Card. Chron. 1870, p. 1536. 1660 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland degree, nourishes the same tree, as well as various coppices on the banks of the Severn between Ombersley and Hawford, where T. grandifolia exists in a naturalised state." He mentions "a very old and remarkable pollard tree of T. parvifolia at Hawford, on the ridge not far removed from the Severn. The base is more than 40 ft. round and six large boles arise from this in a semicircular manner. In fact, commencing with the border of Wyre forest and proceeding southward, the lime appears in numerous woods, coppices, and old hedgerows, to the very end of the Malvern range near Bromsberrow. The base of the round hills near Alberley, Ockeridge wood, the western base of the Berrow Hill near Martley, the banks of Leigh brook, Rosebury Rock on the Teme, the Old Storridge Hill, the country about Great Malvern, and ancient woods in the parishes of Castle Morton and the Berrow, may be particularly mentioned. Many of the old lime trees get pollarded, and then, in the course of years, put on a very grotesque appearance." REMARKABLE TREES The small-leaved lime apparently never attains so great a height in England as the common lime, but is occasionally of great girth and is certainly long-lived. A tree (Plate 372), remarkable for its spreading habit, at Sprowston Hall, Norwich, was figured by Grigor in Eastern Arboretum, 200 (1841), where it is stated that it measured 24 ft. 7 in. " near the ground " and was believed to have been planted on 3Oth January 1649. It still survives in a shattered condition. There is a remarkably fine tree of this species at The Hall, Thirsk, the seat of Reginald Bell, Esq., who has kindly sent us photographs. In 1904 the trunk in its narrowest part was 20 ft. in girth, and the spread of the branches was about 250 ft. in circumference. One of the finest small-leaved limes is growing on a flat by the River Teme, at Oakly Park, Ludlow, which, in 1908, as nearly as I could measure it, was about no ft. by 14^ ft. A fine tree, of weeping habit, at Hursley Park, Hants, the seat of Sir G. A. Cooper, Bart., measures about 80 ft. by 15^ ft. Close to it stands the hollow trunk of a much larger tree of the same species, which was blown down some years ago, and measures 19^ ft. in girth. The spread of its branches is said to have exceeded IOO ft. At Arley Castle, Bewdley, a good specimen measured, in 1903, 85 ft. by 9 ft. 9 in. At Woburn Abbey, the largest tree of this species measures 76 ft. by 7 ft. 4 in., but appears to be still young, as the bark is comparatively smooth. In Lincolnshire, the tree is not uncommon in parks and hedgerows. In Burghley Park there are several old trees, one of which measured, in 1908, 80 ft. by 11 ft. 4 in. At Casewick House, another was 82 ft. by 9 ft. 6 in. in the same year. At Syston Park there is a fine specimen, which measured 97 ft. by 11 ft. in 1906. (H. J. E.) Til ia 1661 TILIA PLATYPHYLLOS, LARGE-LEAVED LIME Tilia platyphyllos, Scopoli, Fl. Cam. i. 373 (1772); Sargent, in Garden and Forest, ii. 256, f. 109 (1889); Schneider, LauMwlzkunde, ii. 376 (1909). Tilia grandifolia, Ehrhart, Belt. v. 158 (1790); Willkomm, Forstliche Flora, 733 (1887); Mathieu, Flore Forestière, 33 (1897). Tilia paticiflora, Hayne, Arzn. iii. 48 (1813). Tilia corailina, Smith, in Rees, Cycl. xxxv. No. 2 (1819). Tilia mollis, Spach, in Ann. Se. Nat. ii. 336 (1834). Tilia europœa, Linnxus, Sp. PL 514 (1753) (in part) ; Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. i. 364 (1838). A tree, attaining 130 ft. in height and upwards of 20 ft. in girth. Bark at first smooth and grey, ultimately on old stems with narrow shallow longitudinal fissures and ridges separating on the surface into small quadrangular scales. Young branch- lets moderately covered with long white hairs ; older branchlets glabrescent. Leaves (Plate 407, fig. 6) 3 to 4 in. in width and length, slightly uneven or wrinkled, ciliate in margin, regularly serrate, the serrations ending in short cartilaginous points ; upper surface dull green, covered with short pubescence ; lower surface lighter green, covered with long whitish pubescence, densest on the midrib, nerves, and veinlets, and forming dense axil-tufts at the base of the blade and at the junctions of the primary nerves with the midrib and with the secondary nerves ; tertiary veinlets parallel and prominent on the under surface ; petiole stout, shorter than the blade, whitish pubescent. Flowers in pendulous, usually three-flowered cymes ; about \ in. in diameter, yellowish - white ; sepals slightly pubescent externally, downy within; petals ob- lanceolate, longer than the sepals ; stamens about thirty, longer than the petals ; staminodes absent ; ovary globose, tomentose ; style glabrous. Fruit globose, pyriform, or ovoid, usually1 with three to five prominent ribs, tomentose, apiculate at the apex ; shell woody and hard. In winter this species may be recognised by the twigs being slightly pubescent near the buds, which are minutely pubescent at the tip and show externally three glabrous ciliated scales. VARIETIES This species in the wild state varies considerably in the amount of pubescence on the leaves, branchlets, and petioles ; and has been subdivided into five sub species by Schneider, who acknowledges, however, the great difficulty of limiting them clearly. The most pubescent forms occur in northern Germany, northern France, and Scandinavia ; while nearly glabrous forms are found in southern France, Austria, and the Balkan States. V. Engler disagrees with Schneider's classification ; and considers that the limes occurring in southern France, the Pyrenees, Italy, etc., should be united with T. caucasica ; but this view is hardly tenable. The bract is stalked in most cases, but is occasionally sessile ; and abnormal forms occur 1 A tree at Kew of undoubted T. platyphyllos, bore fruit in 1907, on which no trace of ribs was perceptible. VII C 1662 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland (var. multibracteata) in which two bracts are borne on one peduncle. The fruit is remarkably variable, both in shape and in the prominence of the ribs. The southern more glabrous forms are rarely cultivated in England, the only specimen which I have seen being a tree at Kew about 25 ft. high, which is named var. obliqua? The branchlets are nearly glabrous ; leaves very oblique and truncate at the base, glabrous above, with scattered pubescence below. It bears flowers similar to those of the type. A large number of sports have arisen both under cultivation and in the wild state, the most noteworthy of which are :— 1. Var. pyramidalis, Simonkai, in Math. Term. Koezl. 334 (1888). Pyramidal in habit ; leaves usually more or less cordate at the base. According to Schneider this is occasionally wild in south-eastern Europe. 2. Var. tortuosa, Bean, m Kew Hand-list Trees, 71 (1902). A peculiar sport, with all the twigs and branches twisted and curved. This2 originated in the Royal Horticultural Society's garden at Chiswick in 1888 as a single specimen out of a bed of 500 large red limes. Grafts were sent to Kew from Chiswick in 1890, and three trees about 18 ft high survive, in the Lime collection. 3. Var. aurea, Loudon (var. aurantia\ Twigs golden yellow. 4. Var. corallina, Solander, in Aiton, Hort. Keiu. ii. 229 (1789). Twigs bright red. Both these varieties are conspicuous in winter, and have been known for more than a century. According to Koch they were probably introduced from England to the Continent. The latter is the red-twigged lime of some English nurseries. 5. Var. laciniata, Loudon (var. asplenüfolia, var. ßlicifolid). Leaves smaller than in the type, deeply and irregularly cut and twisted. This never attains a large size,3 and is only suitable for planting as a curiosity in gardens. It commonly throws out branches on which the foliage is normal. 6. Var. vitifolia, Simonkai, op. cit. Leaves lobulate or weakly three-lobed. 7. Forms with variegated leaves are known, as var. albo-marginata, Van Houtte. 8. Var. cucullata, Schneider (T. c^lcullata, Jacquin,* Frag. Bot. 19, t. ii, f. 3 (1800)). A form with small leaves, of which the edges of the two sides are joined together at the base, making the leaf pitcher-shaped. It is said to occur wild in southern Bohemia, where, according to Willkomm, there are some old trees, with all the leaves showing this peculiarity, at the monastery of Goldenkron, near Krumau. DISTRIBUTION This species is widely distributed throughout central and southern Europe, extending as far eastward as the Ural Mountains. Its northern limit as a wild tree is not known with certainty, and Willkomm considers it not to be indigenous in 1 Probably identical with T. obliqua, Host, in Schmidt, Oestr. £amns. iv. t. 224 (1822), and Host, Fl. Austr. ii. 62 (1831). The Kew tree agrees with a dried specimen collected in Host's garden in 1832. 2 Cf. Gard. Chron. iv. 708 (1888). 3 A. B. Jackson saw a tree at Blenheim, 40 ft. by 3^ ft., in 1908. * Jacquin figures leaves from trees in a cemetery at Sedlitz, near Kuttenberg in Bohemia. Leneck, in Mitt. Nat. Ver. Univ. Wien, 1893, pp. 19-29, figs. I-i I, gives an account of these abnormal leaves ; and records a large-leaved lime growing at Leitmeritz in northern Bohemia, of which 20 to 30 per cent of the leaves were pitcher- or cowl-shaped. Cf. Just, Bot. Jahresb. xxii. pt. 2, p. 219 (1894). Tilia 1663 northern Germany, Denmark, and the Baltic provinces of Russia. Bolle, however, states that it grows sparingly in these countries, and mentions small groups of wild trees growing in the islands on the west coast of Sweden, near Strömstad. It is most common in southern Russia, where in the provinces of Ukraine and Volhynia it often forms pure woods, though it is also seen in mixture with the small-leaved lime and Quercuspedimciilata. It is also frequent in the southern states and Rhenish provinces of Germany, and ascends in the Bavarian Alps to 3300 ft. It is also widely spread in Austria, Hungary, and the Balkan States ; and occurs in Italy and Spain, reaching its most westerly point in Asturias and New Castile. In France it is found scattered in the forests of the plain, except in the Mediterranean region, where, however, it has been observed as a rare tree in the Ravin des Arcs, 15 miles north of Montpellier.1 More common in the hills and mountains, it attains its highest elevation, 4600 ft., in the Pyrénées-Orientales. It is replaced in Greece by the closely allied species T. corinthiaca, Bosc, and in the Caucasus, north Persia, and Armenia by T. ca^^cas^ca, Ruprecht. Neither of these is in cultivation. This species is a doubtful native of England, and was considered by Watson to be only a denizen. Bromfield2 says that the broad-leaved lime, though partly naturalised in hedgerows, is nowhere indigenous in this country. Ley,3 in 1889, however, considered it to be truly wild in rocky woods in the lower valley of the Wye, where, on the Great Doward and at Symonds Yat, it grows on bare limestone rock in company with the small-leaved lime. The occurrence here of Pyms latifolia as an indigenous tree supports Ley's opinion. Baker* also considers it to be a native of Yorkshire, where it grows on the limestone scars of the lower part of Swaledale in a rocky wood, where no trees have ever been planted. Lintons also records it as growing wild on limestone cliffs in Derbyshire. (A. H.) REMARKABLE TREES One of the oldest large-leaved limes in England is the famous tree" planted by Queen Elizabeth during her visit to Burghley Park, Stamford. This is now only about 60 ft. high, having lost many limbs in recent years, but it is 20 ft. in girth, and still bears foliage freely. The tallest trees of this species which I have seen are those on the hill in the park at Longleat, where there are many from 120 to 130 ft. high, and some probably 1 Elwes found a lime wild in the Forêt de Sainte Baume, near Aubagne (Var), which was identified by M. Macler of Nice with T. platyfhyllos. It is recorded for this station by Albert and Jahandiez, Plant. Vase, du Var, 84 (1908). Enormous trees of this species are said to have existed in France, one at Château Chaulé near Meile (Poitou) having measured 50 ft. in girth in 1804, when it was 538 years old. T. Hartig alludes to another at Saint Bonnet which was 55 ft. in girth. Cf. Kanngieser, in Flora, xcix. 428 (1909). Willkomm, Forstliche Flora, 736, note (1887), mentions also large limes in Germany, one at Staffelstein in Bavaria being 57 ft. in girth at three feet from the ground. We have not been able to confirm these records. 2 f;of.a Vect_ g3 (1856). 3 Flora Herefordshire, 54 (1889). The late Rev. Augustin I.ey, who kindly sent me specimens for examination, in- formed me in a letter, that "it occurs sparingly in aboriginal woodland, through Herefordshire, where there are nine stations in which the tree is native. It extends northwards into Shropshire, westwards into Radnor and Brecon, and southwards along the Wye valley into west Gloucester and Monmouth. In many of its stations it occupies crannies of limestone cliff, where it is physically impossible that it should be planted." * Flora North Yorkshire, 274 (1906). 6 Flora Derbyshire, 91 (1903). c Figured in Card. Chron. xvi. 400, fig. 78 (iSSl). 1664 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland taller, all running up to a great height with clean straight stems. These are reputed to have been planted in 1690. At Revesby Abbey there is a fine old tree, about loo ft. by 13 ft. 3 in., with the branches descending to the ground. The avenue at Poltimore, which is very fine, is composed of limes J of the species. Mr. Renwick reports a large-leaved lime2 at Ancrum, near Roxburgh, which in 1909 measured 26 ft. in girth at 6 ft. from the ground. (H. J. E.) TILIA VULGARIS, COMMON LIME Tilia vulgaris, Hayne, Arzn. iii. 47 (1813) ; Sargent, in Garden and Forest, ii. 256, fig. no (1889). Tilia intermedia, De Candolle, Prod. i. 513 (1824); Mathieu, Flore Forestière, 32 (1897). Tilia europcea, Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 514 (1753) (in part); Loudon, Are. et Frut. Brit. i. 364 (1838). Tilia cordata xplatyphyllos, Schneider, Laubholzkunde, ii. 374 (1909); V. Engler, Monog. Gatt. Tilia, 144 (1909). A tree, attaining 130 ft. in height and 15 ft. in girth. Bark similar to that of T. platyphyllos. Young branchlets green, glabrous, becoming dark-brown with age. Leaves (Plate 407, fig. 4) larger than those of T. cordata, averaging 4 in. in length and 3 in. in width, slightly wrinkled or uneven, cuspidate or acuminate at the apex, truncate or cordate at the base ; margin slightly ciliate and regularly serrate, the teeth ending in short points ; upper surface dark green, glabrous ; lower surface pale green, with brown axil-tufts at the base and the junctions of the midrib, primary and secondary nerves, and a few scattered long hairs on the nerves, elsewhere usually glabrous ; tertiary nerves on the lower surface prominent, mostly straight and parallel ; petiole green, glabrous, about half the length of the blade. Cymes pendulous, five- to ten-flowered, glabrous ; bract slightly pubescent, sessile or stalked ; sepals, petals, stamens, ovary, and style as in T. platyphyllos. Fruit ovoid or globose, apiculate at the apex, not ribbed when mature, covered with a dense tomentum ; shell thick and tough. The buds are similar to those of T. platyphyllos, showing three external scales, which are glabrous, shining, and ciliate ; but the glabrous branchlets will readily distinguish the common lime in winter, those of T. platyphyllos always being more or less pubescent. This species, though the most common lime in cultivation, both in Britain and on the Continent, is extremely rare in the wild state. Mathieu says that it is occasionally seen in woods3 in France; and Simonkai records reputed wild speci mens from Upsala in Sweden and from Finland. Bolle informed Sargent that he had only once seen an indigenous specimen, a tree growing in the Tyrol. 1 Cf. p. 1667, note I, for other avenues of this species, and p. 1669. 2 Cf. Christison, in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. xix. 494 (1893), who states that it was 20 ft. in girth at five feet up, the narrowest point, in 1877. 3 In the Cambridge herbarium there is a specimen gathered by Vincent in 1847 in the wood of ChampigneuiUe, near Nancy ; and another gathered in Switzerland by J. Stuart Mill, labelled " Mountain side, near Altdorf, Canton Uri, completely wild and native." Tilia ,665 It is now universally admitted to be a hybrid between T. cordata and T. platyphyllos. The distinctive marks of these species and the hybrid are :— T. platyphyllos. Branchlets and leaves very pubescent with long hairs. Buds with three external scales. Cymes pendulous, usually three - flowered. Fruit with prominent ribs ; shell woody and hard. T. cordata. Branchlets glabrous or nearly so. Leaves small, glabrous except for axil-tufts, bluish beneath with irregular and not prominent tertiary venation. Buds with two external scales. Cymes erect, five- to seven- flowered. Fruit faintly ridged ; shell thin and fragile. T. vulgaris. Branchlets quite glabrous. Leaves larger than those of T. cordata ; under surface pale green, glabrous except for axil-tufts and a few hairs on the nerves, with parallel straight and prominent tertiary venation (as in T. platyphyllos). Buds with three external scales. Cymesßendzi/ous, five- to ten-flowered. Fruit faintly ribbed ; shell woody and hard. There are at least two distinct forms of the common lime in cultivation in England and elsewhere which require further study, one with leaves light green beneath, longer than broad, the form described above and considered by botanists to be typical T. vulgaris, Hayne ; and the following :— 1. T.pallida,1 Wierzbicki, in Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. Germ. vi. 58, t. 315 (1844). Leaves smaller, often not much larger than those of T. cordata, as broad as or broader than long, yellowish or bluish green beneath. It is readily dis tinguishable from T. cordata by its prominent tertiary venation, and has flowers and fruits like those of typical T. vulgaris. According to V. Engler, it is occasion ally found in the wild state in Hungary. Rarer hybrids also occur :— 2. T. flavescens and T. floribunda, A. Braun, in Doell, Rhein Fl. 672 (1843)- These peculiar trees, possibly hybrids of the same parentage as T. vulgaris, were noticed growing in an avenue at Carlsruhe in 1836. The leaves closely resemble those of T. cordata, but are larger and with paler axil-tufts. The cymes, with numerous flowers, in which staminodes2 are developed, resemble in these respects those of T.japonica, the small-leaved lime of Japan. According to Koch,3 the seed was sown, and produced pure T. cordata seedlings ; but two trees at Kew, labelled T. flavescens, presumably seedlings, have larger leaves than those of the common small-leaved lime, and are peculiar in their yellow branchlets and petioles. These, though young trees,4 bear flowers, few in the cyme, without staminodes, in partly erect and partly pendulous cymes. One obtained from Späth in 1900 is about 20 ft. high ; the other, from Simon-Louis in 1902, is about 15 ft. 1 Identified by Schneider, with T. subparuifolia, Borbas, in Oest. Bot. Zeit, xxxvii. 297 (1887). T. vulgaris, var. pallida, Sargent, Bull. Pop. Inform. No. 30 (1912), and in Card. Chron. Iii. 88 (1912), is the typical form of T. vulgatis, and not the tree described by Wierzbicki. 2 On account of the staminodes, these trees are often supposed to be hybrids of T. cordata with T. aniericana, but they show no resemblance to the latter species in the shape, size, or serrations of the leaves. 3 Dendrologie, i. 481 (1869). 4 Sargent, Bull. Pop. Inform. No. 30, 1912, and in Card. Chron. Iii. 87 (1912), says that plants only a few feet high flower profusely. 1666 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 3. T. Beaumontia? which is sold in Späth's and Simon-Louis's nurseries, appears to be a form of the common lime, with pendulous branches. The common lime is not indigenous in Britain, where it is never found except in plantations, avenues, and hedgerows, and rarely2 produces natural seedlings. It comes into flower3 about ten days later than T. platyphyllos, and a fortnight earlier than T. cordata. In the common lime and allied species, the upper surface of the leaves is fre quently found in summer to be sprinkled over with a viscid saccharine fluid, which is popularly known as honey dew. There has been great diversity of opinion as to whether this honey dew is always an exudation from the leaves, or is in some cases voided by aphides on the leaves. Sorauer,4 the latest investigator of this subject, believes that the saccharine excretion originates without the assistance of aphides, and is the result of excessive transpiration, brought about usually by intense sunlight, a common occasion being when a cold night is followed by a hot morning sun. After the honey dew dries and thickens, it becomes the seat of growth of certain fungi, species of Fiimago, which give the leaves a blackened appearance. Paths and garden seats situated under lime trees frequently show a disagreeable coating of this viscid exudation, which has fallen from the leaves. The date of its introduction into England is uncertain, but this tree appears 5 to have been first planted on a large scale by Le Notre,6 in the reign of Charles II., who used it for avenues, as was then the custom in France. The lime trees mentioned by Turner in 1562 as attaining a large size, and the old trees reported by Barrington7 to be growing in 1769 in Moor Park in Hertfordshire and on the river Neath in Glamorganshire, were probably T. cordata, and of indigenous origin. (A. H.) CULTIVATION The lime seems to ripen its seed more often than is generally supposed in warm summers in the south of England, and I have raised seedlings8 from seeds gathered as far north as near Newark in 1904. In the same year Mr. A. C. Forbes sent me some of the common lime from Longleat, saying that very little, if any, of the seed of 1 Cf. Schneider, Laubhohkunde, ii. 374 (1909), who considers it to be a hybrid between T. euchlora and T. platyphyllos. 2 Mr. Anderson has found a few seedlings from trees planted on the edge of Lord Bathurst's deer park, just opposite the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester.—H. J. E. 3 Cf. Dr. Moss, in Bot. Exchg. Club Rep. 1910, p. 550. 4 Pflanzenkrank, i. 412-414 (1909). The literature about honey dew on the lime is extensive. Boussingaull's article in Comptes Rendus, Ixxiv. 87 (1872), and Riviere's and Roze's articles in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xiv. 12, 15 (1867), are abstracted in Gard. Chron. 1872, pp. 509, 609. See also various letters in Gard. Chron. 1873, pp. 920, 952, 1308, 1340, 1372, 1404, 1501, 1602. Buckton, British Aphides, \. 39-47 (1876), may also be consulted. 6 Cf. London, Arb. et Frut. Brit. i. 23, 24 (1838), who states, quoting Hasted, Kent, 562 (1769), that Sir John Speilman, in the reign of Elizabeth, brought over two lime trees from Germany, which were planted at Portbridge, near Dartford. These trees were cut down some time previous to 1769, and there is no means of determining what species of lime they belonged to. 8 According to Chalmers, Biog. Diet, xxiii. 251 (1815), Andrew Le Notre, who was born in 1613 and died in 1700, laid out St. James's and Greenwich Parks in the reign of Charles II. 7 In Phil. Trans, lix. 35 (1769). 8 In the west court of the University Library, Cambridge, which is laid out in grass, secluded, and surrounded by high buildings, there were in 1912 several natural seedlings, arising from seed brought by winds or birds. These included Betula pubescens and B. verrucosa, elder, Salix Caprca, Cralagus monogyna, sycamore, and a solitary seedling, three or four years old, which was apparently T. vulgaris. It differed slightly in having slight pubescence on the branchlets and under surface of the leaves, thus showing a reversion to T. platyphyllos.—A. II. Tilia 1667 the small-leaved lime was fertile, possibly because it flowers later than the other. A small proportion of this seed germinated in the first spring, but most of it lay dormant till the following year, and this has been my experience with many sowings of seed from abroad of the various European forms, as well as of the American lime. After germination they grow slowly for the first two years, and the young wood is liable to be killed back in winter. For this reason layering is the method adopted by nurserymen, though the varieties are usually grafted. I cannot say that my experience is as yet long enough to justify me in preferring seedlings.1 With regard to soil, the lime is not particular, but requires a good deep loam to bring it to perfection. It transplants very well, and may, if properly prepared by cutting round the roots two years previously, be safely moved when 20 to 30 ft. high. Owing to the depreciated value of the timber, the lime cannot now be recom mended except as an ornamental tree, the principal objection to it for this purpose being the early period at which its leaves wither and fall in autumn. LIME AVENUES The common lime is one of the most valuable avenue trees that we have ; the fashion for planting them is, however, not very ancient, having apparently been introduced by Le Notre and other French landscape gardeners in the latter half of the seventeenth century, from which period most of our best avenues date. Of these one of the finest is the avenue at Burghley Park, Stamford, the seat of the Marquess of Exeter. This is about 3000 yards long, with four rows of trees planted 6 yards apart in the row, 10 yards between the two outer rows and 20 yards between the inner ones. The trees are 100 ft. to 110 ft. in height on an average, and all appear to have been pollarded when young, though they have the upright habit which distinguishes most of the older lime avenues. I was informed by Mr. C. Richardson, of Stamford, that about fifty-five years ago—when lime wood was much more valuable than it now is, and made 55. to 6s. per foot, single trees being sometimes sold at ^40 to ^50—an offer was made by a syndicate of London timber merchants to buy the whole of this avenue for .£100,000. This story appears hardly credible, and I could obtain no verification ; but, if made, the offer was refused, and there is no chance of such a price being paid for lime trees now. Another beautiful avenue of fine tall limes is at Stratton Park, Hants, the seat of the Earl of Northbrook, whose late father informed me that it probably dates from about 1715. This avenue shows a common defect, which consists in the mass of spray that springs from some point usually near the root, though sometimes at 10 to 20 ft. up the trees, or even higher. I have searched in vain the works of Evelyn, Duhamel, Miller, Boutcher, and Loudon, for any reference to these abnormal growths, 1 T. platyphyllos is usually imported from France as seedlings ; and these appear to thrive in some cases better than plants of the common lime, which have been raised from layers. A young avenue of T. platyphyllos at Terling, Essex, with trees about 30 ft. high, is very thriving. The lime avenue at the back of Trinity College, Cambridge, which was celebrated by Tennyson, consists of two parts. That on the west side of the Cam now consists of 38 common limes, one half of which are very burry and much decayed, gaps showing where a few have died. These trees, which now average 6 ft. 9 in. in girth, were planted in 1671, at a cost of £10 : 6s., plus carriage from London amounting to £i : 4s. On the east side of the Cam there arc 20 trees, all but one of which are T. platyphyllos. These, which now average 6 ft. in girth, were planted in 1717, and look much healthier than the others. Cf. Willis and Ctarke, Archil. Hist. Univ. Camb. ii. 641, 646 (1886).—A. II. 1668 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland which, so far as I can learn, seldom appear on wild trees, or on any species but T. vulgaris. It is scarcely due to soil, since in some of the finest old lime avenues, as those at Cassiobury Park, Waldershare Park, and Newhouse Park, these growths appear in some trees only. They extend to a considerable height up some of the trees, which are much stunted, as it seems, from this cause. This may arise from the affected trees having been propagated by layers from inferior shoots, or having been planted later to fill gaps, and thus having to contend with trees already established. It is, however, a point which deserves careful attention on the part of nursery men ; as, though these growths may be pruned off annually, they constantly reappear at the same spot, and not only take a great deal of trouble and time to remove, but eventually disfigure the trees ; and limes which produce them rarely attain the same height or beauty as those which are free from them. The trees now sold by nursery men, which are always propagated from layers, seem to be more subject to these growths than the limes planted two centuries ago ; and I believe that limes raised from seed are rarely if ever affected. The longest avenue of limes which I have seen is comparatively modern, and as I am informed by Mr. A. H. Elliott, agent for the Clumber estate, was planted by Henry, fourth Duke of Newcastle, about the year 1840. It is i mile and 1590 yards long, and consists of 1315 trees planted in a double row on each side of the drive at Clumber. The trees are 31 ft. apart each way, and the total width is 143 ft. The trees are fairly uniform in habit, but have spreading bushy tops, and when I saw them in 1906 did not exceed about 60 ft. in height by about 4^ ft. in girth. The soil is rather sandy, and the trees when planted were only 5 ft. high, and were not pruned sufficiently after planting to develop a good trunk, so that this avenue is never likely to rival those at Burghley, Ashridge, or Cassiobury. Mr. Elliott tells me that the trees have suffered considerably from the attacks of the following geometrid moths : Clteimatobia brumata, C. boreata, Hybernia aurantiaria, H. defoliana, H. progemmaria, Anisopteryx œscularia ; but this damage has been checked, if not entirely prevented, by putting grease bands on the trees, which arrest the female moths when they try to ascend the stems in the winter months, and by killing the pupae in the soil in July with gas-lime. Besides this avenue there are at Clumber two much older ones, over 150 years old, running north and south on either side of the elm avenue leading to West Drayton. One of these is 385 yards long and 30 yards wide, the other 330 yards long and 55 ft. wide. The trees are planted 24 ft. apart. They were pollarded in 1888 in order to save their lives. At Newhouse Park, near Mamhead, Devonshire, Sir Robert Newman showed me a fine avenue which seems to have been planted about 200 years ago in anticipation of a mansion which was never built. It is only 20 ft. wide and the trees 10 ft. apart ; but favoured by a fine soil and climate, the trees, which seem to have been pollarded at 10 ft., have shot up to an immense height, averaging at least 120 ft., and several exceeding 130 ft. Two which I measured were 115 ft. by 5 ft. 9 in., and 135 ft. by 7 ft. 6 in. I have little doubt that they were seedlings. In a chestnut avenue at the same place the trees were much shorter and thicker, about 70 ft. to 80 ft. by 15 ft. to 18 ft. in girth. Tilia 1669 At Cassiobury Park, Herts, there is a lime avenue supposed to have been planted by Le Notre, but some of the trees, which are very inferior to the rest in height and symmetry, are smothered in dense masses of small spray at 20 ft. to 30 ft. from the ground, and seem to have been planted later, possibly to replace dead trees in the original avenue. This avenue is 24 yards wide and the trees 8 yards apart. The best of the trees are 120 ft. to 130 ft. high, and one measures 13^ ft. in girth. There is a fine avenue, about half a mile long, at Denham Court, near Uxbridge. At Braxted Park, Essex, the property of C. H. Du Cane, Esq., there is a lime avenue composed of three rows of trees on each side, which shows extraordinary variation in the growth of the trees, giving it a very irregular appearance. The tallest at the bottom of the hill are about 120 ft. high, and covered to an extent I have never seen elsewhere, with mistletoe growing in large bushes nearly up to their tops. At the top of the hill near the entrance gate, many of the trees are poor and stunted, with masses of spray at their root and higher up, and with gouty swellings on their branches which may be due to the mistletoe. At Betchford Park, Surrey, there is a remarkable avenue of very old trees, some of which, when seen by Henry in 1906, were 130 ft. in height and 12 ft. to 13^ ft. in girth. This avenue was described as a very fine one by Dr. Aikin1 in 1798. At Doneraile Court, in Ireland, there is a fine avenue, one tree measuring 98 ft. by IG ft. in 1907 ; most of the trees were covered with masses of spray. An excellent article by Alfred Rehder of the Arnold Arboretum, on the lime as an avenue tree, in Möllers Deutsche Gärtner Zeitung, 1904, p. 188, should be consulted by those who think of planting. After giving the distinctive charac ters of the species, and describing their peculiarities of growth, he says that the choice must depend on the character of the soil and climate, and considers that the large-leaved lime, T. platyphyllos, is the best where the ground is deep and moist and where rapid growth and heavy shade are required. For drier soil he prefers T. cordata, which does not, however, make such a large or fine tree. T. vulgaris is in most of its characters intermediate, and this is the lime which is most generally used in England, though according to Rehder most, if not all, of the limes celebrated for their size and age in Germany are T. platyphyllos. He thinks that T. euchlora, Koch, is the best for town planting, because its smooth leaves do not hold the dust so much as those of other species, and because its leaves do not fall so early. He prefers T. petiolaris, the pendulous silver lime, for park avenues, and for single specimens where its branches can show their full beauty. Rehder does not give any observations as to the relative advantage of trees propagated from seed, from layers, or from grafts ; but he rightly says that it is important that all the trees should be propagated from the same variety. REMARKABLE TREES Among the most remarkable limes that I have seen is a walk at Ashridge Park. These trees are individually much larger than those at Burghley or Stratton, and 1 In Monthly Magazine for 1798, quoted in Gard. Chron. 1841, p. 4. VU D 1670 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland though planted only 4 to 5 yards apart, average 120 ft. high and about 10 ft. in girth. They have the amount of variation in their leaves that one would expect to find in seedlings, and though 250 years old1 only one out of forty is decayed. The bark of these trees is more like that of an elm than the usual bark of a lime, but this is perhaps owing to some peculiarity in the soil. A great lime at the end of the pinetum at Ashridge is of a totally different character, having very drooping branches and an immense spread. It has a trunk about 30 ft. high, and does not exceed 80 ft. to 90 ft. in total height, but the branches cover a circumference of no paces. In Windsor Park, near Cranbourne Tower, there are some extremely tall and graceful limes growing with beech in a circle which were planted2 in 1697. The best of these that I measured was 130 ft. by 14 ft. in girth, a beech close by it being 125 ft. by 10 ft. A remarkable case of the tendency of the lime to layer which occurs at Rotham- sted, is figured in the Gardeners' Chronicle, June 5, 1875. Here a row of fine old limes have dropped their branches on each side to the ground, and these have grown up in a thick mass, forming a shady corridor on each side of the trunks. There is another good example at Enville Hall, Stourbridge, where hundreds of young stems have arisen from layers, the whole mass measuring 140 paces round in 1904. A curious instance of natural inarching of the lime is described and figured in Gard. Chron. xi. 277 (1879). The branches of the lime sometimes spread laterally to a great distance. One of the best instances I have seen was shown me by Mr. Tudway at the Coombe, near Wells in Somersetshire. The tree is a large-leaved lime growing in a sheltered dell, about loo ft. by 14 ft., and has three immense horizontal limbs 8 to 9 ft. in girth, one of which extends for 64 ft. from the trunk. In Stoneleigh Park, Warwickshire, there are some fine limes remarkable for their wide-spreading branches. In the Thames valley there are many fine lime trees, one at Osterley Park being about 120 ft. in height ; while at Crowsley Park, near Henley, there are several in a clump, one of which was 118 ft. by 12^ ft. in 1908. E. Lees, in his account3 of the Forest and Chace of Malvern, speaking of the common lime, says :—" Some very fine trees now stand in a field about half a mile south of Bromsberrow Church, and by the side of the road leading from Ledbury towards Gloucester. Two of these, growing near each other, have become conjoined, both by the amalgamation of their arms, and by a lateral junction at the root.4 The largest of these trees is 27 ft. in circumference at three feet from the ground, and is 36 ft. round the base ; the other is 11 ft. 3 in. in girth at a yard from the ground, and 19 ft. in circumference at the base. The whole mass, if measured as one tree (and the interval between the boles where the connecting root joins them is only 19 in.) is full 48 ft. in circumference. In a field on the Priory Farm, Little Malvern, are several large 1 In a. book called Chiltern and Vale Farming, p. 153, published in 1745, it is stated by the anonymous author, who lived close to Ashridge, that they were planted in 1660, and in 1745 or thereabouts were near 3 ft- in diameter at the bottom. 2 W. Menzies, History of Windsor Great Park, 44 (1864). 3 Abstracted in Gard. Chron. 1870, p. 1536, figs. 264, 265, 266. 4 I visited these trees in 1905, and found the largest now standing to be about 80 ft. high and 20 ft. 9 in. in girth. The fruit was fully formed on 18th July. Tilia 1671 trees of Tilia platyphyllos, but these do not belong exactly to forest trees, having certainly been planted either by one of the Priors of Little Malvern or some of his lay successors to the Priory lands." A very large lime formerly grew in Hagley Park, Worcestershire, the seat of Lord Cobham, which, according to Lees,1 in 1874 measured 27 ft. in girth at 3 ft. from the ground, but this I am told was blown down about twenty-five years ago. At Arley Castle there is a fine tree, about 120 ft. high by 12 ft. 8 in. in girth. The most curious instance of artificial layering I have seen anywhere is at Knole Park, where a lime described by Loudon as having covered nearly a quarter of an acre in 1820 still grows. The central stem no doubt originally dropped its branches on the ground in a circle of about 8 yards in diameter. These have grown up into trees 80 ft. to 90 ft. high, some of which are thicker than their parent. These again have layered themselves in a second concentric circle 20 yards in diameter, the trees in which are 20 ft. to 40 ft. high, and these are now rooting their outer branches in a third circle more irregular than the others, and 8 yards distant from it, so that the total diameter of the group is 36 yards. All the stems are more or less covered with spray, and the central one seems to have long ceased to grow. Strutt paid less attention to the lime than it deserves. He figures only two, one of which, at Cobham, is in the same plate with a sycamore ; the other at Moor Park, near Ricksmansworth, Herts. This stood at the end of a line of large limes, and was a very wide-spreading tree, with a trunk 17^ ft. at three ft. from the ground, and branches 120 yards in circumference. I am informed by Mr. Haynes, gardener at Moor Park, that this tree was blown down in 1860; but it is still alive, and some of the branches have taken root in the ground and have sent up stems about forty-five feet high. Within fifty yards of it another tree in the same row is now 21 ft. in girth. A similar case of a lime having been blown down and the branches taking root occurs at Stratton Strawless. This tree, as Mr. Birkbeck tells me, was mentioned by Sir T. Browne in the reign of Charles I. It was blown down in 1895 and lay till 1900, when the roots were covered with a mound of sand. When I saw it in 1909, many branches were throwing up vigorous shoots, and the tree looked as if it might live for centuries. Its trunk was about 12 ft. in girth. A very fine tall red-twigged lime by the water at Gatton Park, in 1904, was 131 ft. by 12^ ft. A large spreading tree, at Osberton Grange, Notts, is about 80 ft. high by 19 ft. in girth. At Dallam Tower, Westmoreland, there is an old lime in an exposed situation in the park which measures no less than 22 ft. 3 in. in girth, though not over 65 ft. in height ; and, as showing the influence of situation on trees, I may say that, in a sheltered hollow close to the house at the same place, I measured a lime 128 ft. high, double the height of the first, but only 7 ft. 8 in. in girth. There is a row of very large and apparently old limes at Hawsted, near Bury St. Edmunds, in the same field, and probably planted at the same time as the Oriental planes which we have described.2 The largest is about 105 ft. by 20 ft. Another, whose trunk is covered with large burrs, is 16 ft. in girth. The leaves on the shoots from the base of these trees vary considerably in size and shape. 1 Card. Chron. i. 49 (1874). * Cf. Vol. III. pp. 621, 622. 1672 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland In the west garden at Hatfield House, Herts, there is a remarkable pergola of the common lime, about 280 yards long, and 10 ft. wide. The trees, which are pruned every year, stand 12 ft. apart in the row on each side, and are 7^ ft. high. In some parts of England, especially in Essex and Herts, the lime is infested by mistletoe, which often kills the branches and causes irregular excrescences, which sometimes have an elongated gourd-like shape. A remarkable specimen of this, taken from a tree in front of Spains Hall, the seat of A. W. Ruggles-Brise, Esq.," in Essex, is now in the Forestry Museum at Cambridge. It was stated in the Gardeners Chronicle? in answer to an inquiry by me, that such swellings are abundant on the limes at Hampton Court and at Dropmore, where Mr. Page states that a large tree was cut down on account of it being in a dying condition. In Scotland 2 the lime is at many places almost as fine as in England. An immense tree growing at Kinloch, Meigle, is, as I am told by Sir John Kinloch, about 90 ft. by 21 ft., and spreads over an area of a hundred yards in circumference. A wide-spreading lime at Gordon Castle, which is known as the Duchess' tree, measures about 89 ft. high and 17 ft. 4 in. in girth ; its layered branches form a dense mass of shoots and have not been trained into trees like the lime at Knole. Their total circumference is not less than 126 paces, so that it covers as large an area of ground as the Newbattle beech.8 This tree is mentioned in Old and Remarkable Trees as having been, in 1867, 70 ft. by \£>\ ft. at 3 ft., the circumference of the branches being 310 ft. There is a wide-spreading common lime at Pitfirrane, near Dunfermline, of which the gardener, Mr. Percy Brown, has sent us a photograph. It was, in 1912, 74 ft. high, and 13 ft. 3 in. in girth, the circumference around the branches being 298 ft. At Leny there are some fine limes, one of which I found to be 105 ft. by 12 ft. 3 in., which, at such a high elevation above the sea, is remarkable. At Ancrum, near Roxburgh, Mr. Renwick saw a common lime 17 ft. 3 in. in girth in 1909. At Roseneath, near the great silver firs (see p. 729), is an old avenue of large- leaved limes, covered with such a mass of small spray that it was impossible to see the bark near the ground, and one of these, measured over the spray with the tape as tight as I could make it, was no less than 24 ft. There are some fine lime trees of great size in the park at Taymouth Castle. In Ireland we have seen no limes of remarkable size, and the tree never seems to have been so generally planted as in England. There is an avenue of fair-sized trees at Muckross Abbey ; and Loudon mentions a tree in the park at Charleville forest, Co. Meath, which was reported at that time to be 110 ft. high and 5^ ft. in diameter at I ft. from the ground. At Rossanagh a remarkable tree was growing in 1908 which, as I was informed by Mr. W. T. Tighe, was blown down about 1825. His grandfather had it pulled up into a leaning position, and placed a large boulder over the roots to keep it firm. It now leans at an angle of about 40°, and has grown into a flat trunk 6 ft. wide on the side but only 14 ft. 10 in. in girth. It is about loo ft. in height and twice as large in girth as any other of the trees in the same line, which appear to have been planted at the same time. 1 Card. Chron. xli. 240, 257 (1907). * Cf. Christison, in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. xix. 494 (1893). 3 Vol. I. p. 23, Plates 8, 9. Tilia 1673 TIMBER The wood of the lime is pale yellow or white, light, soft, and close-grained, and is not liable to become worm-eaten. It was formerly valued by pianoforte-makers for sounding-boards ; and cutting boards used by shoemakers, glovers, and harness- makers, were made of it. I am informed by Mr. Anderson that twenty-five years ago he was sometimes able to sell the best part of large trees at as much as 55. or 6s. per foot ; and at Longleat a large lime tree blown down in the park realised 45. 6d. per foot ; but its use has now been superseded by foreign imports from America and elsewhere, and from one to two shillings per foot is its usual value. Owing to its softness, consistency, and non-liability to split, it was preferred for wood- carving ; and all the finest carvings by Grinling Gibbons are said to be done in lime wood.1 In northern Europe, especially in Russia, the inner bark of the small-leaved and large-leaved limes is largely used for making the bast mats which are used as dunnage in grain cargoes, and also imported for covering garden frames. The shoes worn by the Russian peasants are made from plaited lime bark, and Loudon says that ropes were made from it in his time in Devonshire and Cornwall ; but this, like so many other rural industries, has now, I believe, quite died out. I am indebted to Mr. J. Rose, of Messrs. Broadwood & Sons, for the following :—" Fine lime-tree was at one time very eagerly sought after in this country for the manufacture of pianoforte keys. When large and freely grown it is a beauti fully straight and silky-grained wood, easily worked, not given to warping, very light in weight, and yet very tough. These qualities made it an admirable material for the purpose. But it became more and more difficult to obtain lime-tree of fine quality, and it was replaced by the importation of American basswood, a wood of similar character, easier to obtain in good sizes, free from knots, and straight in the grain, which is imported in the form of boards, or of glued-up and planed keyboards ready for the ivories. It has also been replaced, in part, for key-making by continental- grown pine, which has distinct advantages for the purpose." A marked feature in the timber trade in recent years has been the importation of sawn timber, which has greatly affected the sale of home-grown timber. The manufacturer is now supplied with foreign timber ready sawn, seasoned to some extent, and often carefully graded ; whereas home-grown timber has to be collected in comparatively small parcels, and its selection and handling require a great amount of knowledge and experience possessed by a very few persons. (H. J. E.) 1 Evelyn (Si/va, Hunter's ed. i. 205 (1801)), says : " Because of its colour and easy working, and that it is not subject to split, architects make with it models for their designed buildings ; and the carvers in wood use it not only for small figures, but for large statues and entire histories in bass and high relieve ; witness beside several more the festoons, fruitages, and other sculptures of admirable invention and performance, to be seen about the choir of St. Paul's and other churches, royal palaces, and noble houses in city and country ; all of them the works and invention of our Lysippus, Mr. Gibbons, comparable, and for ought appears equal to anything of the antients. Having had the honour (for so I account it) to be the first who recommended this great artist to his Majesty Charles II., I mention it on this occasion with much satisfaction." 1674 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland TILIA EUCHLORA Tilia euchlora, Koch, in Wochenschr. Gärtn. u. Pßanzenk.K. 284(1866), and Dendrologie, i. 473 (1869); Schneider, Lautholzkunde, ii. 374 (1909); V. Engler, Monog. Gatt. Tilia, 149 (1909). Tilia multiflora, Simonkai, in Math. Term. Közl. xxii. 328 (1888) (not Ledebour). Tilia rubra, var. euchlora, Dippel, Laubholzkunde, iii. 63 (1893). Tilia dasystyla, Jack, in Garden and Forest, i. 332 (1888); Nicholson, in Kew Hand-list Trees, 45 (1894) (not Steven).1 A tree, attaining 50 ft. in height and 6 ft. in girth, but possibly larger in its native country. Bark grey and scaly. Young branchlets green, glabrous, the short shoots, however, being slightly pubescent. Leaves (Plate 407, Fig. 10) intermediate in size between those of T. cordata and T. vulgaris, averaging z\ in. in width and length, orbicular-ovate, coriaceous, cuspidate at the apex, oblique and cordate at the base ; upper surface dark shining green, glabrous ; lower surface paler, almost glaucous, glabrous, except for brownish axil-tufts at the base and at the junctions of the midrib, primary and secondary nerves ; margin regularly serrate, the teeth ending in long slender points ; petiole glabrous, slender, more than half the length of the blade. Buds, with three external green glabrous ciliate scales. Cymes glabrous, pendulous, exceeding the leaves in length, three- to seven- flowered ; bract glabrous, tapering at both ends, shortly stalked ; flowers similar to those of T. platyphyllos, but the ovary is tomentose with long hairs, which are continued on the base of the style, the upper f of which is glabrous. Fruit ovoid, indistinctly five-ribbed, covered with dense short brownish grey tomentum, the base of the style persistent at the apex ; shell thick and woody. This species is remarkably distinct in appearance, owing to the dark green and remarkably glossy upper surface of the leaves. It comes into flower about the end of July at Kew, later in the season than most of the limes, and the flowers have a peculiar colour, owing to the distinctly yellow tinge of the petals and filaments. It has been much confused with T. dasystyla? Steven, a native of the Crimea, which has leaves quite different in colour and shape, and, as its name indicates, a densely tomentose long style. Tilia euchlora is represented in the Kew herbarium by a wild specimen from Karabagh in Russian Armenia ; but it is supposed by Schneider and V. Engler to be a hybrid ; and, if this is the case, its parents are possibly T. caucasica? Ruprecht, the common large-leaved lime in the Caucasus, and T. cordata. It is always propagated in nurseries by budding on the common lime ; and seedlings of it appear to be unknown. 1 Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. i. 366 (1838), refers to Steven's species from the Crimea, and not to the tree called by us T. euchlora, Koch. 2 T. dasystyla is represented in the Kew herbarium by Steven's type specimen and two other specimens, all from the Crimea. 3 The Caucasian lime can scarcely be identified with T. rubra, De Candolle, in Cat. Plant. Hort. Monsf. 150 (1813), which is described as having leaves pubescent beneath as in T. platyphyllos, and evidently refers to the southern form of the latter species in Europe. Tilia 1675 This species is perhaps the handsomest of all the limes, on account of its shining foliage, which is very late in falling in autumn, and seems to be free from insect and fungoid attacks and from honey dew. It is apparently quite as hardy as the common lime, and young trees at Kew are remarkably thriving and healthy. It was unknown in Loudon's time, and seems to have been introduced a short time before 1866, when it was first accurately distinguished by Koch. It is rather rare in cultivation in England, though it is planted in Berlin and other German cities,1 and thrives2 in the Arnold Arboretum in Massachusetts. (A. H.) TILIA TOMENTOSA, WHITE LIME Tilia tomentosa, Moench, Verz. Ausl. Bäume Weissenst. 136 (1785); V. Engler, Monog. Gatt. Tilia, 116 (1909); Schneider, Laubholzkunde, ii. 386 (1909). Tilia alba, Aiton,3 Hort. Kew. ii. 230 (1789), and iii. 300 (1811); VValdstein and Kitaibel, Icon. PL Hung. i. 2, t. 3 (1802) ; Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. i. 372 (1838). Tilia pallida, Salisbury, Prod. 367 (1796). Tilia rotundifolia, Ventenat, Mem. Inst. Paris, iv. 12, t. 4 (1803). Tilia argentea, Desfontaines, in De Candolle, Cat. PL Hort. Monsf. 150 (1813). Tilia petiolaris, De Candolle, Prod. i. 514 (1824) (not J. D. Hooker). A tree, attaining 100 ft. in height and 15 ft. in girth, usually with markedly ascending branches. Young branchlets covered with white stellate tomentum, more or less retained in the second year. Leaves (Plate 407, Fig. 3), about 3 to 5 in. across, nearly orbicular, cuspidate at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base ; margin often lobulate, serrate or biserrate, the serrations ending in short blunt cartilaginous points ; upper surface green, with scattered stellate pubescence ; lower surface covered with a dense whitish tomentum, without axil-tufts ; petiole stout or slender, less than half the length of the blade, stellate-pubescent. Buds, with three external grey tomentose scales. Flowers, in seven- to ten-flowered pendulous tomentose cymes, which are shorter than the leaves ; bract tomentose, sub-sessile ; sepals tomentose, clothed with long hairs at the base within ; petals glabrous, longer than the sepals; staminodes slender, spatulate, shorter than the petals ; stamens, shorter than the staminodes, numerous, with the halves of each anther on a distinct short stalk ; ovary ovoid, tomentose ; style glabrous. Fruit ovoid, elongated, apiculate, slightly five-angled, grey tomentose, smooth or only indistinctly warty ; shell woody. This species shows in the wild state considerable variation in the shape of the 1 Mr. Bean, in Kew Ball. 1908, p. 390, says that this species, which is so promising a tree for street planting, is abundant in the Boskoop nurseries, near Gouda, in Holland. 2 Garden and Forest, i. 332 (1888). 3 In Aiton, Hort. Kein. ii. 230 (1789), it is erroneously stated that the common white lime is a native of North America, an error which was rectified in the second edition of this work, iii. 300 (1811), where Hungary is correctly given. Some writers have supposed that T. heterophylla was the species referred to ; but the type specimen in the British Museum, inscribed Tilia alba in Solander's handwriting, though bearing neither flowers nor fruit, is without doubt a branch of the common European lime, identical with var. argentea. 1676 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland leaves—some specimens, distinguished by V. Engler, as var. typica, having suborbicular leaves, usually cordate at the base ; whilst others, var. petiolaris? V. Engler, have leaves usually broader than long, and more or less truncate or subcordate at the base. These are connected by numerous intermediate forms, and can scarcely be maintained as distinct varieties. All the wild specimens which I have seen, are characterised by leaves, thin in texture, usually pale green above, greyish and not snowy-white beneath, and with slender petioles. Trees similar to the wild form are occasionally seen in cultivation ; but the tree which is more commonly cultivated under the name T. argentea, and which possibly was the one described by Moench as T. tomentosa, and in that case technically the typical form of the species, differs considerably in having larger leaves, thick in texture, more or less orbicular, uneven on the surface, dark shining green above, snowy white beneath, margin often lobulate, petioles short and stout. It is convenient to distinguish this cultivated form, the origin of which is unknown to me, as var. argentea. It has always ascending branches, and is possibly a sport. This species is a native of south-eastern Europe, and Asia Minor ; but does not extend as far eastward as the Caucasus. Its northern limit is southern Hungary, where it is found in some parts of Banat, Slavonia, and Croatia. It is widely distributed throughout the Balkan peninsula, extending southwards as far as Laconia in Greece ; and spreads eastward through Roumania and Moldavia to Bessarabia, Podolia, and the Crimea. In Asia Minor, it is limited to Bithynia and the island of Chios. It is usually a component of mixed deciduous woods, growing in valleys and mountain slopes at a low elevation, but occasionally forms pure woods of small extent. (A. H.) CULTIVATION The white lime was introduced into England in 1767, and has been planted as an ornamental tree at many places ; but I know no avenues of it in England. This species should be multiplied either by seed, which here only ripens in hot seasons such as 1911, or by layering, as when grafted, as is often done, on the com mon lime, the scions grow thicker than the stock and produce an unsightly swelling at the point of junction. As an ornamental tree, and for use in towns, it is much superior to the common lime, on account of the freedom of the leaves from honey dew. The only place where I have seen the silver lime growing wild in Europe is in the forests of Bosnia, near Maglai in the valley of the Bosna, at about 1000 ft. elevation. Here it was scattered in forests of oak, and other deciduous trees, and was so conspicuous when the silvery white undersides of the leaves were upturned by the wind, that at a distance of a mile or so I at first supposed it to be a tree covered with white flowers.2 Probably some such experience must have induced a former owner of Highclere to plant it largely in that beautiful park, where, as Loudon 1 To be carefully distinguished from T. feticlaris, Hooker (see p. 1677). 2 In sunny weather, the leaves on the sunny side, especially at the ends of the branchlets, are reversed, turning their white sides to the light. This is a provision against excessive transpiration of water ; and has been observed in the other silver limes and in Quercus conferta. See Kerner's remarks in his Nat. Hist. Plants, Eng. Trans, i. 338 (1898).—A. H. Tilia 1677 remarks, its presence could be detected at some miles distance through the apparently dense forest by the white tops appearing at intervals among other trees. The finest tree of this species that we have seen grows at Albury.Park, Sussex, in front of the Duke of Northumberland's house, and measures 100 ft., or perhaps a little more, in height, by 13^ ft. in girth (Plate 373). The ascending branches seem characteristic of this species, in cultivation at least, but this tree has an unusually regular and perfect head. I was informed by the late Mr. Leach that at Albury the flowers of this tree are poisonous to bees,1 whose dead or stupefied bodies are found lying on the grass below it in August, and this observation is confirmed by Mr. Comber at The Hendre and by other observers. At Henham Hall, Suffolk, a tree measured 76 ft. by 8 ft. 10 in. in 1909. It is grafted on the common lime, and is of the typical upright habit. At Hewell Grange a large tree, with the bark decaying on one side, was 92 ft. by 9 ft. 8 in. in 1909. At Dropmore there are two trees in the avenue to the Taplow gate, the larger of which is about 70 ft. by n ft. 3 in. At Harpsden Rectory, Oxon., Henry saw two trees, the larger of which was 80 ft. by 6 ft. 8 in. in 1907. At Arley Castle, a round- headed tree of upright habit measured2 62 ft. by 6 ft. 9 in. in 1903. At Beauport, Sussex, there is a tall but slender tree in a rather crowded situation, which has been grafted at about 10 ft. from the ground. Dr. Masters reported3 a tree of fine propor tions and symmetry at Strathfieldsaye, 70 ft. by 6 ft. 2 in., in 1899. Mr. Bean4 saw a tree 80 ft. high in the Royal Gardens at Sans Souci, Berlin. (H. J. E.) TILIA PETIOLARIS, WEEPING WHITE LIME Tilia petiolaris, J. D. Hooker, Bot. Mag. t. 6737 (1884) (not De Candolle) ; Boissier, Ft. Orientalis, Suppl. 136 (1888). Tilia alba, Koch, Dendrologie, i. 478 (excl. syn.) (1869) (not Aiton). Tilia tomentosa, Moench, var. petiolaris, Kirchner, in Petzold and Kirchner, Arb. Muse. 162 (1864); V. Engler, in Mitt. Deut. Dend. Ges., 1907, pp. 218-221. Tilia tomentosa, Moench, var. sphœrobalana, Borbas, \x\Bot. Centrait, xxxvii. 168 (1889); V. Engler, Monog. Gatt. Tilia, 121 (1909). A tree, attaining 80 ft. in height, differing from the wild form of T. tomentosa, as follows : Branches and branchlets pendulous ; leaves with long slender petioles, exceeding half the length of the blade ; fruit globose, depressed at the summit, from which arises a short stout style, very warty on the greyish surface, and divided by five vertical furrows into as many lobes ; seeds6 often imperfect. The leaves (Plate 407, Fig. 2) average about 3 in. across, and are obliquely orbicular, cordate or truncate at the base, cuspidate at the apex, flat on the surface and not wrinkled ; margin finely and regularly serrate, the teeth ending in short points ; under surface covered with a dense white tomentum ; upper surface dark 1 The flowers of the large tree of T.petiolaiis at Kew are equally poisonous to bees. Cf. p. 1679, note I. 2 R. Woodward, Hortus Arleyensis, 25 (1907). 3 In Card. Chron. xxvi. 162 (1899). « Kew Bull. 1908, p. 395. 6 Engler, out of fifty fruits which he examined, found only three with good seed, I to 2 in each fruit. VII E 1678 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland green, with scattered stellate pubescence. The branchlets, buds, and flowers are identical with those of T. tomentosa. This tree appears to be a sport of T. tomentosa of unknown origin. Schneider considers it to be a native of southern Hungary and the Balkan States ; and no doubt, specimens of silver limes with longer petioles than usual occur in that region, but no one, so far as I am aware, has ever seen a tree in the \vild state with the pendulous habit and the peculiar fruits of T. petiolaris, Hooker. V. Engler admits that it is only known in cultivation. The history of this tree is obscure ; but it seems to have been first accurately distinguished by Kirchner, who, in 1864, described it as T. tomentosa, var. petiolaris, and erroneously identified it with T. petiolaris, De Candolle.1 Hooker, in Bot. Mag. t. 6737 (1884), following Kirchner, adopted De Candolle's name; but, though this was incorrect, it is convenient to retain the name as T. petiolaris, Hooker. This peculiar tree was not known in Loudon's time ; but must have been introduced from the Continent soon afterwards, as the fine specimen in the Cambridge Botanic Garden was probably planted2 in 1842. Before 1864 it was known in cultivation as T. americana pendula3 ; and Koch in 1869 considered it to be of American origin. i. Tilia orbicularis, Carrière,4 which originated in Simon-Louis' nursery at Plantières, is evidently a seedling of T. petiolaris, from which it differs mainly in being less pubescent. The leaves, which are dark glossy green above and dull grey beneath, also differ from those of T. petiolaris in the shorter petioles, which are, however, slender as in that species. The serrations are also slightly sharper and occasionally more irregular. Flowers as in T. petiolaris, but with the bract larger and nearly glabrescent, and the sepals and pedicels covered with a less dense and greyish tomentum. Fruit strictly globose, not depressed at the summit, and showing no furrows, but having the same warty surface as that of T. petiolaris. This tree, which is not nearly so pendulous in habit as T. petiolaris, is reputed, on account of the dark glossy green of the upper surface of the leaves, to be a hybrid between T. petiolaris and T. ettchlora ; but, in the present state of our knowledge of hybrids, it is judicious to say nothing about its parentage until experimental sowings have been made on a large scale of the seed of T. petiolaris.5 Two small trees of T. orbicularis, obtained from Plantières in 1900, are thriving at Kew, one of which has already produced flowers and fruit. They retain their foliage late in the season. (A. H.) 1 T. petiolaris, De Candolle, was founded in 1826 on a branch without flowers or fruit, now preserved in the Geneva Herbarium, which was taken from a tree cultivated in the Imperial Botanic Garden at Odessa ; but Lange, in Flora, i. 233 (1827), who had seen this tree, states that it was identical in every respect with the ordinary form of T. argentca cultivated at Paris ; and a drawing at Kew of De Candolle's specimen confirms Lange's opinion. The name T. petiolaris, De Candolle, thus disappears, being a mere synonym of T. tomentosa. 2 The oldest herbarium specimen, which I have seen, is one in fruit from a tree growing in a street at Nancy, collected by Billot in 1861. According to Bunbury, Arb. Notes, 67 (1889), the fiue tree at Barton was planted by his father; but no exact date can be now ascertained. 3 Cf. Rehder, iu Mitt. Deiit. Dead. Ges. 1904, p. 209. * Ex Beissner, in Mitt. Deut. Dend. Ges., 1898, pp. 86 and 88. It appears, however, to have been first accurately described by Jouin in La Semaine Horticole, 1899, p. 335. 6 A branch from a seedling of T. petiolaris, raised in the Arnold Arboretum and sent to me by Prof. Sargent in 1910, bears foliage identical with that of the parent. Sargent, Bull. Pop. Inform. No. 30 (1912), and in Gard. Chron. Hi. 88 (1912), states, however, that plants raised in tlie Arnold Arboretum from the seeds of a tree of T. petiolaris, which was growing near T, americana, the two flowering at the same time, are identical with trees of T. spectabilis. See p. 1686. Tilia 1679 Tilia petiolaris is a beautiful weeping tree, which has not been nearly so generally planted as it deserves to be. There are good examples in the Botanic Gardens at Kew, Cambridge, and Glasnevin. At Stowe, near Buckingham, there is a hand some tree, 74 ft. by 6 ft. 8 in. There are two fine trees, girthing 7 ft. 4 in. and 5 ft. 7 in., and about 80 ft. high, growing on the bank of the Thames near Cliveden on the Wharfe Estate, belonging to Lord Boston. A very similar one on the lawn at Barton, Suffolk, was measured by Henry as 83 ft. by 8 ft. 2 in. in 1908. Another at Chiswick House, which has the trunk decayed on one side, measured 77 ft. by 10^ ft. in 1903. At Bicton a handsome tree, near the house, grafted at seven feet from the ground, measured 80 ft. by 5^ ft. in 1906. At Hatherop Castle there is a beautiful specimen of moderate size on the lawn (Plate 374), which has layered naturally ; and many plants have been propagated from it also by artificial layers. At Gunnersbury House there is a good tree, which in 1912 measured 56 feet high by 6 ft. in girth at 4 ft. from the ground. At Aldenham there is a tree on the lawn which ripened fruit in 1911 from which I raised seedlings. I noticed many dead bees1 under it on August 20. In Scotland it appears to be perfectly hardy at Durris; and Henry found, in 1905, a tree at Bargaly, 41 ft. by 4 ft. 8 in. Mr. Bean2 saw a fine specimen at Herrenhausen, in Hanover, which was 9 ft. 2 in. in girth in 1908. (H. J. E.) TILIA MONGOLICA Tilia »wngolica, Maximowicz, in Mil. Biol. x. 585 (1880), and Enum. PI. Mongol. 118, t. n (1889); L. Henry, in Rev. Hort. 1902, p. 476, figs. 214, 215, 217 ; Rehder, in Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, i. 121, t. 61 (1903). A small tree, scarcely exceeding 30 ft. in height, and flowering when only a few feet high. Young branchlets glabrous, reddish, becoming grey in the second year. Leaves (Plate 407, Fig. 7) about z\ in. wide, acuminate at the apex, with one or two sharp-pointed lateral lobes ; base truncate or cordate ; coarsely serrate, with a few large triangular teeth, tipped with long callous points ; upper surface dark green, shining, glabrous ; lower surface glaucous, with pubescent tufts in the axils at the base and at the junctions of the primary and secondary nerves, elsewhere glabrous ; petiole glabrous. Flowers, six to twelve in a cyme ; bract stalked ; sepals erect, villous within, glabrous without ; petals erect, longer than the sepals ; staminodes five, obtuse ; stamens, as long as the sepals, thirty-five to forty, in five bundles ; style glabrous. Fruit ovoid, mucronulate, without ribs or only slightly ribbed, thick-walled, shortly tomentose. This species is very distinct in appearance, the small coarsely serrate leaves resembling those of a birch, and opening with a reddish tint in spring. 1 In 1908, the bodies of innumerable bees, poisoned by the flowers of a tree of T. petiolaris at Tort worth, had so much manured the ground under its outer branches, that a very green ring of turf was visible in the autumn following, and was noticed by the Earl of Ducie to be even more conspicuous in 1909. 2 Kew Bull. 1908, p. 392. i68o The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland This tree occurs in northern China, at Jehol, and on the Po-hua mountain, west of Peking ; and has also been found in the Moni Ula range, north of Ordos, in Mongolia. It was introduced into cultivation by Dr. Bretschneider,1 who sent seeds from Peking to the Museum at Paris in 1880, and to the Arnold Arboretum in 1882. The specimen in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris is about 20 ft. high. A small tree at Kew flowered, when only 5 ft. high, at the end of July 1907. This species has lately been introduced into the Coombe Wood Nursery by Mr. Purdom, who has been collecting for Messrs. Veitch in northern China. (A. H.) TILIA PAUCICOSTATA Tilia pauticostata, Maximowicz, in Act. Hort. Petrop. xi. 82 (1890); Schneider, Laubhokkmide, ii. 371 (1909) ; V. Engler, Monog. Gatt. Tilia, 87 (1909). Ttlia Miqueliana, var. chinensis, Diels, in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. xxxvi., Beibl. No. 82, p. 75 (1905) (not Szyszylowicz). A small tree. Young branchlets glabrous, green. Leaves about 2\ in. long and 2 in. wide, ovate, usually truncate and rarely cordate at the base, ending at the apex in a long non-serrate acuminate cusp ; green and glabrous on both surfaces, except for minute axil-tufts of pubescence beneath, which are, however, absent at the base of the blade ; tertiary veins on the lower surface few, irregular, not parallel, but anastomosing, more or less prominent ; margin with regular fine serrations ending in long points ; petiole about an inch long, green, glabrous. Cymes erect, each with seven to fifteen flowers ; bracts glabrous, stalked ; staminodes present ; style pilose at the base. Fruit globose, tomentose, faintly five- ribbed. This species differs from T. cordata and its allies, in the prominent tertiary venation and the green and not glaucous under surface of the leaf, which is usually truncate at the base. It is a native of the provinces of Kansu, Shansi, and Szechwan, in western China, where it was collected by Potanin, Giraldi, and Wilson. The latter sent a living plant2 in 1901 to Coombe Wood, which I consider to be probably of this species. From it many grafts have been taken, and it now produces coppice shoots with large leaves, which show at the base of the blade and on the adjoining end of the petiole a trace of scattered stellate pubescence. This is probably a juvenile character, disappearing on adult plants ; and a young tree at Kew, one of the grafts, about 8 ft. high, bears leaves similar to those of the adult wild tree, though slightly larger, and in these the stellate pubescence has almost disappeared. (A. H.) 1 Hist. Europ. Bot. Disc. China, ii. 1050 (1898). The seedlings mentioned here as being alive at Kew in 1893 cannot be traced. 3 This is probably the plant referred to T. Miqueliana, var. chinensis, in Hortus Veitchii, 381 (1906). Tilia 1681 TILIA OLIVERI Tilia Oliveri, Szyszylowicz, in Hooker, Icon. Plant, ad t. 1927 (1890); Schneider, Laubholzkunde, ii. 387 (1909); V. Engler, Monog. Gatt. Tilia, 114 (1909). Tilia penditla, V. Engler, ex Schneider, Laubholzkunde, ii. 387 (1909), and Monog. Gait. Tilia, 113(1909). Tilia mandshurica, Szyszylowicz, in Hooker, Icon. Plant, ad t. 1927 (1890) (not Ruprecht and Maximowicz). A tree, attaining in western China about 50 ft. in height. Young branchlets glabrous. Leaves variable in size, usually longer than broad, averaging 3 to 4 in. in length and z\ to 3^ in. in breadth, orbicular-ovate, cordate at the base, cuspidate at the apex ; margin regularly serrate, with shallow sinuses between the crenate teeth, which are very short and end in cartilaginous points ; upper surface dark green, glabrous ; lower surface covered with a dense white thin tomentum, without axil-tufts ; petiole glabrous, one-half to three-fourths the length of the blade. Cymes usually much longer than the leaves, each with about twenty flowers, which are similar to those of T. tonientosa, but are smaller in size and on short thickened pedicels. Fruit globose, grey tomentose and tuberculate on the surface, thick-shelled, apiculate, ^ in. in diameter. This species, which promises to be a beautiful ornamental tree, is readily distinguished from the other limes with a pure white under surface to the leaves, by the glabrous branchlets and petioles, and the crenately serrate orbicular leaves. This species is a native of central China, where it was discovered by me in 1888, in the mountains north of the Yangtze, in the Fang and Wushan districts of Hupeh. T. Oliveri was founded by Szyszylowicz on a branch (Henry, No. 7089) from a small shrubby tree, growing in a sunny exposure on high cliffs, and bearing in consequence small leaves, averaging 2 in. in length. Another specimen (Henry, No. 7452 B), gathered by me at no great distance, but in a shaded valley, bore leaves averaging 3^ in. in length, and was identified by Szyszylowicz with T. mandshurica, which is a native of northern China. This specimen has been made the type of a new species, T. pendula, V. Engler. A third specimen, collected since by Wilson (No. 2274), with leaves intermediate in size, is considered by Schneider to be T. pendula, but by Engler to be T. Oliveri. A careful examination of the whole material shows that all the specimens belong to one species. T. Oliveri was introduced by Wilson, who sent seed from central China in 1900. It is now growing vigorously at Coombe Wood, and a small specimen is thriving at Kew. (A. H.) 1682 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland TILIA MANDSHURICA Tilia mandshurica, Ruprecht et Maximowicz, in Bull. Acad. St. Pétersb. xv. 124 (1856); Maxi- mowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 62 (1859), and in Mél. Biol. x. 586 (1880); Baker and Moore, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xvii. 380 (1879); Franchet, PI. David, i. 60 (1884); Forbes and Hemsley, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxiii. 94 (1886); Komarov, in Act. Hort. Petrop. xxv. 28 (1907). Tilia pekinensis, Ruprecht, in Bull. Acad. St. Pétersb. xv. 125 (1856), and in Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 469 (1859); Bayer, in Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, xii. 49 (1862). A tree, attaining in Manchuria about 60 ft. in height and 10 ft. in girth. Young branchlets and buds covered with brownish tomentum. Leaves, 4 to 5 in. in breadth and length, orbicular-ovate, usually cordate at the base, cuspidate at the apex ; margin, often with one or two lobes, coarsely serrate, the teeth ending in long awn- like points ; upper surface with a scattered stellate pubescence, which forms dense tufts at the base of the blade ; lower surface densely covered with whitish stellate tomentum, but without axil-tufts ; petiole half the length of the blade, stout, brown tomentose. Flowers similar to those of T. tomentosa, but with bracts, pedicels, and sepals more densely covered with a brownish tomentum. Fruit globose, tomentose, and slightly warty, either without ribs or with five indistinct ribs towards the base. This species is closely allied to T. tomentosa ; but has larger leaves, with long- pointed serrations and different fruit. Young trees have usually lobed leaves, as is often the case in other species; and T.pekinensis? founded on this character, cannot be retained even as a distinct variety. Tilia mandshurica is widely spread throughout the whole of Manchuria, and also occurs in Korea, where it was found on the Diamond Mountains by Père Faurie. It is not uncommon in the mountains west and north of Peking. It occurs scattered or in groups throughout the broad-leaved forest of these regions. It is known to the Chinese, like all the other species of lime, as the tuan tree ; and the bark is used for making ropes and sandals. It was probably introduced by Maximowicz into the St. Petersburg botanic garden ; but is extremely rare in cultivation, the only specimen which I have seen being a small tree at Kew, which was procured from Booth of Hamburg in 1871. As it comes into leaf very early in the spring, it is often cut by frost, and is not in a thriving condition. (A. H.) 1 Var. pekinensis, Engler, ex Schneider, Laubhokkunde, ii. 384 (1909). Tilia 1683 TILIA MAXIMOWICZIANA Tilia Maximmt>icziana, Shirasawa, in Bull. Coll. Agric. Univ. Tokyo, iv. 158, t. xviii (1900), and Icon. Ess. Forest. Japon, ii. t. 50 (1908); Schneider, LaubJwlzkunde, ii. 385 (1909). Tilia Miqueliana, Sargent, in Garden and Forest, vi. in, fig. 19 (1893), and Forest Flora of Japan, 19, t. 8 (1894) (not Maximowicz). Tilia Miyabei, Jack,1 in Mitt. Deut. Detid. Ges., 1909, p. 285. A tree, attaining in Japan 100 ft. in height and 10 ft. in girth. Young branchlets densely covered with a greyish brown tomentum. Leaves usually large,2 about 5 in. in breadth and length, cordate at the base, cuspidate at the apex ; margin ciliate, coarsely and regularly serrate, the serrations ending in blunt cartilaginous points ; upper surface dark green, with scattered stellate tomentum on the surface between the nerves, and dense tomentum on the nerves, especially at the base of the blade ; under surface greyish, densely covered with stellate tomentum, and with conspicuous brownish axil-tufts at the junctions of the nerves ; petiole stout, less than half the length of the blade, covered with greyish brown tomentum. Buds covered with greyish or rusty brown tomentum. Flowers, ten to eighteen in each pendulous tomentose cyme ; bract shortly stalked, strongly veined and tomentose on both surfaces, the tomentum brown and very dense on the midrib ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent on both surfaces ; petals keeled, glabrous ; staminodes five, keeled, toothed at the apex, as long as but narrower than the petals ; stamens sixty-five to seventy-five, united in five bundles, shorter than the petals, each half of the anther on a short stalk ; ovary pubescent, ovoid ; style glabrous. Fruit globose, about ^ in. in diameter, with a thick woody grey pubescent five-ribbed shell. This species is a native of Japan, ranging from central Hondo (lat. 36°) north wards to Hokkaido. In Hondo, according to Shirasawa,3 who has observed it in the provinces of Kotsuke, Rikuchu, and Mutsu, it grows at altitudes of 800 to 1600 ft., in deep valleys, in mixed woods with Almis tinctoria, Populus Sieboldii, and Quercus grosseserrata. It appears to be more common in Hokkaido, where it was seen by Elwes at Sapporo and Asahigawa, in virgin forest at 500 to 750 ft. above sea-level, where it attains about 100 ft. in height and forms a wide-spreading tree, with a stem 10 ft. in girth.4 Shirasawa states that its wood is of little use except for firewood ; but the bark, after steeping, is plaited by the Ainos into coarse cloth and mats. There is a small tree of this species at Grayswood, Haslemere, which the late Mr. Chambers procured from the Yokohama Nursery Co. in 1894. It has not suffered from frost, but is rather slow in growth. Elwes has raised plants at Colesborne from 1 Jack proposes this name on account of the earlier use of T. Maximcnuiceii, Baker, in Journ. Bet. xxxvi. 319 (1898), an untenable name for another species. Cf. p. 1657, note 3, B. 3 Those on coppice shoots, gathered by Elwes in Hokkaido, are 8 to 10 in. long. 3 Specimens collected by Shirasawa in different localities are now in the Kew Herharium. 4 Sargent says it attains loo ft. in height in Hokkaido, where it frequently grows in company with T. japonica, which is much smaller in size. Cf. p. 1657, note 3, C. 1684 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland seed sent by Shirasawa in the spring of 1905. These are 3 to 5 ft. in height, and differ from adult trees in having only traces of stellate pubescence on the leaves and branchlets. (A. H.) TILIA MIQUELIANA Tilia Miqueliana? Maximowicz, in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. St. Petersb. xxvi. 434 (1877), and Mél. Biol. x. 587 (1880); Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. Forest. Japon, i. text 116, t. 72, figs. 11-24 (1900), and in Bull. Coll. Agric. Univ. Tokyo, iv. 160 (1900)5 Schneider, Laubholzkunde, ii. 385 (1909); V. Engler, Monog. Gatt. Tilia, m (1909). Tilia'mandshurica, Miquel, Prol. 206 (1867) (not Ruprecht and Maximowicz); Franchet et Savatier, Enutn. PL Jap. i. 67 (1875). Tilia Kinashii, Léveillé and Vaniot, in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, li. 422 (1904). Tilia Franchetiana, Schneider, in Fedde, Repert. vii. 201 (1909), and Laubholzktmde, ii. 386 (1909). A tree, attaining in Japan about 40 ft. in height. Bark on young trees grey, smooth ; on old trunks fissured longitudinally. Young branchlets with a minute grey stellate pubescence, very variable in amount. Leaves (Plate 407, Fig. 9) extremely variable in shape, but usually much longer than broad, averaging 3 to 4 in. in length and 2 to 2\ in. broad, ovate or deltoid ; cordate at the base ; acute, slightly acuminate or rounded, but rarely cuspidate at the apex ; often lobulate and coarsely, irregularly, and sharply serrate, the teeth ending in incurved short callous points ; upper surface shining green, with scattered slight pubescence, mostly on the nerves and at the base of the midrib ; lower surface covered with a grey stellate tomentum, without axil-tufts ; petiole short, less than half the length of the blade, with minute stellate pubescence. Buds grey tomentose. Flowers, ten to twenty-two in a cyme ; bract, peduncle, pedicels, and bracteoles tomentose ; sepals ovate, acute, tomentose on both surfaces, shorter than the narrow obovate petals ; stamens sixty to seventy-five, united in five clusters ; staminodes more slender and shorter than the petals ; ovary and base of the style covered with pale hairs. Fruit nearly globose, five-ribbed at the base, grey tomentose and warty. This species is unknown in the wild state, and only occurs in Japan as a planted tree, most often seen in the courts of Buddhist temples, where it is regarded as sacred. It is reported by tradition to have been introduced from China by a Buddhist priest about the year 1190 A.D. ; but it has not yet been found anywhere in that country.2 Its extreme variability points to a hybrid origin. The species was founded by Maximowicz on two specimens, which he regarded as two forms : one with ovate-orbicular oblique leaves, long slender cymes, and broad bracts about 4 in. in length ; the other with remarkably deltoid nearly symmetrical leaves, short cymes, and narrow bracts about 2^ in. long. It is impossible, however, following the opinions of Schneider and V. Engler, to retain those two forms as two distinct 1 The tree described and figured under this name hy Sargent, in Garden and Forest, vi. in, fig. 19 (1893), and Forest Flora Japan, 19, t. 8 (1894), is T. Maximowicziana. 2 Tilia Miqrieliana, var. chinensis, Szyszylowicz, in Hooker, Icon. Plant, ad t. 1927 (1890), collected by me in Hupeh in central China, is referred by V. Engler, Monog. Gatt. Tilia, 130 (1909), to T. chinensis, Maximowicz, in Act. Hort. Petrop. xi. 83 (1890), a plant collected in Kansu. The Kansu and Hupeh plants do not seem to be quite identical ; but neither can be considered the same as the Japanese T. Miqtteliana. They have not heen introduced into cultivation. Tilia 1685 varieties or species ; for the trees cultivated in Europe show great variation, no two specimens being alike, and both deltoid and ovate leaves are occasionally present on the same branch. Recent specimens from Japan, collected by Shirasawa, cannot be exactly matched with either of Maximowicz's specimens. This species has lately been introduced into England, and the only specimens which we have seen are young trees at Kew, Aldenham, Casewick, and Glasnevin. The tree at Kew, obtained from Hesse's nursery in 1900, is now about 12 ft. high and appears to be thriving. It is also cultivated by Simon-Louis at Plantières, Metz. (A. H.) TILIA AMERICANA, AMERICAN LIME, BASS-WOOD Tilia americana, Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 514 (1753) ; Loudon, Art. et Frut. Brit. i. 373 (1838); Sargent, Suva N. Amer. \. 52, tt. 24, 25 (1891), and Trees N. Amer. 671 (1905). Tilia earoliniana, Miller, Diet. ed. 8, No. 4 (1768). Tilia latifolia, Salisbury, Prod. 367 (1796). Tilia nigra, Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot, ii. 1219 (1800). Tilia glabra, Ventenat, Mem. Acad. Sc. Paris, iv. 9 (1802). Tilia canadensis, Michaux, FI. Bor. Am. i. 306 (1803). Tiua stenopetala, Rafinesque, FI. Ludovic. 92 (1817). A tree, occasionally attaining in America 130 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. Bark deeply fissured, with ridges broken on the surface into small thin scales. Young branchlets green, glabrous. Leaves (Plate 407, Fig. i) broadly oval, averaging 5 in. to 6 in. long and 3^ in. to 4^ in. broad, turning yellow in autumn, cordate or truncate at the base, cuspidate at the apex ; margin ciliate, with coarse triangular serrations, ending in long callous points ; upper surface dull dark green, glabrous ; lower surface1 light green, glabrous, except for minute pubescent tufts in the axils at the junctions of the midrib, primary, and secondary nerves, but absent at the base of the blade ; petiole glabrous, i^ in. to 2 in. long. Cymes pendulous, many-flowered ; bract stalked, broad and rounded at the apex, glabrous except for slight stellate pubescence on the midrib beneath ; peduncle glabrous ; pedicels slightly pubescent ; sepals ovate, acuminate, densely hairy within, slightly pubescent without, shorter than the lanceolate petals ; staminodes present. Fruit globose or ovoid, without ribs, covered with thick rufous tomentum ; shell thick. The American lime is readily distinguished from the other species with glabrous branchlets and leaves, by the minuteness of the axil-tufts, which are, moreover, not present at the base of the leaf. In winter, the branchlets are shining, glabrous ; buds with three external scales, glabrous except for tufted cilia at their tips. The leaves are remarkable for their variation in size, an interesting account of which is given by Penhallow.2 In Canada, some trees have tolerably uniform leaves, about 3§ in. in diameter. Other trees have in addition many leaves 4^ in. across. On vigorous shoots, especially on epicormic branches, the leaves are often 8 in. 1 In T. americana the midrib and principal nerves are remarkably yellow, and this character is also seen in its reputed hybrids, T. Moltkei, T. spectabilis, and T. Michauxii. * Canadian Record of Science, ix. 291 (I9°5)- VII F 1686 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland wide. This lime coppices freely, and on shoots so produced the foliage is always enormous, reaching a maximum of 10 in. in diameter. This variation is due in part to the amount of nutrition available, which is greatest on coppice shoots, owing to their extensive root system ; but the size of the leaves is also much influenced by shade. Trees with large leaves are often known in gardens as var. mississippiensis, but this name is erroneous, as there is no reason to suppose that such trees are limited to the Mississippi basin. Tilia americana, since its introduction into Europe, has given rise to hybrids1 with other species, especially with T. tomentosa, which is probably the other parent in the following :— i. Tilia Moltkei, Schneider, Laiibholzkunde, ii. 381 (1909). A tree with leaves similar in shape and serrations to those of T. americana, but larger, 6 in. to 7 in. long and 5 in. to 6 in. wide, and differing in the lower surface, which is pale or greyish green, more or less covered with scattered stellate pubescence, without axil-tufts, but with occasional long hairs on the midrib. Buds, petioles, and branchlets glabrous, and identical with those of T. americana. This tree, which is remarkable for its vigorous growth and handsome foliage, originated2 in Späth's nursery at Berlin, and is named after the famous general, who planted a young tree in front of Herr Späth's house in 1888. Specimens are growing at Kew and Aldenham. •2.. Tilia spectabilis, Dippel, Laubholzkunde, iii. 73 (1893). A tree resembling T. Moltkei in the shape, colour, and serration of the leaves, but differing as follows :—Young branchlets apparently glabrous, but showing traces of stellate pubescence. Buds pubescent in their upper half. Leaves (Plate 407, Fig. n), variable in size, 4 in. to 6 in. long and 3 in. to 5 in. wide; under surface with scattered stellate pubescence, very variable in amount,8 and with long hairs on the principal nerves as well as on the midrib, but without axil-tufts ; petiole glabrous or with a few scattered hairs. The flowers are intermediate in character between those of T. americana and T. tomentosa, and open at Kew three weeks earlier than those of the latter species. The stellate pubescence on the bract, peduncle and pedicels is like that of T. tomentosa, but less in amount. The shape of the bract and the size of the flowers are similar to T. americana. This tree has probably been long in cultivation, but I have not been able to trace its origin.4 It is often planted in botanic gardens, as at Kew, where there are several specimens, one nearly 40 ft. in height.5 At Cambridge a tree, about 35 ft. by 3^ ft. in 1907, has long been labelled T. heterophylla ; and reputed trees of the latter species usually turn out to be either T. spectabilis or T. Michaiixii. 1 In America it probably forms hybrids with T. heterophylla. See T. Michauxii, p. 1689. 2 It is mentioned as a new plant, Tilia americana Moltkei, in Späth's Catalogue, No. 57, p. 71 (1883). 3 In cases where the stellate pubescence on the under surface of the leaves becomes dense and greyish, trees of T. spectabilis are often confused with T. tomentosa and T. Michauxii. They are readily distinguishable from the latter by the absence of axil-tufts, and from the former by the glabrous branchlels. The long hairs on the midrib and nerves seem to be peculiar to T. spectabilis and T. Mollkei. 4 Dippel found it in 1893 in Froebel's nursery under the name T. alba spectabilis, and in the Zoeschen arboretum as T. Blechiana ; hut it must have originated much earlier. Cf. ante, p. 1678, note 5. 6 This tree has been labelled T. argcntca, and resembles T. tomentosa in habit. Tilia 1687 3. Tilia viridis, Simonkai, in Math. Term. Koezl. xxii. 320 (1888). In addition to the usual form of T. spectabilis described above, there appears to be another hybrid of the same parentage, which is represented at Kew by a tree about 25 ft. high, obtained under the name T. spectabilis from Späth in 1899. It is closer to T. tomentosa, as the buds, branchlets, and upper surface of the leaves are covered with a scattered stellate pubescence, which is denser on the under surface of the leaves than in ordinary T. spectabilis. This tree closely resembles, if it is not identical with, a specimen * taken from a tree cultivated at Baden in 1835, which was identified by A. Braun with T. argentea, var. virescens, Spach, in Ann. Sei. Nat. ii. 344 (1834). Spach's description was based on a tree in the Trianon, which was said to have been raised from seeds of T. tomentosa ; and if this account is correct, this tree would appear to have been the first cross observed between T. tomentosa and T. americana. DISTRIBUTION Tilia americana is widely spread, occurring in Canada from the valley of the Assiniboine River and the southern shores of Lake Winnipeg eastward to northern New Brunswick, and extending in the United States southwards to Virginia and along the Appalachian mountains to Georgia and Alabama, and ranging westward to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Territory, and eastern Texas. It grows in rich often moist soil, and formerly occurred as pure forest.2 It attains its largest size in the alluvial lands of the lower Ohio river, where Ridgway records a tree 135 ft. in height and 17^ ft. in girth.8 According to Loudon, the American lime was cultivated4 by Miller in 1752, but had not been extensively distributed. It is very rare at the present time in cultiva tion, and the tree at White Knights, mentioned by Loudon as 60 ft. in height, is no longer living. The only specimens which we have seen in England are small trees at Kew, Eastnor Castle, and Liphook. (A. H.) TIMBER The wood of the American limes is very similar in character to that of the European species, and according to Sargent is largely used in the United States under the name of whitewood for the manufacture of cheap furniture, carriage panels, and woodenware. He states that, though one of the woods most largely used for making pulp, the quick decomposition of the sap makes it unfit for white paper. It is imported to some extent into Europe under the name of basswood, and has 1 This specimen is considered by Bayer, in Vcrhand. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, xii. 50 (1862), to be a hybrid between T. tomentosa and T. americana, which he calls T. argentea-nigra. V. Engler (op. cit. 152) considers it to be T. cordata x T. tomentosa, but it shows no trace of T. cordata parentage. 2 In U.S. Forest Service, Circular 63 (1907), which gives an account of this species, it is said to do well when planted in pure stands, and to be the most prolific of American trees in shoots from the stumps. 3 Sargent, Bull. Pop. Inform. No. 30 (1912), and in Gard. Chron. Hi. 87 (1912), says that it shows its greatest beauty ill the forests of New Brunswick, northern New England, and the valley of the St. Lawrence. The leaves of planted trees in eastern Massachusetts are, especially in dry summers, made brown by the red spider, which, however, is easily contiollecl by spraying. 4 In the London Catalogue of Trees, 1730, p. 81, the Carolina lime tree is mentioned as " Tilia, with leaf more longly mucronale. Seeds sent from Carolina by Catesby in 1726, hardy, and may be propagated as other limes." 1688 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland partially displaced native limewood in the pianoforte trade on account of its cheapness. Owing to the facility with which large thin sheets can be turned off the log by rotating it against a knife-edge, it is coming into use for three-ply boards, a manu facture which, though only recently invented, is likely to grow rapidly for many purposes. (H. J. E.) TILIA HETEROPHYLLA Tilia heterophylla, Ventenat, in Anal. Hist. Nat. Madrid, ii. 68 (1800), and Mém. Acad. Se. Paris, iv. 16, pi. 5 (1803) ; Sargent, Silva N. Amer, i- 57, t 27 (1891), and Trees N. Amer. 674 (1905). TiUa americana, Linnseus, var. /leterophylla, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. i. 375 (1838). A tree, attaining in America 60 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. Young branchlets glabrous. Leaves similar to those of T. Michauxii in size and shape, but differing in being covered beneath with a silvery white tomentum, without axil- tufts, and having finer serrations with shorter straighter points. The flowers appear to differ in the bract1 pubescent on both surfaces, and the stellate-pubescent peduncle and pedicels. There appears to be no constant difference in the fruit. Both this species and T. Michauxii are readily distinguished from the other white limes by the glabrous branchlets, and the different shape of the leaves, which are usually very oblique at the base, and always longer than broad. T. pubescens, Aiton, the white lime of the Gulf States, is not in cultivation, and probably would not live in our climate. It has pubescent branchlets. T. heterophylla, according to Sargent, is found on rich wooded slopes or near the banks of streams; and ranges from Ithaca, New York, southwards along the Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama, and westward to middle Tennessee, Kentucky, southern Indiana, and Illinois. It is most abundant and of its largest size on the high mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Typical T. he