7ÖU The source of this uncorrected OCR text may be viewed as a digital facsimile at: http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ KEPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. had been, bored slightly over a. fourth of an inch a thin tube of iiier- eantile copper was substituted, which, with the sand, made an ideal tool for boring stone, and would to-day bore a hole with absolute pre- dsioii through the hardest miiieral were emery sand used instead of ordinary quart/ sand. The motion of i his drill is easy to the workman, and the implement may bo kept going with slight fatigue. Were it necessary, as many cords could be tied to the .shafts as there was room for people to stand around it and pull. A distinguished American savant and Egyptologist has suggested that if this "Sam" were a tool, it was one intended for digging pur poses, and conld not be used for boring. Every illustration of this "Sam" which has come under the writer's observation answers in all its parts to a drill. The implement is simi lar to a pump drill ; the human figures are those of women, and are almost invariably upon the bases of statues. Bound prisoners arc com monly represented as being tied back to back to the implements, and they are generally of another race than the Egyptians. For these rea sons the writer daims that the ''Sam" is not an altar, that the people standing at i t are not worshipping, that the so-called gods are goddesses of work, thafc the "Sam" is a tool, and that figs. 200 and 201 represent the implement, and fig. 4'2 shows all the characteristics of the drill cores of Egyptian bored stones. The slaves were placed under their masters' seats, were tied, and we may imagine that, as Vishnu said, "their ene mies should perform the work but should not participate in the fruits of their labor." THE SWASTIKA, THE EARLIEST KNOWN SYMBOL, AND ITS IIIGRATIOAS; WITH OI5SERYATIONS ON THE AIIŒHTION OF CER'MIN INDUSTRIES IX PREHISTORIC TIAIEfcl. TIIOAtAS AVTT.SOX, Curator, liepnrlmenl of 1'rehuitorir Anllinipoloyy, V. S. Xationii] Museum. TABLE OF CONTENTS. I'ugc. Preface..................................................................... 7Ü3 I.—DEFINITIONS, DESCRIPTION, ΛΧΙ) OliKilN. Different forma of the erosa.................................................. 765 Namea and definitions of the Swastika..............._......_................ 7(>8 Symbolism and interpretation............................................... 770 Origin and habitat.......................................................... 791 II.—DlM'KBWIOX OF THE SWASTIKA. Extreme Orient............................................................. 799 Japan .................................................................. 79U Korea .................................................................. 799 China .................................................................. 799 Tibet.......-..-.......-.......---.------...---.--------........-----... 802 India................................................ ................... 802 Classical Orient............................................................. 800 Babylonia, Assyria, Chaldea, aiid Persia................................. 8(Ki Phoiiieia ............................................................... 807 Ly eaoiiia............................................................... 807 Armenia................................................................ 807 Caiieasus............................................................... 808 Aaia Minor—Troy (lliaaarlik)............................................ 809 Fiist and Second. Citioa ............................................. 810 The Third or Burnt City............................................ 811 The Fourth City .................................... ................ 813 The Fifth City...................................................... 818 The Sixth and Seventh Cities ....................................... 81'J Loadoii idol of Hisaarlik ............................................ 821) Owl-shaped vases................................................... 830 The ago of Trojan cities.-........................................... 832 Africa ...................................................................... 833 Kgyft.................................................................. 833 Naiikratia........................................................... 831 Coptos ( \chmiiu-PanopoKs1......................................... 831 Algeria....................................... ........................... 838 Aslumtee ............................................................... 838 Claasical Occident—Mediterranean ..................................'....... 839 Greece, Cyprus, Khodos, Melos, and Thera................................ 839 Greek fret and Egytiau meander not the same as the Swastika....... 839 Swaatika in paiiela.................................................. 815 Swastikas with four arnia crossing at right angles, cuda bout to the right ............................................................. 810 Swaatikaa with four arma crossing at right anglea, ends bent to the left. 847 Swastikas with four iirms crossing at other than right angles, the ernia ogco and to the left....................^..................... 818 Meander pattern, with euda beut to the right and left................ 849 Swastikas of different kinds on the aauie object........--.-...---.... 849 759 760 REPORT OV NATIONAL MUSKUM, 1894. Pago. Europe.—...__._-——. — — ...._——_.——_ —.....— .____._ — _______—_.— — 854 lîrun/,θ age ............................................................. 854 Etruria and Italy................................................... 855 Swiss laku dwellings................................................ 861 Germany and Austria ............................................... 862 Belgium ..---......--...-..........._............................. 863 Scandinavia ...------.---.--..-.....-............................... 804 Scotland and Ireland................................................ 867 Gallo-Roman period .................................................... 8IÎ9 France ............................................................. 869 Anglo-Saxon period...................................................... 870 Britain ............................................................. 870 Swastika, on ancient coins............................................... 871 Triskelion, Lycia ................................................... 871 Triskelion, Sicily ................................................... 873 Triskelion, Ihlo of Man.............................................. 874 Punch marks on Corinthian coins mistaken for Swastikas............ 875 Swastika on ancient Hindu coins ............ --.....-................ 877 Swastika on coins in Mesembria and Gaza ...-.-...---..-....---..-.- 878 Swastika on Danish gold liractoatea.........-_..._._.._"__.....__.__. 878 United States of America ................................................... 879 Pro-Columbian times.................................................... 879 Faina Island and Toco mounds, Tennessee........................... 879 Hopewell Mound, Chillieotbe, lîoss County, Ohio...... .............. 888 Mounds in Arkansas ................................................ 893 North American Indians .-------.---..-..-....---------....-_..--....... 894 Kansas.-..-.--.-----..--....--.......--............................ 894 Sacs................................................................ 895 Pueblos.--.-....----.---.....---..-..-..--.--....--.......-.....--.. 89(5 Navajoes ...-------.-.-..--.-.---.-------...--.-.--....-....-....... 897 Piuiaa .............................................................. 901 Colonial patchwork-.-....-.---..---....---....-...............-........ 901 Central America.........--...-.-.._.-.............--....................... 902 Nicaragua ---.---...---.-.-.--.-..---..---...--.-...._-............__... 902 Yucatan ................................................................ 902 C'osta lì icii.............................................................. 903 South America.............................................................. 903 Brazil .................................................................. 903 Paraguay............................................................... 905 III.—FOUMS ALLIED TO THE SWVSTIKA. Meandeis, ogees, and spirals, bent lo the loft as well as to the right.......... 905 .Ahorijf iiial American engravings and pain! iuga.......................... 906 Designs on shell..................................................... 90G Ivory-billed woodpecker ........................................ 907 Tho trihkeh·, triskelion, or triquvtium.. —. — ...... —..——.. — — 908 The spider ...................................................... 913 The rattlesnake................................................. «Ill The human 1'aco and form....................................... 014 Designs on pottery.................................................. 920 Designs on basketry................................................ 924 IV.—Tim Citoss AJIONI; ΓΙΙΕ AMERICAN INDIANS. Different forms.............................................................. 926 The cross on objects of shell and copper................................. 926 The cross on pottery ...... ............................................. 931 THE SWASTIKA. 761 Page. Symbolic meanings of the cross.............. ............ ....--..---. .... ---- 933 Tha four winds......---.....----.......-.....--.-.......----.-.----.---- 934 Sun and star symbols.---....-----..-.......--..-----------.------------- 936 Dwellings .............................................................. 936 Dragon fly (Snsbeca).................................................... 936 Midi·', or Shamans........................................---...------.-- 937 Flocks of birds.......................................................... 1)37 Human forms............-...-................-...-...-.------.------.-- 938 Maidenhood ............................................................ 939 Shaman's spirit....... --.............--...-......--.....-.......-------- 939 Divers significations......— ...__.__..—__—_ — __ —..___..... — ---—— — 939 Introduction of the croas into America..--.-..----..--..---.-------.-.------- 944 Decorativa forms not of tho cross, hut allied to the Swastika................. 916 Color stamps from Mexico and Venezuela.....-..----..-.-----------.---- 946 V.—SIGNIFICANT: οι·' τιικ SWASTIKA.. VI.—THE MIGRATION' or SYMBOLS. Migration of the Swastika............................................ Migration of classic symbols ......................................... Tha sacred tree of the Assyrians.................................. Tho sacred cone of Mesopotamia.................................. The Cntjc ansatu, the key of life.................................. The winged globe.--............................................. The eadnceus .................................................... The trisnla. ...................................................... Tha double-headed eagle on tho escutcheon of Austria and Kusaia. The lion rampant of Belgium.----. — ..— —..— ...----- —. — ....— Greek art and architecture........................................ The Greek fret................................................... VII.—PuumsToititi OBJECTS ASSOCIATI:» WITH ΤΙΙΓ. SWASTIKA, ÏOUVD I BOTH HEMISPHERES, AHI) BELIEVED TO HAVE l'\SSi:i> JÎY MlliKATlOV. Spindle whorls.............................................................. Europe ......................-.........--.-.----..--...-.--............. Switzerland—Lake dwellings ....................................... Italy..............--....--.---.----.-.....---...--....-*....... Wurtemburg---.— ......... — ...— ..—. — .—.. — . — ... —..— . — ..... France.-----........ ......—..._ — — — . — .——————. — — -——„.. North America—pre-Columbian times.. — ................................ Mexico — ....———........——....— ......—..— -.— ....— — —..— — Central America . — .....——. — .....— . — — -- — .————. — — .— — ——.. Nicaragua-.. — — —..— . — .—..——. — ...— —.. — —....—.... — ... — . South America...-------..............——..........— ......—....— .... f'hiriqui ...,--.....-......-----....-.--.---.-.-.-.------.---------.. Colombia ----...-.....---..-----.--.....----.---.---..----------..-. Peru---.....--..--.-----..--. ..---...--.-....---........---....--.. Bobbins ........_................ — .—..— . — — .......—......— —— — ——.-- Europe ....... United States. VIII.—SIMILAR PKEHISTOUIO AKTS, INHUSTIÎIES, AND Ι.ΜΙ·Ι,ΕΜΙ:ΝΤ« i>r EUROPE AND AMERICA AS EVIDENCE OF THE MIGKATIOX or Cn.Tunc. CONCLUSION ...... — . — . BllSLIOlîIlAl'IIV—.... .... LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 918 952 960 «J60 ÎI60 961 961 962 962 963 9fi3 964 965 96G 907 907 968 968 968 969 ÎI70 971 971 972 972 •J72 972 975 975 975 977 981 981 997 THE SWASTIKA, ΤΗ κ KAnr.msT KXOWV svwitor,, AMI ITS IIORITIOXS; WITH ORSERVATIOXK ox THE VIGIIATIOX OF CERTArV IXDFSTIllES I> IMtKII ISTOIÎK' TIUKS. By TnoMis "\ViLSOV, Curator, Department of Prehistoric Anthropology, I'. S. Xalional Muteum. PREFACE. An English gentleman, versed in prehistoric archeology, V'sited me in the· summer of 1894-, and during onr conversation asked if we had the Swastika in America. I answered, " Yes,'1 and showed him two or threo specimens of it. lie demanded if we had an y literature on the, subject. I cited him De Mortillet, De Morgan, and Zmigrodzki, and lie said, " Xo, I mean English or American." I began a search which proved almost futile, as even the word Swastika did not appear in snch works as Worcester's or Webster's dictionaries, the Encyclopedic Dic tionary, the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Johnson's Universal Cyclo paedia, the People's Cyclopaedia, nor Smith's Dictionary of Greek «and Roman Autiqnities, his Greek and lîomau Biography and Mythology, or his Classical Dictionary. I also searched, with the same results, Mollett's Dictionary of Art and Archaeology, Fairholt's Dictionary of Terms in Art, "L'Art Gothique," by Gonza, Perrot and Ohipiez's exten sive histories of Art in Egypt, in Ghaldea and Assyria, and in Phe- nicia; also "The Gross, Ancient and Modern," by W. W. Blake, "The nistory of the Cross,'' by. Toll» Ash ton; and a reprint of a Dutch work by Wildener. In the American Encyclopedia the description is errone ous, while all the Century Dictionary says is, " Saints as fylfot," and "Comparo Cirujc Annata and Gamminlian." 1 thereupon concluded that this would be a good subject for presentation to the Smithsonian Insti r "diffusion of K-n»«-i-»«« comPact form tika, leaving to o ina =erning the Swas- these facts and their 763 764 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. arrangement into an harmonious theory. The only conclusion sought to be deduced from the facts stated is as to the possible migration in prehistoric times of the Swastika and similar objects. No conclusion is attempted as to the time or place of origin, or the primitive meaning of the Swastika, because these are considered to be lost in antiquity. The straight line, the circle, the cross, tlie triangle, are simple forms, easily made, and might have been invented and re-invented in every age (if primitive man and in every quarter of the ' globe, each time being an independent invention, meaning much or little, meaning different things among different peoples or at different times among the same people; or they may have had no settled or definite meaning. But the Swastika was probably the first to be made with a definite intention and a continuons or consecutive meaning, the knowledge of which passed from person to person, from tribe to tribe, from people to people, and from nation to nation, until, with possibly changed meanings, it has anally circled the globe. There are many disputable questions broached in this paper. The author is aware of the differences of opinion thereon among learned men, and he has not attempted to dispose of these questions in the few sentences employed in their announcement. He has been eon- servative and lias sought to avoid dogmatic decisions of controverted questions. The antiquity of man, the locality of his origin, the time of his dispersion and the course of his migration, the origin of bronze and the course of its migration, all of which may be more or less involved in a discussion of the Swastika, are questions not to be settled by the dogmatic assertions of any individual. Much of the information in this paper is original, and relates to pre historic more than to modern times, and extends to nearly all the coun tries of the globe. It is evident that the author must depend on other discoverers; therefore, all books, travels, writers, and students have been laid under contribution without scruple. Due acknowledgment is hereby made for all quotations of text or figures wherever they occur. Quotations have been freely made, instead of sifting the evidence and giving the substance. The justification is that there has never been any sufficient marshaling of the evidence on the subject, and that the former deductions have been inconclusive; therefore, quotations of authors are given in their own words, to the end that the philosophers who propose to deal with the origin, meaning, and cause of migration of the Swastika will have all the evidence before them. Assumptions may appear as to antiquity, origin, and migration of the Swastika, but it is explained that many times these only reflect the opinion of the writers who are quoted, or are put forth as working hypotheses. The indulgence of the reader is asked, and it is·, hoped that lie will endeavor to harmonixe conflicting statements upon these disputed questions rather than antagonize them. THE SWASTIKA. 705 I.—DEFINITIONS, DESCRIPTION, ANI> OIÎIOIN. DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE CROSS. The simple cross made with two sticks or marks belongs to prehistoric times. Its first appearance among men is lost in antiquity. One may theorize as to its origin, but there is no historical identification of it either in epoch or by country or people. The sign is itself so simple that it might have originated among any people, however primitive, and in any age, however remote. The meaning given to the earliest cross is equally unknown. Everything concerning its beginning is in the realm of speculation. But a differentiation grew up in early times among nations by which certain forms of the cross have been known under cer tain names and with specific significations. Some of these, such as the Maltese cross, are historic and can be well identified. The principal forms of the cross, known as symbols or ornaments, can be reduced to a few classes, though when combined with heraldry its use extends to 385 varieties.1 li,,.,. Fig. 1. LATIN CROSS (Cfvx immts.ta). Fig- 2. (.RECK CROSS. Fig. 3. s>T. ANüRKw'ti CKOss (Grux df&tssata.) It is not the purpose of this paper to give a history of the cross, but the principal forms are shown by way of introduction to a study of the Swastika. The Latin cross, Crux immissn, (fig. 1) is found on coins, medals, and ornaments anterior to the Christian era. It was on this cross that Christ is said to have been crucified, and thus it became accepted as the Christian cross. The Greek cross (fig. 2) with arms of equal length crossing at right angles, /is found on Assyrian and Persian monuments and tablets, Greek «oins and statues. 'Tlie St. Andrew's cross, Crux decussata, (fig. 3) is the same as the Greek yross, but turned to stand on two legs. t William Berry, Eucyclopœdia Heraldica, 182Ü-1840. 766 REPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. The Crux ansata (ûg. 4) according to Egyptian mythology, was Aukli, the emblem of Ka, the spiritual double of man. It was also said to indicate a union of Osiria and Isis, and wan regarded as a symbol of the generative principle of nature. The Tau cross (fig. 5), so called from its resemblance to the Greek letter of that name, is of uncertain, though ancient, origin- Ill Scandinavian mythology it passed under the name of " Thor's hammer," being therein confounded with the Swastika. It was also called St. Anthony's cross for the Egyptian hermit of that name, and was always colored blue. Clarkson says this mark was received by the Mith- raciats 011 their foreheads at the time of their initiation. C. W. King, in his work entitled "Early Christian Numis matics" (p. 214), expresses the opinion that the Tau cross was placed on the foreheads of men who cry after abomi nations, (lizekiel ix, 4.) It is spoken of as a, phallic emblem. Another variety of the cross appeared about the second century, composed of a union of the St. Andrew's cross and the letter I* (fig. 6), being the first two letters of the Greek word XPI2TÒ2 (Christus). This, with another variety containing all the foregoing letters, passed as the monogram of Christ (tig. 0). As an instrument of execution, the cross, besides being the inter section of two beams with four projecting arms, was frequently of compound forms as γ, on which the convicted person was fastened by the feet and hung head downward. Another form [~~|, whereon he was Kg. 4. EOYPTIAN (Crux ansata). TliuKeyof Life. I1"·.···. Fig. 5. TAU CKOS.1, riIOtt'H II VMMEll, Ult bT. ANTHONï's CKOSS. Fig. (i. ÏIONOGKUI OF CIIHIST. Liibnruui of Con&taiiliiie. MVLTKSE CBOSS. I fastened by one foot and one hand at each upper corner; still, another form f]"1, whereon his body was suspended on the central upright with his iirms outstretched upon the cross beams. ( Fig. 7 represents the sign of the military order of the Knights of Malta. It is of medieval origin. 1 Fig. 8 (a and b) represents two styles of Celtic crosses. These belong chiefly to Ireland and Scotland, are usually of stone, and frequently set up at marked places on the road side. THE SWASTIKA. 767 Fig. 8. Higgina, in his "Anacalypsis," a rare and costly work, almost an ency clopedia of knowledge,' says, concerning the origin of the cross, that the official name of the governor of Tibet, Lama, comes from the ancient Tibetan word for the cross. The original spelling was L-a-in-li. This is cited with approval in Davenport's "Aphrodisiacs" (p. 13). Of the many forms of the cross, the Swastika is the most ancient. Despite the theories and speculations of students, its origin is unknown. It began before history, and is properly classed as prehistoric. Its descrip tion is as follows: The bars of the normal Swastika (frontispiece and fig. 9) are straight, of equal thickness throughout, and cross each other at right angles, making four arms of equal size, length, and style. Their peculiarity is that all the ends are bent at right angles and in the same direction, right or left. Prof. Max Müller makes the symbol different according as the arms are bent to the right or to the left. That bent to the right he denominates the true Swas tika, that bent to the left he calls Suavastika (tig. 10), but he gives no authority for the state ment, and the author has been unable to find, ex cept in liurnouf, any justification for a difference of names. Professor Goodyear gives the title of "Meander" to that form of Swastika which bends two or more times (fig. 11). The Swastika' is sometimes represented with dots or points in the corners of the intersections (fig. 12«), and occasionally the same when without bent ends (fig. 12/·), to which Zmigrodzki gives Fig. 9. NORMAL SWASTIKA. Fig. 10. · SUA VASTI KA. ra Fig. 11. SWASTIKA. Moiiiiclor. L Ί. Fia'. 12. CHOIX S VA1TIGALE (/ the name of Croix Sirasticale. Some Swastikas have three dots placed equidistant around each of the four ends (fig. J2r). 'Jliggiua, ••Anaca^psia,1' London, IS:«!, i,p. 230. 7G8 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. There are several varieties possibly related to the Swastika whichhave been found in almost every part of the globe, and thongli the relation may appear slight, and at first sight difficult to trace, yet it will appear more or less intimate as the examination is pursued through its ramifications. As this paper is an investigation into and report npou facts rather than conclusions to be drawn from them, it is deemed wise to give those forms bearing even possible relations to the Swas tika. Certain of them have been accepted by the author as related to the Swastika, while others have been rejected; but thi.s rejection (W-.RtL V VII ÎÏPIIÎAL SiVASTIKAS. Tetraakoliim (fimr-armt d). Fig. l:ift. Sl'IIÏAL AN'I» V01ATTK. Trirtkrlioii (tlireo-îirnicdj. Fis. 13e. SPIRAL AND VOLUTE. (Five or many aimed.) Fi·;. 13(/. OIÌEE KW \S1IKA, WITH OII1C1.E. PECULIAR FORMS OF SWASTIKA. has been confined to cases where the known facts seemed to justify another origin for the symbol. Speculation has been avoided. NAMES AND DEFINITIONS OF THE SWASTIKA. The Swastika has been called by different names in different coun tries, though nearly all countries have in later years accepted the ancient Sanskrit name of Swastika; and this name is recommended as the most definite and certain, being now the most general and, indeed, almost universal. It was formerly spelled s-v-a-s-t-i-c-a and s-u-a-s-t-i-k-a, but the later spelling, both English and French, is s-w a-s-t-i-k-a. The definition and etymology of the word is thus given in Littre's French Dictionary : Svastika, or Swastika, a mystic figure used by several (East) Indian sects. It was equally well known to the Itrahiiuna as to tue Buddhists. Most of tlie rock inscriptions in the Buddhist caverns in the west of India are preceded or followed by the lioly (saaramcnfeUe) sign of the Swastika. (Eug. Buniuiif, " Le Lotus de la bonne Ιοί." Paris, 1852, p. 025.; It was seen on the vases and pottery of Rhodes (Cyprus) and Etruria. (F. Delauuay, Jour. Off., Nov. 18,1873, p. 7024,3d Col.) Etymology : A Sanskrit word signifying happiness, pleasure, good luck. It is com- posedofA« (equivalent of Greek ευ), "good," and asti, "being," "good being," with ' the sufllx i-α (Greek ucr, Latin co). THE SWASTIKA. 7fi9 In the "Tïevue d'Ethnographie" (iv, JSSu, p. 329), Air. Dumontier gives the following analysis of the Sanskrit sirastiku : Su, r.-idical, signifying good, well, Mcfllrul, or xuriilan, prosperity. A»1i, third person, singular, indicativo present of the verb an, io !><·, which in «mm in Latin. Ka, suffix forming the substantive. Professor WJiitncy in the Century Dictionary says, Swastika—[San skrit, lit., "of good fortiiiie." ova s ti (.S"«; well, + «*//, being), welfare.] Same as fylfot. Compare Crux aiisnin and yammutlioìì. In "Ilios'' (]). 347), Max Müller says : KthnoIogicuMy, \rtin1ikfi is derived from minii, and gradii from nt, "well," and as. "to l>e." fri-asti occurs frequently in tho Veda, both as a i.oiin in :i scuso of happiness, a»d as an adverb in tho sense of "well1' or "hail!" It corresponds to the Greek ri'frfrcj. Tho derivation Avzsfi-/.·« isof later date, and it always means .111 auspicious sign, suoli as are found most frequently among l!ues Sciences ct Religion," p. 256. 2R. P. Grog, "The Fylfot and Swastika," Archa'ologia, XLVIII, part 2,1885, p. 298; Goblet d'Alviella, "Migration des Symboles," p. 50. II. Mis. !»0, pt. 2——40 770 REPORT OF NATIONAL MTTSEUAf, /804. THE SWASTIKA. 771 and, possibly, Scandinavia. Outside of these countries it is "scarcely known, used, or understood. The, Swastika was occasionally called in the French language in earlier times, Croix gammée or Gammaflion, from its resemblance to a combination of four of the Greek letters of that iiaiiic, and it is so named by Count Goblet d'Alviella in his late work, " La Migration des Symboles." It was also called Croix cramponnée, Croix pattée, Croix « crochet. But the consensus even of French etymologists favors the name Swastika. Some foreign authors have called it Thor's hammer, or Thor's hammer- mark, but the correctness of this has been disputed.1 Waring, in his elaborate work, "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,"2 says: The ^ used to be vulgarly called in Scandinavia the hammer of Thor, and Thor'a hammer-mark, or the hammer-mark, but this name properly belongs to the mark V. Ludwig Müller gives it as his opinion that the Swastikahas no connec tion with the Thor hammer. The best Scandinavian authors report the "Thor hammer" to bo the same as the Greek tan (fig. Π), the same form as the Roman and English capital T. The Scandinavian name is Miöl- ner or Mjolner, the crusher or mallet. The Greek, Latin, and Tan crosses are represented in Egyptian hiero glyphics by a hammer or mallet, giving the idea of crushing, pounding, or striking, and so an instrument of justice, an avenger of wrong,3 hence standing for Horns and other gods.4 Similar symbolic meanings have been given to these crosses in ancient classic countries of the Orient.5 SYMBOLISM AND INTERPRETATION. Many theories have been presented concerning the symbolism of the, - Swastika, its relation to ancient deities and its representation of certain qualities. In the estimation of certain writers it has been respectively the emblem of Zeus, of Baal, of the sun, of the sun-god, of the sun- chariot of Agni the fire-god, of Indra the rain-god, of the sky, the sky- god, and finally the deity of all deities, the great God, the Maker and Ruler Of the Universe. It has also been held to symbolize light or the god of light, of the forked lightning, and of water. It is believed by some to have been the oldest Aryan symbol. In the estimation of others it represents Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva, Creator, Preserver, Destroyer. It appears in the footprints of Buddha, engraved upon the 'Stephens, "Old Northern Runic Monuments," part n, p. 509; Ludwig Müller, quoted on p. 778 of this paper; Goblet d'Alviella, "La Migration dea Symboles," p. 4.">; Haddon, "Evolution in Art,1' p. 288. 2Pago 12. ""La Migration dea Symboles,1' pp. 21, 22. •"'Lo Culto de la Croix avant JAMis-Christ,1' in the Correspondant, October 25, 1S8!), and in Science Catholique, February 15, 18Î10, p. 103. 5 Same authorities. solid rock 011 the mountains of India (fig. 32). It stood for the Jupiter Touans aud Tluvius of the Latins, and the Thor of the Scandinavians. In the hitter case it has been considered—erroneously, however—a vari ety of the Thor hammer. In the opinion of at least one author it had an intimate relation to the Lotus sign of Egypt and 1'eisia. Some authors have attributed a phallic meaning to it. Others have recog nized it as representing the generative principle of mankind, making it the symbol of the female. Its appearance oil the person of certain goddesses, Artemis, liera, Demcter, Astarte, aud the Chaldean Xamt, the leaden goddess from Ilissarlik (fig. 125), has caused it to bo claimed as a sign of fecundity. In forming the foregoing theories their authors have been largely controlled by the alleged fact of the substitution aud permutation of the Swastika sign on various objects with recoguized symbols of these different deities. The claims of these theorists are somewhat clouded in obscurity aud lost in the antiquity of the subject. What seems to have beeu at all times an attribute of the Swastika is its character as a charm or amulet, as a sign of benediction, blessing, long life, good fortune, good luck. This character has continued into mod ern times, aud while the Swastika is recoguized as a holy and sacred symbol by at least one Buddhistic religions sect, it is still used by the common people of India, China, aud Japan as a sign of long life, good wishes, aud good fortune. Whatever else the sign Swastika may have stood for, and however many meanings it may have had, it was always ornamental. It may have been used with auy or all the above significations, but it was always ornamental as well. The Swastika sign had great extension aud spread itself practically over the world, largely, if not entirely, in prehistoric times, though its use in some countries has continued iuto modern times. The elaboration of the meanings of the Swastika indicated above aud its dispersion or migrations form the subject of this paper. Dr. Schliemanu found mauy specimens of Swastika in his excava tions at the site of ancient Troy ou the hill of Hissarlik. They were mostly ou spindle whorls, and will be described in due course. Ho appealed to Prof. Max Müller for an explanation, who, in reply, wrote au elaborate description, which Dr. Scldiemann published iu "Ilios.1" lie commences with a protest against the word Swastika beiug applied generally to the sign Swastika, because it may prejudice the reader or the public in favor of its Indian origin. He says: I do not like the use of tho troni aranliku outside of India. It is a irurd of Indian orinili aud has its history and definite meaning in India. » * * Tho occur rence of auch crosses in different parts of tho world may or may not point to a com mon origin, but if they aro once called Sraxlika tho rulgus jirofaiimn will at once 'Page 3IG', et seq. 772 UEPOItT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18114. jump to the conclusion that they all eouie from India, aud it will take some time to weed out such prejudice. Very little is known of Indian art before the third century 11. C., thu period when the I'.uddhist sovereigns began their public buildings.1 The name Svastika, however, can be traced (in India) a little farther back. It occuis as the name of a particular sign in tho old grammar of Pânani, about a ceii- tnry earlier. Pertain compounds are mentioned there in which tho last word is turn«, "ear." * * » One of tho signs for marking cattle was tho Svastika [llg. 11], and what 1'unaiii teaches in his grammar is that when the compound is formed, araMtika-kariia, i. e., "ha\ ing the ear marked -with the sign of a Svastika," the final « of Svastika is uot to be lengthened, Abbilo it is lengthened in other compounds, such as datra-karna, i. θ., "having the ear marked with the sign of a sickle.'1 I)'Alviella2 reinforces Max Mailer's statement that Panini lived during the middle of tbe fourth century, B. G. Thus it is shown that the word Swastika had been in use at that early period long enough to form an integral part of the Sanskrit language and tliat it was employed to illustrate the particular sounds of the letter n iu its grammar. Max Müller continues his explanation:3 It [the Swastika] occurs often at tho beginning of the Buddhist inscriptions, on. Buddhist eoius, and in Buddhist manuscripts. Historically, tho Svastika is first attested ou a coin of lirananda, supposing Krauauda to be the same king aa Xan- drames, tho predecessor of Sandrokyptos, whose reign came to an end in 315 B. G. (ScoThomaa ou the Identity of Xandiames aud Krananda.) The paléographie evi dence, however, seems rather against so early a date. In the footprints of Buddha tbo Buddhists recognize no less that sixty-(ivo auspicious signs, the first of them being tho SrastiJat [See fig. 32], (Eugeue Burnouf, "Lotus de la bonno loi," p. 62Γ>); tho fourth is the Suarastika, or that with tho arms turned to tho left [seo fig. 10] ; the third, the \andijurarta [seo fig. 14], is a mere development of the fteastika. Among tbo Jainas tho Frastika was the sign of their seventh .Tina, Supaisva (Colebrookc "Miscellaneous Essays," n, p. Iti8; Indian Antiquary, vol. '2, p. 133). In the later Sanskrit literature, iScastiia retains the moaning of an auspicious mark; thus Λνο seo iu the IMmayaua (ed. Gorrcsio, n, p. .'J18) that Bharata selects a ship marked witli tho sign of tho Svastika. Yarâharniliira iu thu Brihat-samhitâ Hied. S.-ee., vi, p. Ch.) mentions curtain buildings called Svastilta and Naudyavarta (53.Π4, seq.), but their outline does not correspond Λ cry exactly with tho form of the signs. Somo Sthûpas, how ever, are said to havo been built on tho plan of the Svastika. * * * Originally, nrastika may have been intended l'or no moro than two lines missing each other, or a cross. Thus we find it used in lator times refer ring to a woman cohering her breast with crossed arms (lìàlai-am, 75.10), sruhastas- r«3/it«-»f««t, and likowiso with reference to poisons sitting crosslegged. Dr. Max Ohnefalsch-liichter4 speaking of the Swastika position, either of crossed legs or arms, among the Hindus,5 suggests as a pos sible explanation that these women bore the Swastikas upon their 'The native Buddhist monarchs ruled from about 1!. C. 500 to tho conquest of Alexander, 15. C..'Ì30. Seo " The Swastika on ancient coins," Chapter n of thia paper, and Waring, "Ceramic Art iu liomote Ages," p. 83. 2 "La, Migration des symboles," p. 104. :l"Iliut,,''pp.347,318. 'Bulletins do la Société d'Anthropologie, 1888, ρ. G7S. •"Mr. Gandhi makes the same remark iu his letter ou the lìuddha shell statue showu jn pi. 10 of this paper. THE SWASTIKA. 773 arms as did the goddess Aphrodite, in fig. 8 of his wrUiugs, (see fig. ISO in tho present paper), and when they assumed the position of arms crossed over their breast, the Swastikas being brought into prominent view, possibly gave the, name to the position as being Λ representative of the sign. Max Müller continues1: H Qiiile another nue.stion is, why tho sign I—Cj should havo had an auspicious menii- ing, and why iu Sanskrit it should havo been called Svastika. The similarity be tween tbe group of lelteis si· in tlio ancient Indian alphabet and tho sign of Svastika is not very striking, and seems purely accidental. A remark of yours [Schliemanu] (Troy, p. ii,S) that the Svastika resembles a wheel in motion, tho direction of the motion being indicated by the crampons, contains a useful hin t, which has been confirmed by some important observations of Mr. Thomas, the distinguished Oriental numismatist, who has called attention to the fact that in the long list of tho recognized devices of tho twenty-four .laina Tirthankaras the sun is absent, but that while tho eighth Tirthaukara has tho sign of the half-moon, the seventh Tirthankara is marked with tbo Svastika, i. e., tho sun. Here, then, wo have clear indications that tho Svastika, with (ho hands pointing in the right direction, was originally a symbol of the κπη, perhaps of the vernal sun as opposed to the autumnal sun, the Suarastika, and, therefore, a natural symbol of light, life, Iwalth, and wealth. But, while from these indications we are justified in supposing that among the Arj-an nations tho Svastika may have been an olii emblem of tho sun, there arc other indications to show that iu other parts of tho world tho samo or a similar emblem was used to indicate the earth. Mr. Beai * * » h;ls showu * * * that the simple cross (+) occurs as a sign for earth iu certain ideographic groups. It was probnhl}- intended to indicate the four quarters—north, south, east, west—or, it may bo, more generally, extension in length and breadth. That tho cross is used as a sign for "four" iu the Bactro-l'ali inscriptions (Max Müller, " Chipe from a German Workshop," Vol. II, p. 2flS) is well known ; but the fact that tho samo sign has tho same power elsewhere, as, for instance, iu tho Hieratic numerals, does not prove by any means that tho one figuro was derived from tho other. We forget too easily that what was possible iu one place was possible also in other places; and tho more we extend our researches, the moro we shall learn that the chapter of accidents is larger than we imagine. The "Suavastika" which Max Müller names and believes was applied to the Swastika sign, with the ends bent to the left (flg. 10), seems not to be reported with that meaning by any other author except Burnouf.2 Therefore the normal Swastika would seem to be that with the eiids bent to the right. Burnouf says tbe word Suavastika may be a deriva tive or development of the Svastikaya, and ought to signify "he who, or, that which, bears or carries tho Swastika or a species of Swastika." Greg,3 under the title Sovastikaya, gives it as his opinion that there is no difference between it aud the Swastika. Colonel Low4 mentions the word Sawattheko, which, according to Burnouf5 is only a variation of i"Ilios,"p.348. 2 "Lotus do la Bonne Loi," App. vin, p. fi26, note 4. 'Archeologia, p. 3(ì. 4 Transaction« of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain, πι, ρ. ΓΌ. 5 "Lotus do la Bonne Loi," App. vin, p. G25, noto 2. 774 REPORT OF NATIONAL ΜΙΤ8ΕΙΤΛΙ, 1891. the Pali word Sotthika or Suvatthika, the Pali translation of the San skrit Swastika. liurnoiif translates it as Svastikaya. M. Eugene Bunionf ' speaks of a third sign of the footprint of Çakya, called Naiidâvartaya, a good augury, the meaning being the "circle of fortune,1' which is the Swastika inclosed within a square with avenues radiating from the corners (fig. 14). lîurnouf says the above .sign lias many signiftcations. It is a sacred temple or edifice, a species of laby rinth, a garden of diamonds, a chain, a golden waist or shoulder belt, and a conique, with spires turning to the right. Colonel Sykes2 concludes that, according to the Chinese authorities Fa-Man, Sonng Young, Iliuan thsang, the uDoctors of reason, 'Tao-sse, or followers of the mystic cross Lf, were diffused in China and India before the advent of Sakya in the sixth century lì. C. (according to Chinese, Japanese,and Buddhist authorities, the eleventh century B.C.), continuing until Fa-hiau's time; and that they were professors of a qualified Buddhism, which, it is stated, was the universal religion of Tibet before Sakya's advent.3 and continued until the introduction of orthodox Buddhism in the ninth century A. D.4 Klaproth5 calls attention to the frequent men tion by Fa-hian, of the Tao-sse, sectaries of the mystic cross L-pi (Sanskrit Swastika), and to their existence in Central Asia and India; while he says they were diffused over the countries to the west and southwest of China, and came annually from all kingdoms and countries to adore Kassapo, Buddha's predecessor." Mr. James Burgess7 mentions the Tirthauka- ras or Jainas as being sectarians of the Mystic Cross, the Swastika. The Cyclopaedia of India (title Swastika), coinciding with Prof. Max Müller, says: The Swastika symbol ia not to be confounded with the Swastika sect in Tibet which took the symbol for ita name as typical of the belief of its members. They render the Sanskrit Swastika as composed of sn "well" and asti "it is," meaning, as Professor Wilson expresses it, " so be it," and implying complete resignation under all circumstances. They claimed the Swastika of Sanskrit as the siiti of Pali, and that the Swastika croas was a combination of the two symbola sutti-suti. They are rationalists, holding that contentment and peace of mind should be the only objecta of life. The sert has preserved its existence in difterent localities and under different names, Thirthankara, Tor, Musteg, Pon.the last name meaning purity, under which a remnant are still in the farthest parts of the most eastern province of Tibet. '"Lotus de la Bonne Loi," p. 626. 2"Notes on the Keligioua, Moral, and Political state of India," Jonni. Asiatic Soc. Great Britain, vi, pp. 310-334. 3 Low, Trans. Roy. Asiatic Sor. of Groat Britain m, pp. 334, 310. 4 Ibid., p. 299. 5 Ibid., p. 299. " Low, Trans. Boyal Asiatic Soc. of Great Britain, iti, p. 310. 7 Indian Antiquary, n, May, 1873. p. 135. Fig. 14. NANDÂVAHTAYA, A THIRD SKIN ΟΓ THE FOOTPRINT OF 11UDDHA. Biirniiif, "Lotiiq Λ& li Bonnfl Lfi," PW'R, ISW, p. 6%. THE SWASTIKA. 775 General ruimiugham1 adds his assertion of the Swastika being the symbol used by the Buddhist sect of that name, lie says in a· note: The founder of this sect nourished about the year 601 to 523 IS. C., and that the mystic crosb is a symbol formed by the combination of tho t\vo Sanskrit syllables 4« and ti-auti. Waring2 proceeds to demolish these .statements of a sect named Swastika as pure inventions, and " consulting Professor Wilson's inval uable work on the Hindoo religious sects in the 'Asiatic Eesearehes,' we find no account of any sect named Swastika.'' Mr. V. E. Gandhi, a learned legal gentleman of Bombay, a repre sentative of the Jain sect of Buddhists to the World's Parliament of Eeligions at Chicago, 1893, denies that there is iu either India, or Tibet a sect of Buddhists named "Swastika.'' He suggests that these gen tlemen probably mean the sects of Jains (of which Mr. Gandhi is a member), because this sect uses the Swastika as a sign of benediction and blessing. This will be treated further on. (See p. 804.) Zmigrodzki, commenting ou the frequency of the Swastika on the objects found by Dr. Schliemaun at Hissarlik, gives it as his opinion3 that these representation« of the Swastika have relation to a human cult indicating a supreme being filled with goodness toward man. The sun, stars, etc., indicate him as a god of light. This, in connection with the idol of Venus, with its triangular shield engraved with a· Swastika (fig. 125), and the growing trees and palms, with their increas ing and multiplying branches and leaves, represent to him the idea, of fecundity, multiplication, increase, and hence the god of life as well as of light. The Swastika sign on funeral vases indicates to him a belief in a divine spirit in man which lives after death, and hence he con cludes that the people of Ilissarlik, in the "Burnt City" (tho third of Schliemann), adored a supreme being, the god of light and of life, and believed iu the immortality of the soul. E. P. Gregsays:4 Originally it [the Swastika] would appear to have been ail early Aryan atmos pheric device or symbol indicative of both ra iu and lightning, phenomena appertain ing to the god Indra, subsequently or collaterally developing, possibly, into the "Suastika, or sarred tiro churn in India, and at a still later period in Greece, adopted rather as a solar symbol, or converted about B. C'. u'50 iuto the meander or key pattern. Waring, while he testifies to the extension of the Swastika both iu time and area, says:5 But neither in tho hideous jumblo of Pantheism—the wild speculative thought, mystic fables,, and perverted philosophy of life among tho Buddhists—nor in the equally wild and false theosophy of the Brahmins, to whom this symbol, as dibtinc- »'Busa Topes," p. 17. Q" Ceramic Art in Ifemote Ages," p. 12. 3Tenth Congross, International d'lnthropologie et d U'elurologie Préhistoriques, Paris, 18«9, p. 47 . 4 Archeologia, XLVii, pt. 1, p. 15!). 5"Ceramic Art iu Remote Ageb," p. 11. 776 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. tive of tho Vi.shna\ as, sectarian devotees of Vishnu, is ascribed by Moor in his "Indian Pantheon," nor yet in the teucts of the Jains,1 do wo find any decisive explanation of the meaning attached to this syuihol, although its allegorical inten tion is indubitable. He mentions the Swastika, of the Buddhists, the cross, the circle, their combination, the three-foot γ and adds : " They exhibit forms of those oldeii and widely spread pagan symbols of Deity and sanctity, eternal life and blessing.'' Professor Sayce says : '2 The Cyprian vase figured in Di Cesuola's ''Cyprus," pi. XLV, fig. 36 [see fig. 156], which associates the Swastika with the figuro of an animal, is a striking analogue of the Trojan whorls on which it is associated with tho figures of stags. The fact that it is drawn within the vulva of tho leaden image of tho Asiatic goddess [sec fig. 125] booms to show that it was a symbol of generation. I believe that it is identical with tho Cyprian character Jjf or φ (ne), which has tho form )fi in the inscription of Golgi, and also with the Hittite \Π or ||| which Dr. Hydo Clarke once suggested to mo was intended to represent the organs of generation. Mr. Waller, iu his work entitled "Monumental Grosses," describes the Swastika as having· been known in India as α sacred symbol many centuries before our Lord, and used as the distinguishing badge of a religious sect ciilling themselves ''Followers of the Mystic Cross." Subsequently, he says, it was adopted by I he followers of Buddha and was still later used by Christians at a very early period, being first introduced on Christian monuments in the sixth century. But Mr. Waring says that in this he is not correct, as it was found in some of tht> early paintings in the Roman catacombs, particularly on the habit of a Fosxor, or gravedigger, given by D'Agincourt. Pugin, in his "Glossary of Ornament," under the title vi Fylfot," says that in Tibet the Swastika was used as a representation of God cruci fied for the human race, citing as his authority F. Angustiili Automi Georg».3 1 le remarks: From these account* it voulil appear that the fylfot is a mybtical ornament, not only adopted among Christians from primitive times, lint used, as if prophetically, for centuries before tin· coming of our Lord. To descend to later times, we iiud it constantly introduced in ecclesiastical vestments, * * * till the end of tho fif teenth century, a period marked by y;ro:i,t departure from traditional symbolism. Ets use was continued in Tibet into modern timos, though its meaning is not given.4 (See p. SOU.) The liev. G. Cox, iu his "Aryan Mythology," says: Wo recognize the malo and the female symbol in the trident of Poseidon, and in the fylfot or hammer of Thor, ì\liich assumes the form of a cross-pattce in the vari ous legends which turn on the rings of Freya, Holda, Venus, or Aphrodite. 'See explanation of the Swastika by Mr. (laudili according to tho Jain tenets, p. 801. 2"Ilios,"p. 353. 3"Alphabetum Tibotarium," Rome, 1761', pp. 211, 4(iO, 725. 4IioekhilI, " Diary of a Journey through Mongolia, and Tibet," Smithsouiau Insti tution, Washington, ]89i, p. (57. THE SWASTIKA. 777 litre again we lind the fylfot and ciOss-pattèe spoken of as tlie same symbol, and as being emblematic of the reproductive principles, in which view of its meaning Dr. Ininan, in his "Ancient Faiths Embodied in Ancient Names," concurs. Burnout'1 recounts the myth of Agni (from which comes, through the Latin iynbt, the English word igneous), the god of Sacred Fire, as told in the Veda:2 Tho young ijneen, the mother of Fire, carried the royal infant mysteriously con cealed iu her bosom. She was a woman of tho people, whose common liamo was "Arani"—that is, the instrument of wood (the Swastika) from which fire was made or brought by rubbing. * » * The origin of tho sign [Swastika] is now easy to recognize. It represents tho two pieeos of wood which composo l'urani, of which the extremities Avere beut to be retained by tho four nails. At tho junction of tho two pieces of wood was a fossette or cup-like hole, and there they placed a piece of wood upright, in form of a lauco (the Pramantha), violent rotation of which, by whipping (after tho fashion of top-whipping), produced fire, as did Prometheus, the jiotteur du feu, in Greece. And this myth was made, as have been others, probably by the priests and poets of succeeding times, to do duty for different philoso phies. The Swastika was made to represent Araui (the female prin ciple) ; the Pramantha or upright flre stake representing Agni, tue fire god (the male) ; and so the myth served its part to account for the birth of fire. Burnouf hints that the myth grew out of the production of holy lire for the sacred altars by tho use of the Pramantha and Swas tika, after the manner of savages in all times. Zmigrodzki accepts this myth, and claims all specimens with dots or points—supposed nail holes—as Swastikas. The Count Goblet d'Alviella1 argues in opposition to the theory announced by Burnouf and by Zmigrodzki, that the Swastika or croix swasticale, when presenting dots or points, had relation to lire making. lie denies that the points represent nails,or that nails were made or necessary cither for the Swastika or the Arani, and concludes that there is no evidence to support the theory, and nothing to show the Swastika to have been used as a ure-makiiig apparatus, whether with or without the dots or points. Mr. GregJ opposes this entire theory, saying: The difficulty about the »Swastika and us supposed connection with lire appears to mu to lie in not knowing precisely what the old lire drill and chark wero like. * * * 1 much doubt whether tho Swastika had originally any connection either with tho firo-chark or with tho suu. * * * Tho best authorities consider I!ur- uouf it· in error as to tho earlier use of tho two lower cross pieces of wood and the four nails said to have been used to lis or steady tho framework. lie quotes from Tylor's description5 of the old fire drill used in, India 1 "Des Sciences et Religion," pp. ^52, 257. 2 Vol. xi. 3 " La Migration d^s Symboles," pp. 01-4)3. * Archicologia, χι.νιπ. pt. 2, pp. 322, 323. ••"Early History of Mankind," p. 257, note (J. 778 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. for kindling the sacrificial fire by the process called " churning," as it resembles that in Indiai by which butter is separated from milk. It consists in drilling one piece of Araui wood by pulling a. cord with one hand while the other is slackened, and so, alternately (the strap drill), till the wood takes fire. Mr. Greg states that the Eskimos use similar means, and the ancient Greeks used the drill and cord, and he adds his conclusions: " There is nothing of the Swastika and four uails in connection with the fire-churn." Burton1 also criticises Buruouf's theory : If used ou sacrificial altars to reproduce the lioly fire, the practice, is peculiar aud not derived from everyday life; for as early us 1'liny they kuow that the savages used two, and ucver throe, lire sticks. Buruouf continues his discussion of myths concerning the origin of fire: According to Hymnes, the discoverer of fire was Atharan, whoso name signifies lire, but lilirigou it was Λνϊιο made the sacred lire, producing resplendent uanics tin the earthen altar. In theory of physics, Agni, who was the lire residing within the "onction," (?) came from the milk of the cow, which, in its tiiru, came from the plants that had nourished lier; and these plauts in their turn gre\v by receiving and appropriating the heat or fire of the suu. Therefore, the virtue of the "onction" came from the god. One of the Yedas says of Agni, the god of fire:2 Agni, thon art a sage, a priest, a kiug, Protector, father of the sacrifici!; Commissioned by our mon thon dost ascend A mcsscuger, conveying to the sky Our hymns and offerings, ihongh thy origin Be three fold, now from air aud now from water, Now from the mystic double Arani.x Count Goblet d'Alviella combats the hypothesis of liuriiouf that the Swastika when turned to right or leffc, passed, the one for the male and the other for the female principle, and declares, on the authority of Sir George Bird wood, that it is, in modern India, a popular custom to name objects which appear in couples as having different sexes, so that to say "the male Swastika" aud the "female Swastika," indicating them by the pronouns "he" or "she,'' would be expressed in the same manner when speaking of the hammer and the anvil or of any other objects used in pairs.4 Ludwig Müller, in his elaborate treatise, gives it as his opinion that the Swastika had no connection with the Tau cross or with the Crux ansata, or with the fire wheel, or with arani, or agni,or with the mystic or alpha betic letters, uor with the so-called spokes of the solar wheel, nor the forked lightning, nor the hammer of Thor, lie considers that the tris- 1 " The Book of the Sword,'1 p. 202, note 2. 2Burnouf, "Des Sciences ct Religion," p. 18. 3The two pieces of wood of Pïcu» religiosa, used, for landliuji fire. 4"La Migration dus Symboles, " p. G3. THE SWASTIKA. 779 kelion might throw light on its origin, as indicating perpetual whirling or circular movement, which, in certain parts of southern Asia as the emblem of Zeus, was assimilated to that of Baal, an inference which he draws from certain Asiatic coins of 400 B. G. Mr. ]\. P. Grog1 opposes this theory and expresses the opinion that the Swastika is far older and wider spread as a symbol than the tris- kelion, as well as being a more purely Aryan symbol. Greg says that Ludwig Müller attaches quite too much importance to the sun in con nection with the early Aryans, and lays too great stress upon the sup posed relation of the Swastika as a solar symbol. The Aryans, he says, were a race not given to sun worship; and, while lie may agree with Müller that the Swastika is an emblem of Zeus and Jupiter merely as the Supreme God, yet he believes that the origin of the Swastika had no reference to a movement of the sun through the heavens; and he prefers his own theory that it was a device suggested by the forked lightning as the chief weapon of the air god. Mr. Greg's paper is of great elaboration, and highly complicated, lie devotes an entire page or plate (21) to a chart showing the older Aryan fire, water, and sun gods, according to the Brahmin or Buddhist system. The earliest was Dyaiis, the bright sky or the air god; Adyti, the· influite expanse, mother of bright gods; Yarima, the covering of the shining firmament. Out of this trinity came another, Zeus, being the descendant of Dyaus, the sky god; Agni, the fire; Sulya, the sun, and Indra, the rain god. These in their turn formed the great Hindu trinity, Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva—creator, preserver, and destroyer; and, in his opinion, the Swastika was the symbol or ordinary device of Indra as well as of Zeus. He continues his table of descent fiom these gods, with their accompanying devices, to the sun, lightning, lire, and water, and makes almost a complete scheme of the mythology of that period, into which it is not possible to follow him. However, he declines to accept the theory of Max Müller of any difference of form or mean ing between the Suavastika and the Swastika because the ends or arms turned to the right or to the left, and he thinks the two symbols to be substantially the same. He considers it to have been, in the first instance, exclusively of early Aryan origin and use, and that down to about GOO B. 0. it was the emblem or symbol of the supreme Aryan god; that it so continued down through the various steps of descent (according to the chart mentioned) until it became the device and sym bol of Brahma, and finally of Buddha. He thinks that it may have been the origin of the Greek fret or meander pattern. Later still it svas adopted even by the early Christians as a suitable variety of their cross, and became variously modified in form and was used as a charm. D'Alviella2 expresses his doubts concerning the theory advanced by Greg3 to the effect that the Swastika is to be interpreted as a symbol 1 Archeologia, XLill, pt. 2, pp. 324.325. 2 "La Migration des Symboles," p. 64. "" Fylfot .and Swastika," Archeologia, 1K85, p. 293. 780 REPORT OF NATIONAL· MUSEUM, 180-1. of the air or of the god Λνΐιο dwells in the air, operating sometimes to produce light, other times rain, then water, and so on, as is represented l»y the god Indra among the J (indus, Thor among the Germans and Scandinavians, Perknn among the Slavs, /ens among the. Pelasgi and Greeks, .lupiter Tonan.s, and Pluvins among the Latins. lie disputes the theory that the association of the Swastika sign with various others on the same object proves its relationship with that object or sign. That it appears on vases or similar objects associateti with what is evidently a sol n r disk is no evidence to him that the Swastika belongs to the sun, or when associated with the zigzags of lightning that it represents the god of lightning, nor the same with the god of heaven. The fact of its appearing either above or below any one of these is, in his opinion, of no importance anil has no signification, either general or special. D'Alviella says1 that the only example known to him of a Swastika upon a monument consecrated to /eus or Jupiter is on a Celto-lfoman altar, erected, according to all appearances, by the Daci during the time they Avere garrisoned at Ainblogaiina, in Britain. The altar bears the letters I. O. M., which have been thought to stand for Jupiter Optimns Maximus. The Swastika thereon is flanked by two disks or rouelles, with four rays, a sign which M. Gaidoz believes to have been a representative of the sun among the Gaulois.2 Dr. Briiiton3 considers the Swastika as being related to the cross and not to the circle, and asserts that the Ta Ki or Triskeles, the Swastika and the Cross, were originally of the same signification, or at least closely allied in moaning. Waring,4 after citing his authorities, sums up his opinion thus: Wo have given remarks of the, various writers on this symhol, anil it will he seen that, though they aro more or less vague, uncertain, and confused in their descrip tion of it, still, with one exception, they .ill agree that it is a my.stic symhol, pecul iar to some deity or other, hearing a special signification, and generally believed to have some connection with one of the elements—water. Burton says :5 The Svastika is apparently the simplest form of the Gnilloche [scroll pattern or spiral]. According to Wilkmsoii (11, Chap. IX), the most complicated form of the Guillocho covered ail Egyptian ceiling upward of a thousand years older than the objecta found at Nineveh. The Svastika spread far and wide, everywhere assuming some fresh mythological and mysterious significance. In the north of Europe it became the Fylfot or Crutched cross. Count Goblet d'Alviella is of the opinion (p. 57) that the Swastika was " above all an amulet, talisman, or phylactère," while (p. 50) " it is incontestable that a great number of the Swastikas were simply motifs 1 " La Migration (les Symbole«," p. 65. - "Le Dieu gaulois du Soleil et le symbolisme de la roue," Paris, 1HK6. 3Proe. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 1889, pp. 177-187. 4 "Ceramic Art in Eemote Ages." « "The Book of the Sword," p. 202. THE SWASTIKA. 781 of ornamentation, of coin marks, and marks of fabrics," but he agrees (p. 57) that there is no symbol that has given rise to so many interpre tations, not even the iridila of the Buddhists, and "this is a great deal to say." Ludwig Müller believes the Swastika to have been used as an ornament and as a charm and amulet, as well as a sacred symbol. Dr. II. Colley March, in his learned paper on the " Fylfot and the Futhorc Tir," ' thinks the Swastika had no relation to lire or fire making or the fire god. Ilia theory 13 that it symbolized axial motion and not merely gyration; that it represented the celestial pole, the axis of the heavens around which revolve the stars of the firmament. This appear ance of rotation is most impressive in the constellation of the Great Benr. About four thousand years ago the apparent pivot of rotation was at a Draconis, much nearer the Great Bear than now, and at that time the rapid circular sweep must have been far more striking than at present. In addition to the name Ursa Major the Latins called this constellation Septentrioiies, "the seven plowing oxen," that dragged the stars around the pole, and the Greeks called it ΐλικη, from its vast spiral movement.2 In the opinion of Dr. March all these are repre sented or symbolized by the Swastika. « Prof. W. H. Goodyear, of New York, has lately (1S91) published an elaborate quarto work entitled "The Grammar of the Lotus: A New History of Classic· Ornament as a Development of Sun Worship.'" It comprises 408 pages, with 76 plates, and nearly a thousand figures. His theory develops the sun symbol from the lotus by a series of ingenious and complicated evolutions passing through the Ionic style of archi tecture, the volutes and spirals forming meanders or Greek frets, and from this to the Swastika. The result is attained by the following line of argument and illustrations: The lotus was a "fetish of immemorial antiquity and has been wor shiped in many countries from Japan to the Straits of Gibraltar;" it was a symbol of ''fecundity,'1 "life," "immortality," and of "resurrec tion," and has a mortuary significance and use. But its elementary and most important signification was as a solar symbol.4 lie describes the Egyptian lotus and traces it through an innumer able number of specimens and with great variety of form. He men tions many of the sacred animals of Egypt and seeks to maintain their relationship by or through the lotus, not only with each other but with solar circles and the sun worship.5 Direct association of the solar disk and lotus are, according to him, common on the monuments and on Pheniciiin and Assyrian seals; while the lotus and the sacred animals, as in cases cited of the goose representing Seb (solar god, and father of Osiris), also Osiris himself and Horns, the hawk and lotus, bull and 1 Trans. Lancaster and Ckoshire \ntiq. Soc., 1886. 2 Haddon, " Evolution in Art," London, 1895, ρ A». 3 Sampson, Low, Murstoii Λ Co., I-ondim. 4 Goodyear, "Tho Grammar of thu Lotua," pp. 1, 5. * Ibid., i>. 6. 782 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. lotus, the asp and lotus, the lion and lotus, the sphinx and lotus, the gryphon and lotus, the serpent aud lotus, the rani and lotus—all of 1 which animals, and with them the lotus, have, in his opinion, some related signification to the sun or some of his deities.1 He is of the opinion that the lotus motif was the fouudatiou of the Egyptian style of architecture, aud that it appeared at au early date, say, the four teenth century B. G. By intercommunication with the Greeks it formed the fouudatiou of the Greek Ionic capital, which, he says,z "offers no Fig. 15. PIC'VL LOTUS ON CYfcMUAN VASES. tr, ι figur 1 YI'ICAL LOTUS O"i KIItlDIAN TYPIC VL LOTL'S ON MKLIAN VASES. VASES,. in (nMKlyear's " (jramaiar of the Lotus " j>. 77. dated example of the earlier time than the sixth century B. C." Ile supports this contention by authority, argument, and illustration. lie shows3 the transfer of the lotus motif to Greece, and its use as an ornameut on the painted vases aud on those from Cyprus, lihodes, and JMelos (figs. 15,1C, 17). Ghantre4 notes the presence of spirals similar to those of fig. 17, in the terramarcs of northern Italy and up and down the Danube, aud his fig. ISO (fig. 17) he says represents the decorat ing motif, the most frequeut iu all that part of prehistoric Europe. He cites "Xutes sur les torques on ornaments spirals."5 That the lotus had a foundation dee]» and wide in Egyptian mythology is not to be denied; that it was allied to and associated on the monuments and other objects with many sacred and mythologie characters iu Egypt and after wards iu Greece is accepted. How far it extends in the direction con tended for by Professor Goodyear, is no part of this investigation. It appears well established that in both countries it became highly con veiitionalized, aud it is quite sufficient for the purpose of this argument that it became thus associated with the Swastika. Figs. 18 aud W Goodyear, " The Grammar of tho Lotus," pp. 7, 8. •Ibid., p. 71. :Iliiil., pp. 74, 77. 4 "Ago du lîronze," J)onxienie partie, p. 301. 6 Matériaux pour I'llistoiru Primitive ut Nutuivllu du l'Homme, 3d t>ot,, ^ ill, p. 0. Fig. 18. DETAIL· OF CYI'RI \N YASG SIIOWINQ LOTTBES WITH CUKLIX» KEPALS. Mitropolilan Vugiuni of Art, N«w York. Gixjdjear, " draimuar of the. Lotus," pi. 47, fig. 1. THE SWASTIKA. 783 represent details of Cyprian vases and amphora belonging to the Ces- nola, collection in the Xew York Metropolitan Museum of Art, showing Fig. 20. TIIEOHV OF TUR kVOLLTION OF THE SPIUAL SCROLL FROM LOTUS. On<· volute. (ïfKMlVfir, " Grammar of the I otiie," fifi- M. Fig. 19. IlLTVII. OF OVI'RIAN \MPHORV IN *IETR(»POLITAN Mt'SEUM OF ART, NEW YORK CITY. Lotus with curling sppala ami ditforont Swastikas. CiKMbvir, " Grammar at the Lolu«, '.pi. 47, fig*. 2, 3. the lotus with eurling sepals among which are interspersed Swastikas of different forms. According to Professor Goodyear,1 these bent sepals of the lotus were exaggerated and finally became spir als,2 which, being projected at a tangent, made volutes, and, continu ing one after the other, as shown in fig. 20, formed bands of ornameut; or,3 being connected to right aud left, spread theoruament over au extended surface as iu fig. 21. One of his paths of evolution closed these volutes aud dropped the connecting tangent, when they formed the concentric rings of which we see so much. Several forms of Egyptian scaraba-i, showing the evo lution of concentric rings, are shown in figs. 22,23, and 24. By another path of the evolution of his the ory, one has only to square the spiral volutes, and the result is the Greek fret shown in fig. 25. ' The Greek fret has only to be doubled, when it produces the Swastika shown iu fig. 2C.5 Thus we have, according to him, the origin of the Swastika, as shown in figs. 27 and 2S.6 Professor Goodyear is authority for the state ment that the earliest dated instances of the isolated scroll is in the fifth dynasty of Egypt, and of the lotus and spiral is in the eleventh dynasty. The spiral of fig. 19 (above) belongs to the twelfth dynasty.7 Fi«. 21. THEORY OF LOTCS RLDIMEMS IX SPIIiAL. Tomb M, \lxl-fl Koiirnth, Tholx s " iînwnmir ni the I^tus," p. *>(,. '' Grammar of tlie Lotus," pi. 8, p. 81. * Ibid., pp. 82-94. a Ibid., p. 96. «Ibid., pi. X, figs. 7-9, p. 97. 5 Ibid., p. 351. BIbid., p. 353. 7 Und, p. 354, fig. 174. 784 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. Professor Goodyear devotes au entire chapter to the Swastika. On pages 3")2,303 he says : There is no proposition in archaeology which ran lie so easily demonstrated as the assertion that tlio Swastika wa-> originally :i fragmcnt of tho Egyptian meander, provided lircok geinnctric vases are called in evidence.. The connection between HIÎYITIAV M'MÏVl: Kl MlOWlNi; HVOU'THIY IIP l'OJÎCHVTIïK ' IÎINIÎS. rilNC'ENTIMP RIVfïS ΓΠΝ- ΝΠΓΤΚΙϊ ΡΛ TANfìKNl.s. Frnin ι fijiiir.» in IVtri^'s "Ili L. rj ofîN-irif ." Γί>ΝΙ'BVTUir KlΝΠ^ AVITI 1 1>IS- Γ(>Ν\Κί ι En T\NI;J:\TS. I'arriii^r lolliitnin, M^lrrpnlitin HI ι «iminf \ri, NeH YwkrHy. (.«ir, " Cranimar of the I/itn ," \\\. in, fin. 4. On page 354, Goodyear says : The solar significance of the Swastika is proven by the Hindu coins of the Jains. Its generative significance is proven by a leaden statuette from Troy. It is an equivalent of the lotus (pi. 47. figs. 1,2,3), of the solar diagram (pi. 57, fig. 12. and pi. 60, fig. 8), of the rosette (pi. 20, lig. 8), of concentric rings (pi. 47, fig. 11), of the spiral scroll (pi. 34, fig. 8, and pi. 1 C'esnola, "Cyprus, its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples, " p. 410. 2 "Industrial Arts of India," p. 107. 1 " Zur Geschichte der Swastika." THE SWASTIKA. 785 Fig. 2fi. DETAIL OF (iREEK VASE. Meiudcr ami Swistika. «aly ir, " Ir inmir ot the T otua," (i^. 171. 39, fig. 2), of tho geometric boss (pi. 48, fig. 12), of the triangle (pi. 40, fig. 5), and of the antheinion (pi. 28, lig. 7, and pi. 30, fig. 4). It appears with the aolar deer (pi. 60, figs. 1 and 2), with the solar antelopo (pi. 37, fig. 9), with tho symbolic fish (pi. 42, fig. 1), -with tbe ibex (pi. 37, lig. 4), witlL,tho solar sphinx (pi. 34, fig. 8), with tho solar lion (pi. 30, fig. 4), tho solar rani (pi. 28, fig. 7), and the solar horse (pi. 61, figs. 1, 4, 5, and 12). Its most emphatic and ________________________ _ constant association is with the solar bird ' (pi. 60, fig. 15; fig. 173). Count Goblet d'Alviella, following Ludwig Müller, Percy Gardner, S. Beai, Edward Thomas, Max Mül ler, II. Gaidoz, and other authors, accepts their theory that the Swas tika was a symbolic representation of the sun or of a suri god, and argues it fully.1 He starts with the propo sition that most of the nations of the earth have represented the sun by a circle, although some of them, uotably the Assyrians, Hindus, Greeks, and Celts, have repre sented it by signs more or less cruciform. Examining his fig. 2, wherein signs of the various peo ple are set forth, it is to be re marked that there is no similarity or apparent relationship between the six symbols given, either with themselves or with the sun. Only one of them, that of Assyria, pre tends to be a circle; and it may or may not stand for the sun. It has no exterior rays. All the rest are crosses of different kinds, the six symbols is represented as being from a single nation of peo ple. They are prehistoric or of high antiquity, and most of them appear to have no other evidence of their representation of the sun than is contained in the sign itself, so that the first objection is to the premises, to wit, that while his symbols may have some times represented the sun, it is far from certain that they are used constantly or steadily as such. An objection is made, to the theory or hypothesis presented by Count d'Alviella2 that it is not 1 "La Migration des Symboles," chap. 2, pt. 3, p. G6. "Tbirt., p.<>7. Π. Mis. !)0, pt. 2——DO Fig. 27. DETAIL OF QREEK (ïEOMETRIC VASK IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. Swastika, righi, with soliir geese. lîi>odj eta, " Gramm ir ctf the 1 jims," |i. 35H, fig. ΠΛ. Each of fondy* Fig. 28. OBEEK (iEOMl.TBlf VASE. Swaalika willi aolar geeac. ir, "r.minmir „f (he I. Il β," |ι. 353, fiK. 172. 786 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. the cross part of the Swastika, which represents the sun, but its bent arms, which show the revolving motion, by which he says ik evolved the tetraskelion or what in this paper is named the "Ogee Swastika." The author is more in accord wtth Dr. lirintoii and others that the Swastika is derived from the cross and not from the wheel, that the bent arms do not represent rotary or gyratory motion, and that it had no association with, or relation to, the circle. This, if true, relieves the Swastika from all relation with the circle as a symbol of the siin. Besides, it is not believed that the symbol of the snii is one which required rotary or gyratory motion or was represented by it, but, as will be explained, in speaking of the Assyrian sun-god Shaiuash (p. 789), it is rather by a circle with pointed rays extending outward. D'Alviella1 presents several figures in support of his contention. TIio first («) is on a libala, from Etrnria (tig. 190 of this paper), llis explanation is that the small circle of rays, bent at right, angles, on the broad shield of the pin, represents graphically the rotary movement of tlir sun, and that the bent arms in the Swastikas on the same object are taken from them. It seems curious that so momentous a subject as the existence of a symbol of a great god, the god of light, heat, and thus of life, should be made to depend upon an object of so small importance. This specimen (fig. 100) is a fibula or pin, one of the commonest objects of Etruscan, Greek, or Roman dre&s. The decorations invoked are on the broad end, which has been flattened to protect the point of the pin, where appears a semicircle of so-called rays, the two Swastikas and two possible crosses. There is nothing about this pin, iior indeed any of the other objects, to indicate any holy or sacred character, nor that any of them were used in any ceremony having relation to the sun, to any god, or to anything holy or sacred. His fig. Ì) is fig. 88 in this paper. It shows a quadrant of the sphere found by Schliemann at His- sarlik. There is a slightly indefinite circle with rays from the outside, which are bent and crooked in many directions. The sphere is of terra cotta; the marks that have been made on it are rough and ill formed. They were made by incision while the clay was soft and were done in the rudest manner. There are dozens more marks upon the same sphere, none of which seem to have received any consideration in this regard. There is a Swastika upon the sphere, and it is the only mark or sign upon the entire object that seems to have been made with care or precision. His third figure (c) is taken from a reliquaire of the thir teenth century A. 1). It has a greater resemblance to the acanthus plant than it has to any solar disk imaginable. The other two figures (Λ and e) are tetraskelions or ogee Swastikas from ancient coins. D'Alviella's next argument2 is that the triskelion, formed by the same process as the tetraskelion,is an "incontestable" representation of solar 1 "La Migration ties Symboles," p.69. "Ibid., p. 71. THE SWASTIKA. 787 movement. No evidence is submitted in support of this assertion, and the investigator of the present day is required, as in prehistoric objects, to depend entirely upon the object "itself. The bent arms contain no innate evidence (even though they should be held to represent rotary or gyratory motion) representing the sun or sun gods. It is respect fully suggested that in times of antiquity, as in modern times, the sun is not represented as having a rotary motion, but is rather represented by a circle with diminishing rays projecting from the center or exterior. It seems unjustifiable, almost ridiculous, to transform the three Hexed human legs, first appearing on the coins of Lycia, into a sun symbol, to make it the reliable evidence of sun worship, and give it a holy or sacred character as representing a god. It is surely pushing the argu ment too far to say that this is an "incontestable" representation of the solar movement. The illustrations by d'Alviella. on his page 71 are practically the same as figs. ±34 to -Ml» of this paper. Count d'Alviella's further argument1 is that symbols of the sun god being frequently associated, alternated with, and sometimes replaced by, the Swastika, proves it to have been a sun symbol. Bub this is doubted, and evidence to sustain the proposition is wanting. Undoubt edly the Swastika was a symbol, was intentional, had a meaning and a degree of importance, aad, while it may have been intended to repre sent the sun and have a higher and holier character, yet these mere associations are not evidence of the fact. D'Alviella's plate 2, page 80, while divided into sections « and b, is filled only with illustrations of Swastika associated with circles, dots, etc., introduced for the purpose of showing the association of the Swastika therewith, and that the permutation and replacing of these signs by the Swastika ia evidence that the Swastika represented the sun. Most of the same illustrations are presented in this paper, and it is respectfully submitted that the evidence does not bear out his con clusion. If it be established that these other symbols are representa tives of the sun, how does that prove that the Swastika was itself a representative of the sun or the sun god ? D'Alviella himself argues^ against the proposition of equivalence of meaning because of associ ation when applied to the Crux ansiitu, the circle, the crescent, tlie triskeliou, the lightning sign, and other symbolic figures. He denies that because the Swastika is found on objects associated with these signs therefore they became interchangeable in meaning, or that the Swastika stood for any of them. The Count2 says that more likely the engraver added the Swastika to these in the character of a talisman or phylactery. On page 56 he argues in the same line, that because it is found on an object of sacred character does nob necessarily give it the signification of a sacred or holy symbol. He. regards the Swastika as '"La Migration dea Symboles," pp. 72, 75, 77. a Ibid., p. 61. 788 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. ii symbol of good fortune, and sees no reason why it may not be em ployed as au invocation to a. god of any name or kind on the principle, "Good Lord, good devil," quoting the Neapolitan proverb, that it will do no barm, and possibly may do good. Prof. Max Müller ' refers to the discovery by Prof. Percy Gardner of one of the coins of Mesembria, whereon the Swastika replaces the last two syllables of the word, and he regards this as decisive that in Greece the meaning of the Swastika was equivalent to the sun. This word, Jlcsembria, being translated rill·· tir midi, means town or city of the south, or the sun. He cites from Mr. Thomas's paper on the "Indian Swastika and its Western Counterparts"2 what he considers an equally decisive discovery made some years ago, wherein ifc was shown that the wheel, the emblem of the sun in motion, was replaced by the Swastika, on certain coins; likewise on some of the Andimi coins and some punched gold coins noted by Sir Walter Elliott.3 in these cases the circle or wheel alleged to syinboli/e the sun was re placed by the Swastika. The Swastika has been sometimes inscribed within the rings or normal circles representing what is said to be the four suns on Ujain patterns or coins (fig. Ü.'iO). Other authorities have adopted the same, view, und have extended it to include the lightning, the storm, the fire wheel, the sun chariot, etc. (See Ohnefalsch-liichter, p. 790.) This appears to be a MOW scquitur. All these speculations may be correct, and all these meanings may have been given to the Swastika, but the evidence submitted does not prove the fact. There is in the case of the foregoing coins no evidence yet presented its to which sign, the wheel or the Swastika, preceded and which followed in point of time. The Swastika may have appeared first instead of last, and may not have been a substitution for the disk, but an original design. The disk employed, while possibly representing the sun in some places, may not have done so always nor in this particular case. It assumes too much to say that every time a small circle appears on an ancient object it represented the sun, and the same observation can be made with regard to symbols of the other elements. Until it shall have been satisfactorily established that the symbols represented these elements with practical unanimity, and that the Swastika, actually and inten tionally replaced it, as such, the theory remains imdemonstrated, the burden rests on those who take the affirmative side; and until these points shall have been settled with some degree of probability the con clusion is not warranted. As an illustration of the various significations possible, one has but to turn to Chapter IT, on the various meanings given to the cross among American Indians, where it is shown that among these Indians the cioss represented the four winds, the sun, stars, dwellings, the dragon 1 Atheuii-nin, August 20, 1892, p. 26ΰ. 2 Numismatic Chronicle, 1880, xx, pp. 18-4S. 3 Madras Journ. of Lit. and Sci., in, pi. 9. THE SWASTIKA. 789 fly, midê' society, Hocks of birds, human form, maidenhood, evil spirit, and divers others. Mr. Edward Thomas, in his work entitled " The Indian Swastika and its Western Counterparts,"1 says: As far as I have, been able to trace or connect tho various manifestations of this emblem [the Swastika], they one and all resolve themselves into the, primitive conception of solar motion, which was intuitively associated with tho rolling or wheel-like projection of the snii through tho upper or visible arc of tho heavens, as understood and accepted in the crude astronomy of tho ancients. The earliest phase of astronomical science we are at present in position to refer to, with tho still extant aid of indigenous diagrams, is the Chaldean. The representation of the sun iii this system commences with a simple ring or outline circle, which is speedily advanced toward tho impression of onward revolving motion by the insertion of a cross or four wheel-like spokes within the circumference of the normal ring. As the original Chaldean emblem of the sun was typified by a single ring, so tho Indian mind adopted a similar definition, which remains to this day as the ostensible device or cast-mark of the modern Sauras or aim worshipers. The same remarks are made in "llios'1 (pp. 3ϋ.'3, 3/54). The author will not presume to question, much le«s deny, the facts stated by this learned gentleman, but it is to be remarked that, on the theory of presumption, the circle might represent many other things than the sun, and unless the evidence in favor of the foregoing state ment is susceptible of verification, the theory can hardly be accepted as conclusive. 'Why should not the circle represent other things than the sun ? In modern astronomy the full 1110011 is represented by the plain circle, while the sun, at least in heraldry, is always represented as a circle with rays. It is believed that the ''cross or four wheel- like spokes" in the Chaldean emblem of the sun will be found to be rays rather that cross or spokes. A cast is in the U. S. National Museum (Cat. No. 1547GG) of an original specimen from Niffcr, now in the Jloyal Museum, Berlin, of Shamash, the Assyrian god of the sun. Jle is represented on this monument by a, solar disk, 4 inches in diam eter, with eight rays similar to those of stars, their bases on a faint circle at tho center, and tapering outwards to a point, the whole sur rounded by another faint circle. This is evidence that the sun symbol of Assyria required rays as well as a circle. Λ similar representation of the, sun god is found on a tablet discovered in the temple of the Sun God at Abn-IIabba.2 Perrot and Chipiez3 show a tablet from Sippara, of a king, Nabu- abal-iddin, i MM) lì. C., doing homage to tho sun god (identified by the inscription), who is represented by bas-relief of a. small circle, in the center, with rays and lightning zig/.ags extending to an outer circle. In view of these authorities and others which might be cited, it is 'London, 1880. sRawlinsou, "Cuneiform Inscriptions of We^torn ΑΒΪ.Ί," v, pi. 00; Trans. Soe. Riblical Archeology, vili, p. 1(ϊΓ> •"'History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria,'1 I, p. 200, lig. 71. 790 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1804. questionable whether tlio plain eircle was continuously a representation of the sun in tlio Chaldean or Assyrian astronomy. It is also doubtful whether, if tho circle «lid represent the sun, the insertion of the cross or the four wheel-like spokes necessarily gave the impression of "onward revolving motion;" or whether any or all of the foregoing afford a satisfactory basis for the origin of the Swastika, or for its relation to, or representation of, the sun or the sun god. Dr. Max Olinefalseb-Eichter1 announces as his opinion that the Swastika in Cyprus had nearly always a signification more or less religions and sacred, though it may have been used as an ornament to fill empty spaces, lie attributes to the Croix airaxticale—or, as lie calls it, Croix cantonnée—the equivalence of the solar disk, zigzag lightning, and double hatchet; while to tho Swastika, proper he attributes the signification of i'ain, storm, lightning, sun. light, seasons, and also that it lends itself easily to the solar disk, the fire wheel, and the sun chariot. Greg2 says : Considered finally, it may be asked if the fylfot or gammadion was an early sym bol of tho sun, or, if only an emblem of tho solar revolutions or in ovemeiits across the heavens, why it was drawn square rather than curved: Tho J-J, even if used in a solar sense, must have implied something more than, or something distinct from, the sun, whose proper and almost universal symbol was the circle. It was evidently more connected with the cross -J- than with the circle (~~\ or solar disk. Dr. Brintou3 considers the Swastika as derived from the cross rather than from the circle, and the author agrees that this is probable, although it may be impossible of demonstration either way. Several authors, among the rest d'Alviella, Greg, and Thomas, have announced the theory of the evolution of the Swastika, beginning with the triskelion, thence to the tetraskelion, and so to the Swastika. A slight examination is sufficient to overturn this hypothesis. In the first jilace, the triskelion, which is the foundation of this hypothesis, made its first appearance on the coins of Lyeia. But this appearance WHS within what is called the first period of coinage, to wit, between 700 and 4SO B. G., and it did not become settled until the second, and even the third period, 280 to 240 B. G., when it migrated to Sicily. But the Swastika had already appeared in Armenia, on the lull of Tlissarlik, in the terra mares of northern Italy, and on the hut-urns of southern Italy many hundred, possibly a thousand or more, years prior to that time. Count d'Alviella, in his plate 3 (see Chart I, p. 794), assigns it to a period of the fourteenth or thirteenth century B. C., with an unknown and indefinite past behind it. It is impossible that a sym bol which first appeared in 480 B. C. could have been the ancestor of one which appeared in 1400 or 1300 B. C., nearly a thousand years before. 1 Ball. Soc. d'Aiithrop.,' Paris, 1888, pp. 674,673. 2 Areha-ologia, xi.viil. pi. 2, p. 326. 3Proe. Amor. Philosoph. Soc., 18K9, xxix, p. 180. THE SWASTIKA. 791 William Simpson1 makes observations upon the latest discoveries regarding the Swastika and gives his conclusion : * * * Tha finding of the Swastika in America gives a very wide geographical space that is included by tho problem connected with it, but it is wider still, for the Swastika is found over the most of the habitahlo world, almost literally " from China to Peru," and it can bo traced back to a very eaily period. The latest idea formed regarding the Swastika is that it may be a form of tho old wheel symbolism and that it represents a solar movement, or perhaps, in a wider sense, the whole celestial movement of the stars. Tho Dharmachakra, or Buddhist wheel, of which tho so-called "praying, wheel " of the Lamas of Thibet is only a variant, can now be shown to have represented tho solar motion. It did uot originate with the Bud dhists; they borro wed it from the iîrahmiuical system to thoYoda, where it is culled " the wheel of the sun." I have lately collected a, laige amount of evidence on this subject, being engaged in writing upon it, and tho numerous passages from the old Brahminieal authorities loavo no doubt in tho matter. The late Mr. Edward Thomas * * * and Prof. Percy Gardner * * * declared that on some ìudhra gold coins and one from Mesembria, Greece, tho part of tho word which means day, or when tho aim shines, is represented by the Swastika. These details will bo found in a letter published in tho "Athenaeum" of August '20,1892, written by Prof. Max Müller, who affirms thai it "is decisive" as to the moaning of the symbol in Greece. This evidence may bo "decisive" for India and Greece, but it does not niako us quite cer tain about other parts of tho world. Still it raises a strong presumption that its meaning is likely to bo somewhat similar wherever tho symbol is found. It is now issumed that tho Triskelion or Three Legs of the Islo of Man is only a variant of the Swastika. * * * There are many variants besides this in which the legs, or limbs, differ in number, anil they may all bo classed as whorls, and were possibly all, moro or less, forms intended originally to express circular motion. As the subject is too extensive to bo fully treated here, and many illustrations would bo nec essary, to those wishing for further details I would recommend a work just published < ntitled "The Migration of Symbols," hy Count Goblet d'Alviella, with an intro duction by Sir George Birdwood. Tho frontispiece of the book is a representation of Apollo, from a vase in tho Kuusthistorischcs Museum of Vienna, and on tho mid dle of Apollo's breast there is a large and prominent Swastika. In this we have another instance going far to show its solar significance. ΛΥΜΙο accepting these new interpretations of the symbol, I am still inclined to tho notion that tho Swastika may, at tho samo time, have been looked upon in some cases as a cross—that is, a pre-Christian cross, which uow finds acceptance by some authorities as representing the four cardinal points. Tho importance of tho cardinal points in primitive sym bolism appeals to me to hiivo been very great, and has not as yet been fully realized. This is too large a matter to deal with here. All I can state is, that the wheel in India was connected with the title of a. GhaJcrarartin—from Chakra, a wheel—the title meaning a supreme ruler, or a universal monarch, who ruled the four quarters «if the world, and on his coronation ho had to drive his chariot, or wheel, to the four cardinal points to signify his conquest of them. Evidence of other ceremonies of the same kind in Europe can be produced. From instances such as these, I ;iui inclined to assume that the Swastika, as a cross, represented tho four quarters over which the solar power by its revolving motion carried its influence. ORIGIN AND HABITAT. Prehistoric archaeologists have found in Europe many specimens of ornamental sculpture and engraving belonging to the Paleolithic age, 1 Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, J anuary, 1895, pp. 81,85. 792 lilîI'OIiT Ol·' NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. but the cross is not known in any form, Swastika or other. In the Neo lithic; age, which spread itself over nearly the entire world, with many geometric forms of decoration, 110 form of the cross appears in times of high antiquity us a symbol or as indicating any other than an orna mental purpose. In the age of bronze, however, the Swastika si]»pears, intentionally used, as a symbol as well as an ornament. Whether its lirst appearance was in the Orient, and its spread thence throughout prehistoric Europe, or whether the reverse was true, may not now be determined with certainty. It is believed by .some to be involved in that other warmly disputed and much-discussed question as to the local ity of origin and the mode and routes of dispersion of Aryan peoples. There is evidence to show that it belongs to an earlier epoch thau this, and relates to the similar problem concerning tho locality of origin and the mode and routes of the dispersion of bronze. Was bronze discov ered iu eastern Asia and was its migration westward through Europe, or was it discovered on the Mediterranean., and its spread thence Ì The Swastika spread through the same countries as did tho bronze, and there is every reason to believe them to have proceeded contempora neously—whether at their beginning or not, is undeterminable. Tho first appearance of the Swastika was apparently in the Orient, precisely in what country it is impossible to say, but probably in central and southeastern Asia among tho forerunners or predecessors of the Bramius and Buddhists. At all events, a religious and symbolic sig niflcation was attributed to it by the earliest known peoples of these localities. M. Michael /migrodzki, a Polish scholar, public librarian at Sucha, near Cracow, prepared and sent to the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago n manuscript chart iu French, showing his opinion of the migration of the Swastika, which was displayed in the Woman's Building. It was arranged in groups: The prehistoric (or Pagan) and Christian. These were divided geographically and with an attempt at chronology, as follows : I. Prehistoric : 1. India, and. Bactria. 2. Cyprus, Rhodes. 3. North Europo. 4. Coutr.il Europe. 5. South Europe, tì. Asia Minor. 7. Greok and Komau cjiocli—Numismatics. If. Christian: 8. Gaul—Xnmisiuatic.s. 9. Byzantine. 10. Merovingian and Carlovingiau. 11. Germany. V2. Poland and Sweden. * 13. (jircat Britain. Lastly he introduces a group of the Swastika in tho nineteenth cen tury. He presented figures of Swastikas from these localities and THE SWASTIKA. 793 representing these epochs, lie had a similar display at tho Paris Expo sition of 18SÜ, which at its close was deposited in the St. Germain Pre historic Museum. I met M. Zmigrod/.ki at the Tenth International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Arelneology in Paris, and heaid him present the results of his investigations on Ihe Swastika. I hsive since corresponded with him, aud he has kindly sent me sepa rates of his paper published in the Archives liir Ethnographie, with liuti illustrations of the Swastika; but on asking his permission to use some of the information in the chart at Chicago, he informed me he had already given the manuscript chart and the right to reproduce it to the Chicago Folk Lore Society. The secretary of this .society declined to permit it to pass out of its possession, though proffering inspection of it in Chicago. In his elaborate dissertation Count Goblet d'Alviella1 shows an ear lier and prehistoric existence of the Swastika before its appearance on the hill of Ilissarlik. From this earlier place of origin it, according to him, spread to the Bronze ago terramares of northern Italy. All this was prior to thè thirteenth century B. C. From the hill of Tlissarlik it spread east and west; to the east into Lycaonia and Caucasus, to the west into Myceiiib and Greece ; Jirst on the pottery and then on the coins. From Greece it also spread east and west; east to Asia Minor and west to Thrace and Macedonia. From the terramares he follows it through the Yillauova epoch, through Etruria and Grand Greece, to Sicily, Gaul, Britain, Germany, Scandinavia, to all of which migration he assigns various dates down to the second century B. C. It devel oped westward from Asia Minor to northern Africa and to Rome, with evidence in the Catacombs; on the eastward it goes into India, Persia, China, Tibet, and Japan. All this can be made apparent upon exami nation of the plate itself. It is introduced as Chart i, p. 794. The author enters into no discussion with Count d'Alviella over the correctness or completeness of the migrations set forth in his chart. It will be conceded, even by its author, to be largely theoretical and impossible to verify by positive proof. He will only contend that there is a probability of its correctness. It is doubted whether he can main tain his proposition of the constant presence or continued appearance of the Swastika on altars, idols, priestly vestments, and sepulchral urns, and that this demonstrates the Swastika to have always possessed the attributes of a religious symbol. It appears to have been used more frequently upon the smaller and more insignificant things of every day life—the household utensils, the arms, weapons, the dress, the flbuhe, and the pottery; and while this may be consonant with the attributes of the talisman or amulet or charm, it is still compa tibie with the theory of the Swastika being a sign or symbol for benediction, blessing, good fortune, or good luck; and that it was rather this than a religious symbol. 1 "La Migration des Symboles," pi. 3. 7abylouiau, which employed the Grux ansata and the winged globe as snn symbols. Professor Sayce, in his preface to " Troja," says :3 The same symliol [the Swastika], as is well known, occurs on tho Archaic pottery of Cyprus * * * as well as upon the prehistoric antiquities of Athens and Mykéiiîe [same, "Ilios," p. 353], but it was entirely unknown to Habylonia, to Assyria, to Plm>uicia, and to Egypt. It must therefore either have originated in Europe and spread eastward through Asia Minor or have been disseminated west ward from the primitive home of tho Hittites. Tho latter alternative is tho more probable; but whether it is so or not, the presence of the symbol in the laud of the jEgean indicates a particular epoch and tho influence of a pre-Phœniriau culture. Dr. Scliliemann* reports that "Rev. W. Brown Kcer observed the Swastika innumerable times in the most ancient Hindu temples, espe cially those of the Jainas." Max Müller cites the following paragraph by Professor Sayce:5 It is evident to me that the sign found at Hissarlik is identical with that found at Mycena· and Athens, as well as on the prehistoric pottery of Cyprus (Di Oesnola, Cyprus, pis. 44 and 47), since the general artistic character of tho objects with which tbis sign is associated in Cyprus anil Greece agrees with that of the objects dis covered in Troy. The Cyprian vase [fig. 1Γ>(ί, this paper] figured in I)i Cesuola's "Cyprus," pi. 45, which associates the Swastika with the figure of an animal, is a striking analogue of the Trojan whorls, on whicli it is associated with the figure of the stags. The fact Hint it is drawn within the vulva of tho leaden imago on the Asiatic goddess shown in fig. 226 ("Ilios," fig. 125 this paper) seems to show that it was a symbol of generation. Count Goblet d'Alviella,6' citing Albert Dumoiit7 aud Perrot and Chipiez,8 says : The Swastika appears in Greece, as well a·* in Cjprns and Rhodes, first on the pot tery, with geometric decorations, which form the second period in Greek ceramics. From that it passes to a later period, where tho decoration is more artistic aud the appearance of which coincides with the development of the Phienieiim influences 011 the coasts of Greece. Dr. Ohnefalsch-ßichter, in a paper devoted to the consideration of 1 " La Migration des .Symboles," p. 93. 2 Ibid., p. 107. 3 "Ilios.," p. XXI.1' 4 Ibid. p. 352. •»Ibid, p. 353. β " La Migration des Symboles," p. 43. '"Peintures céramiques do In (irèco propre." i, pi. χ ν, fig. 17. 8 "Histoire do l'art dans l'niitiqiiiti5," III, ligs. 513.515,518. 796 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. the Swastika in Cyprus,1 expresses the opinion that the emigrant or commercial Pheniciaus traveling in far eastern countries brought the Swastika by the sea route of tue Persian Gulf to Asia. Minor and Cyprus, while, possibly, other people brought it by the overland route from central Asia, Asia Minor, and Hissarlik, and afterwards by migra tion to Cyprus, Cartilage, and the north of Africa. Professor Goodyear says :2 The true home of the Swastika is the Greek geometric stylo, ne will bo immediately obvious to every expert who examines the question through tho study of that style. In seeking the home of a symbol, we should consider where it appears in the largest dimension and where it appears in the most formal and prominent way. Tho ({reek geometric vases aro the only monuments on which the Swastika systematically appears in panels exclusively assigned to it (pi. 60, lig. 13 ; and pi. 56, fig. 4). There are no other monuments on which the Swastika can bo found in a dimension taking up one-half the height of the eutire object (ρΙ.ΠΟ, tig.4). Tho ordinary size of the Swastika, in very primitive times, is under a third of an inch in diameter. They are found in Greek geometric pottery '2 or 3 inches in diameter, hut they also appear in the informal scattering way (pi. 61, tig. 4) which characterizes the Swastika iu other styles. * * * » * Λ * The Swastika dates from the earliest diffusion of the Egyptian meander iu the basin of tho Mediterranean, and it is a profound remark of Do Morgan (Mission Scientifique au Caucase) that the area of the Swastika appears to be coextensive with the area of bronze. In northern prehistoric Europe, whero the Swastika lias attracted considerable attention, it is distinctly connected with tho bronze culture, derived from tho south. When found on prehistoric pottery of the north, the southern homo of its beginnings is equally clear. In seeking tho home of a symbol, we should consider not only (ho nature o/its appearance, but also whcro it is found in the largest amount, for this shows the center of vogue and power—that is to say, tho center of diffusion. The vogue of the Swastika at Tro.\ is not as great as its vogue in Cyprian Greek pottery (pi. 60, fig. 15) and Hhodiaii pottery (pi. 60, fig. 2). * * * It is well known to Moliaii vases (pi. fiO, fig. 8) and to archaic Greek vases (pi. (il, fig. 13), but its greatest prominence it, on the pottery of the Greek geometric style (pi.00, fig. 13; pi. fili, fig. 4; pI.Gl.figs. 1 and Ì ; and figs. 173 and 171 ). * * * Aside from the Greek geometric style, our earliest reference for the Swastika, and very possibly .111 earlier reference than the first, is its appearance, on the, "hut urns" of Italy. On suoli it appears rather as a fragment of the more complica ted meander patterns, from which it is derived. My preciso viow is that the earliest and, conse quently, imperfect, forms of the Swastika aro on the hut urns of Italy, but that, as an independent aiid definitely shaped pattern, it iirsl belongs to the Greek geometrie style. I do not assert that the .Swastika is very common on hut urns, wbieh are often undecorated. * * * Our present intermediato link with India for the Swastika lies in the Caucasus· and in the adjacent territory of Kolinn. This last ancient conter of tho arts in metal has lately attracted attention through the publi cation of Virchow (Das Gräberfeld von Kolian). In the original Coban bronzes of tho Prehistoric Museum of St. Germain there is abundant matter for study (p. 351). Mr. E. P. Grog, in " Fret or Key Ornamentation in Mexico and Pern,"3 says: fioth the Greek fret and tho fylfot appear to have been unknown to the Semitic nations as an ornament or as a symbol. 'Hull. Sor. ιΓ \nthrop., Paris. December fi, 1S88. pp. 6fiO. 679,(ÎSO. 2 "Grammar of the Lotus," p. SIS et seq. 3Arc]i:i.ologia, χι.νιι, pt. 1, p. l.'ii). THE SWASTIKA. 797 In Egypt tbe fylfot docs not occur. It is, I believe, geucrally admitted or supposed that Hie fylfot is of early Aryan origin. Eastward toward India, Tibet, and China it was adopted, iu sill probability, as a sacred symbol of liuddha; westward it may have spread in one form or another to Greece, Asia Minor, and even to North Germany. Gartailhae says : ' Modem Christian sirehicologists have obstinately contended that the Swastika was composed of four gamma, and so havo called it the Croix Gammée. But tho liarna- yana, placed it on the boat of the Kama long before they had any knowledge of Greek. It is found on a, number of linddhist edilices; tbo »Sectarians of Vishnu placed it as a sign upon their foreheads. liumouf says it is tho Aryan sign par excellence. It was surely a religious emblem ili uso in India fifteen centuries before the Christian era, and thence it spiead to every part. In Europe it appeared about the middle of tho civilization of tho bronze age, and wo find it, pure or transformed into a cross, ou a mass of objecta in metal or pottery during tho first ago of iron. Sometimes its lines wero rounded and given a graceful curve instead of straight and square at its ends and angles. [Sou letter by Gandhi, pp. 803, 805.] M. Cartailhac notes3 several facts concerning the associations of the Swastika, found by him in Spain and Portugal and belonging to the first (prehistoric·) age of iron: (1) The Swastika was associated with the silhouettes of the duck, or bird, similar to those in Greece, noted by Goodyear; ('-!) the association (in his fig. 41) on a slab from the lake dwellings,of the Maltese cross and reproduction of the triskelion; (3) a tetraskelion, which he valla a Swastika "flamboyant," being the triskeliou, but with four arms, the same shown on Lyciau coins as being ancestors of the true triskelion (his tig. 412); (4) those objects were principally found in the ancient lake dwellings of Sambroso and Briteiros, supposedly dating from the eighth and ninth centuries lï. C. With them were found many ornaments, borders representing cords, spirals, meanders, etc., which, had the same appearance as those found by Schliemaim at Myceua·. Cartailhac says:3 Without doubt Asiatic influences are evident in both oases; fiist appearing iu the Troad, then in Greece, they were spread through Iberia and, possibly, who can tell, finally planted in a far-away Occident. A writer in the Edinburgh lîeview, in an extended discussion on "The pre-Christian cross," treats of the Swastika under the local name of " Fylfot," but in such an enigmatical and uncertain manner that it is diflicult to distinguish it from other and commoner forms of the cross. Mr. AVaring4 criticises him somewhat severely for liis errors: Ho states that it is found * * * in the, sculptured stones of Scotland (but after careful search we can fimi ouly one or two imperfect representations of it, putting aside the Newton stone inscription, where it is probably si letter or numeral only); that it is carved on the temples and other edifices of Mexico and Central America (where again we have sought for it iu vain) ; tbat it is found on the cinerary urns of the terramare of Parma, and Vicenza, the date of which has been assigned by Italian antiquaries to 1000 15. C. (but there again we have found only the plain ' "Ages Préhistorique de l'Espagne et du Portugal," pp. 285-293, 2 Ibid., p. 2X6. s Ibid., p. 2!J3. J " Ceraïuie Art iu Heinote Ages," p. 13. 798 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. erosa, and not the fylfot), and, finally, ho usaerta that "it waa the emblem of Libitina or Persephone, the awful Queen of the Shades, and is therefore commonly found on the droaa of thu tumuloriim foasor in tho Roman catacombs," but we liavo only found ono such example. "It ia noteworthy, too,''lie continues, "iii reference to ita extreme populaiity, or the superstitions veneration in which it has been alao universally held, that tho croas patto'e, or cruciform hammer (but we shall show these are different symbols), waa among tho very last of purely pagan symbole which waa religiously preserved in Enrupo long after the establishment of Christi- -anity (not in Europe, hut in Scandinavia and wherever tho Scandinavians had pene trated). * » * It may he seen upon tho bells of many of our parish churches, aa at Appleby, Slexborongh) Haythersaye, Wadiliugtou, Bishup'a Norton, West Bark- with, and other places, where it was placed as a magical sign to subdue the vicious spirit of the tempest ;" and he subsequently points out its constant use in relation to water or rain. Mr. Waring continues : The Kov. C. Boutell, in "Notes and Querioa," points out that it is to be found on many uiedia>val monuments and bclla, and occurs—e. g.,at Ypploby in Lincolnshire (peopled by Northmen)—as an initial cross to the formula on tho hell " Sta. Alarla, o. p. il. and e." In these casea it has clearly been adopted as a Christian symbol. In the same author's " Heraldry," he merely describes it as a rnystiu cross. Mr. Waring makes one statement which, being within his jurisdic tion, should be given full credit. He says, on page 15 : It [the Swastika] appears in Scotland and England only in those parta where Scandinavian penetrated and settled, but is not om-e found in any works of purely Irish or Franco-Celtic art. He qualifies this, however, by a note : I believe it occurs twice on an "Ogam" stone in the Aluaeuui of the lioyal Iriah Academy, figured in Wilde's Catalogue (p. 13G), but the fylfots are omitted in tho wood cut. [See lig. 215.] Dr. Brintou,1 describing the normal Swastika, " with four arms of equal length, the hook usually pointing from left to right," says: " In this form it occurs in India and on very early (Neolithic) Grecian, Italic, and Iberian remains." Dr. Brinton is the only author who, writing at length or in a critical manner, attributes the Swastika to the Neolithic period in Europe, and in this, more than likely, he is correct. Professor Yirehow's opinion as to the antiquity of the hill of Hissarlik, wherein Dr. Schlienuimi found so many Swastikas, should be consid ered in this connection. (See p. 83:2, 8o3 of this paper.) Of course, its appearance among tho aborigines of America, we can imagine, must have been within the ueolithic period. 1 Proe. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 188!), xxix, p. 179. THE SWASTIKA. 799 II.—DISPERSION OF THE SWASTIKA. EXTREME ORIENT. JAPAN. The Swastika was in use in Japan in ancient as well as modern times. Fig. 2!) represents a bronze statue of lìnddha, one-tìfteenth natural size, from Japan, in tho, collection of M. Gernnschi, I'aris. It has eight Swastikas on the pedestal, the ends all turned at right angles to the right. This specimen is shown by De Mortillet1 because it relates to prehistoric man. Tho image or statue holds a cane in the form of a ''tintin- nabulum," with movable rings arranged to make a jingling noise, and De Mortillet in serted it in his volume to show the likeness of this work in Japan with a number of sim ilar objects found in the Swiss lake dwell ings in the prehistoric age of bronze (p. 800). The Swastika mark was employed by the Japanese on their porcelain. Sir Augustus W. Franks2 shows one of these marks, a. small Swastika turned to the left and in closed in a circle (flg. ,30). Fig. 9 also repre sents a mark on Japanese bronzes.3 KOREA. The U. S. National Museum has a ladies' sedau or carrying chair from Korea. It bears eight Swastika marks, cut by stencil in the brass-bound corners, two on each corner, one looking each way. The Swas tika is normal, with arms cross ing at right angles, the ends bent at right angles and to the right. It is qnito plain; thelinos are all straight, heavy, of equal thickness, and the angles all at 90 degrees. In appearance it resembles the Swastika in flg. 0. Fig. 2D. imoXZE STATI E OP ΓΗ'ΠΟΙΙΛ. Japan. Kïglifc Swastika·* on podest'il. Cono tiiillunalmlum with six iimv:ililo riu work entitled Fa Ynen Chu Lin, on the original lîuddha, describes him as having this ~| I mark on his breast and sitting ou a high lily of innumerable petals. [PI. 1.] Empress ΛΥιι (084-704 A. I).), of the Tang Dj nasty, invented a number of new forms for characters already in existence, amongst which (r~H) wait the word for sun, (2) for moon, (~^\ for star, and so on. These characteia wore once very extensively used in ornamental writing, anil even now the word (pH) Sim may bo found in many of the famous stone inscriptions of that age, which have born preserved to HH up to the present day. [PI. 2. ] The history of the Tang Dynasty ((>20-90(i Λ. D.), by Lui Hau and others of the Tsin Dynasty, records a decree issued by Emperor Tui Tsung (7(53-779 A. D. ) forbid ding the use of the Swastika on silk fabrics manufactured for any purpose. [PI. 3.] Fling Tse, of tlio Tang Dynasty, records a practice among the people of Loh-yang > endeavor, 011 the 7th of the 7th month of each year, to obtain spiders to weave oho Swastika on their web. Kung I'ing-Chung, of the Sung Dynasty, says that the people of Loh-yaug believe it to be good luck to find the Swastika woven by spiders over fruits or melons. [PI. 4.] Sung Pai, of the Sung Dynasty, records an offering made to the Emperor by Li Yuen-sii, .a high ollicial of the Tang Dynasty, of a Imitalo with a Swastika on the forehead, in return for which offering he was given a horse by the Emperor. [PI. 5.] The Ts'ing-I-Jjiih, by Tao Kuh, of the Sung Dynasty, records that an Empress in Reportai National Museum, 1894. Wilson. PLATE 1. ORIQIN of BUDDHA ACCORDING TO TAO SHIH, WITH SWASTIKA SIGN. From a drawing by Λ1ι·. Li, presented ti> the U. S. National Museum by Mr. Yang Yu, Chinese Minister, Washington, D. C. Report of National Museum 1894 Wilson PLATE 2. a ja. 4/ -è- O t ± SWASTIKA DECREED BY EMPRE£S Wu (684 704 A. D.) AS A SIGN FOR SUN IN CHINA. i a drawing b^' Λ1ι·. Li, presentati to the U- S. National Museum hy Mr. VaiiK Vu, Chinese Miuistf.·!·. AVasliin^tmi. 1>. C. Report of Nat onal Muséum 1894.—Wilson PLATE 3. Ί ·&* ÓP\< fa. 4Ü SWASTIKA DESIGN ON SILK FABRICS. This use of the Swastika was forbidilen iu China by Emperor Tai Tsung (TfiS-TTi) \. D.J- From a diviwiu^ by Λ[ι·. Li, preseiiteil tu the U. S. Xatuinal Museum by Mr. Yaiij? Yü, Cbinese Minister Washiiiiitoii. D. C. ι:· Report of National Museum. 1894. Wilson. PLATE 4. l l /à- -l SWASTIKA IN SPIDER WEB OVER FRUIT. (A ^ooil omen in Cliiiia.) From a drauing \ty Mr.U, pre-sented t*i tue U. Ά. National Museum hy Mr. Yang Yü. Chinese Minister, YVasbiu£ton, D. C. Report of National Museum, 1894 — Wilson PLATE 5. 4 & ö i: Γ v v BUFFALO WITH SWASTIKA ON FOREHEAD. Presenteil to Emperor of Sung; Dynasty. From a drawing by Mr. Li, presented to the U. S. National Museum by Mi'. Yang Yu, Chinese Minister, Washington, U. C. Report of Nat onal Museum, 1894.—Wilson. ] . PLATE 6. **- 4k % J^ ìO INCENSE BURNER WITH SWASTIKA DECORATION. South Tans Dynasty. From a drawing l>\- 5lr. Li. μι-eseuteil to the U. S National Miiwiim bj Mr. Yaug Yii, r. Washington D. C1. Report of Nat onal Museum, 1 894 —W Ison. PLATE 7. HOUSE OF Wu TSUNG-CHIH OF SIN SHUI, WITH SWASTIKA IN RAILING From a (hawing by Mr. Li, presentili tu the U. S. National Museum by Mr. Yang Yii, Chinese Minister, Washington, D. C. Repoitof National Museum, 1894 Wilson PLATE 8. v MOUNTAIN OR WILD DATE.—FRUIT RESEMBLING THE SWASTIKA. From a draw iug by Mr. Li, presented to the TJ. S. National Museum by Mr. Van^ Yii, Cbinese Slinister, Washington, I). C. I! ΤΠΕ SWASTIKA. ' 801 the time of the South Tang Dynasty had an iuceuse burner the external decoration of which had the Swiistika design on it. |1'1. (>.] Chu I-Tsu, in his work entitled Ming Shih Taung, says Wu Tsung-Chih, .a learned man of Sin Shui, built a residence ontside of the uorth gate of that town, which he iiamed "\Van-Chai," from the Swastika decoration of the railings about the exterior of the house. [Γ1. 7.] An anonymous work, entitled the Tung Usi Yang K'ao, described a fruit railed shan-tsao-tso (mountain or wild dato), whose leaves resemble those of the plum. The seed resembles the lichee, and the fruit, which ripens in the ninth month of the year, suggests a resemblance to tlio Swastika. [PI. 8.] The Swastika is one of the symbolic marks of the Chinese porcelain. Prime1 shows what he calls a "tablet of honor," which represents a Swastika inclosed in a lozenge with loops at the corners (fig. 31). This mark on a piece of porcelain signifies that it is an imperial gift. Major-General Gordon, controller of the Koyal Arsenal at Woolwich, England, writes to Dr. Schliernanii:2 "The Swastika is Chinese. On the breech chasing of a large gun lying outside my office, captured in the Taku fort, you will find this same sign." But Dumontier3 says this sign is nothing· else than the ancient Chinese character o it e, which, according to D'Alviella,4 carries the idea of FIR. si. perfection or excellence, and signifies the r01™1« renewal aii