The The source of this uncorrected OCR text may be viewed as a digital facsimile at: http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ University Publications, No. 11 The Health and Physique of the Negro American A Social Study made under the direction of Atlanta University by the Eleventh Atlanta Conference Price, 75 Cents UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA UBRARIES The Atlanta University Press Atlanta, Georgia 1906 \ "The proper study of mankind is man"! Th< STUDIES OF NEGRO PROBLEMS Health and Physique The Atlanta University Publications of the o. I, Mortality among Negroes in Cities; 51 pp., 1896. Mortality among Negroes in Cities; 24 pp., (2d ed., abridged, 1903). No. 2, Social and Physical Condition of Negroes in Cities; 86 pp.; 1897. No. 3, Some Efforts of Negroes for Social Betterment; 66 pp., 1898. No. 4, The Negro in Business; 78 pp., 1899. -No. 5, The College-bred Negro; 115 pp., 1900. The College-bred Negro; 32 pp., (2d ed., abridged). No, 6, The Negro Common School; 120 pp., 190 T. No. 7, The Negro Artisan; 200 pp., 1902. No. 8, The Negro Church; 212 pp., 1903. No. 9, Notes on Negro Crime; 75 pp., V904. No. 10, A Select Bibliography of the Negro American; 72 pp., 1905. No. 11, Health and Physique of the Negro American; 112 pp., 1906. Negro American Report of a Social Study made under the di- rednon of Atlanta University; together with the Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference for the Study of the Negro Problems, held at Atlanta University, on May the 29th, 1906 Edited by W. E. Burghardt Du Bois Corresponding Secretary of the Conference :We Study the problem that others discuss! The Atlanta University Press Atlanta, Georgia 1906 .V!^t1^^^ \ \ "3* IT is the cranial and facial forms that lead us to accept the consanguinity of the African Hamites, of red- brown and black color, with the Mediterranean peoples; the same characters reveal the consanguinity of the primitive inhabitants of Europe, and of their remains in various regions and among various peoples, with the pop ulations of the Mediterranean, and hence also with the Hamites of Africa. Sergi. Analytical Table of Contents Page Plates Numbers A-H, 1-48. Typical Negro- Americans. Number 49. Typical Negro drug store. Preface The Atlanta studies. Data on which this study is based. Future work of Conference. Bibliography of Negro Health and Physique Bibliography ol bibliographies. Bibliography. Negro Health and Physique 1. Races of Men Ripley : The Aryan myth. The New Anthropology. European Races. The Mediterranean Race. Sergi's Conclusions: Greek and Roman types. African populations. 2. The Negro Race The typical Negro (RatzelX Color (Ripley), (Sergi). Hair (Ripley). The cranio-facial skeleton. The size of the head. The facial angle (Denniker). History of human races. First steps in human culture (Boas). 13 16 17 IP The Negro and Iron (Boas). Egyptian civilization. African agriculture (Boasi. African culture (Boas): Markets. Handicaps. Inferiority of the Negro. Negro development (Ratzel). Climate of Africa. Geography. Slave Trade. Present inhabitants (Demiiker). 23 Compositionofpopulation(Ratzel). 20 21 22 Page 24 3. The Negro Brain Weight of the brain (Denniker]. Memorandum of M. N. WOKK: Brain weights. Unwarranted conclusions. (Topinard), (Hunt), (Bean), 26 (Donaldson). Structure of brain. 2fi Convolutions. 27 Changes in structure. 4. The Negro American The slave trade. Sources of slaves 8M The Negro-American type. Bryce on the backward races. Race Mixture. 29 Census of Mulattoes. Degree of mixture. SO Types of Negro-Americans. 81 Description of types. A. Negro types. .38 B. Mulatto types. :-H O. Quadroon types. Vi D. White types with Negro blood. Conclusions. 3ii Future ol Race Mixture. :J7 Brazil. SS 5. Physical Measurements 39 Average height of men (Denniker). Cephalic index. 40 Measurements of army recruits. -11 Age and height. 42 Age and weight. 4-1 Age and chest measurement. 46 Washington school children. 48 Kansas city school children. 50 Conclusions. 51 Psycho-physical measuremen Is. Dietaries ol Negroes. 52 6. Some Psychological Consid erations on the Race Problem 53 (hy DK. HEKKEKT A. MILLER). Psycho-physical comparison. Environment. Psychology. 5J Psycho-physics. Indians and Negroes. 55 Weissman. / • /c S< \ & # d < _^ £ li ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE John Morlfiy. 66 Inner life of Negroes. Psycho-physical tests. 67 Quickness of perception. Disconnected memory. Logical memory. 58 Color choice- Meaning of results. 6» Music. Consciousness of kind. 7. The Increase of the Negro American 60 Increase 17Ml-l!iOO. Wilcox's estimates. Birth rate. 61 Comparison of children and wo men of child-bearing age. Comparison of children and pop ulation. 62 Children and child-bearing wo men in cities. 63 < Conclusions. Age composition. Median age. General age comparison 64 Sex distribution. 8. The Sick and Defective 65 Race and disease iRipley). Consumption. Hyphilis. Alcoholism, Army recruits. Causes of rejection 6 1803-1904. 67 Racial differences rp* Disease in army. (Specific diseases. cy Venn real diseases. 70 Malarial diseases. 1 nsane. Feeble minded. 71 Incomplete records. The Blind. Schooling. 72 The Deaf. 9. Mortality General death rate, 18«0 and I'.' »>. Chief diseases. 78 Infant Mortality. Death rate by races, registration area, city and county. Death rates, 1725-1-n). ' 71 Mortality of freeclmeii lNiir.-1872. Tendency of death rates. • 75 Causes of deaths. 7fi Conclusions. Deaths by diseases: Consumption. Pneumonia. 77 Heart disease and dropsy. Diarrheal diseases. Diseases of nervous system. Suicide. 78 Alcoholism. Age and death. Infant Mortality. 7W Improvements in infant mor tality. Changes in rates by age periods. 81 Effect of environment. Normal death rates. Army statistics, 1890-l.MS. 1KX)-1»M. 82 Memorandum by R. R. WBIGHT, JB. : Mortality In cities: Death rates North and South. Corrected death rates. 83 Consumption North and South. 84 Infant mortality. Climate. 85 Season. 86 Philadelphia. Causes of death. (ft Sickness. 89 Social condition. Improvement. 60 10. Insurance 91 Discrimination vs. Negroes. Experience of Insurance Compa nies. HZ True Reformers. 92 11. Hospitals 93 Distribution of Negro hospitals. (Statistics of Negro hospitals. it* 12. Medical Schools 95 Negro medical schools: Meharry. Howard. Leonard. Flint. «0 Louisville. KiioxA'ille. 13. Physicians Census returns. Age. Distribution of physicians. W ISilo. HI05. Schools barring Negroes. !*> Schools without Negro students. 8» Graduates of Northern schools. 100 Reports from Northern schools. 101 Success of physicians. 102 Mob violence. U)G 14. Dentists and Pharmacists 106 Census returns. Graduates in dentistry. Graduates in pharmacy. 107 Drug stores. Statistics. 1(18 Reports. 15. The Eleventh Atlanta Con ference 109 Programme. Resolutions. 110 r L \ 38 JT \ I I/I J" It* \ \ 9*- 9*- \ \ \ Preface A study of human life today involves a consideration of human physique and the conditions of physical life, a study of various social organizations, beginning with the home, and investigations into occu pations, education, religion and morality, crime and political activity. The Atlanta Cycle of studies into the Negro problem aims at exhaustive and periodic studies of all these subjects as far as they relate to the Negro American. Thus far we have finished the first decade with a study of mortality (1896), of homes (1897), social reform (1898), economic organization (1899 and 1902), education (1900 and 1901), religion (1903) and crime (1904), ending with a general review of methods and results and a bibliography (1905). The present publication marks the beginning of a second cycle of study and takes up again the subject of the physical condition of Negroes, but enlarges the inquiry beyond the mere matter of mortality. This study is based on the following data: Reports of the United States census. Reports of the life insurance companies. Vital records of various cities and towns. Reports of the United States Surgeon General. Reports from Negro hospitals and drvig stores. Reports from medical schools. Letters from physicians. Measurements of 1,000 Hampton stvidents. General literature as shown in the accompanying bibliography. Atlanta University has been conducting studies similar to this for a decade. The results, distributed at a nominal sum, have been widely used. Notwithstanding this success, the further prosecution of these important studies is greatly hampered by the lack of funds. With meagre appropriations for expenses, lack of clerical help and necessary apparatus, the Conference cannot cope properly with the vast field of work before it. Especially is it questionable at present as to how large and important a work we shall be able to prosecute during the next ten-year cycle. It may be necessary to reduce the number of conferences to one every other year. We trust this will not be necessary, and we earnestly appeal to those who think it worth while to study this, the greatest group of social problems that has ever faced the nation, for substantial aid and encouragement in the further prosecution of the work of the Atlanta Conference. (•> I* t£ a % \ //M *'&•' ^ / I/ % ^ ^ i^ % \ Bibliography of Negro Health and Physique A large part of the matter here entered is either unscientific or superceded by later and more careful work. Even such matter, however, has an historic interest. Bibliography of Bibliographies Catalogue of the Library of the United States Surgeon General's Office. See Negro. Bibliography Abel, J. J., and Davis, W. S.—On the pigment of the Negro's skinand hair. J. Exper. M. New York, 189B. Alcock, N. and others.—Negroes; why are they black? Nature, 80:501; 81:6. Angerbliche (Me) Inferioritat der Neger-Rasse. Atlanta University Publications.—Mortality among Negroes in Cities. Atlanta, 1896. Social and Physical Condition of Negroes in Cities. Atlanta, 1897. Atwater, W. O., and Woods, Chas. D. Dietary studies with reference to the food of Negroes in Alabama In 1895-1896. Washington, 1897. (U. S. Dept. Agri.) Babcock, J. W.—The colored insane. New Haven(?) 1885. Baldwin, Ebenezer.—Observations on the physical, intellectual, and moral qualities of our colored population. N"ew Haven, 1834. Ball, M. V.—The mortality of the Negro. Med. News, LXIV, 389. Vital statistics of the Negro. Med. News, LXV, 892. Balloch, E. A.—The relative frequency of fibroid processes in the dark skinned races. Ihid, 28-35. Baxter, T. H.—Statistics; Medical and Anthropological, of the provost Marshall Gen eral's Bureau. Washington, 1875. Bean, R. B.—On a racial peculiarity In the brain of the Negro. Proc. Ass. Am. Anat. Bait. I'm-,.. The Negro Brain. Century, Vol. 72, pp, 778 and 047. Beazley, W. S.—Peculiarities of the Negro. Med. Progress, XV, 46. Black and white ratios for eleven decades. Nation, 73:891-2. Bodington, Alice.—The importance of race and its bearing oil the "Negro question." Westminst. Rev., CXXXIV, 416-427. Brady, C. M.—The Negro as a patient. N. Orl. M. & S. J., LVI. 431-445. Broadnax, B. H.—New born infants of African descent. N. Y. M. Times, 1895. Color of Infant Negroes. Miss. M. Rec., VII, 174. Broca, Dr. Paul.—The phenomena of hybridity in the genus honio. London, 18B4. Brown, F. J.—The northward movement of the colored population. A statistical study. Baltimore, 1897. Browne, Sir T.—Of the blackness of Negroes. Ic. his works, 2:180-197. Bryce, .Fas.—The relations of the advanced and the backward races of mankind. Oxford, 1892. 46 pp. Bryce, T. H.—On a pair of Negro Femora. J. Anat. and Physiol., 32:70-82. Notes on the myology of a Negro. Ibid, 31 :i«>7-618. Buchner, M.—Psychology of JNegro. Pop. Sci. Mo., 23:396. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 7 Burmeister, U.—The black man; the comparative anatomy and physiology of the African Negro. Transl. by Julius Friedlander and Robert Tomes. New York, 1853. Buschan, G.—Zur Pathologic der Neger. Arch, per 1'antrop., XXXI, 357-375. Byers, J.W.—Diseases of the Southern Negro. Mecl. and Burg. Reporter, LVIII, 73-1-87. Campbell, J.—Negro-mania; being an examination of the falsely assumed equality of the various races of men. Philadelphia, 1RB1. Capacity of Negroes. Spectator, 75:927. Cartwright, S. A.—Physical characteristics of Negroes. DeBow's Review, 11:181. Diseases of Negroes. DeBow's Review, 11:29, 881, fi04. Castellanos, J. J.—The rural and city Negro pathologically and therapeutically con sidered. Proc. Orleans Parish M. Soc., 1895. Ill pp., LXXX-LXXXV. Castonnel des Fosses. La race noire dans 1'avenir. Assoc. franc, pour 1'avauce. d. sc. W: pt. 1,877 M). Causes of color of the Negro. Portfolio (Dennie's), 12:6447. Chittenden, C. E.—Negroes in the United States. Pop. Sci. Mo., 22:841. Olark, G. C.—The immunity of the Negro race to certain diseases and the causes thereof. Maryland M. J., XXXVIII. 222-4. Clarke, R.—Short notes of the prevailing diseases in the colony of Sierra Leone, with a return of the sick Africans sent to hospital in eleven years, mid classi fied medical returns for the years 1858-4; also tables showing the number of -lunatics admitted to hospital in a period of thirteen years and the number treated from April, 1812, to March, 1853. J. Statist. Soc., XIV, I'IKI. Coates, B. H.—The effects of secluded and gloomy imprisonment on individuals of the African variety of mankind in the production of disease. Philadelphia, 1843. Cohn, H.—Die sehleistungen der Dahoma-Neger. Wchnschr. f. Therap. u. Hyg. d. Auges, Bresl., IMI-. 2:97. Coleman, W. L.—Some observations on consumption, diabetes, melitus and con sumption in the Negro. Alkaloid Clin., Ill, 111-116. The color of newly born Negro children. Lancet, 2:1419. The colored race in life assurance. Lancet, II, 902. Conradt, L., and Virchow, R.—Tabellarische Ileberslcht der an Negern des Adeli- Landes augsefuhrten Auframen. Verhandl. d. Gesellsch. f. Anthrop., 1G4-18C. Corsou, E. R.—The future of the colored race in the United States from an ethnic and medical standpoint; a lecture delivered before the Georgia Historical Society, June B, !•>•-,. XV, I9;i-22:t'i-679. Daniels, C. W.—Negro fertility and infantile mortality. British Guiana M. Ann., X 8-17. P. D. A. propos de Negres blancs. Rev. med. de Normandie, Rouen, 1905, 441. Les Negres blancs. 3. de med. de Par., 1 • i•'. XVIII, 41. De Albertis, O.—Geuesi, storia ed anthropologia della razza Negra. Revlsta, VIII, Degallier, Mile. Alice.—Notes psychologiques sur les Negres Pahouins. Arch, de psychol., IV, 362-868. ..,,1,,!,.. l> I- \ \ V ^ % \ 8 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE DeSaussure, P. G.—Is the colored race increasing or decreasing? Tr. South Carolina M. Ass., XI/V, 119-121. Obstetrical observations on the Negroes of South Carolina. Tr. Pan-Am. M. Cong., 1»>5, pt. I, 917-921. Diseases of Negroes. So. Quar. Review, '22:49. Distinctive peculiarities and diseases of Negroes. De"Bo\v's Review, 20:612. Dixon, W. A.—The morbid proclivities and retrogressive tendencies in the offspring of mulattoes. Med. News, LXI, 180-182. Dr. Cartwrlght on the Negro. DeBow's Review, 82:54, 238; 83:02. DuBois, W. B. B.—The conservation of the races. American Negro Academy: Occa sional Papers, No. 2. The Philadelphia Negro. Publications of the University of Pennsylvania, Nov. 14, 1890. Easton, Hosea.—A treatise on the intellectual character and condition of the col ored people of the United States. Boston, 1837. Edelman, L.—The Negro as a criminal and his influence on the white race. Med. News, LXXX11, 196. Kijkman, C. The color of Negroes. Janus IV, 890. Faison, J. A.—Tuberculosis In the colored race. Med. Rec., LV, 875. Pehlinger.—Die Sterblichkeit der europaischen und der Neger-Rasse. Natur. Wchnschr., Ill, 280. Fletcher, R. M.. Jr.—Surgical peculiarities of the Negro race. Tr. M. Ass. Ala., 1898, 49-57. Frederic.—Zur Kenntnls der Hautfarbe der Neger. Ztschr. f. Morphol. u. Anthrop., IX, 41-56. Freiberg, A. H., and Bchroeder, J. H.—A note oil the foot of the American Negro. Am. F. M. Sc., (1XXVI, 1038-103I!. Frissell, H. B., ami Bevier, Isabel.—Dietary studies of Negroes In eastern Virginia, 1897-1SSI8. Gaimett, H.—Are we to become Africanized? Pop. Sci. Mo., 27:145. Oiacomini, G. Annotazioni sulla aiiatomia del Negro; 1. memorla. Gior. d. r. Accud. di med. di Torino, XXIV, 451-470. Annotazioni sulla anatomia del Negro; 2memorla. Ibid., XXX, 729-808. Annotaziona sulla anatomia del Negro; 8 memorla. Ibid., XXXII, 462-Sm. Annotazioni sulla anatomia del Negro; 5memoria. Ibid., XL, 17-04. Notes sur I'aiiatomip du Negre; 4 memoire. Arch. ital. de biol., IX, llfl-137. <;illiam, K. W.—Negroes in the United states. Pop. Sci. Mo., 22:433. GIrard, H.—Notes anthropometrlques sur quelquuns Soudanis occidentaux, Msi- liiikes, Bambaras, Foulahs, Soiiinkes, etc. Anthropologie, XIII, 41; 167; 828. Oirtin, T. C.—Negroes, ancient and modern. DeBow's Review, 12:21)9. Gould, B. A.—Investigations in the military and anthropological statistics of Ameri can soldiers. Cambridge, 18(19. Oranville, R. K., and Roth, H. L.—Notes on the Jekris, Sobos and Ijos of the Warri district of the Niger Coast Protectorate. J. Anthrop lust., 1,101-121). Gregoire, II.—Enquiry concerning the intellectual mid moral faculties, etc., of Ne groes. Brooklyn, 1810. Gueiiebault, J. H., editor.—Natural history of the Negro race. From the French. Charleston, 1--37. Hamilton, J. C.—The African in Canada. Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sc., XXXVIII, 304- 370. Harris, S.—The future of the Negro from the standpoint of the Southern physician. Ala. M. J., XIV, 37-9S. Also: Am. Med , Phila., 1901, II, S7S-376. Hecht, D. O.—Tabes in the Negro. Am. J. M. Sc., CXXVI, 705-720. Herring, N. B.—The morphological and psychophysical intrinsicalities of the Negro race. Herz, M. Der Bau des Negerfusses. Ztschr. f. orthop. Chir., XI., 168-174. Higgins, R. C.—Mortality among Negroes of the South. Nation, 15:105. Hodges, .1. A.—The effect of freedom upon the physical and psychological develop ment of the Negro. Richmond J. Pract., XIV, 161-171. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 9 Hoffman, F. L.—Race traits and tendencies of the American Negro. Vital statistics of the Negro. Med. News, LXV, 820-8J i. Vital statistics of Negroes. Arena, 5:529. Holcomhe, W. H.—Capabilities of Negro race. Southern Literary Messenger, 83:401, Holley, Jas. T.—Vindication of the capacity of the Negro race, etc. New Haven, 1857. Howard, W. L.—The Negro as a distinct ethnic factor In civilization. Medicine, IX, 4: -420. Hrdlicka, Ales.—Anthropological investigations on one thousand white and colored children of both sexes, the inmates of the New York juvenile asylum, etc. N. Y., 189-(?). Hrdlicka, Ales.— Physiological difference between white and colored children. Amer. Anthrop., 1^98, II,pp. 847-50. Hunt, Jas.—The Negro's place In nature. N. Y., 1864. Jacques.—Contribution a 1'etlmologie de 1'Afrique centrale; huit cranes du Haut- Congo. Bull. Soc. d'aiithrop. de Brux. XV, 188-194. Jacques, V.—Mensurations anthropometriques de trente-neuf Negres du Congo. Ibid., 287-241. Jarvis, Edward.—Insanity among the colored population, etc. Phila., 1844. Johnson, J. T.—On some of the apparent peculiarities of parturition In the Negro race, with remarks on race pelvis in general. Am. J.Obst., VIII, 88-123. Johnson, (R. H.)—The physical degeneracy of the modern Negro, with statistics from the principal cities, showing his mortality from A. D. 1700 to 1897. Johnstoii, G. W.—Abnormalities and diseases of the geiiito-urinary system in Negro women. Maryland M. J., XX, 42K-429. Johnstoiie, H. B.—Notes on the customs of the tribes occupying Mombasa sub- district, British East Africa. J. Anthrop. Inst., XXXII, 2 . :-272. Kollock, C. W.—The eye of the Negro. Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc., VI, 257- . Further observations of the eye of the Negro. Tr. Pan-Am. M. Cong., Wash., 1895. Pt. 2, 1482-1481. Kulz.—Die hygienesche Beeinflussung der schwarzen Rasse durch die weisse in Deutsch-Toga. Arcb. f. Rasseii-u. Gesellcb. Blol., II, W8-.x«. LeHardy, J. C.—Mortality among Negroes: the sanitary privileges to which they are entitled from the authorities. Sanitarian, XXXVII, 492-495. Lehman-Nitsche, R.—Die dunkleii Haut flecke der Neugeboreneii bei liidianern und rnulfitten. G lobus, LXXXVI, 2!)7-809. Livini, F.—Coiitribuzioni alia anatomia del Negro. Arch, per 1'anthro., XXIX, 203- 228. Loftoii, L.—The Negro as a surgical subject. N. Orl. M. & S. J., LIV, 530-VCI. Macalister, A.—Oil the osteology of two Negroes. Proc. Ro>. Irish Acad. Science, III, 847-850. Macdonald, A.—Study of 16,478 white and 5,457 black children. Report Com. Ed., 1897- a Chapters 21 & 25. Colored children; a psycho-physical study. J. Am. M. Ass., XXXII, 1140-1144. Macdonald, J. R. L.—East Central Africa customs. J. Anthrop. Inst., XXII, H9-122. Notes on the ethnology of tribes met with during progress of the .luba expedition of 1 v, .9. ibid., II, 22H-260. Mapes, C. C.—Remarks from the standpoint of sociology. Med. Age, XIV, 713-715. Matas, R.—The surgical peculiarities of the Negro: a statistical inquiry based upon the records of the Charity Hospital of New Orleans. Tr. Am. Surg. Ass., XIV, 483; (ilO. Mays, T. J.—Increase of insanity and consumption among the Negro population of the South since the war. Boston M. & S..]., CXXXV. 587-540. McGuire, H., and I/ydston, G. F.—Sexual crimes among the Southern Negroes; ^ scientifically considered. Va. M. Month , XX, 105-125. Mcliitosh, J.—The future of the Negro race. Tr. South oar. M. Ass., 1891.188-188. ^ Clr8~f|Sh' T' M-~Elllar6ecl prostrate and spiiia biflda in the Negro. Med. Rec., LIV, cKie, T. J._A brief history of insanity and tuberculosis in the Southern Negro. J. Am.M. Ass.,XXVIII,537. \ C7 III 10 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE McVey, B.—Negro practice. N. Orl. M. -~8 Morlson.—Notes sur la formation du pigment chez de Negre. Cong. internal, dp edrmat. et de syph. C.-r., 1889, 130-131. Mortality among Negroes in cites. Proceedings of the conference for investigations of city problems, held at Atlanta University, May *i-27,1896. De Mortillet, G.—Sur les Negres de 1'Algerle et de la Tunisie. Bull. Soc. d'antrop., de Par , 1HBO. I, 853-359. Mortem, A. S —The color of newly horn Negro children. Lancet, II, 1««. Mnrrell, T. K —Peculiarities in the structure and diseases of the ear of the Negro. Tr IX, Internal M Gong , III, 817-824. Muskat, G.—Per Plattms des Negers. Deutsche med Wchnschr. XXVIII, 471. Musser, J. H.—Note on pernicious anemia and chlorosis in the Negro. Univ. M. Mag., V,77". Negro, equality of the races, so. Quar. Review, 21:158. Negro Insane Charities Review, H>:8. Negro, The: what is his ethnological status? Cincinnati, 1872. OHvier —Les troupes noiresde 1'Afrique orientate frnncaise. Rev. d. troupes colon., II. !7-129. Orr, J —Some suggestions of interest to physicians on the scientific aspect of the raci question, with particular reference to the white and Negro races. Va. M. Semi- Mi nth , VII 1,90-115. Oson,.lncob—A search for truth or an inquiry into the origin of the Negro, etc. N. Y.,1817. Paterson, J. B.—Negroes of the South: increase and movement of the colored popu lation. Popular Science Monthly, 1»:655, 784. Patton, G. W.—An essay on the origin and relative status of the white and colored races cf mankind. Tow anda, Pa., 1871. Peney, A —Etudes sur les races du Soudan. Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc., XLVIII, 430. Perry, M. L —Insanity and the Negro. Current Literature, 33:467. Some practical problems in sociology shown by a study of the Southern Negro- Atlantn Jc-ur. Rec. Med . IV, 45M-46«. Petrie, VV. M. F.—An Egyptian ebony statuette of a Negress. Man, I, 129. Physical characteristics of the Negro. Ho. Quar. Review, 22:J9. Pittard, E.— IJe la survivance d'un type Negrcidc dans les populations moderncs de I'Kurope. Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc., CXXXVIII, 1533. Plehn, A —Beobachtung in Kamerun, TIeber die Anschauungen und Gehrauche ciniger Negerstamme. Ztsch. rl. Ethnol., XXXVI. 713-728. Uebcr die Pathologie Kameruns mit Rucksicht aut die unter den Kustenuegern vorkonimenden Krankheiten. Arch. f. Path. Anat, CXXXIX, 589-5in. Zur verglcichenden Pathologie der schwarzeii Rasse in Kamerun. Ibid., CXLVI. 486-5(18. Wundheilung bei der schwarzen Rasse. Deutsche Med. Wchnschr., XXII, riii 546. Die acuteii Infektions Krankheiten lie! den Negern der aquatorialen Kusten Westafrikas. Virchow's Arch. f. Path. Anat., CLXXIV., Suppl. Hit., 1-103. Popovsky, J.—Les muscles de la lace chez un Negre Achanti. Authropologie, I, 413- 422. Powell, T. O.—The increase of insanity and tuberculosis in the Southern Negro since 1- ;fl, and its alliance and some of the supposed causes. J. Am. M. Acs., XXVII. 1 85-89. Prltchett, .1. A.—Tuberculosis in the Negro. Ala. M. & 8. Age, V, JWW2I. Ramsay. H. A.—The necrological appearance of southern typhoid fever in tin- Negro. Thomson, Ga., 1852. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 11 Ratzel, F.—The History of Mankind; tr. from 2nd German edition by A. J. Butler. New York; 2 Vol., 1<04. Ray,.I. M.—Observations upon eye disease and blindness in the colored race. New York M. J., LXIV, 8(5-88. Regnault, F.—Pcurquoi les Negres sont-ils noirs? (etude sur les causes de la colora tion de la peau >. Med. Mod., VI, 606. Reinsch, P. S.—The Negro race and European civilization. Am. J. Soclol., X, 1,145, 167. Report of the committee on the comparative health, mortality, length of sentences, etc., of white and colored convicts. Philadelphia, 1849. Reyburn, R.—Type of disease among the freed people (mixed Negro races} of the United States, based upon the consolidated reports of over 43l),.I(iti cases of sick and wounded free people (mixed African races' and 22,053 of white refugees under treatment from 1865 to June 30, 1873, by medical officers of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. Med. News, LXIII. 623-(,27. Richardson, C. H.—Observations among the Cameroon tribes of West Central Africa. Mem. Internal. Cong. Anthrop., l»9-2n7. Kiley, H. C.—Color of new born Negroes. Med. Brief, XXVIII, 537. Rlpley, W. Z.—The Races of Europe. New York. l«u. Robertson, John.—On the period of puberty in the Negro. Edinburgh, 1848. Robertson, T. L.—The color of Negro children when born. Ala. M. & S. Age, X, 413. Redes, C. B., Jr.—The thoracic index in the Negro. Zuschr. f. Morphol. u. Anthrop., IX, 1H3-117. Rogers, J. G.—The effect of freedom upon the physical and psychological develop ment of the Negro. Proc. Am Med. Psychol. Ass., XVI I, 88-.(". Roscoe, J.—Notes on the manners and customs of the Baganda, J. Anthrop. Inst., XXXI, 117-13(1. Further notes on the manners and customs of the Bagauda. Ibid., 11)02. XXXII, 25-80. Roth, H. L.—Notes on Benin customs. Internal. Arch. f. Ethnog., XI, 235-242. Roy, P. is.—A. case of chorea in a Negro. Med. Rec., XLTI, 215. Scheppegrell. W.—The comparative pathology of the >?egro in diseases of the nose, thr< at, and ear, from an analysis of 11,855 cases. Pr< c. Orleans Parish. M. Soc., Ill, pp. «a-N8. Schiller-Tictz— Die Hautfarbe der neugeborenen Neger kinder. Deutsche Med. Wi-hnschr., XXVIT, (>i5. Schurtz, H.—Die gei graphische Verbreitung der Negertrachten. Ibid., IV, 139-58. 8ch\\ arzliach, B. B.—The power of sight of natives of Si uth Africa. Brit. M. J., II, iSemeleder, F.—Negroes in the Mexican Republic. Med. Rec , LVIII, 66. Sergi, «.—The Medlteiuanean t.ace. Lei-din, 1 01. Shaier, N. is —The transplantation of a race. Pop. isc Mouth , LVI, 513-24. 'i'he luture of the Negro in the S< uthern States. Ibid., LVII, 147-156. The Neighbor: the natural history of human contrasts. (The problem of the African). Boston, I9ii4.- Sholl.K H.—The Negro and his death rate. "Ala. M. & 8 Age, III, S-i7-311. Bhufeldt, K. W —Comparative anatomical characters of the Negro. Med. Brief, XXXI I, Z.i-2.1. Simnict.—Considerations sur la coloration de la peau de Negre. Bull. Soc. d'an- thropdi'Par., Ill, ij(]-i.-,2. Blayerv and the diversity of the races So. Quar. Review. 19:392. Smith, Anna T.—A study in race psychology. Pop Be. Monthly, L, 354-3MI. Sosinsky, T. S.—Medical aspects of Negro. Penn Monthly, 10:529. SteHens, o.—Die Verleliierung des Negertypus in Hen \ erelnigten Staaten. Glohus, l.XXIX, 171-74. 8tets< n, G. R.—Memory tesis Psvchol. Rev., 1897, IV. 2X5-9. Steuhir—Uelier Krankheiten der Eingeborem/ii in Deutsch Ostafrika Arch. f. •Schiffs-u. Tropen-Hj g., V I, 111; l!i(K, VII, 57. ' tevens- H. V.—Mitthellungeii aus dem Frauenleben der Orang Belendas, nerOrang "jakun unrt derOraug Laut. Learbeitet you Max Lariels. Ztschr. f. Mthnot, XXXJI],jni.j-iOJ. 8 & Vti 12 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE Bteward. T. G.—Mortality of Negro. Social Economist 9:204. Btuhlmann, F.—Ein Wahehe-Skelet und die ethnologlsche Stellung der Lendu. Verhandl. d. Berl. Gesellsch. f. Anthrop., 1894, 422-424. Btuhlmann, F., and Simon.—Anthropologische Aufnahmen aus Ost-Aurlca. Ibid. 1885,656-671. Subgenatlon: An answer to miscegenation. N. Y., 1804. Bykes, W.—Negro Immunity from malaria and yellow fever. Brit. M. J., 1904, II, 1770; 181)5, I, 889. Talbot, E. S.—Negro ethnology and sociology. Illinois M. Bull., V, 124-127. Tarbox, I. N.—The curse; or, the position in the world's history occupied by Ham. Boston, (?) !••'•!. Tate, H. R.—Notes on the Klkuyu and Kamba tribes of British East Africa. J. An- throp.,Inst., XXXIV, 130-148. Testut—Contribution a 1'anatomie des races Negres; dissection de trols nouveaux Negres. Bull. Soc. d'anthrop. de Lyon, IX, 51-68. Thomson, A.—Note on the skin and scalp of the Negro foetus. J. Anat. and Physlol., XXV, 282-285. Thomson, Jas., M. D.—A treatise on the diseases of Negroes . Jamaica, 1820. Thompson, A.—Oranlology (Negroid and non-Negroid skulls). Man, V, 101. Tledemann, F.—Das Hirn des Negers mlt dem des Europaers und Ourang-Outangs vergllchen. Heidelberg, 1837. Tlpton, F.—The Negro problem from a medical standpoint. New York M. J., XLIII, 549. Trager.—Vorstellung der weissen Negerin Amanua sammt Ihrer angebllchen Schwes- ter. Verhandl. d. Berl. Gesellsch., f. Anthrop., 1902, 492. Trla, G.—Rloerche sulla cate del Negro (contrihuzlone allo studio sul slgnlflcato funzlonale dello strato graculoso e sulla dlffuslone del pigmento cutaneo). Glor. internaz. d. sc. med., X, 865-869. Turner. Sir W.—Notes on the dissection of a third Negro. J. Anat. and Physlol., XXXI, 624-620. United States Censuses: Number, 1790-1.t ". Sex and age, 1820-lflOO. Defectives, !•»:, -1900. Mulattoes, 1850,1890 (1900). Mortality, 1860-1900. Delinquents, 1880-1COO, United States Twelfth Census Bulletins.—References to the Negro-American: No. 1: Distribution. No. 4: Increase. No. 8: Negroes in the United States, by W. F. Wilcox and W. E. B. DuBols. No. IS: Ages. No. 14: Sexes. No. 15: Mortality. No. 22: Birth rate. Van den Gheyn, R. P.—L'orlglne Asiatlque de la race noire. Compt. rend, du Cong. sclent, internal, d. catholiques, Sect. 8,132-154. Van Evrie, J. H.—Negroes an Inferior race. New York, 1861. Valentl, G.—Varieta delle ossa nasall In un Negro del Soudan. Mocitore. Zool. Ital., VIII, 191-194. Varlot, G.—Observations sur la pigmentation clcatricielle des Negres,et recherches mlcroscopiques sur les naevi plgmentaires d'un mulatre. Bull. Soc. d'anthrop. de Par., XII, 468. Verneau, R.—Les migrations des Ethloplens. Anthropolozie, X, 641-662. Vlrchow, R.—Kopfmaasse von 40 Wei- und 19 Kru-Negeun. Verhandl. d. Berl. Ge sellsch. f. Anthrop., 1880, 85-93. Zwei junge Bursehe von Kamernn und Togo. Ibid., 541-545. Vital statistics of Negroes of the South. DeBow's Review, 21:405. Waltz, T.—Die Negervolker und ihre Verwandten. Leipzig, I860. Waldeyer, W.—Ueber elnige Gehlrne von Ost-Afrlkanern. Mitth. d. anthrop. Ge sellsch. In Wien., XIV, 141-144. NEGRO HEALTH ANT) PHYSIQUE 13 Walker, F. A.—Statistics of the colored race In the United States. Pub. Am. Statist. Ass. II, 91-1(16. Walton, J. T.—The comparative mortality of the white and colored races In thd South. Charlotte M.,I., X,'.-.H-2SI4. The comparative mortality of the white and colored races in the South. CharV lotte (N. C.) M. J., X, No. 3, 291-294. Weishach, A.—Einige Schadel aus Ostafrika. Wien, 1889. Whltaker, 1). R.—Natural history of Negro. Southern Literary Journal, 3:151; 4:87. Why is the Negro black? Scientific American, 49:20125. Wldenmann.—Der Plattfuss den Negers. Deutsche Med. Wchnschr., XXVIII, 663. Williams, Daniel H.—Ovarian cjsts In colored women. Reprint from "Chicago Medical Record." 12pp. Wilser, L.—Urgeschicutliche Neger In Europa. Globus, LXXXVII, 15. Wolbarst, A. I,., Provence D. M., and March, U. J.—The color of Negro babies. Med; News, LXXIII, 814. Wolff, B.—Deficient vulvar development in Negresses. Med. Age, XVI, 137. Wortman, J. L.—The Negro's anthropological position. Wash., 1891. Wyman, J.—Observations on the skeleton of a Hottentot. Boston, 1«CI. Wlllcox, Walter F.—The probable increase of the Negro race in the Ur-ited States. Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1UU5. Addendum Denniker, J.—The Races of Man. New York, 1904. Negro Health and Physique : 1. Races of Men It is doubtful if many of the persons in the United Stiites who are eagerly and often bitterly discussing race problems have followed very' carefully the advances which anthropological science has made in the last decade. Certainly the new knowledge has not yet reached thB, common schools in the usual school histories and geographies. As Eipley says: It may smack of heresy to assert, in face of the teaching of all our text books on geography and history, that there is no single European or white race of men; and yet that is the plain truth of the matter. Science has ad vanced since Tjinnseus' single type of Homo Europceus al.bux was made one of the four great races of mankind. No continental group of human beings with greater diversities or extremes of physical type exists. That fact accounts in itself for much of our advance in culture.* In our school days most of us were brought up to regard Asia as the mother of European peoples. We were told that an ideal race of men swarmed forth from the Himalayan highlands, disseminating culture right and left as they spread through the barbarous west. The primitive language, parent to all of the varieties of speech—Romance, Teutonic, Slavic, Persian, or Hindustanee— spoken by the so-called Caucasian or white race, was called Aryan. By in ference this name was shifted to the shoulders of the people themselves, who were known as the Aryan race. In the days when such symmetrical generali zations held sway there was no science of physical anthropology; prehistoriu archseology was not yet. Shein, Ham, and Japhet were still the patriarchal •Ripley, p. 108. ffi \ \ 1 <^ 14 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE founders of the great racial varieties of the genus Homo. A new science of philology dazzled the intelligent world by its brilliant discoveries, and its words were law. Since 1860 these early inductions have completely broken down in the light of modern research; and even today greater uncertainty prevails in many phases of the question that would have been admitted possi- He twenty years ago. * So, too, a Leading Italian anthropologist says: Whenever there has been any attempt to explain the origin of civilization tnd of the races called Aryan, whether in the Mediterranean or in Central Europe, all archeeologists, linguists, and anthropologists have until recent years been dominated by the conviction that both civilization and peoples i lust have their unquestionable cradle in Asia.t As illustrating the former tendency, Sergi adds: A celebrated anthropologist, when measuring the heads of the mummies of the Pharaohs preserved in the Pyramids, wrote that.the Egyptians belonged to the white race. His statement meant nothing; we could construct a syllo gism showing that the Egyptians are Hermans, since the latter also are fair. De Quatrefages classified the Ahyssiuians among the white races, but if they .are black, how can they be white?! The new anthropology, while taking into account, all the older ra,ce insignia, like color, hair, form of features, etc., has added to these exact measurements of the underlying bony skeleton mid other carefully col lected data. Of these new measurements the form of the head is being i,lost emphasized tuday. The form of the head is for all racial purposes best measured by what is technically known as the cephalic index. This is simply the breadth of the Lead above the ears expressed in percentage of its length from forehead to lack. Assuming that this length is I Of), the width is expressed in a fraction of it. As the head becomes proportionately broader—that is, more fully founded, viewed from top down—this cephalic index increases. When it lises above 8(1, the head is called brarhye.ephalic, when it falls below 7o, term dolichocephalic is applied to it. Indexes between 75 antl 80 are characterized us mesocephalic. § Bast d on the new measurements a.nd discoveries, the chief conclu sions of anthropologists today as to European races a,re as follow-*: 1. The European races, as a whole, show signs of a secondary or derived origin: certain characteristics, especially the texture of the hair, lead us to Class them as intermediate between the extreme primary types of the Asiatic «nd the Xegro races respectively. 2. The earliest and lowest strata of population in urop« were extremely Ijnii-headed; probability points to the living Mediterranean race as most i early representative of it today. 8. It is highly probable that the Teutonic rare of northern Europe is merely a variety of this primitive long-headed type of the stone age; both its distinctive bluudness and its remarkable stature having been acquired in the i slative isolation of Scandinavia through the modifying influences of envir onment and of artificial selection. 4. It is certain that, after the partial occupation of western Europe by a (Dolichocephalic Africanoid type in the stone age, an invasion by a broad- y, pp. 452-3. T Sergi, p. i. t Sergi, p. 35. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 16 headed race of decidedly Asiatic affinities took place. This intrusive element is represented today by the Alpine type of Central Europe.* What was now this Mediterranean race whence the Europeans wer-" primarily derived? Sergi adds: In opposition to the theory of a migration from the north of Europe to the west and then to Africa, I am, on the contrary, convinced that a migration of the African racial element took place in primitive times from the south towaids the north. The types of Cro-Magnon, IVHomme-Mort, and other French and Belgian localities, bear witness to the presence of an African stock in the same region in which we find the dolmens and other inegalithie monuments erroneously attributed to the Celts, t He fidds: We have no reason to suppose that the movement of emigration In the easi of Africa stopped at the Nile valley; we may suppose that it extended towards the east of Egypt, into Syria and the regions around Syria, and thence into Asia Minor. It is possible that in Syria this immigration encountered the primitive inhabitants, or a population coming from northern Arabia, and mingled with them or subjugated them. \ Sergi's conclusions are: 1. That the primitive populations of Europe originated in Africa. 2. The basin of the Mediterranean was the chief center of the movement, whence the African migration reached central and northern Europe. 3. From this great Euraf ricau stock came— (a) The present inhabitants of northern Africa. (b) The Mediterranean race. (c) The Nordic or Teutonic race. 4. These three varieties of one stock were not "Aryan," nor of Asiatic origin 5. The primitive civilization of Europe is Afro-Mediterranean, becoming eventually Afro-European. 6. Greek and Roman civilization were not Aryan but Mediterranean. § This primitive race was a colored race: If, therefore, as all consistent students of natural history hold today, the human races have evolved in the past from some common root type, this pre dominant dark color must, be regarded as the more primitive. It is not per missihlefor an instant to suppose that 9H per cent of the human species haa varied from a blond ancestry, while the flaxen-haired Teutonic type alone has remained true to its primitive characteristics. || The types of Greek and Roman statuary: Bo not in the slightest degree recall the features of a northern race; in the delicacy of the cranial and facial forms, in smoothness of surface, in the ab seuce of exaggerated frontal bosses and supra-orbital arches, in the harmony of the curves, in the facial oval, in the rather low foreheads, they recall the beautiful and harmonious heads of the brown Mediterranean race.TT Of the part of this great stock which remained in North Africa, Sergi says: 1 he area of geographical distribution of these African populations is im mense. for it reaches from the Red Sea to the Atlantic, from the equator, and * Kipley, p. 457-470. f Scrgi, p. 70. II Ripley, p. 405. t Sergi, p. 144. § Sergi, pp. V-VII. 11 Sergi, p. 2o. te ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE even beyond the equator to the Mediterranean. In this vast area we find, when we exclude racial mixtures, that the physical characters of the skele ton, as regards head and face are uniform, but that the physical characters of the skin and intermediate parts, that is to say, the development and form of the soft parts, vary. This uniformity of the cranio-facial skeletal characters, which I consider the guiding thread in anthropological research, has led me to regard as a single human stock all the varieties distributed in the area already mentioned. In the varying cutaneous coloration I see an effect of temperature, of climate, of alimentation, and of the manner of life.* 2. The Negro Race ". It has usually been assumed that of all races the Negro race is. by reason of its pronounced physical characteristics, easiest to distinguish. Exacter studies and measurements prove this untrue. The human species so shade and mingle with each other that not only indeed is it impossible to draw a color line between black and other races, but in all physical characteristics the Negro race cannot be set off by itself as absolutely different. This was formerly assumed to be the case even by scientists and led to the queer reductio ad adsurdum that very few real pure Negroes existed even in Africa. As Ratzel points out: The name "Negro" originally embraces one of the most unmistakable con ceptions of ethnology—the African with dark skill, so-nailed "woolly" hair, thick lips and nose; and it is one of the prodigious, nay amazing achieve ments of critical erudition to have latterly confined this (and that even in Africa, the genuine old Negro country) to a small district. For if with Waitz we assume that Gallas, Nubians, Hottentots, Kaffirs, the Congo races, and the Malagasies are none of them genuine Negroes, and if with Schweinforth we further exclude Shillooks and Bongos, we find that the continent of Africa is peopled throughout almost its whole circuit by races other than the genuine Negro, while in its interior, from the southern extremity to far beyond the equator it contains only light-colored South Africans, and the Bantu or Kaffir peoples. Nothing then remains for the Negroes in the pure sense of the word save, as Waitz says, "a tract of country extending over not more than 10 or 12 de grees of latitude, which may be traced from the mouth of the Senegal river U> Timbuctoo, and thence extended to the regions about Sennaar." Even in this the race reduced to these dimensions is permeated by a number of people belonging to other stocks. According to Catham, indeed, the real Negro country extends only from the Senegal to the Niger If we ask what justifies so narrow a limitation, we find that the hideous Negro type, which the fancy of observers once saw all over Africa, but which, as Iiivingptone says, is really to be seen only as a sign in front of tobacco-shops, has on closer inspection evaporated from almost all parts of Africa, to settle no one knows how in just this region. If we understand that an extreme case may have been taken for the genuine and pure form, even so we do not comprehend the ground of its geographical limitation and location; for wherever dark woolly-haired men dwell, this ugly type also crops up. We are here in presence of a refinement of science which to an unprejudiced eye will hardly hold water.t * Sergi, pp. 248-9. tRatzel, II, p. 818. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 17 Three things have been especially emphasized as characteristic of Negroes: their color, hair and features. As to color in human beings, Ripley says: One point alone seems to have been definitely proved: however marked the contrasts in color between the several varieties of human species may be,there is no corresponding difference in anatomical structure discoverable. Pigmentation arises from the deposition of coloring matter in a special series of cells, which lie just between the translucent outer skin or epidermis and the inner or true skin known as the cutis. It was long supposed that these pigment cells were peculiar to the dark-skinned races; but investigation has shown that the structure in all types is identical. The differences in color are due, not to presence or absence of the cells themselves, but to varia tions in the amount of pigment therein deposited. In this respect, therefore, the Negro differs physiologically, rather than anatomically, from the Euro pean or the Asiatic.* The cause of this physiological difference is climate, the rays of the sun, humidity, and such natural forces: The best working hypothesis is .... that this coloration is due to the combined influences of a great number of factors of environment working through physiological processes, none of which can he isolated from the others. One point is certain, whatever the cause may be—that this character istic has been very slowly acquired, and has today become exceedingly per sistent in several races, t Sergi says of the Mediterranean race: We may therefore conclude that as residence under the equator has pro duced the red-brown and black coloration of the stock, and residence in the Mediterranean the brown colour, so northern Europe has given origin to the white skin, blond hair, and blue or grey eyes. I believe we may consider this a beautiful example of the formation and variation of external characters among a section of the human race which from time immemorial has been diffused by migrations between the equator and the arctic circle, and has formed its external characters according to the variations of latitude and the concomitant external conditions.^: As to hair, we are told that— The two extremes of hair texture in the human species are the crisp, curly variety so familiar to us in the African Negro; and the stiff wiry straight, hair of the Asiatic and the American aborigines. These traits are exceedingly persistent; they persevere oftentimes through generations of ethnic, inter mixture. It has been shown by Pruner Bey and others that this outward con trast in texture is due to, or at all events coincident with, real morphological differences in structure. The curly hair is almost always of a flattened, rib bon-like form in cross section, as examined miscroscopically; while, cut squarely across, the straight hair more often inclines to a fully rounded or cylindrical shape. Moreover, this peculiarity in cross section may often be detected in any crossing of these extreme types. The result of such inter mixture is to impart a more or less wavy appearance to the hair, and to pro- iluce a cross section intermediate between a flattened oval and a circle. Roughly speaking, the more pronounced the flatness the greater is the tend ency toward waviness or curling, and the reverse.^ * Kipley, p. 58. + Ripley, p. 62. t Sergi, p. 254. 4 Ripley, p. 457. '•in 18 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 19 Anthropologists today are putting less stress on the development of the soft parts of the human frame—the skin, nose, cheeks and lips, but have come to regard the cranio-facial skeletal characteristics as "the guiding thread on anthropological research."* Even here the matter of absolute size and weight is of minor importance: Equally unimportant to the anthropologist is the absolute size of the head. It is grievous to contemplate the waste of energy when, during our civil war, over one million soldiers had their heads measured in respect of this absolute size; in view of the fact that today anthropologists deny any considerable significance attaching this characteristic. Popularly, a large head with beet ling eyebrows suffices to establish a man's intellectual credit; but like all other credit, it is entirely dependent upon what lies on deposit elsewhere. Neither size nor weight of the brain seems to be of importance. The long, narrow heads, as a rule, have a smaller capacity than those in which the breadth is considerable, but exceptions are so common that they disprove the rule. Among the earliest men whose remains have been found in Europe, there was no appreciable difference from the present living populations. In many cases these prehistoric men even surpassed the present population in the size of the head. The peasant and the philosopher can not be distin guished in this respect. For the same reason the striking difference between the sexes, the head of the man being considerably larger than the head of the woman, means nothing more than avoirdupois, or rather it seems merely to he correlated with the taller stature and more massive frame of the human male.t Great stress used to be put on the facial angle, but we are told now that— Prognathism, that is to say the degree of projection of the maxillary portion of the face, is a characteristic trait of certain skulls; however, it does not seem to play so important a part in the classification of races as anthropologists had thought twenty or thirty years ago. It presents too many individual va rieties to be taken as a distinctive character of race. I We have, then, in the so-called Negro races to do with a great variety of human types and mixtures of blood representing at bottom a human variation which separated from the primitive human stock some ages after the yellow race and before the Mediterranean race, and which has since intermingled with these races in all degrees of admixture so that today no absolute separating line can be drawn. The real history of human races is unknown. A probable theorj would be that the first great division of men took place at the roof of the world, the Asiatic Himalaya mountains; that here the primitive brown stock of men divided—those to southward gradually through ages becoming long-headed and tall, and those to northward broad- headed and shorter. From the southern long-headed variety developed in ages the closely allied Negro and Mediterranean races and from the Mediterranean race and the invading Asiatics came modern Europeans. The first great step in civilization which mankind took after the Stone Age was the discovery and use of iron. "The achievements of races are not only what they have done during » Sergl, p. 249. fRlpley, p. 43. tDennlker, p. 68. the short span of 2,000 years, when with rapidly increasing numbers the total amount of mental work accumulated at an ever increasing- rate. In this the European, the Chinaman, the East Indian, have far outstripped other races. But back of this period lies the time when mankind struggled with the elements, when every small advance that seems to us now insignificant was an achievement of the highest order, as great as the discovery of steam power or of electricity, if not greater. It may well be, that these early inventions were made hardly con sciously, certainly not by deliberate effort, yet every one of them rep resents a giant's stride forward in the development of human culture. To these early advances the Negro race has contributed its liberal share. While much of the history of early invention is shrouded in darkness, it seems likely that at a time when the European was still satisfied with rude stone tools, the African had invented or adopted the art of smelting iron. "Consider for a moment what this invention has meant for the ad vance of the human race. As long as the hammer, knife, saw, drill, the spade and the hoe had to be chipped out of stone, or had to be made of shell or hard wood, effective industrial work was not impossible, but difficult. A great progress was made when copper found in large nuggets was hammered out into tools and later on shaped by melting, and when bronze was introduced; but the true advancement of indus trial life did not begin until the hard iron was discovered. It seems not unlikely that the people that made the marvelous discovery of re ducing iron ores by smelting were the African Negroes. Neither ancient Europe, nor ancient western Asia, nor ancient China knew the iron, and everything points to its introduction from Africa. At the time of the great African discoveries towards the end of the past cen tury, the trade of the blacksmith was found all over Africa, from north to south and from east to west. With his simple bellows and a charcoal fire he reduced the ore that is found in many part of the continent and forged implements of great usefulness and beauty."* Egyptian civilization was the result of Negroid Mediterranean cul ture, while to the south arose the ancient Negro civilization of Ethio pia, and still further south we find ruins of ancient Bantu culture. The primitive culture of the mass of uncivilized Africans long ago reached a high grade. There was "extended early African agriculture, each village being surrounded by its garden patches and fields in which millet is grown. Domesticated animals were also kept; in the agri cultural regions chickens and pigs, while in the arid parts of the coun try where agriculture is not possible, large herds of cattle were raised. It is also important to note that the cattle were milked, an art which in early times was confined to Africa, Europe and northern Asia, while even now it has not been acquired by the Chinese. "The occurrence of all these arts of life points to an early and energetic development of African culture. * Boas: Commencement Address at Atlanta University. J \ 20 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE \ NEGBO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 21 "Even if we refrain from speculating on the earliest times, conceding that it is difficult to prove the exact locality where so important an invention was made as that of smelting iron, or where the African mil let was first cultivated, or where chickens and cattle were domestica ted, the evidence of African ethnology is such that it should inspire you with the hope of leading your race from achievement to achieve ment. Shall I remind you of the power of military organization ex hibited by the Zulu, whose kings and whose armies swept southeastern Africa? Shall I remind you of the local chiefs, who by dint of diplo- macv, bravery and wisdom, united the scattered tribes of the wide areas into flourishing kingdoms, of the intricate form of government necessary for holding together the heterogeneous tribes? "If you wish to understand the possibilities of the African under the stimulus of a foreign culture, you may look towards the Soudan, the region south of the Sahara. When we first learn about these countries by the reports of the great Arab traveller, Iben Batuta, who lived in the fourteenth century, we hear that the old Negro kingdoms were early conquered by the Mohammedans. Under the guidance of the Arabs, but later on by their own initiative, the Negro tribes of these countries organized kingdoms which lived for many centuries. They founded flourishing towns in which at annual fairs thousands and thousands of people assembled. Mosques and other public buildings were erected and the execution of the laws was entrusted to judges. The history of the kingdom was recorded by officers and kept in archives. So well organized were these states that about 1850, when they were for the first time visited by a white man, the remains of these archives were still found in existence, notwithstanding all the political upheavals of a millenium and notwithstanding the ravages of the slave trade. "I might also speak to you of the great markets that are found throughout Africa, at which commodities were exchanged or sold for native money. I may perhaps remind you of the system of judicial procedure, of prosecution and defense, which had early developed in Africa, and whose formal development was a great achievement not withstanding its gruesome application in the prosecution of witchcraft. Nothing, perhaps, is more encouraging- than a. glimpse of the artistic industry of native Africa. I regret that we have no place in this coun try where the beauty and daintiness of African work can be shown; but a walk through the African museums of Paris, London and Berlin is a revelation. I wish you could see the scepters of African kings, carved of hard wood and representing artistic forms; or the dainty basketry made by the people of the Kongo river and of the region near the great lakes of the Nile, or the grass mats with their beautiful patterns. Even more worthy of our admiration is the M'ork of the blacksmith, who manufactures symmetrical lance heads almost a yard long, or axes inlaid with copper and decorated with filigree. Let me also mention in passing the bronze castings of Benin on the west coast of Africa, which, although perhaps due to Portuguese influences, have so far ex- celled in technique any Euro'pean work, that they are even now almost inimitable. In short, wherever you look, you find a thrifty people, full of energy, capable of forming large states. You find men of great energy and ambition who hold sway over their fellows by the weigbtof their personality. That this culture has, at the same time, the insta bility and other signs of weakness of primitive culture, goes without saying. "To you, however, this picture of native Africa will inspire strength, for all the alleged faults of your race that you have to conquer here are certainly not prominent there. In place of indolence you find thrift and ingenuity, and application to occupations that require not only in dustry, but also inventiveness and a high degree of technical skill, and the surplus energy of the people does not spend itself in emotional ex cesses only. "If, therefore, it is claimed that your race is doomed to economic infe riority, you may confidently look to the home of your ancestors and say, that you have set out to recover for the colored people the strength that was their own before they set foot on the shores of this continent. You may say that you go to work with bright hopes, and that you will not be discouraged by the slowness of your progress; for you have to, recover not only what has been lost in transplanting the Negro race from its native soil to this continent, but you must reach higher levels than your ancestors had ever attained. "To those who stoutly maintain a material inferiority of the Negro race and who would dampen your ardor by their claims, you may con fidently reply that the burden of proof rests with them, that the past history of your race does not sustain their statement, but rather gives you encouragement. The physical inferiority of the Negro race, if it exists at all, is insignificant, when compared to the wide range of indi vidual variability in each race. There is no anatomical evidence avail-. able that would sustain the view that the bulk of the Negro race could not become as useful citizens as the members of any other race. That there may be slightly different hereditary traits seems plausible, but it is entirely arbitrary to assume that those of the Negro, because perhaps slightly different, must be of an inferior type."* Other investigators emphasize these facts. Ratzel says: In this connection the point to be most weightily emphasized is that the Ne gro has now passed wholly out of the stage which we are wont to denote by the "Stone Age." All their more important implements and weapons which might be of stone are now of iron.t In alliance with stimulus from without, the interior of Africa has had a de velopment of its own, variable no doubt, but wherever it has been undis turbed, copious. The striking point about African ethnography is that as we go towards the interior, the level of culture, so far as measured by the abund ance and variety of its stock of possessions, by persistency in the conditions, by the prosperity and density of the population, is greater than in the outer districts. ... In connection with the question of the African capacity for de- * Boas, Commencement Address at Atlanta University. + Ratzel, 2:387. £ Is m 22 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE velopment, and the possible points at which higher culture may take hold, we will give a closer glance at the points where a notable superiority to the standard of inner Africa is observable. No injustice is done to the "autoch thonous civilizations" of the Monbuttus, the Waganda, the Bangala, and others, if we look for their superiority primarily in the material ingredients of cul ture Therein they do but maintain the inmost essence of African culture; for it is just the contrast between the high development of the material side and the backward condition of the spiritual that gives African culture as a whole its peculiar character. In that industrious pursui t of agriculture and cattle-breeding beside so limited a development of political and religious in stitutions there seems to be something heavy, depressing, stationary. Hence, too, the astonishing regularity of its distribution. This condition of things bears, in the first place, the mark of an inland life, but has also a deep root in the Negro disposition, of which the chief strength lies not in———but in perseverance.* That African culture did not go far higher than this is due to (a) cli mate, (b) geography, and (c) the slave-trade. We must bear Africa in our eye if we would understand the Africans. The destinies of races are in truth dependent on the soil upon which men travel and whence they draw their food, according as it limits them or lets them spread; on the sky which determines the amount of warmth and moisture that they shall have; on the dower of plants and animals, and we may add minerals, from which they get the means of feeding, clothing and beautifying themselves, and of providing themselves with friends, helpers, and allies, but which may also raise up enemies. Africa is the most westerly portion of the mass of land which covers over a third of the Eastern Hemisphere in a vast connected system, and it extends nearly as far to the smith of Australia. The southern border of the Old World encloses a great basin, whose western edge is skirted by Africa, its eastern by Australia—the Indian Ocean. In it lie the largest African and Asiatic islands, Madagascar, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, as well as the peninsulas of Somaliland, Arabia, Hither and Further India. Far beyond it, to the eastward, extend lands and islands, so far that one may well ask whether the unoccupied space between Easter Island and South America formed a permanent bar to the extension of races which had already covered a space three times as wide. When one has to speak of the ethnography of the African races one always remembers this great half-enclosed bight, which might be called the Indo-African Mediterranean. . . . When we are consid ering the possibility of navigation between the remoter coasts of Africa and other quarters of the earth, onr thoughts turn spontaneously upon its shape. We miss features favorable to navigation, gulfs and bays, peninsulas and islands. Owing to the absence from this continent of arms and inlets of the sea, the tribes of the interior have always been cut off from intercourse with Europeans; while the ruling principle of the coast tribes was to hold the po sition of middlemen between them and Europeans. The length of the coast line of Africa, compared with that of Europe, is little more than one-fifth. Only the northeast and the north, so far as they are bordered by the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, show a little more variety. But this is just where climatic conditions encourage the desert-formation to extend at many points as far as the coast. Madagascar, the only large island of this quarter of the earth, has led a separate life of its own. Other forces have also had a checking effect on the development of African •Ratzel, 2:254. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 23 I culture. What a great portion of the earth may lose in the way of accessibility through defective conformation in some measure be compensated for by rivers. In Africa, however, the physical geography does not allow this com pensation to operate in an adequate degree; the interior, a highland region surrounded with mountains, causes the rivers to descend to the lowland, itself of no great dimensions, in cataracts. Along their more distant course in the interior, some rivers, in conjunction with the great lakes, are important aids to intercourse so far as native requirements go; but the road to the sea is cut off.* The chief present inhabitants of Africa are classed by Denniker as follows: Putting on one side the Madagascar islanders and the European and other colonists, the thousands of peoples and tribes of the "dark continent" may be grouped, going from north to south, into six great geographical, linguistic, and, in part, anthropological units: 1st, the Arabo-Berbers or Semito-Hamites; gud, the Ethiopians or Kushito-Hamites; 3rd, the Fulah-Zandeh; 4th, the Negrilloes or Pygmies; 5th, the Nigritians or Sudanese-Guinea Negroes; 6th; the Bantus; 7th, the Hottentot-Bushmen, t It must not be thought, however, that hard and fast lines between these groups can be drawn. On the contrary, we must— Premise the unity of by far the greatest part of the races of this quarter of the earth, and starting from this, regard the differences as varying shades. J The nucleus of the populations of Africa in respect to both geographical position and of mass, is Ethiopian; dark brown skin, woolly hair, thick—or rather everted—lips, and a tendency to strong development of the facial and maxillary parts. To such races Africa, south of the Great Desert, has belonged from the earliest historical period, and the Desert iteelf probably once did belong. In the extreme south, in a compact group, and in small groups also in the interior, a light brown variety, of low stature. The north beyond the desert, however, is inhabited by men in general of light color, whether red dish like the Egyptians, or yellowish like the Arabs, showing curly rather than woolly hair, and a less conspicuous facial and maxillary development. The Berbers of the Atlas are even like southern Europeans. But the charac teristics of the mass are not sharply opposed to the Ethiopian, deviating rather by way of mixture and attenuation. This is more than an idle assumption as is shown by the history of the African races. From the earliest times of which we have any knowledge dark men have continually filtered through, chiefly by way of the slave-trade, to the lighter north. For this reason we may say with Fritsch that a general consideration of African ethnology shows the Soudan to have been the start ing-point. It forms the middle member between dark and light Africa, appa rently divided parts, out of which its mobile races have tended to make one whole. Negroes crossed the Alps with Hannibal, and fell at Worth beside MacMahon. Whatever their original nature may have been, all this popula tion must have been alloyed with a strong Ethiopian element, as our cut of Pezzan man shows. The entire Semitic and Hamitic population of Africa has, in other words, a mulatto character which extends to the Semites outside Africa.^ * Ratzel, II, pp. 237-41. f Pennlker, 431. J Ratzel, 2 ;244. $ Ratzel. 2:245-47, / I/ 24 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE 3. The Negro Brain It is usually assumed that there are great differences between the European and African brain and that here the inevitable inferiority of the Africans shows itself. Denniker, however, says: The weight of the encephalon varies enormously according to individuals. Topinard in a series of 519 Europeans, men of the lower and middle classes, found that variations in weight extended from 1025 grams to 1675 grams. The average weight of the brain among adult Europeans (20 to 60 years) has been fixed by Topinard, from an examination of 11,000 specimens weighed, at 1361 grams for man, 1290 grams for woman. It has been asserted that the other races have a lighter brain, but the fact has not been established by a sufficient number of examples. In reality all that can be put against the 11,000 brain- weighings mentioned above concerning the cerebral weights of non-European races, amounts to nothing, or almost nothing. The fullest series that Topinard has succeeded in making, that of Negroes, comprises only 190 brains, that of Annamese, which comes immediately after, contains only IS brains. And what do the figures of these series teach us? The first series dealing with Negroes, gives a mean weight not much differ ent from that of Europeans—1316 grams for adult males of from 20 to 60 years: and .the second dealing with the Annamese, a mean weight of 1341 grams, almost identical with that of Europeans. For other populations we have only the weight of isolated brains, or of series of three, four, or at most eleven specimens, absolutely insufficient for any conclusions whatever to be drawn, seeing that individual variations are as great in exotic races as among Europeans, to judge by Negroes (1013 to 1587 grams) and by Annameses (from 1145 to 1450 grams).* On this subject Mr. Monroe N. "Work, A. M-, of the Savannah State College, contributes the following memorandum: Most writers hold that the Negro brain is smaller than the Cau- casian.t The first objection to this conclusion is that there has not been a sufficient number of Negro brains examined upon which to base a generalization. The total number of Negro brains which have been examined in America with reference to size is about 500. The number reported by European investigators is a little more than 200, making a total of about 700. This number is absolutely too small to base gener alizations concerning the twenty or more million persons of Negro de scent in the western hemisphere and the hundreds of millions in Africa, among whom are found variations as great and of the same kind as those found among white races. But granting that the data are sufficient, another objection is that in giving the weight of Negro brains it appears that almost no account has been ta.ken of age, stature, social class, occupation, nutrition, and cause of death; each of which separately or all together affect both the weight and structure of the brain. The following table shows brain weight in connection with age and stature, i * Denniker, p. 97. tSee Bean, "The Negro Brain," The Century Magazine, Kept. mm. t From Marshall's tables based on Boyd's records; Ponaldson, the Growth of thr Brain, p. 97. NEGEO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 25 MALES AGE WEIGHT OF ENCEFHALON Stature 164 cm. and under 20-40...... 13S1 grams 41-70.. ..... 12S7 " 71-00.. .... 1251 " Stature 167-172 cm. 20-40......... 18(10 grams 41-70......... 1S35 " 71-80......... 1805 " Stature 175 cm. and upwards •20-4(1.. 1409 gram s 41-70... 1863 " 71-90......... 1830 " FEMALES WEIGHT OF ENCEPHALON AGE Stature 152 cm. and under 11!W grams 20-40 1205 " 41-70 1122 " 71-80 Stature 155-lfiO cm. 1218 grams 20-40 1212 " 41-70 1121 " 71-90 Stature 168 cm. and upwards 1265 grams 20-40 1209 " 41-70 11(16 " 71-90 The third objection is that the differences in the average weight of Negro and white brains are not sufficiently great to warrant the con clusion that if an equally large number of Negro brains were taken with reference to age, stature, etc., there would be any marked differ ences in weight. Topinard found the average weight of 11,000 European brains to be 1361 grams for men and 1290 for women. He found the average for 190 male Negroes to be 1316 grams. Peacock found an aver age of 1888 grams for English from a series of 28 brains; while Boyd, from a series of 425, found an average of 1354. Hunt found an average of 1327 grams for a series of 381 United States Negro soldiers. The following- table shows what wide variations may occur among races of the same region and of fairly similar culture: Table shoiving the weight of the encephalon in several transcaucasian tribes. Weight taken with pia and without drainage. (Gilchenko) :* No. of Oases 10.... 15..... 2. 1-2. . . IS. -2 RACE .Teerkesses. . . Daghestan . .Georgian... .. SEX . ..Males.. ::.: « ..... Females... Age Years ..21 34....... ...18-30....... ...16-60 ... .. . . 19-65. . . ...25-28.... .. Mean Mean weight Stature Encephalon 1704 .... 1695 . 1C50 . . . 1684 . . 1669 .... 1590 1453 1532 1340 1368 1350 1207 Broca found the mean weight of the pia to be for males 55.8 grams and for females 48.7 grams. The variation for males ranged from 38 to 130 grains. In the most recent investigation of Negro brains, those whom the investigator classes as one-half and one-fourth white have almost as greater a greater brain weight, 1340 and 1347 grams, than those who are classed as white, 1341; and they have a greater average brain weight than the English, I and II, 1335,1328, and the French, 1325 grams,of the European series which he presents. He found the average weight of the Negro females, 1108, to be greater than that of the white females, 1103. f It is to be noted just here that no especial importance is to he attached to the classification by observation of Negroes as pure blacks, one- f ighth, one-fourth, one-half white, etc. For popular purposes it is suffl- * Donaldson, loc. cil., p. 114. tS«eBean,Op. Clt. 26 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE cient to merely note the color of the skin, texture of the hair, etc.; but for scientific purposes it is necessary that the ancestry be investigated. The writer is acquainted with many persons who by inspection would be classed as one-fourth white, when in reality they are three-fourths and others who would he classed as three-eighths or more, when as a matter of fact they are only one-eighth white. And even if an accurate classification of American Negroes was made according to blood it would still be necessary to classify them according to age, stature, social class, etc., before any conclusion would be warranted respecting the relative brain weights of pure Negroes and those of mixed blood. Still another objection to the conclusion that the Negro brain is smaller than the Caucasian is that the variability in the brain weight of the two races falls within almost the same limits. The following table illustrates this: No. of Cases RACE Minimum wt. Maximum wt. SEX Encephalon Encephalon 79. 381. 190 278. 45. 13. 12. 10. Negroes (Bean)* White iClondenningI and others. it tt it 900 gra 9T8 ' 1013 964 1207 1183 1232 1308 ' tns-r 1600 gr ' . 1729 1587 1843 1830 1530 1545 ' 1541 amsf It is further asserted that there is much difference in the structure of white and Negro brains. The investigator mentioned above has at tempted to show that the size and shape of the front end of the cerebrum is different in the two races. In proof of this, views of the frontal lobes and of the mesial surfaces of the hemispheres of a white and Negro brain arid two tables of brain measurements, are presented. The weak ness of this proof is that generalization are made from too few ex amples; it appears to be inferred that all white brains have exactly or almost exactly the same detailed shape. The table of brain measure ments, which is presented with averages, indicates that what is stated as being characteristic of Negro brains is not true of all the small num ber of Negro brains which he examined.}: * Sex is not distinguished in connection with brain variability. See Bean, Op. Cit., p.780. Chart of bruin weight. f"About 800" and "about 1600" grams. J There are several discrepancies in this article of Dr. Bean's, e. g., he says: "The brains I have studied wereaccurately weighed and the weights are classified as fol lows," giving the number. There is a lack of agreement between the number of brains which he says he compared—103 Negro and 49 white—and the number he presents, 79 Negro and 00 white, in the table of brain weights, and 65 and 87 Negro and 45 and 51 white, in the table of brnin measurements. In one table the average weight of 51 Negro male brains is given as 1292 grams. From the next tablc> given, showing the average brain weight according to white bloocl, it appears that the general average of these same 51 bruins Is 1254 grams. The length of the section of the frontal lobe of the white brain shown is, he says, between -2 and 2.5 centimeters. for lobe of Negro brain between 1.5 and 2 centimeters. The table of brains of Negrn soldiers has many errors, e. g., the table he presents is as follows: NEGBO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 27 It is also stated that the white brains have more elaborate convolu tions arid deeper fissuratiori than Negro brains. It is apparently not taken into account that fissuration and convolution depend upon sev eral variables. As for example, a brain possessed of an extensive cor tex with the elements incompletely associated can be a much folded brain, because in order to apply it to the surface of the cerebrum it must be thrown into many gyri. On the other hand, the associating fibers may be so developed as to increase the central mass, thereby giving a larger surface to which the cortex may be applied arid thus tend to increase the cortical folds. These facts, with those from com parative anatomy respecting the fissuration and convolution of the brains of beasts and birds, seem to indicate that there is no certain relation between brain convolution and intelligence. The best evidence seems to indicate that the organization and, there fore, the details of the structure of the central nervous system are con tinually being modified through life. That is, changes are constantly occuring. These changes, which are many and varied, are caused by age, occupation, nutrition, disease, etc. This fact of constant change makes it very doubtful whether any uniformity in the finer details of structure will be found in white brains, particularly if they are brains of different sizes from persons of different ages, statures, etc., and the cause of death not being the same. These facts, in connection with the well established fact that those characters which are said to be dis tinctive of particular races are found with more or less frequency in other races, seem to indicate that what has been described as being peculiar in the size, shape, and anatomy of the Negro brain is not true of all Negro brains. These same peculiarities can no doubt be found in many white brains and probably have no special connection with the mental capacity of either race. 4. The Negro=American The transplantation of the Negro race to America was one of the most tremendous experiments in race migration the world has ever seen. "The exact proportions of the slave-trade to America can be but ap proximately determined. From 1680 to 1688 the African Company sent -49 ships to Africa, shipped there 60,783 Negro slaves, and after losing No.ofbi 24 25 47 51 95. 22. 141 ains Grade of color . White ........ 34 -. : £::: 1-16... ..... ...... Black. . . ... Av. brain wt 1478 grams 1390 1331 1315 1305 1275 1328 The true figures reduced from Hunt's report in Journal of Psychological Medicine '«id Jurisprudence, Vol. I, No. II, October, 18B7, p. 1S2, is as follows: White, 1475; three-fourths white, 1390; one-half white, 1!C'4; one-fourth white. 1319: one-eighth white, 1808; one-sixteenth white, 12- ; black, 1331 grams. 28 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE 14,387 on the middle passage, delivered 46,396 in America. The trade increased early in the eighteenth century, 104 ships clearing for Africa in 1701; it then dwindled until the signing of the Assiento, standing at 74 clearings in 1724. The final dissolution of the monopoly in 1750 led— excepting in the years 1754-57, when the closing of Spanish marts sensibly affected the trade — to an extraordinary development, 192 clearings being made in 1771. The Revolutionary war nearly stopped the traffic but by 1786 the clearances had risen again to 146. "To these figures must be added the unregistered trade of Americans and foreigners. It is probable that about 25,000 slaves were brought to America each year between 1698 and 1707. The importation then dwindled, but rose after the Assiento to perhaps 30,000. The proportion, too, of these slaves carried to the continent now began to increase. Of about 20,000 whom the English annually imported from 1733 to 1766, South Carolina alone received some 3,000. Before the Revolution, the total exportation to America is variously estimated as between 40,000 and 100,000 each year. Bancroft places the total slave population of the continental colonies at 59,000 in 1714, 78,000 in 1727, and 293,000 in 1754. The census of 1790 showed 697,897 slaves in the United States."* The slaves thus procured came from all parts of Africa — the Soudan, Central and South Africa. Distinct traces of Arab and even Malay blood could be seen side by side with the tall Bantu, the yellow Hot tentot and the African dwarfs. The shipment of the slaves drawn from this wide area centered on the west coast of Africa along the Gulf of Guinea, and these west coast Africans were consequently most fre quently represented on the slave ships. This Negro population, which began to reach the confines of the present United States in 1619. has increased until in 1900 in the conti nental United States it numbered 8,833,994 souls or, today, 1906, not less than 9,500,000. The first and usual assumption concerning this race is that it repre sents a pure Negro type. This is an error. Outside the question of what the pure Negro type is, the Negro-American represents a very wide and thorough blending of nearly all African people from north to south ; and more than that, it is to a far larger extent than many real ize, a blending of European and African blood. It is to this feature especially that this section is devoted. In the Romanes lecture of 1902, at Oxford University, Mr. James Bryce after coming to many important conclusions concerning the darker races of men, and especially their relations to the whites, frankly acknowledges at last, that so far as intermingling of blood is concerned "one is surprised when one comes to inquire into the matter to find how little positive evidence there is bearing on it," and he further remarks that the subject "deserves to be fully investigated by men of science." In America we have, on account of the wide-spread mixture of races » DuBols: Suppression of the African Slave Trade, p. 5. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 29 of all kinds, one of the most interesting anthropological laboratories conceivable. This is true also so far as the mingling of the two most diverse races, the black and the white, is concerned as well as in other cases. And yet no serious attempt has ever been made to study the physical appearance and peculiarities of the transplanted Africans or their millions of descendants. There is, of course, some reason for this, in that scientific research seldom flourishes in the midst of social struggle and heated discussion. For this reason, and from long familiarity with the strange types, we have gradually ceased to let the physical peculiarities and interesting physiognomies of these people inspire us to study them carefully. Yet this we must soon come to do. We must realize that we have brought to our very threshholds representatives of a great historic race and that, nevertheless, there is no place in the world where less systematic relia ble knowledge of the Negro race exists than here. Not only is this true, but we have had going on beneath our very eyes an experiment in race- blending such as the world has nowhere seen before, and we have today living representatives of almost every possible degree of admixture of Teutonic and Negro blood. So little attention has been paid to this blending, save in extreme controversial spirit, that we easily forget the very existence of the mixed bloods, and foreign students of our race problems appear almost totally ignorant of their existence. We ourselves do not know with accuracy even the number of mixed-bloods. The figures given by the census are as follows: 1850, mulattoes formed 11.2 per cent of the total Negro population. 1860, mulattoes formed 18.2 per cent of the total Negro population. 1870, mulattoes formed 12 per cent of the total Negro population. 1890, mulattoes formed 15.2 per cent of the total Negro population. Or in actual numbers: 1850, 405,751 mulattoes. I860, 588,852 mulattoes. 1870, 585,601 mulattoes. 1890,1,132,060 mulattoes. These figures are, however, of doubtful validity. Those of 1850 and I860 were probably under-statements, while those of 1890 were officially acknowledged to be so far under the truth to be of "little use" and ever, "misleading." Some local studies have been made, but the areas were so restricted as to form a very narrow basis of induction, t have per- Farmville, Va., (small town), 1897. .... ...... Dougherty county, Ga., (country district), Mclntosh countv, da., I country district). Black Belt, 1, •:'.... ..... ....'........... Darlen, Ga., (village), 1900 Total. ....... . ...................... .... Block 833 8,815 J,81» 2,658 282 97 17,348 Brown 2.18 1,977 718 1,521 10,981 208 94 15,718 Yellow 158 178 288 4,526 Ii8 25 (i,12S 30 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE wonally classified nearly 40,000 colored people. Ten thousand were in the Black Belt and in rural districts, and the rest were in cities (Atlanta and Savannah), but cities in or near the Black Belt. Of these 17,000 were to all appearances of unmixed Negro blood; fi,000 had without doubt more white than Negro blood, while the other 16,000 were classified as "brown:" in the majority of cases they undoubtedly had some white blood—in other cases I was not sure whether their color was due to white blood or to the fact that they were descended from brown Africans. I am inclined to think that in the light of available data and the results >f fairly wide observation that at least one-third of the Negroes of the United States have recognizable traces of white blood, leaving about 6,000,000 others.* This, of course, is partial guess-work—it is quite possible that the mulattoes form an even larger percentage than this, but I should be greatly surprised to find that they formed a smaller proportion. Under such circumstances it would seem that a scientific .study of types of American Negroes ought to be undertaken. This paper does not pretend to present the results of careful studies, but rather to indicate in a general way the interesting matter which is open for observation. The main types for separate study would be the full blooded Negroes and those with a quarter, half and three-quarters of white blood; in the eighths—the octoroon, the five-eighths Negro, etc. This is the regular series, hut it can be and often is further complicated by the intermarriage of persons of mixed blood. I know, for instance, a child of six with the following ancestry: M. White—F. Negro M. White—F. Negro F. Mulatto—M. White F. Mulatto — M. White F. Negro—M. White M. White—F. Quadroon F. Quadroon—M. White F. Mulatto—M. Negro F. Octoroon—M. Quadroon M. Octoroon—F. Quadroon M. "Colored " — F. " Colored " M. Mulatto—F. White M. "Colored"— F."Colored" M. " Colored " — F. Quadroon F.=Female. F. "Colored" The assumption, therefore, that a mulatto has one white parent or .grandparent is not always true: no full blood white may have appeared among his ancestors for four or five generations and yet he himself may be half or three-fourths white. Amid such infinite variation in the proportion of Negro and white blood one can find a most fascinating field of inquiry. In the following pages, I have selected out of a school of about 300 young people between * This does not mean that these 6,000,000 have no white blood—many of them have - nut there are fpw distinct traces of It. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 31 the ages of 12 and 20 years, 56 persons who seem to me to be fairly typical of the group of young Negroes in general. The types are only provisionally indicated here as the lines are by no means clear in my own mind. Still I think that some approximation of a workable di vision has been made, so far as that is possible without exact scientific measurements. Among these 66 young persons, all of whom I have known personally for periods varying from one to ten years, I have sought roughly to differentiate four sets of American Negro types: A.—NEGEO TYPES 1. Full blooded Negroes, letters A to G, and numbers 1 to 7. 2. Brown Negroes, full-blooded or with less than one-fourth of white blood, numbers 8 to 18, B.—MULATTO TYPES 3. Blended types, numbers 19 to 21, and letter H. 4. Negro-colored, number 25. 5. Negro-haired, numbers 23 to 26. 6. Negro-featured, number 27. C.—QUADROON TYPES 7. The Chromatic series, numbers 28 to 32. 8. Blended types, numbers 33 to 39. D.—WHITE TYPES WITH NEGRO BL.OOD Latin, numbers 40 and 41. Celtic, numbers 42 and 43. English, numbers 44 to 4G. Germanic, numbers 47 and 48. Description of Types For pictures see plates following p. 4 A. Dark brown in color; crisp tightly curled hair; slight in build; excellenl student B. Very dark brown; crisp bushy hair; heavy, thick-set; quiet and seriout. C. Dark brown ; curled crisp black hair; small, plump, vivacious. D. Dark brown; crisp closely curled hair; tall and well-built; reliable. E. Very dark brown; crisp closely curled hair; well-proportioned and well- bred; slow. F. Very dark brown; crisp mass of hair; small and quiet. G. Very dark brown; crisp hair; rather small; slow but earnest. H. Light brown; black hair in small waves; medium height, slim and grace ful ; slow; a singer. 1. Very dark brown in color, crisp, tightly curled hair, jaw slightly prog nathous; short and stocky in build, strong; honest and reliable. 2. Very dark brown, crisp curled hair; slightly prognathous; tall and loosely jointed. 3. Brown in color, closely curled hair, tall and well built; good character. 4. Very dark brown, mass of closely curled hair, medium height and graceful. 5. Dark brown, tightly curled hair not abundant, very tall and of Amazon 'an build and carriage; excellent character. B. Brown, mass of less closely curled hair, medium size; good abitity. 7. Very dark brown, crisp tightly curled hair, well-formed; considerabh native ability, but has had poor school advantages; sweet tempei-pd. 41 & & 32 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE 8. Very dark brown, crisp tightly curled hair, medium height and slim; slow, but plodding, and perfectly reliable. 9. Brown, closely curled hair, medium height and looks frail. 10. Brown, mass of curled hair; short and plump; unusual mental ability, cheerful and good character. 11. Brown, mass of more loosely curled hair, medium size, good mental ability, mischievous. 12. Brown, tightly curled hair, slim and awkward; slow, but droll. 13. Light brown, closely curled hair not abundant, slim; good mental abil ity and great application; excellent character. 14. Brown, loosely curled hair, short and well-formed; fair mental ability and a sweet singer. 15. Light brown, loosely curled hair, tall and slim; fair ability; quiet. 16. Brown, curled hair, tall and slim. 17. Brown, loosely curled hair, tall and lithe; very good mental ability; sweet tempered. 18. Brown, close curled hair, medium size; of unusual mental ability judged by any standard. 19. Light brown, curled hair, stocky build; good ability, erratic application; quick tempered. Grandson of a leading white southerner. 20. Yellow, curled and wavy hair, slight and well-formed; good mental ability; quiet. 21. Yellow, wavy hair, small and graceful; good ability. 22. Brown, straight black hair; probably has Indian blood; well built and full of fun, but with little application. 23. Light yellow, curled hair, small in size, bright mentally, and excellent in character; young. 24. Light yellow, curled hair, medium size, slim; good alto singer. 25. Light yellow, freckled, reddish curled hair, medium size; fair ability and pleasant disposition. 26. Yellow, curled and wavy hair, medium size, good form; excellent ability and application; serious. 27. Light yellow, hair glossy and curly, tall and slim; good ability and close application; quiet. 28. Smooth brown color, straight, black, slightly curly hair, long limhed and slim. 29. White face, with red freckles, giving a pinkish impression ; reddish brown hair, crimped and wavy; a bashful, good girl, of fair ability. 30. A study in reds—red gold hair, crimped and fluffy, an old gold face, with reddish tinge; brilliant light brown eyes; tall, impetuous, of unusual ability. 3L Yellow iu face and hair; erratic. 32. White color, dark wavy hair; sturdily built. 33. Creamy color, crimped and wavy hair, tall and graceful; well bred. 34. Yellow, with wavy long hair, short and plump; good ability and easy, good-natured character. 35. Creamy color, crimped brown hair, tall and stim; languid. 36. Light yellow, wavy hair, rather small in stature; good mind and char acter; quiet. 37. Light yellow, wavy hair, middle size; of unusual mental ability and ex cellent character; quiet. 38. Light yellow; tall, long wavy hair. 39. Light yellow, long, nearly straight hair; large and pliunp; slow, but will ing. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 33 40. Cream-tinted, with dark wavy hair, tall and well-formed, with very good mind and ability in several directions; musical. 41. Cream-tinted, with wavy hair, strongly built, with fair mind; rather quiet. 42. White, with freckles and long, red-gold hair; mischievous and smart. 43. White, straight brown hair, tall and thin; slow but conscientious; quiet and sensitive. 44. White, sandy hair and blue eyes, short and rather small; fair ability and good application. 45. Cream-color, dark hair, tall and slim; somewhat erratic in intellect, but conscientious; droll. 46. White, sandy hair and blue eyes, middle-size; fair ability and good char acter. 47. White, very light golden hair, light blue eyes, tall and stately; ordinary ability, very reliable, quiet and kind. 48. White, chestnut hair, blue eyes, plump and well-formed. A. Negro Types These represent, perhaps, 6,000,000 colored people of this country. The 24 pictures devoted to these are inadequate and present but a few of numerous types. A really adequate study would lead to an investigation of all the African types, most of which are represented in America, and subsequently changed by intermingling, and possibly by climate and surroundings. We can still catch glimpses of the original African—the straight-nosed, dark Nubian, as in No. 8, the tall, massive Bantu, in No. 5, the small, sturdy West Coast Negro, in No. 1, and others. All these types agree in dark color and crisp hair. The color we usually denominate black, although it is in reality a series of browns varying between black and yellow as limits. We may, for instance, arrange the first eighteen pictures by color. First come the very dark browns, 4, 7,8, and 2, all having a certain brilliancy of coloring, although some, like 4. are dull brown. Next come the dark browns, 1, 5, and 3; then the browns, 14, 6, 9, 11, 16 and 18, in order; finally the light browns, 10, 12, 17,15 and 13. It would be exceedingly interesting to have a series of accurate ex aminations and measurements of Negro hair. If we take the first seven portraits—those which represent probably the full blooded Negro, we may distinguish several varieties which can be put in two main classes: a crisp hair in minute curls or waves with a dark grayish, black appearance, and usually scanty. This is seen in 1, 2, 5, 7 and 8; and the less closely curled and abundant hair, dead black and massive in appearance, as in 3, 4 and 6. In general physical appearance, the first seven divide themselves into four types: the short and sturdy (1), the tall, largely built (2, 3 and 5), the medium sized, dark and more delicately featured type (8). Prog- nathism appears in the facial angles of 1 and 2, and slightly in 3 and 4. Numbers 3 and 6 are of good, but not striking ability, 2 and 4 are fair; the others are slow. Numbers 1, 5 and 8 are honest and reliable in character; Sand 7 are also of good character; Nos. 4, 6 and 9 are a little JeJ 34 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 35 \ more uncertain in character: only one member of the group cannot be relied upon, although he is still young and may change. Numbers 9 to 18 have in all probability a iittle white blood, although this is not certain in every case. Numbers 9, 12 and 13 have the crisp hair before mentioned; 16, 17and 18 have hair of the second variety, while 10, 11 and 14 have a still less closely curled variety, longer and more pliable. One may roughly separate three types in these persons. Numbers 9, 10, 11 and 12 are what we may call "blended" types—the variation from the stricter Negro type is not especially apparent in any one feature or characteristic, but the whole type is slightly and uniformly changed in face, hair and color, either by the even blending of white blood or by descent from tribes of Negroes different from those we have noted before. All are of medium size save No. 10, who is short and heavy. In 13 and 14 we have a different group: they show a certain delicacy of feature and melancholy cast of countenance often noticed in mixed blooded people, and associated with deep sensitive ness in both these girls. Numbers 15, 16, 17 and 18 are Bantu types- tall, long-faced and straight-nosed, with large facial angle; 16 and 17 are especially graceful in movement, while 18 is the most brilliant mentally of the whole series of 48. Numbers 10 and 17 are also of unusual ability; 11 and 19 are good, 14 and 15 fair only, and 12 and 16 poor. Numbers 10, 13, 14 and 15 are of good character; 11 and 12 are more uncertain but pretty good. Letters A to H are pictures taken later than the others. They are well-known Negro types, although some are not usually so regarded by careless observers. B. Mulatto Types The ten following portraits, numbers 19 to 28, represent the mulatto types of American Negroes; they have from three-fourths to one-half Negro blood and have, in this country, to hazard a guess, about 2,500,000 representatives. I have differentiated types here chiefly in the way in which the two streams of blood have blended; the first three are blended types, where the white and Negro blood is evenly distributed in color, hair and feature, making light brown or yellow persons, with hair in small but minute curls or waves, and features rounded or half Euro pean. In the other seven persons, the Negro blood has asserted itself in some one or two characteristics and the white blood in others: in 22, for instance, the white blood (with probably some Indian) has gone into the abundant long black hair and left a dark face and full features; in Nos. 23, 24, 25 and 26, the Negro blood has asserted itself particularly in the hair, leaving the light color and European features; the hair has received a slight red tinge in 25 and the blending is more complete in 26. In 27 the Negro blood has moulded the features, leaving the light color and hair in ringlets. All this is instructive to the student of heredity as showing visibly many things which lie hidden from the eye in the blending of races of the same color and features. In physique we have the short and sturdy (19), the short and slender (21) and (23), the tall and slender (20, 24 and 27), and the medium sized persons, usually large boned and well built, as 22, 25 and 26. Numbers 23 and 26 are excellent in mental ability, 19, 20, 21 and 27 are good; 25 is fair, while 22 and 24 are poor. Numbers 20, 23, 26 and 27 are good and quiet in character; 25 is straightforward; 19, 21 and 24 are more uncertain, but are still j oung. C. Quadroon Types The fifteen portraits, from numbers 28 to 39, are of colored people with more than one-half and less than seven-eights of their blood white, so far as I can ascertain. They represent about 350,000 of the American Negroes, if my other estimates are correct. Here again examples of race-blending in large variety and with especial brilliancy of coloring. Sometimes the coloring is so prominent and assertive that one scarcely notices other features. Photographs, of course, fail to give any ade quate idea of this group: the emphatic color may be a velvet brown in the face, as in 28, or a brownish red in the hair, as in 29, or a burst of red, red-gold and red-brown in face and hair, as in 30. Again, hair and features may both be yellow, as in 31., or all brown or dark brown and yellow, as in a number of cases, or finally the skin may be strikingly white, as in 32. These types, then, from 28 to 32, I have grouped as the Chromatic types. Again, we may have the harmonious blending mentioned in the case of the mulattoes and illustrated in the following portraits—numbers 33 and 34, and having the most Negro blood, and number 40, having the least. -The hair of the Quadroons is of almost every conceivable variety and color: it may be black and straight, a,s in 28, or black and waving, as in 39i Or red-brown and waving, as in 30, or crimped and brownish red, as in 29, or curly and fluffy, as in 38, and so on in endless change. I» physique, 28, 30. 33, 35 and 38 are tall and slim, while 32, 34 and 37 are shorter and sturdier; 29, 31 and 40 are of slighter build and more delicate appearance. Numbers 30 and 37 have excellent minds, and 31, 34 and 36 have good ability. The group represents great varieties of character: 28 and 35 are languid in manner and work; 29 and 33 are sensitive and good; 30is straightforward, even impetuous; 31 is uncer tain, but young; 36, 37 and 39 are honest and quiet; 34 and 39 are a little erratic, hut good-hearted. D- White Types, with Negro Blood The Octoroons and those with less than one-eighth of Negro blood Pass so easily back and forth between the races that it is difficult to estimate their real numbers. In a single small city 100 colored families were estimated to have been listed as white in the census of 1890, ecause the Octoroon wife went to the door and the census-taker did not think or dare to ask her "color." A considerable proportion of these persons identify themselves altogether with the whites—probably several thousands in all. The census of 1890 reported 69,936 Octoroons— here may be as many as 150,000 in all. They are easily classified ' ^ 36 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 37 according to the European types they most resemble, either accidentally or because of real blood-relationship. Sergi would not need better evi dence for his "Mediterranean race" theory than the distinct Latin type of the Octoroons, 40 and 41; they have, in fact, English and Negro blood. So, too, white and black blood can make as good an Egyptian type today as five thousand years ago. Numbers 42 and 43 resemble Celtic types and may have Irish blood; 44, 46 and 46 are English or Anglo-American types, and 47 and 48 are Germanic types. Such types as these are not necessarily descended from white and colored parents, nor are they always illegitimate children as is usually assumed. In the cases of 40, 44 and 45, and probably in two other cases both parents were colored and legally married. In case of 44, 47 and 48 one parent was white. In none of these ten cases would the casual observer notice the Negro blood. An experienced person would possibly see it in 40, 41 and 46, and possibly in 42. In the others all trace is lost. In physique, 40, 41 and 48 are well-built and rather heavy; 43 and 46 are tall and slender, while 42 and 44 are slender but of medium height. Forty is a good scholar, as are 41, 42 and 48. All are of good charac ter, although one may succumb to unfortunate home influences. Conclusions It is not pretended, I repeat, that this cursory sketch can be made a basis for any very definite conclusions. Its object is rather to blaze the way and point out a few general truths. Further work must depend more largely on exact physical measurement of size, weight and head formation, as well as psycho-physical experiment. It must also be re membered that these types come from a limited class at an age before character is fully formed; this study has the advantage, however, of the author's intimate acquaintance for years with each person studied, so that the elements of character and personal peculiarities are pretty well known. In future study the unmixed types need especial supplement. Com parisons will inevitably arise between the blacks and mixed bloods. In regard to the latter much friction and prejudice must be cleared away: today one hears, on the one hand, thatmulattoes are practically all degenerates, ranking below both the parent races; and, on the other, that only the mixed blood Negroes amount to much, and this by reason of their white blood. So far as this study is concerned, neither of these theories receives any especial support. In physique, the best developed persons are 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 16. 17, 19, 22, 32, 34, 39, 40, 41 and 48. These include all degrees of mixture and, moreover, there would seem to be in nearly all cases personal reasons for the good development outside the blood mixture; 1, for instance, is farm-bred, 2 and 6 are children of strong laboring men, 40 has been carefully reared, 41 is a baseball player, etc. Again, the members of the group who are physi cally weakest are of all colors—4, 12, 15 and 43. In mental ability the evidence is equally contradictory; the exceptional scholars include three nearly full-blooded Negroes, three Quadroons and one Octoroon. Of these, a boy (number 18), with hut a slight admixture of white blood, if any, is easily first. As to moral stamina, the subjects are, of course, rather young for final judgment, and yet at the same time their tendencies are more clearly visible. Five of the 53 were born out of lawful wedlock, al though in some cases the union of the parents was the permanent concu binage of slavery days, and thus not mere wantonness. Possibly one or two others are also illegitimate, but this is not certain. In the case of two girls, an octoroon and a mulatto, both now out of school, there is a rumor of sexual looseness; in the case of three (a Negro, mulatto and quadroon), there is some tendency towards habitual lying, which may not however become serious; in all the 48 there are four (a Negro boy, a mulatto girl, a quadroon hoy and an octoroon girl), of whose future one may well fear. None of them are as yet hopeless. In all these cases of physical and mental development and moral stamina, it is naturally very difficult to judge between the relative in fluence of heredity and environment—of the influence of Negro and mixed blood, and of the homes and schools and social atmosphere sur rounding the colored people. In general, it must be remembered that most of the blacks are country-bred and descended from the depressed and ignorant field-hands, while a majority of the mulattoes were town- bred and descended from the master class and the indulged house-ser vants. The country schools since emancipation have been very poor, while the city schools are pretty good, and in general the difference in civilization between rural and urban districts is much more marked South than North. For instance, if numbers 7 and 8 had had the same early training as numbers 23 and 40, they might have developed strong minds, so far as one can judge. Some of these children come from comfortable, well- to-do homes, while some were practically street waifs; some had edu cated—a few, college-bred—parents; others had parents who could neither read nor write, and so on. Under such circumstances, how rash it is to hazard wild statements as to the ability and desert of millions of people without waiting for exact study and careful measurements. A word may be added as to race mixture in general and as regards white and black stocks in the future. There is, of course, in general no argument against the intermingling of the world's races. "All the great peoples of the world are the result of a mixture of races."* Upon the whole, if we consider (1) that the most mixed and most civilized races are those which are soonest acclimatized, (2) that the tendency of races to intermingle, and of civilization to develop, goes on increasing every day in every part of the world, we may affirm without being accused of exaggeration that the cosmopolitanism of mankind, if it does not yet exist today in all races (which seems somewhat improbable), will develop as a necessary consequence or the facility of acclimatation. For it to hecome general is only a matter of •Bryce: Relations, etc. tDennlker, p. 119. 38 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 39 \ At the same time there are certain bars to general amalgamation with particular races: Nothing really arrests intermarriage except physical repulsion, and physi cal repulsion exists only where there is a marked difference in physical as pect, and especially in color. Roughly speaking (and subject to certain exceptions to be hereafter noted), we may say that while all the races of the same, or a similar color intermarry freely, those of one color intermarry very little with those of another.* So far, then, as the amalgamation of the white and black races is concerned this prediction may be hazarded: Africa will remain for many ages predominantly black. In the West Irides the whites will be absorbed into a mulatto race. In South America the whites will absorb the Negro. A recent writer in Brazil writes: This racial question in Brazil has most instructive aspects. In their pride of race some visitors are disposed to despise the Brazilian people because of the manifest admixture of African blood in their make-up. This is simply because they cannot easily appreciate that taking effect before their eyes is the very process of race building that has been completed for ages past in Mediterranean lands. They do not realize that the blending of African with Aryan and Semitic elements must have been precisely the same, there and here. The swarthinesg of the Italians, Spaniards, the Provencal French, etc.—these interpenetrating other European stocks—manifestly seems due to the same causes that in Brazil and other sections of Latin America and in the West Indies are producing precisely the same physical aspects . . . But though the Negro race was in itself unaffected, it has bj no means been uueffeotive. Everywhere it has left its traces behind. All these civilizations—Egyptian, Phoenician, Grecian, Roman, Semitic, Moorish—it has in varying degrees tinged with its blood and its temperament. Its service seems always to have been that of an element in a blend. There appears to be no saying how far tkis progress has gone. But there are eminent anthropologists who declare that racial characters demonstrate that the entire white race has a very high percentage of the African in its composition. The racial aspect may have a notable bearing upon the future of South America, t In the United States the situation is far different: if slavery had pre vailed the Negroes might have been gradually absorbed into the white face. Even under the present serfdom, the amalgamation is still going on. It is not then caste or race prejudice that stops it—they rather en courage it on its more dangerous side. The Southern laws against race marriage are in effect laws which make the seduction of colored girls easy and without shame or penalty. The real bar to race amalga mation at present in the United States is the spreading and strength ening determination of the rising educated classes of blacks to accept no amalgamation except through open legal marriage. This means practically no amalgamation in the near future. The avail able statistics of mixed marriages show in Boston, Mass., 600 such *Bryce: Relations. -(•Outlook, Vol. 84, No. 15. marriages from 1855 to 1887; and 24 in the year 1890. The state of Mas sachusetts had 52 mixed marriages in 1900, 44 in 1901 arid 43 in 1902. Michigan had 111 mixed marriages in 20 years (1874-93), arid Rhode Island 58 in 13 years (1881-93)'. In the black ward of Philadelphia (the seventh) there were, in 1896, 33 mixed families. These figures indicate comparatively few such marriages and show that the absorption of 10.000,000 Negro Americans in this way is cer tainly not a problem which we need face for many years. At present those who dislike amalgamation can best prevent it by helping to raise the Negro to such a plane of intelligence #nd economic independence that he will never stoop to mingle his blood with those who despise him. 5. Physical Measurements There are not many reliable physical measurements of Negroes, either in Africa or America. The following table from Deriniker gives the height of the principal Africans, together with that of native Americans: Average Height of Men No. of Subjects 88 64 fTo. HI 36 No. 32 28 1,103 29 35 62 244 180 27 2,020 8(i3 28 25,828 No. M5,620 31 25 72 66 66 30 62 25 35 Llo^v Statures (under 1.60 m., or 63 inches) Statures below the average (1600-16i9 mm., or 6H-6S inches) Statures above the average (1660-1699 mm., or 66-67 inches) Negroes and Mulattoesof the United States (conscripts).... High Statiires (1.70 m., or 67 inches and up) Citizens of the United states (white) born In the country . . . Fulahs or Fulhes of French Sudan. ............................. Height in Millimeters 1,878 H. in Mill. 1,620 1,641 H. in Mill. IfUM 1,«K 1,663 1,669 1,670 1,1573 1,677 1,680 1,681 l,flW! 1,684 1,693 H. in Mill. 1,719 1,700 1,708 1,715 1,717 1,723 1,725 i ryil 1,730 1,741 /( ^ 40 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFEKENOE Measurements of cephalic index from Denniker and Bipley show these results: (Negro tribes are in italics). Dolichocephals (73-78). Hindus, North Chinese, Fitlahs, Persians, Kaffirs, Japanese, Portuguese, Bnshmen, English, Hansas, Danes, South Italians, Swedes, Spaniards. Mesocephals (78-81). Chinese, French (d. du Nord), Central Italians. Brachycephals (82-89). Dalmattons, Tartars, Piedmontese, Magyars. As Eipley says, "an important point to be noted in this connection is that this shape of the head seems to bear no direct relation to intellec tual power or intelligence. Posterior development of the cranium does not imply a corresponding backwardness in culture. The broad-headed races of the earth may not as a whole be quite as deficient in civiliza tion as some of the longheads, notably the Australians and the African Negroes. On the other hand, the Chinese are conspicuously long headed, surrounded by the barbarian brachycephalic Mongol hordes; and the Eskimos in many respects surpass the Indians in culture. Dozens of similar contrasts might be given. Europe offers the best refutation of the statement that the proportions of the head mean any thing intellectually. The English, as our map of Europe will show, are distinctly long-headed."* For Negro Americans, almost the only measurements on a consider able scale are those taken over a generation ago during the Civil war, and often since published and studied. The best available figures to day are those from the reports of the Surgeon-General of the United States army; subjoined sire tables as to the examination of recruits, their height, weight and chest measurements: 'Rlpley, p. 40. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE Examination of recruit-s during the year 1901 * 41 While Colored Total number of recruits examined. ... , ..................... Of each 1,000 of these— Were accepted for service.. .... .......... ——.. .... ... Were rejected for under height. ....... Were rejected for disabilities......................... . of each 1,• i " accepted recruits the heights were as follows in inches): Under (11 ... .......,.,, ... . . . 61 to 62.. ................ . 62 to 63. . . 63 to 64... . ........ 64 to 65 ...... 65 to 68.... ... 6(1 to 67..... 67 to 68 .. 68 to 69.. .. . . ... 69 to 70. . ... 70 to 71.. ............ 71 to 72.. .... .... .... ................................. 72 to 73.................... ...„.....,.,,...,..... .............. 78to74........ .., ......... ............... .................. .. 74 upward ..................... .... .......................... Causes of rejection (exclusive of under height) expressed in ratios per 1,000 of examined recruits: Physical debility...... ... ........ ... .................... Tuberculosis of lungs or other organs ....,,,,,...,.,,. ... Imperfect vision...... ........ .. ................ —.......... Heart disease ........ . .. .. . .................. Goiter........................ ............... ... ............... Varicose veins, varicocele, hemorrhoids.... Hernia.. . .... ....................... Flat feet . . ...... 623.93 2.74 286.66 .37 84 . 1.09 15.86 I 1.K54 124.71 167 16 li*. 69 157.14 128.02 82.31 85.97 16.76 6.H6 2 48 647.78 8.71 279.18 4.09 17.98 106.30 148.81 165 17 178 25 156.17 06.48 67.05 37.61 15.54 5.72 .82 2.27 2.09 41. SH 27 54 .28 41.09 13-ltt 2.60 8.19 24.8'.l 22.2.5 26! is 12.18 5.83 I Total 58,782 624.70 2 77 286.42 .83 1 77 15.88 08.80 125 51 167.10 167.07 157.10 122.14 81.81 31103 16.72 6.92 2.42 2. IB 2.IS 40 80 27.87 .27 40.42 18.00 2.70 Examination of recruits during the year 190% t Total number of recruits examined...... ...... < )f each 1,000 of these— Were accepted for service......... Were rejected for under height ..... .... .. Were rejected for disabilities...... ................ . ............... 'ifeachl,000aecepted recruits the heights were as follows (in inches): Under HI 61 to 62 62 to 63... 68 to 64 64 to 65 "" 65 to 6fi 68 to 67... 67 to 68 «8to6»... 69 to 70 70 to 71 . ............... 7lto72. " ............. 72to78.. ••••••••••--•••--•• •••••• ........................... 73to74........ ••••••- • ....... ............ ... 74 upward.... .'.".'.'...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'".'. .^. ..................... Causes of rejection (exclusive of under height) expressed in ratios peri, • of examined recruits: Physical debility...... ........... .. .... luhereuloslsof'luiigs or other organs... . Imperfect vision Heart disease Goiter ............ ^ "''. ".'..'..'.'.. Varicose veins, varicocele, hemorrhoids Hernia .. While Flat feet..'... 42,188 658.80 .'ttii 255. 211 .40 1.51 11 51 K7 69 125.73 162.72 177.08 158 US 123.14 70.11 40.05 22.81 8 88 3.56 I 23 8.15 SS 31 21.34 10 37 OS II 02 3 80 Colored 8,035 786.16 99 171.S& .84 .42 2.93 10 OS 90 .SI 137 St» 171.42 189.811 147 11 117.77 70.41 31 85 14.25 3.35 2.51 99 .(Hi 18.12 11.53 IV, 11.20 8.24 3.63 * Report of the United States Surgeon-General, 1902. ilbld., urn. £ \ & 42 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE Proportion of each height per thousand of accepted colored recruit HEIGHT 5 feet 11 Inches . ... 0 feet. ... Total.... .... ........ 18 > rs. and under 1,666.0 1,000.0 19 yrs. 20 yrs. 21 yrs. 10.4 72 9 83.3 229.2 218.7 125.0 114.0 Wt .3 81.2 SI. 2 1,000 0 22 yrs. UK. » 123.8 158.4 188 i 123. s 113.8 84.2 48.5 29.7 1,000.1 23 yrs. 61. a 132 f 183 7 122.4 IDS 3 153.1 91. H 51.0 20.4 20.4 1,000.0 24 yrs. 64.! 5 129.0 Kill. 4 145.2 22-i.g 161 3 72.0 10.1 10.1 1,000 0 25 yrs. 37. ti 82.7 1B0.4 233 1 lfio.4 l.i-,.3 F0.2 45 1 22. f> 7 5 22 6 1,000 0 HEIGHT 5 feet 2 inches 5 feet 4 inches. . 5 feet 5 Inches a feet li Inches. 5 feet 7 inches . fi (eet 8 Inches . .... 5 feet 9 Inches 5 feet 10 Inches . ..... 5 feet 11 Inches. .... Total ........ ............. 2<> yrs. » 8 107 8 186 3 137. S 190.1 Kit; R 58 8 68.0 *»-S 19 0 I,(»N> (1 27 yrs. 85.7 114.3 152.4 219.1 133. J 133. S 57.1 47.0 19 0 9 5 1,000.0 28 yrs. 09 4 S~i f iw.« 11 M..' 23(i.l 125.0 83 S 41.7 1,000.0 2!) yrs. l-ii.O 160.0 100. f 140 0 220. f (50. C 140-C 40. C 1,00(1 0 30 yrs. 128 2 51 S 128.2 153.8 25(i. 4 153. S 51.8 51.8 1,000 0 31 yrs. 241.4 103.4 172.4 172.4 137. £ 103 4 34. 5 34 5 1,000.11 :'.2yrs. 85 7 178.6 178.0 178.0 107 1 107.1 107.1 71.4 35 7 1,000.0 33 yrs. 47 fi 142 li 338 « 142.9 142. '.I 95. •> 47-6 1,000.11 HEIGHT 5 feet 1 Inch and iimler 5 feet 2 inches . . 5 feet 8 inches 5 feet 5 inches. 5 feet 6 inches . . 5 feet 7 inches 5 feet 8 inches . . . 5 feet ii inches 5 feet 10 inches . fifeot 11 inches. . 6 feet...... .. 6 feet 1 inch . .... » feet 2 inches and over. . Total.. .. 34 yrs. 166.7 250.0 333 3 125 0 41 7 8S.3 1,000.0 35 yrs. SI5.-J 1,000.0 36 yrs. 272.6 272.6 363.7 90T 1,000.0 37 yrs. 200.0 '"lOCKO 600 0 "106 "6 1,000.0 38 yrs. 76.9 153.8 280.8 '807'7 21)11 8 l^lOiO 33 yrs. S3 3 .. .. 250.0 166.7 -H.S lrtl.7 16(i.7 Q'-i "-i 1,000.0 10 yrs. and over 24.1 60 2 144 6 108.4 216.9 216.9 84.3 86 4 24.1 12.0 1,000.0 Total 7.1 73.0 123.2 157. H 192.8 175.8 117 7 79.2 38.5 22 8 7.1 5 6 1,000 0 • Ibid., 1905. NEGEO HEALTH AND JPruportion of each height per thousand of accepted white recruits 43 HEIGHT 5 feet 1 inch and under . 5 feet 4 inches. . 5 feet 5 inches 5 fept 6 inches 5 feet 7 inches. . ... o feet 8 inches a feet Winches.. 5 feet 10 inches 5 feet 11 inches. Total . ........ 18 years and under 50 0 200.0 200.0 250.11 100 n 50.0, 50.0 100.0 1,000.11 19 yrs. 38.5 230.8 2:)0 8 7fi 9 153.8 8s. 5 as 5 38 5 76 9 l,00|i.O 20 yrs. 60.7 100.0 200.0 166.7 lW.7 100.0 66.7 83.3 1,000 0 21 yrs. 0 2 4.2 6'.l.5 12U.1 162 4 183 8 168.8 133.1 82.2 38.0 17.1 8.4 t> 0 1,000.0 22 yrrt. 0.2 .6 5.9 73.1 101.5 160.1 17(i.4 166 6, 1W.2 91.5 41 7 10 1 33 1,000.0 23 yrs. 0 6 g 1.2 68 8 117-9 llh.7 167 3 182.6 143.6 D0.fi 40.8 8.8 64 1,000.0 24 yrs. 1.0 6 7-V 70.1 110.3 146.0 168 9 16'l.9 136.5 '.,2.7 46.5 28 5 13.1 ,,l 1,000 0 25 yrs. 0.4 8.6 69.3 106.7 144.3 178.4 164.1 138.9 101 2 41 1 ill 5 11.6 50 1,000.0 HKIGHT 5 feet 1 inch and under 5 feet 2 inches . .... 5 feet 3 inches 5 feet 4 inches . . 5 feet 5 inches.. . . . . . 5 feet 6 inches a fpet 7 inches . 5 feet 8 Inches 5 feet 9 Inches. . 5 feet 10 inches 5 feet 11 inches lifeet « feet 1 Inch ...... H feet 2 inches and over . . . Total . . . 26 yrs. 1.0 .5 11.4 78.3 96.4 154.5 164.3 170 0 133. S 9(i. S 42 6 34 7 9.3 6.2 1,000 0 27 yrs. ———— 0 6 1 7 9 4 74.4 128.8 U9.4 158. S 169 9 122.8 101 . 1 41.1 26 1 9.4 7.2 1,000 0 28 > rs. 3.9 2.0 11 1 72.6 L22.2 141 2 174 5 147 7 124 2 104.6 50 3 25.5 12.4 7.8 1,000.0 29 yrs. 0 9 12.6 64.8 114.3 140.4 164 7 159.3 144.9 94.5 41 4 36 S 17.1 8 1 1,000.0 30 yrs. 1 1 3 8 70 1 113 5 158 5 181 8 153.5 134 6 85.6 50.1 35. (! 10 0 7.8 l.iXH'.O 31 yrs. 88 75 1 123 7 166 4 170. b 173 8 95 7 94.3 48 (i 30 « 8.8 2 9 1,000 0 32 yrs. 4.4 4.4 91 8 131 1 137.0 168.5 166 4 131.1 82.5 45.7 22.1 . 14.7 5.9 1,000.0 83 yrs. 1.8 1.8 5.3 63 5 119.8 158.7 170.9 179.9 121.7 74.1 52.9 30.0 7.1 3.5 1,000.0 HEIGHT => feet 2 inches. n feet 3 inches 5 feet 4 inches. ••> feet 5 inches a'feet 6 inches " feet 7 inches 5 feet 8 inches a feet 9 inches 5 feet 10 indies " 'eet 11 inches 6 feet.. B feet 1 inch 11 feet 2 inches and over ^JJotaL^^ 34 vrs. 1.9 7.5 79 1 145 0 162.0 146 9 160.1 148 8 79/1 S7.7 22 (i 5.6 3 8 1,000.0 35 vrs. 2.5 4 9 83 9 160. B 177 8 165.4 128 4 111.1 101.2 88 5 12.8 !P ',' 2 5 1,000.0 36 vrs. 4.31 SO.!" 13J.2| 155. H in 1.2 165. «l 121.2 15 -2 43.3 26 0 8 7 4.:i 1,000 0 37 vrs. 12.2 57 1 171.4 146.il 175.5 183.7 130.6 73 5 28.6 16 3 4.1 1,OUO 0 38 vrs. 9 s 88 J 134 9 18S 0 211 0 13 1 5 SIS 0 iVj S 23 3 23.8 9 * » 3 1,000 0 3(1 vrs. 5 <_ 82.8 124.3 201 2 142 0 207 1 106. S 4f.» S3.! 17 f- 11 H L.IKK) (\ 40 years and over 0 9 10.3 ST » 135 2 166.2 170.0 170.0 119.; 78.il 33.8 19.7 2.8 9 k. l.(XK) 0 7 1 117 1 153 2 172 7 167 4 133.8 91.6 12 J 26 1 10.1 5.0 1,000 0 111 I'i 44 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFEBENOE Proportion of each weight per thousand of accepted colored recruits. WEIGHT 99 pounds and under ... ... 120 to 128 pounds. ...... Total..... . ... ... 18 yrs. and under 1,000.0 1,000.0 19 yrs. | 20 yrs. 21 yrs. 145.8 833.8 281.2 156.3 62.5 20.8 1,000.0 22 yrs. 9.9 118.9 257.4 287.1 183.2 89.1 34.7 19.8 6.0 1,000.0 28 yrs. 10.2 40.8 214.8 836.7 255.1 102.0 20.4 20.4 1,000.0 24 yrs. 8.1 48.4 233.9 •„'.,•• .4 241.9 121 0 40.8 8.1 1,000.0 25 yrs. 7 5 67.7 172.9 845.8 !••-.() 82 7 60.1 60.1 15.0 1/mt o WEIGHT 120 to 129 pounds...... ....... 130 to 189 pounds..... ..... 140 to 149 pounds. ... . ... 170 to 179 pounds... 180 to 189 pounds.. ........... Total.. .......... 26 yrs. 27 yrs. 1 life 274. £ 137 £ 19.6 19.6 85.7 142.9 861.9 100.5 114.3 :vl 57.1 9.5 L,000.0 1,000.0 28 yrs. 88.3 152 8 277.8 847.2 88.8 27.8 27.8 1,000.0 29 yrs. 60 240. 240. 160. 160. 100 40. 30 yrs. 25.6 256.4 128.2 256.4 76 II 51.3 81 yrs. 34.5 172.4 275.9 275 9 84.5 187.9 69.0 1,000.0 1,000.0, 1,000.0 82 yrs. 71.4 71.4 250.0 250.0 178.6 71.4 ""ri.4 85.7 1,000.0 88 yrs. 47.6 95.2 238.1 285.7 i':. . .. 180 to 189 pounds . . 100 to 199 pounds. .... 200 pounds and over Total. . 84 yrs. 85 yrs. ........I....... ..... 47 t " 125.' 6 Z8).0 875.0 88.3 11.7 41.7 41.7 41.7 1,010.0 47. < 298.1 142.9 Sfcvl 47.6 96.2 142.9 1,0(10.0 36 yrs. 80. a 80.! 454. B isi.8 181.8 1,000.0 87 yrs. 'aio.'o 100.0 400.0 100.0 "ico.'o '"ioo.'o 1,000.0 38 yrs. 153.8 76.!) 230.9 884. 8 158.8 1,000 0 89 yrs. ""ss.is 416.7 «l. 3 88.1! 166.7 83.3 ""ssis 1,000.0 40 yrs. and over «6.2 180.7 228.9 15(>.6 182.5 120.5 36.1 ""si'.s Total 4.7 79. 8 211.9 283.4 215.1 109.1 50.2 29.8 71 9.4 I^UI.O 1,000.0 NEGKRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE Proportion of each weight per thousand of accepted while recruits " WEIGHT 140 to 149 pounds. ... - - ....... l«i to 189 pounds . .... . ... 190 to 11' i pounds ........... Total.. 18 yrs. and under 150.0 300.0 350.0 160 0 50.0 1,i.S 26.0 17.8 13.0 1.6 M9.8 180.5 98 9 56.8 36.6 34.7 1,000.0 Total 20.1 129 1 2(» 6 265 6 172 0 9(1 K 34 4 14 (I 6 1 3 fi 1.000 0 • Ibid. 4(i ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE Proportion of each measurement per thousand vfaccujited colored recruit** (!HKST MKASURKMEKT Winches.. i7 inches.. Total . . 18 vrs. and under 1,000.0 1!) vrs. 20 vrs. 21 vrs. 10.4 52.1 291.7 354.2 177.1 72.9 31.2 10.4 1,000.0 22 vrs. 14.11 84.2 188.1 35(1.4 203.f H8.f 14.SI 1,1X10.0 23 yrs. 10.2 51.0 142.8 377.5 214.9 91.F 71.4 10. •> 1,00(1.0 24 yrs. 8.1 80.6 145.S 26(>.l 2,82.3 129.d 5(1.5 24.2 8.1 1,000.0 25 yrs. lfi.0 52.6 105.4 Jlw.2 neo 105 3 75.2 45.1 22.6 7.5 1,000.0 HEST MKASCREMKNT ches and under ches ... ches .... ches ... ches ches ches ches ches ches and over otal 2rt yrs. 9.8 58.8 264.7 254.9 205.! 117.6 39.2 39.2 9.8 1,000.0 27 yrs. ,5 28 yrs. . 41.7 29 yrs. 30 yrs. 31 yrs. 32 yrs. 40.0] H).C 12,i8| 152.8 60.0 270.2 263.91 240.0 238.1 114.5: 85.7 38.1 47.( l,00d.( 26S.S soo.t 1:^.9 160.0 83.3 41.7 18.11 80 0 40.0 102 6 ''58.4 2821 I2.S.2 153.8 1,000.0, 1,000.0; 1,000.0 | 61) (I 1724 172.1 206.8 241.4 1S7.11 1,000.0 107.1 142.9 178.6 285.7 71.4 107.1 71.4 1,000.0 33 yrs. 47.6 17.6 95.2 238.1 2381 142.9 142.9 47.6 1,000.0 OHEST MKASURKMENT lit) inches and under 31 Inches 32 inches 33 inches 34 inches 3fl inches 36 inches. 37 inches. 38 Inches. . 31* inches and over Total " Ibid. 34 yrs. 11.7 41.7 l'Vi.7 2111.7 166.7 R3.S 83.3 83. S 41.7 1,000.0 35yrs. |:«yrs 1 1 47.6, 1 90.1 142.9 181 t 285.7. 272 7 1S.0.51 181.8 95.2 !!0.!P !I52 142.D 1,000.0 181.8 :17 yrs. ; SH vrs. 1 76.il 200.0 158 8 I5S.8 400.0 538.5 100.0' 7fi SI 200.0! . 100.0 . . 1,000.0' 1,000.0 1.0000 40 yrs. 3!) vrs. nnd over 12.( 120.5 1(16.71 204.8 333.31 144.C Total 13.3 54.11 163.3 2Ki.4 2284 KKi 7 144.6' 124.0 26(1.0 88.8 1,0110.0 11)2.8 75.3 60.21 31.4 18.2 14.9 72.31 11.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 NEGRO HEALTH ANT) PHYSIQUE 47 Proportion of each measurement per thousand uf accepted white recruits—Continued CHEST MEASI'KEMENT 30 inches and under 31 inches . . 32 inches 33 inches . 84 inches 35 Inches 36 inches 37 inches 38 inches 39 inches mid over Total 18 yrs. and 19 yrs. under 400.0 100 0 •SKI 0 150 0 150.0 1,1X10.0 816 1 115.4 20 yrs. 66 7 166 7 192 » 233 3 I!)2 3 115.4 88 fl 1,000 fl 200. fl 233. S 66.7 33.8 1,1111 0 21 yrs. *!.! 1'8 8 277.2 2.i3 3 172.0 SO 7 80 7 in 6 2.6 " 1,000.0 22 yrs. 28 4 88 8 249 8 23 yrs. 20 7 68.6 '-."». li 193.8 21U. 8 280 3! 201 7 100 9 127 7 S8 7 14.5 3.1' 1.4 1,000.0 53. !l 19 2 4.H 2.1 1,000.0 24 yrs. 28 2 67 6 1U4 - 201 .1 218 1 140 5 68.4 28.,; 9.'.' 2.,. l,000.(l 25 yrs. 14 4 56 2 206 0 248 6 214 5 143 1 71 (I 80 6 12 8 2 7 1,000 (1 <'HEST MEASTKEMEKT 2(1 vrs. 27 vrs. 28 yrs. 30 Inches and under 14.0: 15.0. 15.0 81 inches . 5(1.0 61. 11 88.6 aS Inches 1811.2 178.2 185.C 33 inches 247.3 258.? 23-.I.1 84 Inches 215.0 211. 5 218.8 35 Inches .. 143.1 144.4 151.9 36 Inches . 81.5 SO.O 37 inches . 32.7 40.0 38 inches 11.!,' 15.0 39 Inches mid over 5.7 6.7 Total .. l.OOO.O1 l;(KK1.0 1 M.3 31.0 21.6 8.5 1,000.0 29 yrs. 9.! 54.0 1557 2448 20.1.7 142.2 !,7.2 IfiW 30.6 8.9 1,0(10.0 SO yrs. 31 yrs. 32 yrs. i 17.8 36.7 155.7 223.C, 200.2 173.5 116.8 41.2 18 3 8.8 47 1 38.8 159.01 154.6 21().cii 213.6 201.8 194.4 370.8 182.6 -l-v4 lOsl.O 48 6 48.r, 23.4 82.4 SO.li 11.1 1,000.0 28.0 19.1 1.000.0 1,000.0 33 yrs. 12.3 31.7 130.3 ''ll.fi •-SI1 I 169.3 121.7 51.1 176 1,0000 CHEST MEASTKEMENT 30 inches nnd under 31 inches . 82 inches . 33 Inches . 84 inches 35 Inches . :M inches 37 inches 38 inches 39 inches and over Total :>4 yrs. 16.H 19.0 56.5 297.fi 192. 1 148.8 114.B 62.2 32.0 30.1 1,000.0 35 vrs. 19.8 51.9 123.5 162.9 237.0 140.7 123.5 74.1 2A6 37.0 Htt yrs. 8.7 39.0 103.9 251.1 255.4 121.2 lia.2 64.11 3:1.0 21.6 i.ooo.ol 1,0010 37 yrs. 12.2 (15.S 89.8 175.5 187.8 187.8 118.0 38 yrs. 27.!. 8» yrs. 40 vrs. and over 2ii.6i 5.6 37.2 41.4 38.8 111.61 71.0| W.I 144.2 165.71 157.7 209.3 147.11 120.9 153.8 186.1 177.5 8,1.8 74.4 118.3 53.0 37.2 85.5 40.81 51.2, B9.2 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 170.0 185.2 Totn 1 21 .« 66.S 203.6 240 5 218.1 127.2 120.'.! C7.8 102.3 30.4 74.? 14.6 109.' • 10.0 1,0(XU) 1,000.0 If" £ 48 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE The following figures arc taken from McDonald's study of school children in the District of Columbia which included over 16,000 pupils, of whom 5.000 or more were colored. A Kansas city study is also in cluded : * ALL GIRLS 1 1 LIMITS OK DIFFER ENT AGES FROM — Yrs. Mos. 5 4 5 5 6 5 6 7 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 14 15 16 7 17 7 17 7 18 7 18 7 TO— t, ro IB, §a ^, $ 0,^5 E't ^ 3 i •g > 1 ^ Iff tc^ 23 >** ^ M •Ojf g CJ ^ Yrs Mos. Indies \Inches Lbs. 6 6 6 11 7 6 7 6 8 6 9 6 10 6 11 6 12 6 IS 6 14 6 15 6 16 6 17 6 18 6 SI 6 19 9 20 8 94 44.23 37 43.97 376 45.09 183 45.40 754 K<9 931 876 966 833 655 450 328 151 41 13 mi 8,320 47.44 49.18 51.20 53.14 55.78 57.111 60.24 61.65 62.40 62.99 63.15 62.91 64..* 63.01 24.25 43.:tl 23.87! 42.10 24.61): J6.74 24.77' 44.97 25.46 49.41 26.23 53 67 g 3J ^ gsS ^ s o t* '3 7mc7ies 19.28 20.20 19.114 19.92 20.14 20.29 SI',98 5K.55 20.43 27.82' 64.18 20.54 29.05, 73.20 20.78 "! .13 81.85 20.C5 31.44 113.02 21.18 32.26' 100.38; 21.28 32.81 3304 33.17 82.86 33.70 :t!24 1 U)5.19i 21.*- 110.01' 21.55 111.."! 21.6(1 111.14, 21.60 112.9BJ 21.98 110.721 21.88 ALL COLORED GIRLS LIMITS OF DlFFBR- ENT AGES FROM — Yrs 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 .Mos. 10 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 TO— 1 Yrs. 6 ' 7 8 9 10 11 12 IS 14 15 16 17 18 19 29 i 6 '' 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 11 1 ~£ SB, ? a ri"o d c 113 248 218 209 260 -v^i 2711 270 167 129 83 54 20 9 ' 2,558 s "S M! 03 > Inches 43.81 46.61 47.91 49.02 50.85 52.111 54.48 57.42 ja S ^1 bE tD ~rn C "£ tc&c & p S ————— 1 ————— Indies Lbs. 23.72 2470 26.21 42.61 48.63 53.02 25.74 56.1* 26.55 62.8i> 2T.35 IV-.89 27.92 77.55 211.09 8X.IO 30.24 98.52 60.06 30.74 61.47 62.-J.'. 62.27 62.73 60.44 31.57 31.91 32.27 38.21 31.47 103.10 100.97 112.P6 115.12 117.75 109.33 s IP S i'j oj S^S <%"o 3 Inches 19.92 20.50 20.51 2072 20.84 31.87 9I.W 21.14 21.48 21.51 21. BO 21.74 21 Ml 2178 22.14 &\ " Report ol United Stutes Commissioner of Education, 18W-98, Vol. I, page «89, IT. • Report of the United States Commissioner of Kducation, 1SH7-98, Vol. I, page loss. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE ALL BOYS LIMITS OF DIFFER ENT AGES FROM — Yrs. Mos. 5 3 6 0 6 7 7 7 8 7 9 7 10 7 11 7 12 7 13 7 14 7 15 7 16 7 16 7 16 7 17 7 18 7 19 7 TO— Yrs. .Mos. 6 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 6 10 6 11 6 12 6 13 6 14 6 15 6 16 6 17 6 18 6 18 10 18 6 19 6 21 7 ro "a o 5 £ e 3 ^ 108 44 683 787 878 830 862 986 9" "'• 784 528 345 120 82 22 38 7 28 7,853 ^ a ~Z to 03 o > "^ Inches 44.69 44.76 45.97 47.88 49.74 51.70 B3.19 55.14 56.76 59.14 61.79 64.32 65.97 66.45 67.03 67.06 68.73 67.66 ^ a "S .pi* to 03 t* g cf^1 03 £a£ l 1,156 184 Per Cent 45.06 50.58 S9.88 5.24 52 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE Boys of American pa rentage.............. Girls of American pa rentage............. . Colored boys. ......... Colored girls.. ....... MBNTAI. Divisions ( Bright. . . . \ Dull ...... f Average.. .Bright.... { Dull ...... (Average., i Bright.... j Dull ...... ( Average. . (Bright.... ] Dull ...... ( Average. . to o T-l •o B in < % 51 14 35 45 9 46 46 23 81 69 28 3 C3 i-, S M 5 % 36 18 45 49 11 40 61 8 31 65 19 16 o ^3 0) E a •IH < % 44 18 88 37 19 44 E4 20 26 60 29 11 60 a •r i c 22 44 85 17 48 47 17 36 40 25 85 £ e C3 i* bo O O O % 35 18 52 36 12 52 4fi 18 42 62 25 13 >. t. s fC •IH a % 44 15 41 41 15 44 51 11 38 64 22 14 —•a eg c33 0,60 60C C3C2 3 bt c c3 ~ 19 43 46 10 44 42 17 41 «3 22 15 60 a 55? 310 aS ss a 21 EO 40 9 51 to o i s o g a g 16 84 84 20 46 44 31 25 _o BJ 3 s 24 29 47 40 10 EO 36 19 45 49 14 37 c. ~ £3 C3 P n & * 27 45 40 13 47 45 17 38 54 19 27 be C •o (S o> •^J 1-1 % 43 21 36 54 11 OfT oO 49 22 29 17 21 62 1 *j o ~.c o1^ u 2 o> o » % 44 12 44 45 15 40 25 43 32 81 11 58 bt £ ~ O B 0) 33 24 43 48 14 41 23 36 50 23 IS One manifest cause of physical differences between white and colored people in the United States is difference in physical nourishment. The studies of the United States Department of Agriculture,* although few in number, indicate the following results: Dietaries of Negroes and Others Average of 19 Negro families in Virginia. ..... Average of 20 Negro families in Alabama .... Average of 4 Mexican families in New Mexico Average of 14 professional men's families .... Tentative standard for man at moderate work Cos* 11 cts. 8 " 8 •' lq " 28 cts. Protein 109 gms 62 " 64 " 103 " Q7 '* 104 " 125 " Fat 15'.!gms 132 " 71 " i *{n '* 125 " Carbo hydrates 444 gms. 480 " 610 " 467 " 423 " Fuel Value 8.745 8.27(1 8.550 8.465 8. 513 8.825 With regard especially to the Alabama diets, which represent the diet of the Black Belt, the report says: Comparing these Negro dietaries with other dietary standards it will be seen that— (1) The quantities of protein are very small; roughly speaking, the food of these Negroes furnished one-third to three-fourths as much protein as are called for in the current physiological standards and as are actually found in the dietaries of well-fed whites in the United States and well-fed people in Europe. They were indeed, no larger than have been found in the dietaries of the very poor factory operatives and laborers in Germany and the laborers and beggars in Italy. (2) In fuel value the Negro dietaries compare quite favorably with those of well-to-do people of the laboring classes in Europe and the United States. (3) The marked peculiarity of the Negro dietaries, namely, their lack of protein, is shown in the nutritive ratios. While the proportion of protein to fuel ingredients in the dietary standards and in the food of well-fed wage- workers ranges from 1:5 to 1:7 or 8, and is about 1:5.5 or 1:(! in the dietary * United States Department of Agriculture, Dietary Studies, etc., in Alabama, 1887; do., in Virginia, 1899. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 53 standards, the nutritive ratio of the Negro dietaries range from 1:7 to 1:16. Leaving out two quite exceptional cases, the lowest was 1:10 and the average 1:11.8. 6. Some Psychological Considerations on the Race Problem* By Dr. Herbert A. Miller Race problems are pressing hard upon most of the nations of the world. They are part of the general social question, which is growing more and more important. The first difficulty in understanding these problems is to find a clear definition of racial lines. External compari son is not enough to create a boundary between different peoples when they happen to have the same spiritual interests, i. e., the ultimate differences are psychical rather than physical. At any rate the psycho- physical comparison of races is offering facts to scientific investigation in a field as yet almost untouched. Wherever there is a heterogeneous people there is need for exact knowledge of the capacities and possi bilities of its constituents. The cause of the backwardness of the so-called lower races is various ly attributed to the influence of environment of all sorts, and to natural incapacity. These points of view differ so absolutely in kind that it is necessary to make an earnest effort to analyze the relation between the two, in order that energy may not be wasted in an effort to reach com mon conclusions from absolutely different premises. At present both opinions are chiefly based on assumptions. Each may accord with actual conditions, but each involves a very different attitude towards the course of human development: the one assuming that, in general, equal results follow equal conditions, and that the apparent differences are due to unequal home training, economic conditions, and social ideals; the other, that, whatever the conditions, the possibilities are not the same. Between these two extremes the discussion of the Negro, and to some extent of the Indian in the United States, has been hope lessly mangled, and upon them practical educational theories have been based. Most of the sympathizers with industrial education for the Negro believe that such education is fitted to his capacity eveii more than to his needs. A knowledge of the influence of environment is necessary for the understanding of a race, but it is not fundamental in drawing race lines, since environment must act upon something, and any conclusion as to its influence involves a consideration of that upon which it acts. Other facts, are brought in through anthropology, in which anatomical com parisons have been supplemented with general psychological observa tions which have been made, unfortunately, by men of no special psy chological training, and therefore have questionable value. By a purely psychological method alone can exact scientific data be obtained °n what is really a psychological problem. * Reprinted by permission from Bibliotheca Sacra, April, 1S06. 3 i 54 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE Psychology has a comprehensive and a restricted field. In the for mer, it includes the total complex activity of mental life; in the latter, it describes only the isolated elements of the complex. The complex activity is the reaction of the psychic organism to the meaning of life. This is the popular meaning of the term "psychology." Any fact of the mind, whether intellectual, moral, or spiritual, is referred to this category. It cannot be scientific, for it does not lend itself to analysis. It is an attitude of the mind which is the result of many psychic ele ments working together, plus the practical theory of the universe which the individual happens to hold. This varying combination of influences which shape every attitude makes classification impossible, and to call it psychology takes one but little nearer scientific explanation. The uncertainty of complexity makes it desirable to seek relatively isolated elements. These will be component parts of the whole, but will have a meaning limited to their own functioning: e. g., the memory of legal terms to the lawyer varies with the importance of their bearing upon his cases. But memory of nonsense syllables has an interest limited solely to their interest as a memory exercise. In other words, the quality of memory may be different in different individuals, but no adequate test can be made where the interest and attention differ. Unrelated figures and letters having a minimum of interest offer an ap proximate condition of equa.lity for the comparison of the memory of different individuals. The simplest element of mind that can be tested is, to be sure, more or less complex, being made up of, as yet, unanalyz- able elements, but the variation of the relatively simple states is much less than that between the complex totalities. Two brothers may differ but slightly in capacity, but responsibility falling upon one will develop entirely different activity. In the simple states can be found regular and predictable variation ; but in the complex, developed by the busi ness of life, it is accidental and incalculable. Psychophysics aims to describe these relatively simple states without relating them to their value in life. The results are meagre, but they are the only ones that can have any scientific value, because of their comparative invariability, while the larger reactions are made up of constantly changing meanings of ideals. The spirit or purpose behind the act is what determines its quality; in other words, it is the person ality interpreting the value of the act to the organism as a whole. The performance of the act, on the other hand, depends on the fundamental capacity of the organ which performs it. Thus desire for study, and capacity for accomplishment, are quite different things. Again and more obviously, it is this interpretation of the value of life that makes one man moral and the other immoral, though both may have equal psychophysical capacity. To conclude, from the manifestations of immorality among the Negroes, or from their failure to recognize cer tain social conventions, that the Negro is incapable of morality or of adaptation to the social demand, is a conclusion based upon inadequate evidence. Morality and social adaptation are the result of the inter pretation of the value of a situation, and not a necessary development NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 55 of inherent capacity. Therefore, not until different races have had ex actly the same history can any valid conclusion be drawn as to their relative psychophysical capacity if mere observation is used. This does not mean that there is no such a thing as race characteristics, but that there are elements in interpretation that are independent of race. This, however, is a philosophical question. My point is that there is some thing that cannot be put to empirical test in all practical activity. Space fails me to give any account of the many psychological obser vations that have been made concerning primitive people. Suffice it, to say that there have been many things said; and there are great differ ences of opinion,—from those who see the savage little removed from the possibilities of a brute, to those who think the difference between the highest and lowest man is very slight. It may be the uncivilized instead of the uncivilizable mind that is described. The fact that some observers find that the ideas are sensuous instead of abstract may arise out of the demands of the environment. It may not call for anything except sensuous ideas. Again, Indians and Negroes are said to lack the power of attention, and hence the door of learning is closed to them. Some travelers say that in Africa a few sentences will weary a native, and therefore conversation cannot be held with him. But attention is not merely a natural possession. In our schools the habit has to be cultivated by all sorts of subterfuges from the guardhouse to the elec tive system. According to the doctrine of "interest," on which the elective system is based, we find the savage giving perfect attention to his hunt. He has been under no necessity of developing the power of abstraction. Many of the arguments concerning primitive psychology arise from the logic of post hoc, ergo propter hoc. Africans are said to think it foolish to have manufactured articles when it would have been quite easy to get along without them, but what they think is no crite rion of what they would think if they knew more. We can parallel that indifference in the pure Anglo-Saxons who are known as Highlanders, who find it very difficult to see the sense of the attempt to bring them- back into the fold of civilization. A family in the Tennessee Mountains had but one pan, which was used for cooking, serving food, and as a family wash-basin. A new pan was presented, but was hung unused on the wall. When remonstrated with for not using it, the woman said, "Aintweuns got one pan?" The idea of progress is not inherent in any man, but is the social heritage derived from a long study of the mean ing of the world. I do not wish to be understood as claiming that race characteristics are not definite and important, but anthropologists have based their conclusion as to the difference in race levels upon the degree to which they suppose the race to have evolved. Their teachings have been eagerly grasped by the general public as a scientific support of their belief that the Negro is inferior to the whites. I cannot go into the bearings of the doctrine of evolution upon the question, but, accepting the doctrine of Weissmann, would add, in the words of a writer on evolution: "Civilization and education are exter- 56 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 57 •g rial and not internal, extrinsic and not intrinsic forces. . . . Civiliza tion has changed his surroundings, but has itchauged the man?* This is an important question, but progress is not evolution in the strict sense of the word. It depends on subjective influences. As John Morley says: "The world grows better in the moderate degree that it does grow better because people wish that it should, and take the right steps to make it better. Evolution is not a force but a process, not a cause but a law. It explains the source and marks the immovable limi tations of social energy. But social energy can never be superseded by evolution or anything- else." Psychology as I use it has the narrower meaning, which makes it parallel with evolution as used by Mr. Morley. It can aim to study the "immovable limitations," but it is utterly im possible for it to give a standard for measuring the social energy which is the force that makes most of the visible results. We can study the perceptions, but we can do very little with the conceptions, for they form the unanalyzed elements. In conception we get an ethical envir onment which throws light on every situation, and thus distinguishes man from animal; we deal with every practical situation at something more than its face value in pleasure and pain. We find this influence as applied to the Negro summed up excellently by one of the race speaking of his people: '-They must perpetually discuss the Negro problem, must live, move and have their being in it, and interpret all else in its light or darkness. From the double life that every American Negro must live as a Negro and American, as swept on by the current of the nineteenth century while struggling in the eddies of the fifteenth—from this must arise a powerful self-conscious ness and a moral hesitancy which is almost fatal to self-confidence. Today the young Negro of the South who would succeed cannot be frank and outspoken, but rather is daily tempted to be silent and wary, politic and sly. His real thoughts, his real aspirations, must be guarded in whispers; he must not criticize, he must not complain. Patienco and adroitness must in these growing black youth, replace impulse, manliness, and courage. . . . At the same time, through books and periodicals, discussions and lectures he is intellectually awakened. In the conflict some sink, some rise." t This description of the conditions of real life indicates the impossibility of drawing psychological conclu sions from practical reactions. We cannot fairly compare a black and a white artisan when the latter has pride in his work and the other an indifference due, in part at least, to the consciousness of his social posi tion. Still there may be differences due solely to race. I would like to tell how I think this difference in attitude complicates any estimate of moral and cultural possibilities, but I must hasten on to indicate briefly my method of direct experimentation, which, though utterly incom plete, yet seems to me to be the direction in which this subject must be pursued if we wish to get the truth unhampered by the prejudice of * H. W. Conn: Method of Evolution, p. 212. tDuBois: Souls of Black Folk. one's geographical position. In a word I aimed to make tests of the simplest sort upon people of as nearly the same condition as possible. The subjects were pupils in schools of comparable grades, and num bered 2,488 Negroes, 520 Indians, and 1,493 whites, including 596 High landers in the Tennessee and Kentucky mountains. All the tests were given by myself under as nearly as possible the same conditions and without variation. I can only name the tests, and say that they were devised for the purpose of giving them to groups, and that all my sub jects came in groups which would average about forty in number. A careful record of age and sex and grade was kept, and the comparison considered those facts. My word for the reliability of the work must be accepted, and I hope before very long to publish a full description of the details. The tests were: (1) quickness and accuracy of percep tion; (2) disconnected memory, both auditory and visual, as tested by figures and letters exposed and read; (3) logical memory, tested by re producing a story; (4) rational instinct, as shown in the immediate detection of fallacies; (5) suggestibility, as shown by the judgment of the size of equal circles on which there were numbers of different de nominations; and, finally, (6) color preference. I can give at present only some representative averages, which are interesting, and on the whole fairly indicative of the results obtained by a more complete interpretation of the figures. With the exception of the first table, which gives the actual number, all the results are in percentages. The graphic representation of the figures shows some things that cannot appear from the mere averages. Averages for the quickness of perception: MALE FEMALE 2Vb. Av. No. Av. Whiles .. Indians .. Negroes.. 8B5 160 377 81.17 81.81 32.85 286 120 412 38.61 84.77 34.68 The average is misleading, as the plot shows that the larger number of Indians are quicker than the larger number of either of the other races, but both aspects of the figures are consistent in showing that there is but slight difference in races in the same sex, but that there is a consistent difference in the quickness of the sexes, the females being the quicker. In disconnected memory I had five tests, and two facts are striking: the superiority of visual over auditory memory, and the consistent but slight superiority of the females, but the race differences are small. It did not seem to be unfair to combine all the persons of the same race for all the five tests in one average, and thus make it possible to multiply the number of cases by five. I do this because of the alleged superiority of the Negroes for so-called rote memory. Male and Female No. Whites... ....... 2,!!60 " Indians.... ... 1,882 " Negroes ... 4,<>»8 Auditory and Visual Memory Av. 55 Av. deviation 19 - 53.3 " " 17.5 " 56.8 " " 1» The conclusion seems to me to be that the differences are very slight. The variation shows that a large part of each group overlaps the others. M \& T 58 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE At the same time the similarity of the deviations shows that the aver ages are fairly representative. Let me give the results of the tests for logical memory: No. Males Av.% No. Females Av.% Whites .......... ....... 343 4027 22J 888 Indians.................. joi 877 ~. 3517 Negroes............ .. 3J4 40.45 427 87.49 Here the difference between the sexes is the reverse of that appearing in disconnected memory. There is almost no difference between the Whites and the Negroes; the Indians are not strictly comparable, for reasons that I cannot enter upon at this time. Finally I would like to give you some idea of the results of the color choice test. I gave this to a larger number than any of the others. I performed these tests in two different years, and all in the same man ner, except that in the second year I changed from Milton Bradley colors to Prang colors, with very interesting results. Out of the Milton Bradley colors I bad 13 against 12 of the Prang. With the Milton Bradley colors 42.1 per cent of the white girls chose red and 19 per cent blue; and 42.01 per cent of the white boys preferred blue and 17.6 red. The number of persons was 380 and 112. Or the Negroes, numbering 201 girls and 267 boys, 3.6 per cent of the girls and 3.4 per cent of the boys chose red, and 57.1 per cent of the girls and 52.1 per cent of the boys chose blue. These facts are interesting, but quite different from those with the Prang colors. Putting red and red-violet together, we have the following table: W.M.. W. F.. I. M ... N. M.''. N. F... Red and Red- Violet 206 19.1 7.3 17.1 Blua EO.4% 41.4 Sr>5 185 30 41.6 Two things appear from this. That there is a racial difference in color preference, and that it makes a good deal of difference what col ors are used. Preference for red does not mean for any red, and if the one presented is not quite right another color will be chosen. For the other colors than red and blue the figures are nearly parallel. It is a surprise to most people that the Negro does not take the red, but he consistently avoids it. The colors that we see in life are not so much the result of psychophysical as of social reaction. The one fact that stands out clearly in tbis investigation is the smallness of the differ ences between the Negroes and whites within the range of these exper iments. In general we find the Indians somewhat lower in their aver ages than the other two races. I do not suggest the possible inferiority of the Indians; but there is not an iota of evidence to show that they are superior to Negroes. This is contrary to the general assumption. * We must not, conclude from these tests that there Rre no psvchophys- ical differences between the races; in fact, we do find some tendencies of divergence, and admit the possibility of many more. The complex of all these tendencies gives the temperamental tone, which obviously NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 59 does characterize sexes and races. The differences, however, are of de gree rather than of kind. It is not sufficient to make a sharp line of de- markation. In the curves which represent the figures we find that the large mass of the persons of all the races are included within the com mon space. So far as the original endowment of the Negro is concerned, I would conclude that there is nothing in kind to differentiate him par ticularly as a different psychic being from the Caucasian. I have not en tered upon the prevailing difference of opinion that exists upon this point. In estimating the psychological development of a person or race, no one should be spurned for the peculiarities that he possesses. Some racial tendencies have undoubtedly been developed by natural selec tion, but we are accustomed to make an assessment in contemporary psychic values, and consider primitive those that do not fit the present social order. In the process of the universe a race may have a contri bution to make through its very peculiarities; and it may at least find in these peculiarities a means of working out its own salvation. Thus the vivid imagination which I found in the Negro, and the unquestioned musical genius of the Negro, are to be given a value that we. cannot es timate. The transition from the morning school song of the Negroes to that of eq ually untrained wh ites is like going from a symphony to a hand- organ. No one will question this gift of music in the Negro; and may we not expect from it, and other gifts wh'icb do not stand out so obviously, some social contribution from this and every race? We no longer hear much Rbout the mental inferiority of women; but we are accepting the fact that the two sexes have different natural aptitudes, and are adapt ing the educational possibilities to meet those aptitudes. This should be the case with different races. But let us not jump to conclusions as to what these aptitudes are; for we are likely to judge from present rather than future social valuations. Perhaps from some such method as I have undertaken we can learn more of the differences between individuals. Finally, class and race as well as sex problems arise from lack of spiritual affinity between the groups or individuals concerned. They lack "consciousness of kind." This phrase resolves itself into con sciousness of the same kind of ideals or purposes. A social relation exists as soon as there are common purposes. If the ideals or purposes differ there will he antagonism. The first cause of this difference is due to some superficial accidental condition, such as the customs of the tribe or the color of the skin, which stand as symbols of the sameness of kind. That these external symbols are only accidental is proved hy the ease with which they are laid aside when some deeper principle draws men together, bridging chasms that had seemed impassable. Mere propinquity will often do it. This accidental element in the race problem makes it no less real, but the purpose of science and philosophy is not to get the temporal and the accidental, but rather the universal and essential. The purpose of education and social progress is to make the accidental give way to the essential, and to let each individual stand for his true worth to society; then the problems as they now confront us will cease to exist. f 1,877,808 l,P02/«r 767,208 INCREASE OF NEGKO POPTJ- TION DTTKING — Preceding 10 years JVb. 1,345,318 88!t,247 1,700,784 438,17!) 80:J,022 765,l(iO 546,€06 56(5,88(5 888,848 876,771 244,828 Per cent 18.0 13.5 34.8 8.8 22.1 215. 6 28.4 81.4 28.6 87.5 82.8 Preceding 20 years jVb. 2,253,201 2,188,863 1,568.1^ 1,101,&2 7(5,',618 Per cent 34.2 48.2 '54.6 (52.2 76.8 Per cent of in crease of the white popu lation dur ing— Pre ceding lOyrs. 21.2 267 29.2 24.8 87.7 o7.7 84.7 34.2 8(5.1 858 Pre ceding 20 yrs. 58.9 61.2 88 7 80.5 82.7 Wilcox gives a simpler table derived from this, together with a cor rection of the erroneous censuses of 1870 and 1890, and a prophecy as to the future increase of Negroes :§ DATE 17(0 ....... 1800... .... 1810........ 1WJ I1-:)!. .. .. 1840. .... 1850..... .. 1W»1. . . 1870. ...... 1880........ 1880.... . 1800.. .. .. 1820. .... 1840... .... K60..... .. UK).... ... 2000... .. Number : Unit, 10,OW> 76 100 188 177 287 304 444 541 658 770 *e ||1,160 1,451 1,773 2,OiC 2,3!!4 Increase in— 10 years 24 38 *> 66 54 77 80 OT 117 112 113 20 years 77 110 157 214 226 Per cent of increase 10 years 82 3 37.5 28. (5 81. 4 28.4 20.6 22.1 21.7 21.7 17 0 14 7 20 years 76.8 62.2 54.6 48 2 34.2 30.2 2(5.2 22.2 18.2 14.2 « Twelfth Census, Bulletin 8, p. 20. + Includes population of Indian Territory and Indian reservations. (Excludes population of Indian Territory and Indian reservations. § Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1805. || These and the following figures estimated on Wilcox's percentages. \\ NEGBO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 61 Wilcox thus thinks that there will be less than 25,000,000 Negroes in the United States at the beginning of the third millenium. Other estimates place this number as high as 60,000.000, while a conservative mean would be perhaps 35,000,000. The data upon which guesses are based are the birth and death rates. No reliable birth statistics exist. Assum ing the substantial correctness of the death rate, the Twelfth Census estimates the excess of births as follows: Increase in native population, 1890-1900, and excess of births per 1,000 of popu lation, Bj/ classes * Northeastern Division Central and Northern Divisions Southern Division NATIVE Native Parents 19.5 3.8 20.0 24.1 25.9 WHITE Foreign Parents 36.5 39-6 86.0 27.4 4(1.8 17.8 10.1 10.2 18.1 0 2 A more accurate method is a comparison of the number of children with the number of women of child-bearing age. For the whites these figures go back to 1830: Number of white children under 5 yearn of age to 1,000 white females 15 to 49 years of age, BJ/ states and territories: lSSO-1900i Continental United States . Number of white children under 5 years of age to 1,000 white females IB-iO years of age 1900 4C5 1890 473 1880 587 1870 602 I860 627 1850 613 WO 744 1830 781 For colored children the data only go back to 1850: Number of children under 5 years of age to 1,000 females 15 to for the Continental United States } years of aye 1HUI. ... ........ 1880. ... 1870. ..... .. iMV) 1MI..... Total 474 485 65<) 572 634 G2U White 465 473 637 662 627 613 ^Colored 543 674 706 641 076 684 Excess of colored 78 101 168 78 48 81 'Twelfth Census, Vol. Ill, page 51. + Twelfth Census, Bulletin No. 22. t Ibid. § Negro, Indian and Mongolian. 62 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE A more detailed presentation follows: Number and per cent of children under 10 and 5 years of age, respectively, in the Negro, Indian and Mongolian population, and de.r.re.afie in per cent dur ing the preceding 10 years, 1830-1900 * I / CENSUS Continental United States. 1900 .............. ....... 18*10 1870. ........... ... ,.,...... I860. ......................... I860. ......... ... .,, . - . 1840 ......... 1830... ..... . .... Per cent of Negro, Indian and Mongol ian popula tion. Under 10 yrs. of age 27.1 28.2 81. fl 24.4 SO. 3 31 3 33.2 34.2 Under 5 years nfage 13.6 13.8 16.5 IS. 3 16.0 16.5 DECKEASE IN PEE CENT Under 10 years of age during — Preceding 10 years 1.1 3.7 +7. 5 5 9 1.0 1.8 1.0 Preceding so yearn 4.8 +3.8 tl 6 e.9 2.fl 2.fl Under 5 years of age during — Preceding 10 years 0.2 2.7 +3.2 2 7 0.5 Preceding 20 years 2.9 -K).5 -K).5 2.2 Number and per cent of children under 10 and 5 years of age, respectively, in the white population, and decrease in per cent during 10 yearn: If 00 to 1900* CENSUS Continental United States. ISOO. ... . ....... 18.:0.... ..... 1880. .... , ..... 1870...... . . . ...... I860... ............... .... 1850. . ...... ................ 1840... ..................... 1830.......................... 1820. ................... ..... 1810.......................... 1800. .......... ........ .... Per cent ol white popu lation Under Wyrs. of age 23.3 237 25.9 20.4 28.4 28 6 31.6 S2.5 S).4 34.4 34.4 Under S yrs. of age 11. fl 12.0 IS 4 14 1 15.3 14.8 17.4 18.0 DECKEASE IN PEK CENT Under 10 years of age during — Preceding 10 years 0.4 ' 2.2 0 5 2.0 0.2 30 0.9 0.9 1.0 Preceding W years 2.6 2.7 2 5 2.2 3 2 3.9 1.8 1 fl 1 0 Under 5 age di Preceding 10 years 0.1 1.4 0.7 1.2 0.5 2 6 0.6 vears of irlug— Preceding K> years 1.5 2.1 1 fl 0.7 2.1 3.2 For city and country the figures are; • Twelfth Census, Bulletin No. 22. + Increase. f NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 63 Number of children under 5 years of age to 1,000 females 15 to 44 years of age in cities having at least 85,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities or country dis tricts by main geographic divisions, and the ratio of those numbers to the number for the whole division taken as 100:1900 * DIVISION OB BACE Total population : Continental United States.. . ...... White population: Continental United States ........ Negro, Indian and Mongolian popu lations : Continental United States Number of children under 5 years of age to I,1 females 15-14 years of age: IslOO "s o H 518 508 585 >%& •cj.1 •Sef 3 •£bc8| e.5(S£ 890 390 260 .2 . £ !«£« Ss2 a '3 5i 572 559 651 Ratio to No. in whole di vision taken as 100, of No.— <3 §C3 J3 CDj- (/J"~1 & "Sj facS ^ a5tSS 75.3 78.5 44.4 '•-, « Sg^ i "^s "°s3s s-s8S 1111 4 110.0 111.3 Differ ence in ratio 35.1 SI. 5 66. !» The conclusions from these figures are: 1 The Negro birth rate exceeds and has always exceeded the white birth rate. 2. The Negro birth rate decreased slightly from 1850 to 1870, then in creased to 1880, and has since rapidly decreased. It may be added that of the native stocks of America the Negro is by far the most prolific, the only exception being the Southern whites during; the last decade, where increasing economic prosperity has in creased marriages and children to an unusual degree, while storm and stress has harried the Negroes. ™» 1850 18(50. 1870. ....... .. 1890" 1900. Children under 6 and women 15-41 Southern whites 695 6s2 «M 580 581 Southern Negroes 705 688 OBI 787 fiOl 577 Turning now to the age composition of the Negro-Americans: The simplest and probably the most significant single expression of the age constitution of the population is the median age. This is the age with refer euce to which the population can be divided into halves—that is, half of th«: Population are younger and half are older than the median age. t 'Twelfth Census, Bulletin No. 22. + Twelfth Census, Bulletin 18, page 21. 64 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE Median age of the population classified by sex, general nativity and race, for persons of known «ge in Continental United States: 1900* CLASS OF POPULATION Native white — native parents . . Native white — foreign parents .... . Foreign white..... . ......... Both iSeses 20.10 :ts.42 23 36 •j: .22 21.10 18.05 J». 43 1».70 19.45 Males 20 20 3S.71 23.83 20 33 21.27 17.99 38.71 19.45 Females 20.02 38 03 22.01 20 12 20.93 18 11 38.04 19.44 The median age of Negroes has increased as follows: Median age of the colored + population, classified, Continental United States: 1790 to 19001 lf.OO 18iO.. IN1*!. . 19.70 17.83 18.01 1870. I860. lx* t. 18.49 17.65 17.33 18JO...... 17.27 1830.... Ifi.'O 1820.. .. 17.75 The general age composition is as follows by percentages: YEAR I8NI.... . 1890. ........ .. 1900...... ..... NATIVE WHITES Under 15 42.6 40.0 39.0 16-69 52. y 54.8 55.8 COandover 4.9 5 2 5.2 COLORED Under u 44.2 42.1 80.5 15-59 51 2 RS.3 566 60 and over 4.6 4.6 4.9 A most interesting matter is a comparison of the sex distribution of whites and blacks in America: Proportion of males and females in every 10,0001| SEX DATE 1820. ....... 1830. .... . 1840. .. . 18SO. ... . 1?60.... . 1870. . . ]«B.:.... . IKiO. ... 1900. .... NEGROES Male 5,1 *S 5,074 5,014 4,1.7 .1 4,9i,0 4,1.03 4,912 4J1H9 4,96» Female 4,!US 4,«20 4,!8fi 5,022 5,010 5,0!6 5,057 5,014 5,030 WHITES Male 5,1--" 5,077 5,OSIO 5,104 5,116 5,066 5,t*8 5,121 5,108 'Female 4,920 4,1.23 4,uinea and by them disseminated in Polynesia, this disease seems to be unknown in Central Africa to any extent In fact, it dies out naturally in the interior of that continent even when introduced, while it kills the American aborigines at sight. The American Negroes, however, are seemingly very prone to it. For the Negro-American the best creditable figures are those of the United States army, as follows: Ratio pei-1,000 of applicants for enlistment in the United States army rejected after phys ical examination 1901 1!02 I1 < iS UlOi \ \Vhite i Colored . . j White ..... .... (Colored . i White ... ) Colored . White.. ... . ( Colored ... ... Accepted 624 618 659 786 620 636 658 665 Rejected 289 283 256 172 2l«' 304 257 275 Declined 87 *'i' 85 42 90 60 84 59 The Negro candidates for admission seem to be in better physical condition than the whites. * Klpley, p. RB4. 6(5 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE Those rejected show the following racial differences: (\innes of rejection among candidates for United Rtatp.ti itrmy: ni.tio per l,»i«i examined 1901 CAUSES OF REJECTION Diseases of nutrition, general.. .... Diseases of the integument and subcutaneous connective tissue Diseases of the ear ...... Other injuries.... Overheight ..... , . .... Underweight.. ......... ............ ............. ............ . .. Mental insufficiency ...... ....... . . .... ( White, i 56,894 Ratio per 1,000 19.05 8.50 2.27 2.8K 20.09 89.0!) 2 86 28.115 1.27 4.34 5.11 4.15 ',» 13 02 2.50 .02 2.74 40 14.40 47 84 .47 Colored. Ratio per l,(H«i 53.50 4.77 " " .53 28.07 15.3(i 8.71 2.12 5.30 2.05 12.18 l.OB 8.71 7.42 33 37 1902 Number examined .... CAUSES OF REJECTION Other infectious diseases...... . Diseases of nutrition, general ... Diseases of the nervous system . Diseases of the digestive" system... Diseases of the respiratory organs ...... Diseases of the genlto-urinary system ............ ....... . Diseases of the lymphatic system and ductless glands Diseases of the muscles, bones, and joints. . .....•-• — : - . Diseases of the integument and subcutaneous connective tissue Diseases of the eve . .... Diseases of the ear . . .. _ ............ . . . Diseases of the nose ............. ... .......... .... .... .... . . Hernia...... Overheight . . ............ Underheight. . ... . Overweight and obesity.. Underweight ........ .... Imperfect physique .. .. Mental insufficiency.. ( White, 1 42,183 Ratio per 1,000 21.57 3.08 1.23 1.88 19.10 S.15 24.04 1.49 - 2.1« 5.41 33.52 8.41 .47 11.02 2.01 P5 .115 .88 11.60 .72 Colored, 3,035 Ratio per l,i i •' 1.9S .91) .111) 8.57 15.82 .6(i 9.55 S.2H .»S> 4.2K 18.1'' 2.3(( Mr 8 24 1.32 q(| .(« 2. or. ifl.ii NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE fiT 1903 \ CAUSES OF REJECTION Special causes Tuberculosis of lungs and other organs ..,.,,..,.. . . Flatfefit . . . ................. - General causes LExcluding those above.] Venereal diseases.. . ...... Diseases of the eye ............ Diseases of the skin and cellular tissue Diseases of the organs of locomotion ....... . .... Imperfect physique. ... ....... 1904 CAUSES OF REJECTION Diseases of digestive system, except hernia. Diseases of organs of locomotion, except spinal curv- Phvsical debility.. ............... ................. ... .. Diseases of gcnito-urinary system (non-venereal) . . Defects of development, except as shown in detail . . . Diseases of respiratory system, except tuberculosis Defects of hearing Diseases of the eye, except defects of vision . ...... Diseases of the circulatory system, except as shown Diseases of the nervous system, except weakness of Weakness of mind . Epidemic diseases. ........ Overweight and obesity .... . ................... Diseases of the ear, except defects of hearing . Ovcrheight (cavalry and Held artillery) ... White, 30,034 Ratio per 1,000 0.21 4.67 •*9.8S .20 12.40 .08 «i.n 55 .65 2 42 4.57 .70 5.1V 10.28 4.77 8 00 12.04 8.40 .03 807 .05 12.93 17.23 1.40 White Ratio per 1,000 100.40 «4 85 »2. iff ' 71 54 55 1.2 40 22 3N.«" 36.87 36.13 211.08 29.00 27.40 22 67 19.31 18.69 17 94 15.70 13.30 12 42 11.8(5 11 :s« 10 Hit 5.85 577 3.28 2.88 2.1(1 1.84 1.60 1 52 10 Colored, 1,271 Ratio per 1,000 7.08 11.80 14.1)5 14 10 3 1(3 .78 51.14 2.86 8.15 .711 8 05 8 C5 3 S3 7.87 8 65 8.15 8 05 8.05 3.93 Colored Ratio per I,0(J» 170 78 68.31 4W.3U 55.03 04.51 13.28 7.5!) 20.87 22.77 37.95 82.26 20.87 » 4!) 20.87 18.118 15.18 13.28 22.77 11.8!) 3.80 15.18 1S.S8 8.80 28.47 l.'JO l.flO S.80 '" 5.09 " t\ 68 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE There is among Negroes a constant excess of venereal disease among unsuccessful applicants, an excess of tuberculosis and poor chest de velopment and a slight deficiency in stature. The whites exceed par ticularly in diseases of digestion, the nervous system, diseases of the genito-urinary system, deficiencies of sight, underweight, imperfec-t physique, heart disease, varicose veins, etc. The general prevalence of sickness is illustrated by the following tables: Effect of disease and injury on the army during 1901, as compared with the fin- responding data for 1900 and for the decade 18SO-189S Total admissions to sick report ..... Per 1,000 of mean strength ..... . Per 1,000 for 1.00. ....... .. ..... . .. Per 1,000 for decnde 18GO-1S 0 . Admissions lor disease ........ Per 1,000 of mean strength ...... . Per 1,000 for previous year. .... Per 1,000 for preceding decade Admissions for injury .... ........... Per 1,000 for previous vear ........ Per 1,000 for preceding decade. ..... Discharges for disability, ail causes. Per 1,000 for previous year. .... Per 1,1)00 for preceding decade. .... Discharges for disease ....... Per l.ttiO of mean strength... Per 1,000 for preceding decade. ..... Discharges for injury ...... ... Per 1,000 of mean strength Per 1,000 for preceding decade. ..... United States Army White 85,857 152,587 1,787.06 2,362 60 l,.-i.i.25 136,244 1,596.18 2,157 97 1,278.01 16.2U3 190.88 IK 1.63 2*724 1,747 2047 23.09 16.71 1,364 15 f8 18.08 13.15 :«1 4.49 5.01 3.56 Colored 7,134 13,16.) 1,845.515 1,841.67 1,504.20 11,726 1,048.67 1,626.57 I,2.:i0.83 1,443 202.27 215.10 2B4.87 »8 13.74 IO.S.7 15.70 74 10.37 13.47 12.42 24 3.36 3.40 3.88 1901-1902 Mean strength, 1002 .... Total admissions to sick report, 1802. Per 1,000 ot mean strength . Per 1,000 for 11,01............. ..... . Admissions for disease, K02. ..... Per 1, of mean strength . . Perl, • for lijoi........... Admissions for injury, 1C02 . . . . Per 1,000 of mean strength .... . Per 1,000 for 1901 Discharges for disability, all causes Per 1,000 of mean strength. Per 1,000 lor 1001..... . 1 Mscharges for disease. .... . Per 1,000 of mean strength . . Per 1,000 for 1001..... .... Dischar es for injury Per 1, ' • 0 of mean strength . . ..... Per 1,000 for 1801. . ........... White troops 71,(>70 122,308 1,700.33 1,787.06 107,174 1,450.10 15,131 211.11 100.88 1,757 20.47 20.68 15.98 275 3.83 4.4U Colored troops 4,273 8,109 1,8.,7.74 1,815.95 7,270 1,703.49 S80 ru.25 202.27 114 26.68 18.74 107 25.04 10.37 1 64 Q Qf> F'Mpino troops 4,826 8,230 1,707.21 7,M!S 1,630.34 371 76 87 13 2.60 1.86 0.83 U.S. Army decade 1891-1900 40,446 691,794 602,417 1,489 4-) 80,377 ?.<).!« 7,133 17.68 5,574 IS 7K 1,559 3 KS In the decade 1890-99 the sickness of Negro troops on account of dis ease was less than that of whites, sim-e then, in 1901 and 1902, it WHK more and in 1903-4 markedly less, although probably foreign servu-c may spoil the comparison: 1903-1904 Proportion per thousand of mean strength ENLISTED MEN White troops. | 1993 t l«.i()4 f Colored troops . . J j 24 50 17 45 11.00 7.41 24.22 5 «4 1002 Injury 251 2 04 .B2 1 57 5 55 1 73 .22 .21 Disease 1,127.32 1, 2iil.il) Mi'1. 3.) 770.84 l,2",:t.70 1,275.08 1,023.21 1,285.03 Con stantly non- effective 50.60 35.62 fil.W 32.05 Injury 287.6(1 243 12 809 8W 255. If. 166.67 209.84 113.88 872i> Days Treated Each Soldier 18 52 13.0:3 22. fiS 11.73 Each cast 18.57 11.08 ir> '.« 10 :B NOTE.—Days for the year 1!OS not suitably consolidated for use in this table. For particular diseases the following tahles are added, showing a smaller sick list for Negroes in nearly everything except lung troubles Even in venereal disease the foreign service of white troops has lead to their excess—a curious commentary on imperialism: 1904 The relative prevalence of certain special diseases among white anH colored troops, with the admission rates per thousand for each race, are shown in the following tables: DISEASE Malaria.. Syphilis ..... Alcoholism.. Dy sen try ..... .. . Gonorrhea . Insanity ... .... Frostbite . Smallpox . . ......... . Tuberculosis. ....... White 6. CO 10.04 51.30 2!l.fiO 26 48 8.82 108.61 1.71 1.30 .2!) .17 5.12 4.41 Colored 0.64 4.17 21.14 18.78 12.18 4.17 86.83 1 60 ».61 .64 .82 8.65 6.41 70 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE Venereal Diseases The following- table shows the prevalence of the venereal diseases as compared with last year and the quinquennial period since the Spanish- American war: Ratios per 1,000 of mean strength Gonorrhea: Years 18.:9-1!!08 Chancroids: Year 1904 . . Year 1S.03 . . . Years 1899-1903 . Kvphilis: "Year li;0l . ... Year 1B03 ... ...... Years 1809-1903 .... Total venereal : Year 1903 ..... Years 1899-1903 ADMITTED While 108.60 85.31 27.73 27.74 29.59 24.40 165.93 137.51 Colored K6.83 69.12 30.12 3-2.67 13.78 13.61 130.73 115 30 Total 107.05 84.09 98.84 •27.i)0 2S 11 27. SH 28.47 23.64 20.5S 16!! 43 135 84 147 :» Malarial Diseases Ratios per 1,000 of mean strength Malarial intermit tent fever: Year 1904 ...... ... Year in; ... .... Malarial remittent or continued fe ver : Year HiH . Years 1SW-1903 ... Pernicious mala rial fever : Year 1904 . Years 1899-1903 . . . Malarial cnchexia: Year IMII .......... Year 1M<:.... ..... Total malarial diseases: Year 1903 . . . Years 1899-1S103 ADMITTED White 46.87 52.83 4.07 7.86 02 .08 1.-84 2.88 51.80 ffi.75 Colored IS 58 30 1(1 224 5.97 .32 1.26 21 15 87.3W Total 43.47 50.66 121.00 8.94 7.8.1 16.011 .02 .07 .IN 1.73 2.30 6.63 49.16 60.88 143. !X> Statistics as to insane and defective are very imperfect and relate only to those in institutions. The census figures for 1903 are as follows: XEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE Negro Insane in Hospitals December 31,1903 71 Continental United States 0,452 North Atlantic States Men .... 4,806 4.R47 South Atlantic States .... 4,135 South Central States. . . 2,779 South . By age these All ages . . Under 15 15-19. ...... 20-24. . 25-29. . 30-34. . . 35-39. 6,W14 figures are given : Negro Insane in tlospita 9,452 40-44. . 78 45-49. . eti-j r*i-ii. ... .. 1,477 55-59...,,,,, . ... 1,877 6(1-64. ........ ... 1,195 fig-(i9. ...... ... IMir, 70 74........ North Central States. Western States.. .. North . Is December 31, 1903 K07 75-79. . . (137 NI-M.... 445 N3-C9 ....- 261 10-P4. , . 214 95-99 ....... 123 100 and over SW Unknown. 1,101 108 27 2H 7 4 To the above may be added 172 feeble minded. The census report says : The largest representation of colored insane is found in the South Atlantic and South Central States, and in each of those states, except Delaware, Went Virginia and Kentucky, the percentages which the colored constitute of the insane in hospitals are much smaller than the percentages which Negroes form of the general population. In Delaware 22.1 per cent of the insane in hospitals on December 31, 1903, were colored, yet the Negroes constituted hut 16.6 per cent of the total population at the last census. In Kentucky, with 13.3 per cent Negroes in the population, 15.6 per cent of the insane in hospitals; were colored. On the other hand, in Alabama and Mississippi, for instance, with respectively 45.3 and .18.7 per cent colored in their population in 1900, the percentages of colored among thT1 insane in hospitals in 1003 were only 27.9 for Alabama and 37.4 for Mississippi. It is unthinkable that, the actual ratio of insane to population among the colored of Delaware or Kentucky should so greatly exceed that of Alabama or Mississippi, or that it should be relatively much higher than in any of the other Southern states. In fact, the available statistics do not show the relative frequency with which insanity occurs among the Negroes, but merely the extent to which they are cared for in hos pitals. The returns from Delaware, West Virginia, Kentucky and a number of Northern states would seem, however, to point to a ratio of insane to popu lation among Negroes which equals if it does not surpass that among the whites. The figures for the blind in 1900 are: The Blind, by Degree of Blindness and Color COLOR Slind Number: White ..... Colored .. Per cent distribution by degree of blindness: White Colored Number per 100,000 population of same color: White ....... 50,538 8,228 100.0 100 0 84.6 89. « Totally Blind 30,*ill 6,11*1 58.7 64.2 45.4 57.6 Partially Blind " 28,172 2,942 46 3 35 8 39.2 82.0 United States Census: Special Report on Insane, etc.. 1904. l> ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE The Blind * Attended school ..... Both. ..... .. ...... Did not attend school.. .. Not stated ........ Colored, partially blind. . . Attended school ........... Other ... Both ........ Did not attend school .... Total 1,084 .370 8 278 8,780 472 2,942 815 1E7 415 243 1,881 216 Childhood {Under SXJ\ 1,516 571 847 154 67 WO 75 913 3SN 142 205 51 4«1 51 Adult life (Wand over) . 3,487 41(6 24 212 200 2,727 834 l,8lil 881 12 105 174 1,278 202 Unknown 273 27 12 4 11 183 63 IfiX 3(i 3 15 18 82 •10 There were nearly 5,000 deaf colored people reported in 1900: Number of Deaf Total.. .. .... . ... ........... Period of life when deafness occurred: Childhood (under 20) . .......... ..... Adult life (20 and over) . ..... Unknown Degree of deafness: Totally deaf. ..... ...... Ability to speak well . Not at all Kex: Male .. Female . Total 89,287 E0,2! 6 85,924 8,067 37,426 51,861 55,EOl 21,389 46,915 42,372 While 84,861 34,B55 2,-..u 84,510 49 771 53,449 8,902 22,010 44,S23 40,188 Colored 4,!.2C, S,48!> 1.269 1(18 2,83ft 2,052 515 2,369 2,692 2,au 9. Mortality* I'lle death rate for coloredf (Negroes,- Indians, etc.,) and white, for the country is: Death Rate Per Thousand Living, United States Regislration area 1890 1900 Colored........... ..... 2SU> 29.6 White ............. .... 19.1 17.8 Registration stales Colored.......... ..... 27.4 25.3 White. .. .. ..... 19.5 17.8 Cities in registration stales Colored.. . .... . 31.5 27.6 White ... .... ....... 22.1 18.6 Country districts in registration stales Colored.................. 18.1 19.0 White ................... 15.8 15.4 •All figures In this section are from United States Census reports unless otherwise noted. i-There are no separate figures for Negroes in 1890. NEGKO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 7:! While the colored death rate greatly exceeds the white, the improve ment is manifest in both races. The greatest enemy of the black race is consumption. The following figures illustrate the chief diseases: Deaths per 100,000 living Negroes 1890 1900 Consumption 546 485 Pneumonia.......... 279 855 Nervous disorders....... 333 SIS Malaria ................ 72 63 The decrease for consumption is very gratifying, but the high mor tality is still a menace. The increase for pneumonia is partially accounted for by the general increase in the country.* In regard to children, these figures tell of the slaughter of the inno cents : To every 1,0(10 living colored children, there are each year the following number who die: Children under 1 year of age 1890 1900 344 Si/T 219 Registration states. . Cities............... Country. . . . Children under 6 years of age Registration states. Cities Country ............ 458 ftSft 204 1890 118 151 fifi 112 132 67 More detailed tables follow : Color and Race in Relation to Deaths Population, deaths and death rates, by race f AREAS Registration record: Registration cities: Deaths ...... Death rate ... Registration states : Population ...... Deaths Death rate. . .... • Cities In registration states: Rural part of registration states: Deaths ..... Death rate.. ... . .... Registration cities in other states: Deaths .... ....... Death rate.. .. . White 27,555,80C 475.64C 17.8 20,;> ..,CC6 367,430 17.9 17, *->.,319 292,61f 17.1 10,IWI,186 184,408 18.4 7.052,134 1(^,210 15.8 10,469,481 188,022 17 5 Negro 1,180,54 35,71' 1,100,E01 34,17> 81.1 330,6 i ! 8,65( 26.2 250,64", 7,118 28.4 80,045 1,582 19.1 849, v,; 31.* Indian 14,010 819 22 8 1,198 BO 50.1 13,296 270 20.8 484 11 22 7 12,812 259 20.2 714 49 fiS. 6 Chinese «,«» 914 18." 46,'-' 6 91? 19. t 13,461 121 9.6 11,892 127 10.7 1,569 2 1.3 35,104 785 22.4 Japanese 8,348 80 8,270 86 10.4 511 3 5 9 433 8 « 11 78 7,837 83 HI li The following table gives some figures for the past: * For whites: IKM, 182.2; 1800.181.8. tTwelfth Census. Vol. III. page Ixlx. 74 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE li P6.10IOQ - CO M -tr" Ol — ' 5Q C^ W i<7 W3 P8.10IOQ SHIM. SSSSS 33 oc^ojo 5^~n ^l^;.^ * t-CO-HCC^H Pi < H i* SPE 5 to 1864 ......... ......... 31 to 1836 9 to 1863 ... 01831'18 s of 1855, ......... .. h to 1774 and , I*)!:- and 18 to 1868. ..... , 1824 to 1829 to 1857 to 186 'tT to 186 1850, 8 , 8 mon and 18 »! si tng l§ sS GO bo ^ (ii • m CP cp • :|s:iisIIlglB I c3'' NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE The general tendency of Negro death rates is well illustrated in the case of the following cities: Negro death rates per 1,WJU YEAR 1875.... .. 1*77 1878. . IS-il . 1882..... 1884 wxr LSN^ 1880. .... 1891 1892 . . 189S 18-.>l 1895 . . IK'6 . . . 1887....... 1MB. 1899.. . 1W>0 . . . urn...... 1902. iW« 1904 . . Washing ton, D. C. 10.74 37. >t' 37 •=•! ST. 71 81.27 30 «9 35 99 31.25 82. M7 32.08 31.118 32.55 31.47 81.47 *_"v!8 28 64 2805 28.44 28 98 23.00 29 S« 27.97 27.17 27.M2 Baltimore, ma. 33 57 31.48 29.86 30 7C 31 61) 3S.06 30.76 28.88 81. «2 30 60 32 80 82. 30 30.76 29.45 31.44 flOKton, Mass. 32 04 "S2.89" 31 08 82 34 31.14 32.74 28.36 24.76 27.66 25 19 2676 26.51 22.117 21.03 New York, N. Y. 25.011 24.36 25.80 23 90 26 61 27.35 27.05 26 27 25.18 S.I.OB 2.1.47 29.74 23.42 "as.'os" CMcrMlo, IlL 24 70 28 :n 30.85 82.75 25.30 23. 41 20.44 21 .80 21.25 as..-« 21.68 24 51 26 511 24 85 23.57 Death rates of Negroex per 1,000 I 1890 Atlanta, Ga....... Baltimore, Md . Charleston, S. C Louisville, Ky. . Memphis, Tenn. . Mobile, Ala... ... Nashville, Term . New Orleans, La. . . ... ... St. Louis, Mo. ........ ... San Antonio, Tex. ... ... Savannah, Ga ... Richmond, Va. .. 33.57 36 41 58.94 31.li- 1900 31 8 31 2 46.7 28.7 29.97 28.6 48.75 30.8 28.92 an 61 84.65 23.24 41.47 40.80 SS. 8 12.4 82.2 22.4 13.3 88.1 The following figures are-for the various causes of death : " Before lw«i. liy llsrn.1 years; by calendar years, beginning with 1HWS. 76 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE United States: death rate per 100,000: 1900* Whooping cough ....... .... Diseases of the liver ........... Diseases of the nervous system Diseases of the urinary organs White 13.1 12 0 45.9 12.1 6.5 23.6 32.4 129.5 173.5 66 7 137.4 184.8 22.8 213.7 99.8 53.5 Negro 15.2 2.6 32.0 28.6 63.2 32.0 67.5 214.0 485.4 48.0 221.1 355.8 20.9 308.0 1B7.3 66.7 Indian 64 2 7.1 7.1 50.6 28.6 171.3 506.8 28 6 92.8 22M.4 7.1 185.6 78.5 50.0 Chinese 6.2 6.2 2.1 22.7 43.2 656 8 49.4 175.0 282 1 51.5 57.6 142.1 16.5 Japanese """is'.b" 107.8 47.9 239.6 24.0 S5.V 56.9 12.0 47.9 85.9 NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 77 The following conclusions may be drawn: The death rate of only one-eighth of the Negro population was re corded in 1900, and far fewer previously. Nine-tenths of the recorded Negro death rates in 1900 refer to the city Negro population, while four-fifths of the Negroes live in the country. Of the 7,000,000 Negroes living in the country the recorded death rates cover only districts where 80,000 live. If the death rate of these dis tricts is true for the whole rural Negro population then the true death rate for the Negro-American is less than 22 per 1,000. In any case the death rate of 30 per 1,000 is au exaggeration and unfair for purposes of comparison with the whites. The Negro death rate is, however, undoubtedly considerably higher than the white. It has decreased notably since ante-bellum times. The excess is due principally to mortality from consumption, pneu monia, heart disease and dropsy, diseases of the nervous system, mala ria and diarrhpal diseases. Negroes have a smaller death rate than the whites in scarlet fever, diphtheria, cancer and tumor, and diseases of the liver. The figures for consumption follow and show a gratifying decrease, but a still large mortality: Death Rates by Color and Nativity Pneumonia, Registration area ... ..... Heart Disease and Dropsy Registration area ... .... Diarrheal Diseases Registration area ....... ...... Diseases of the Nervous System Registration area ..... Year 1SOO ' 1MM KOO 1880 1900 181,0 1COO isao Aggregate 192.0 186.9 140.9 132.1 132.8 183.7 217.2 247.4 White 184.8 182.2 137.4 128.4 129.5 1S0.1 213.7 243.0 Colored 349.0 27SIO 216.6 •204.0 205.8 253.8 294.6 332.9 Figures from four cities follow, in which must be noted the severe climate of Boston and the contrast in the social condition of the two KICPS in Washington: New York—Death rate per 100,000 : 1884-1890 Diseases of nervous system . . . White 318.14 385.05 2h7.25 137.37 241.SI9 Colored 243.72 774.21 324.27 188.17 240.25 Eogtun—Death rate per 100,000: 188^1S90 Heart disease and dropsy ...... White 214.15 378.80 219.06 148.85 243.61 Colored 220.80 762.78 837.28 224.82 248.91 CONSUMPTION Registration area, j Boston . . ........ j New York.......... j Philadelphia ........ Years 1900 1890 1884-80 1880 HIOO 1880 1900 1884-80 1884-SIO Aggre gate 187.3 215.4 White Total 173.5 230.0 378.9 318.14 287.06 Colored Total 4!M.6 546.1 . 762.8 741.6 5SI1.8 514.0 524.6 774.21 603.0 557.36 Baltimore — Death rate per 100,000: 1890 Diarrheal diseases and cholera infantum Consumption .............. ... .... . ..... Diseases of the nervous system.. ...... Heart disease and dropsy ....... Pneumonia . ................. ... ..... Colored 40270 B24.55 335.83 187.2S 350. 6» District of Columbia— Death rate per 100,000: 1890 Figures for the other four of the chief scourges show a large increase for pneumonia with a small increase for whites, an increase for heart disease among both races and a notable decrease in diarrheal and ner vous diseases: "Twelfth Census, Vol. Ill, page Ixx. Diarrheal diseases and cholera 18M.1 lum lun 1895 1900 11104 White 128.5 02.6 106.5 197.1 183.3 164.4 Negro 360.65 ' 858.01 162.411 862.72 214.4 23H.B ' ' 887.2 691.8S 468.2 492.8 4«2.6 l»oa i; nv ' 78 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE Philadelphia: 188/,-90 Diseases of the nervous system . . . 155.30 9W7 flfi 158.77 142.10 315.86 9(1Q fi.J 240.25 3:10.07 The figures for suicide for the last thirty years show an increase: 1880: In every 2,000 colored deaths, one was from suicide. 1890: Death rate for suicide per 100,000 colored persons living . 4.4 1900: Death rate for suicide per 100,000 colored persons living ... 5.8 ( 15-44 .......... 8.6 1000: Death rate for suicide per 100,000 for years < 45-64 .......... .. 4.1 ( 65 and over .... 5.9 The white rate increases in each of the above age periods from 13 to 26.1 to 30.6; the colored rate indicates the peculiar stress of the young. The rate for all accidents and injuries is: 1890: per 100,000.. 1900: per 100,000.. 123.3 187.4 The deaths from alcoholism are not only less than-those for whites, but show a decrease for the last decade: Totalpopulation 1890: per 100,000, colored. . 6.9 1900: peJ 100,000 " 5.0 8.1 7.2 The colored death rate is the smallest of any group except that of children of native American women : Alcoholism COLOR ANI> BIRTHPLACES OF MOTHERS White ....................... ... . Colored. .... Mothers born in United States. . IS to 1,1, 89 3.7 2 9 o 9 8.4 4 4 £!> and over 10.4 4.9 27. !t 12.1 1C 1 The greatest single physical fact affecting the death rate is age, as shown by this table for the registration area: Death rates at certain ages, per l,00fi of population 1900 White ....... Males ...... Females . . . Colored...... Males ...... Females . . . Under 1 168.0 175.9 189.8 371.5 403.9 33D.7 Under 5 49.7 54.2 45.2 118.5 127.2 110.2 Stall, 4.1 4.2 4.0 9.8 9.2 10.2 ie to m 5.9 6.2 5.6 15.6 17.2 14.4 SB to « 9.0 8.1 16.9 18.2 15.6 SS to U 11.1 120 10.1 21.0 21.5 20.4 if, to Si 28.5 19.5 86.7 88.6 84.6 GSandover ——— — 90.4 82.1 108.6 119.8 100.8 The death rate of Negroes is due in no small degree to the neglect and mal-nutrition of children: NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE Deaths under 1 year of aye, per 1,000 o/ population Registration Record 78 White....... Colored .... Total 158.0 S71.5 Cities 171.1 387.0 STATES Total 156.0 343.8 Cities 180.4 3117.2 Rural 116.0 218.9 Cities in other states 161.4 a«S.8 Infant Mortality 1900 Under 1 Year nf Age Born during census year .... .... ... Deaths under I per I,'**' births ... Death rate per 1,000 of population . Under 5 Years nf Age Population.. ... ... ..... Death rate per 1,000 of population ....... Deaths under 5 per l,i » i deaths at all ages Colored 21,406 5,»>5 26,770 7,951 21,7.0 371.6 102,108 12,140 118.5 i!r7.9 Males Females i 10,5!'5 2,1)31 13,526 4,279 316.4 408.9 50,418 6,413 1272 331.8 10,810 2,434 13,244 8,672 277.8 339.7 51,!)90 5,727 110.2 32S.fi On account of the small number of children, comparison of them with Negroes is not valid, although the Negro city population also to a less degree lacks children. The following rates for cities are nevertheless instructive; they refer to 1890 and previous: Boston (1SS4-90)—Death rate per 1,000, including still birth a COLOR ANI> BIRTHPLACES OF MOTHERS White . . Colored . . . United States (white) . England and Wales ... Ireland .......... Hungary.... Bohemia . . ... ...... Italy ...................... ........ Other foreign countries ...... . .... All ages 23.71 31.92 21..; 17.75 27.27 21.41 22.1I6 20.65 10.6!) U'n der ltt,«. 88.71 77.C7 87.76 3(1.36 30.03 42.79 4S.66 44.53 88.14 15 years •md over 18.68 20.1)5 14.79 13.02 24.12 10.42 9.49 8.28 876 Philadelphia for the a years ending 1S84-1890—Death rains j>er COLOR ANI> BIRTHPLACES OF PERSONS White ..... ... .. United States (white) .. England a nd Wales ...... Ireland ............ Philadelphia All ages 22.6!) 31.25 25.17 >).78 19.10 Under 15 Yrs. •eoiss 88.83 8.85 5.62 15 years and over 17.27 20.1)4 17.57 10.65 19.48 \ 80 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE New York and Brooklyn (1884-1890)—Death rates per 1,000, including still births COLOK AND BIRTHPLACES ov MOTHERS White mothers born in- United States ....... ...... Kngland anil Wales . .... Scotland ..... Scandinavia ... ...... Hungary ....... ..... New York All ages 2986 83.27 32.48 27.C.7 82.51 26.60 2328 2427 14A5 2«.B7 23.47 22.43 43.57 85.2,1 21.24 Under 15 Yrs 53.28 75.71 64.01 50.53 50.87 4371 47CH 46.97 J-«7 B2.06 57.83 47.21 82 57 7C.41 40.68 15 years and over a 1.86 23.57 15.91 20.78 28.01 21.91 17.^ 17 04 6.21 16.71 13.43 8.45 20.31 12.27 1800 Brooklyn All ages 25.90 30.B4 27.49 20.51 27.14 1K.62 17.22 23.18 13.98 111.04 19.46 11.27 52.08 24 11 27.58 Under 15 Yrs. 44.71 63.75 45.76 XlA'i 43.84 2986 27.81 44.31 27.03 33.44 4550 21.16 90.111 53 62 56.11 15 years ana over 17.6S 2(1.00 13.811 16.95 22.08 16.41 14.4:: 15.46 B..S;, 14.83 11.18 520 8175 7.ki> 18. 9« There has been great improvement in Negro infant mortality during the last decade and possibly during the last two decades; the defective counting of children, however, in 1880 makes these figures for the Dis trict of Columbia and Baltimore doubtful: Infantile Mortality CHARACTER OF RATES Number of deaths of children under ) 1 year of age, per 1,000 of corre- > spending population ............... ) Number of deaths during the census ) year, per 1,000 children born within > Number of deaths under 1 year of j age, per 1,000 deaths at all ages. . . . ( White.... Colored White.... Colored . . White.. . Colored . . Total Total. Total. Total. Total. Total. Baltimore 1890 .'•s 60 512.63 225.70 400. W' 274.86 83875 1S80 208 s»i 440.19 177.54 305.79 251 44 353.85 1S90 1M7.83 491. HI 186.44 376.99 210.58 802.80 1880 194 73 407.2(1 173 3d 821.52 262.68 349.67 The following comparison for registration states and their cities shows the improvement in infant mortality from 1890 to 1900: Death rate of children under 1 year of age COI..OR White----iiS»:: Colored j]f|»:: RECJISTKATION RECOBD Total 249.88 158.0 494.27 3T1.5 Regis tra tion cities 278.19 171.1 525.18 :W7.0 Registration States Total 241.40 150.0 457.83 848.8 Cities 2B7.22 180.4 679.77 397.2 Rural 187.63 116.0 204.49 218.9 Registra tion cities in other states 2>ii.67 161.4 609.61 :S*L8 4 NEGBO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 81 Death rates per 1,000 of population at certain ages, by color and sex: 1890-1900 White: 1890 ..... 11'K>. .... Colored: wo.. .. 1900 . . Registration States VI y> to a 1 — * , a 63.3 48.9 118.5 112.0 to si .-«- ^ -u »0 5.2 37 10.2 87 cc ~g o >-. 4J l£3 9.3 7.8 14.4 12.7 to 3s S>, ITS 212 20.1 28.6 29.4 i- to Q) 3 5 £•0 SgS 765 >ci-7 84.9 93.4 a & o c a a *-> 350 25.8 16.4 15.5 Cities in Registration States so OJ be C3 *"! < 21.9 18.4 31.5 27.6 to »n V. i, a a; a; •0'"- c 78.8 9S.3 151.4 131.6 to ^, S^ 0^ •i^ ITS .6.1 4.2 12.0 9.9 to *8 $>• ^ 10.7 8.6 16.1 13.!) EO *S 5D w (L s>> « 26.1 24.1 ;•:•, 5 82.3 ^ a; S.fe & QJ-C f*t £ gc3 88.4 80.6 98.1 105.4 a 1 c J4 a t^ 21.8 16.5 6.4 7.5 How much is the Negro death rate affected by environment? One has only to compare the wretched Negro quarters of Charleston and New Orleans, with a death rate of over 40 per 1,000, with the far better, although not ideal, conditions in Atlanta and Louisville, with a death rate of iO per 1,000. It is further illustrated in Baltimore and Washing ton by these tables, giving the death rate for Negroes per 100.000 for six years (1884-90) according to the simple matter of altitude above sea level (still born excluded): DISTRICTS Under 25 feet above 25-60 ... ........ .. 60-75... 100 and over . .... Washington Total 87.48 37.06 31.87 8255 31 23 Under 5 years 1W.6H 155.21 159 57 157.89 186.11 Baltimore Tntal 44.65 38.51 34.84 2808 2*21 Under 5 years •Ji 11.30 11:4.03 156.08 148.811 145.58 When \vo remember (hat the highest death rate among occupations is for laborers and servants (20.2 per 1,000), we see here another contribut ing cause of high Negro mortality. Perhaps the army furnishes the. best test of the normal Negro death rate with all disturbing factors eliminated save physical and to some extent social heredity. War and foreign service vitiate comparisons to some extent: •Effect of disease find injury on the army during 1'Ml, as compared with the corresponding data for 1900 and for the decade 1R90-1X99 Mean strength, 11.01 Per 1,(»0 for 1!' >:< .. ..... Per 1,000 decade 181,0-181)9. . Deaths from all causes ...... Per 1, < of mean strength Per 1,( 1 1 for 1900 . ..... ... ... Per 1,0(10 for decade 18 • I-18J9. Deaths from disease. ........... Per 1,000 of mean strength Per 1,000 for 1900 ..... . - - - Per ],000 for decade 18'"-18!)9 . . Per 1,000 of mejm strength Per 1,000 for 11,00 .......... ... Per 1,000 for decade 1890-1899. . . United States Army White 1 Colored &5,357 7,134 2,352." 1,841.07 l,F,05.25 1,504.20 1,174 | 115 33.75 16.12 22.79 22.21 11.89 11.71 7!i2 , 84 9.28 18.18 IS.-. 14.1,7 8.54 7.77 382 21 4.48 2.M 6.93 7.24 8.85 3.94 \ iff 82 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE 1902 Deaths from all causes. ....... ..... Per 1,000 of mean strength . . ..... Deaths from diseases. .....--.-. Per 1,000 of mean strength ... Deaths from injury. .... . .. .... Per 1,000 of mean strength. . . . . .. White troops 71,679 1,032 14.40 13.75 8;i(i 11-fiS 838 I8(i •2.74 Colored troops 4,273 103 2411 1612 87 20 ;> 10 •ii.75 2.84 Filipino troops 4,826 116 24.04 109 22.5!) 7 1.45 U.S. Army decade ism-woo 5,! 60 14.73 4,228 10.45 1,732 4.2s 1903-1904 Proportion per 1,000 of mean strength ENLISTED MEN Colored troops Porto Rican troops Filipino troops. ..... ( li-04. . ( 11104 - JHKi.- i HIM. . •• i 1103.. ) 1804. . f 1W*.. Mean strength B5,(518 55,518 3,121 8,188 540 578 4,610 4,78!l Total 6.6.J S.48 7.78 11.31 3.70 22.34 2L51 DIED Disease 3.72 6.54 11.42 8.70 7.58 18.17 Injury 2.SI7 £.a\t 1.25 1.89 14.75 3.84 Mr. E. B. Wright, A. M., fellow of the University of Pennsylvania, furnishes the following memorandum on the death rates of Negroes in Northern cities: The Negro population of the North is chiefly an urban population ; 7(> per cent of the Negroes live in cities, and a large proportion of these in cities of 100,000 and over. The general opinion is that the death rate of Negroes is higher in the North than in the South. This is untrue. The crude death rates of the Negroes in the Northern cities are lower-than those in the Southern cities: dniflf derith rates, based mi, census WOO NORTHERN CITIES NfewYork. Chicago . . ... Philadelphia Hoston . ...... Indianapolis . Columbus, (> Cleveland Cincinnati Pittsburg Newark New Haven Buffalo Death rate per one thousand population Colored 21.3 21.6 21.3 25 5 23.8 21 2 18^0 29 5 25 !l 211 7 31.8 25 5 Total 20.6 16.2 21.2 20 1 1(>.7 15 8 17.1 18 6 •20.0 19 8 17.2 14 8 SOUTHERN CTTIKS Washington, 1). C . Baltimore.Md...., . . New Orleans, -La. . . Memphis, Tenn Louisville, Kv. . St. Louis, Mo. . Atlanta, Go.... Richmond, Va.. .. Nashville Tenn.. Savannah, Gft. .. Charleston, 8. C.. . . Norfolk, Va .. Death rate per one thousand population Colured * Total 31.0 31.2 12 4 28 6 28.7 32 2 31 :8 38.1 32.8 13 3 4C>7 33.8 22 R 21 <> 28 !l 25.1 20 0 17 8 26 PHYSIQUE 83 The foregoing table shows that of the large cities, the eight highest death rates are Southern cities—Charleston, Savannah, New Orleans, Richmond, Norfolk, Va., Nashville, St. Louis and Atlanta. Thirty deaths per 1,000 seems to be the dividing line between the Northern cities and the Southern, most of the Southern cities having a rate above 30, while most of the Northern cities have a rate below 30. Chicago, with about the same population of Negroes as Charleston and Nashville, has less than one-half as many deaths per 1,000 as the former and two-thirds as the latter. New York, with about the same population as New Orleans, has about two-thirds as many deaths per 1,000; Norfolk has twice the rate of Indianapolis. An analysis of the Negro population in these cities, however, gives the North a decided advantage, in that the number of children is less in the North than in the South and since the first five years of life have a very high mortality, that section having a smaller proportion of chil dren all other things being equal, ought to show the lowest general crude death rate. The United States census has a way of correcting the returns by a system of weighting which takes into consideration the varying proportions of different ages, and corrects accordingly. Unfortunately, however, we are unable to secure extensive figures on this subject for Negro deaths but such as we have lead to confirm rather than vitiate the above conclusion that Negro death rates are higher South than North: Corrected Crude rate rate SOTTTHI Washington, D. C New Orleans .. - Nashville .... Charleston .. NOKTH : Boston ...... Cincinnati . Cleveland... Columbus, O... Indlanapolls .. Newark ..... New York. Pittsburg.-.. 31.0 12.4 32.8 46.7 25. B •29 B 18.0 21.2 23.8 28.7 20.3 25.fl 87.2 46.6 88.5 54 .(1 30.2 35.0 24.7 25.4 28.3 8B.2 40.0 31.7 It Uarrying the argument further, there are two matters of evidence which can not he controverted. (1) In the diseases peculiar to man hood, the North has no advantage but a real disadvantage since a larger proportion of the Negro inhabitants in the Northern cities is be tween the ages of 15 and 50, than is the case in the Southern cities. (2) Tuberculosis is a disease of adult life, attacking those chiefly past 15 years of age and is most prevalent between 20 and 30. According to a bulletin published by the Illinois state board of health (The Cause and Prevention of Consumption, 1905), 26.22 per cent of the deaths from all <-.auses for persons between 20 and 50 in 1902-1903. were , 84 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFEEENCE from consumption and nine-tenths of the deaths from consumption were of persons between these ages: Death rates of Negroes in Northern and Southern cities from consumption ; Cen sun ISOii NOBTHERN C ITIES : Philadelphia..... Chicago ........ ...... Boston ........ Indianapolis ... Cincintatl. ... Pittsburg . ...... Newark ..... ... New Haven . . Rate per 100,000 583.4 4fH4 537.6 742.4 474.5 393.2 627.7 383.8 416.5 1W.O SOUTHERN CITIES: "Washington ..... . . ..... Baltimore .... New Orleans ....... Memphis...... ..... Louisville, Ky. Atlanta ......... Richmond, Va. Nashville .. .... Savannah. .... .... Norfolk .... Hate per 100,000 513.8 447.7 62.).5 878.5 40(5.2 5!)4.1 505.8 474.4 638.5 629.6 546.6 Here we see that the highest rate, to be sure, is in Boston, one of the most northernly cities, while the second, third and fourth are Southern cities. Of the 24 cities, four in the North : New York, Boston, Chicago and Cincinnati, have a rate above 1,500 per 100,000, while eight of the Southern cities, Washing-ton, New Orleans, St. Louis, Atlanta, Nash ville, Savannah, Charleston and Norfolk, Va., have a rate about this number. Only one of the Southern cities falls below the rate of 400 per 100,000. while three of the Northern cities do. As is true of manhood it is also true of infancy, that the North has no advantage which is purely statistical, i. e. relating to age distribu tion. Here again the Southern cities are in excess of the Northern cities. I have shown in the following table not the relative number of infant deaths to the total population; for that would be unfair to the South for the reason above stated—that infants form a greater percentage of the total population ; but the relattve'number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age to the number of births in one year. The highest mortality is represented by Savannah, Ga,., with 409.3 deaths to every 1,000 births—an extreme and alarmingly high figure. The other cities come in the following order after Savannah : Charles ton, Newark, N. J., Washington, D. C., Mobile, Richmond, Va., Balti more, New York, Atlanta, Norfolk, St. Louis, Nashville, New Orleans, Memphis, Louisville, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Indianapolis, Cincin nati, Chicago, Boston. This list is significant for being led hy the South and ended by the Northern cities. Of the highest 10, 8 are South ern cities, of the highest 15, 13 are Southern: NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 86 Infantile Mortality Death rates of colored and white under 1 year of age, -per 1,000 births: Census 1900 NORTHERN CITIES New York , . , , ...... Philadelphia .... Infantile Mor tality White 9K.8 241.6 246.5 251.7 255.1 347 6 374.3 169 6 Colored 172.4 ISit.O 151.3 144 3 157.9 167 0 158.1 SOUTHEKN CITIES Memphis . . .... ....... Louisville.. . ...... New Orleans. Nashville ........ ...... Norfolk... ...... Baltimore ..... Mobile ............. .... District of Columbia . . Savannah.... Infantile Mor tality White 275.0 264 9 298.6 2H9.1 316.5 816.9 823.9 856.4 360.4 SlUi. 6 866. 0 879.5 409.3 Colored 162.1 134.7 164.4 148.6 138.7 167 7 218.3 177.6 175.8 ' 18S.7 158.8 220 3 299.7 ' All of the foregoing- argument shows that death rate in this country does not altogether depend upon climate; that it is a factor which can be easily overcome, and the Negroes of this generation are rapidly overcoming it. That there is something more important than climate:, may be gained from the observation that almost uniformly the North ern white death rate, like the Northern Negro death rate, is lower than that of the South. Indeed the Negro Northern death rate in many places is lower than that of the whites in many Southern cities. The white death rates of Charleston and Savannah are higher than the Ne gro rate of Philadelphia, Indianapolis and Chicago. Charleston's white rate is higher than Boston's Negroes. The whites of New Orleans. Richmond, Charleston, Savannah, Atlanta, Mobile and Memphis are all higher than the Negroes of Chicago. And the infantile mortality among the Negroes of Pittsburg, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Chicago and Boston, is lower than that of Savannah, Ga., among the whites; Boston's Negro mortality is lower than Atlanta's, Charleston's and Savannah's white infant mortality. Again, we are accustomed to connect, with the cold climate deaths from consumption and pneumonia and grippe (bronchitis). WTe need not lay much stress on consumption as that has already been discussed. For pneumonia, Baltimore, a Southern city, leads the list, then fol low New York, Pittsburg, Memphis, Richmond, Nashville, Philadel phia, New Haven, St. Louis, Savannah, New Orleans, Louisville, Cin cinnati, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Norfolk, Newark, Washington, Indianapolis, Charleston, Mobile and Cleveland. A Southern city leads; 3 out of the highest are Southern; 6 out of 10; 9 out of 15; 11 out of 20. Boston is lower than Atlanta or Savannah or New Orleans. The coldest cities—Chicago, Boston and Cleveland— stand 15th, 16th and 22nd in the list. For influenza, Charleston, the highest Southern city, is three times as high as the highest Northern city. The order is Charleston,Norfolk. 86 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE Nashville, Richmond, Atlanta,Washington, Pittsburg, Newark, Indian apolis, New Haven, Boston. Savannah, Baltimore, Louisville, New York. Chicago comes last, except Cleveland and Cincinnati, which do not report any cases at all. A study of deaths by months in Philadelphia also tends to discredit the theory that Negroes are at a special disadvantage in the cold cli mate. The highest monthly average of deaths from all causes for five years for Negroes was in April, though January for whites. The second was May for Negroes and March for whites. The third was July for both Negroes and whites. The lowest, September for Negroes and October for whites, while December was next lowest for Negroes. For the past five years—1901 to 1905, inclusive,—there were 1,589 deaths among Negroes from consumption, an average of 26.5 per month. Strange to say the highest average for any month during these five years was April, the next July and May, and the next October—every one of the winter months was below the average. For the five years the average deaths of consumption among Negroes for the month of Octo ber was less than April, December less than June, January less than July, February slightly above August, March below September. For pneumonia, inflammation of the lungs, we have the opposite: For the years 1901, 1902, 1903 there were 698 deaths of 19.4 per month. Above this average were January, February, the highest point, March, April, November and December, while below it were the summer months, May, June, July, August, September and October. The point is that the season does not have any very materially differ ent effect upon the Negroes than upon the whites, save that the total death rate from this disease is greater among Negroes all of the year round, but that there is not the greater difference in the winter months which might be expected. Let us now come to the subject of the Northern Negroes' general phy sical condition. For this purpose let us take a special city. That city is Philadelphia, and for many reasons. Ft is the largest, the oldest and most conservative city and is quite representative of the Negroes' pro gress in the North, but comparisons with other cities will be made as are deemed necessary to' the better understanding of the Philadelphia situation. The first thing which strikes us is the difference between the white and Negro death rates, which are given in the following table: Year 1895. 1896... 1897... L898.... .... 18«9 .. 1900... ... 1901. ..... 1902......... 1903.... 1904.... 1905 ....... Total ....... Average.... Total rate Colored rate 20.44 20.17 18.72 19.18 18.75 19.38 18.26 17.67 18 82 16.65 17.51 87.15 18.72 22.3 20.5 21.0 21.4 21.6 2«.6 25.2 24.8 19.8 19.7 20.0 22.02 22.02 per 1,000 NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 87 The average death rate for Philadelphia for ten years from 1896-1905, inclusive, was 18.72 per 1,000, while the average for colored was 22.02 per 1,000—a difference of 3.30 per thousand against the colored persons. What is shown for Philadelphia here over a course of years also holds good for every Northern city. The colored population in 1900 comprised 4.9 per cent of the total popiir lation of Philadelphia (Negro 4.7). In 1906. colored population was about 5.6 per cent of the entire popula tion and composed during the entire six years 1900-1905, inclusive, an average of about 5.2 per cent. During these years there were 149,786 deaths, of which 9,514 or 6.3 per cent were of colored persons, 1.1 per cent or 165 more deaths than there normally should have been if the colored persons keep their average. What is true of Philadelphia is true of New York, Boston, Indianapolis, Chicago and all Northern cities. Examining the table of deaths, we find out of just what diseases Negroes die to a larger extent than they comprise of the total popula tion. This gives some idea of the diseases to which Negroes are espe cially susceptible: Table shoving number of Negroes dying in Philadelphia from specific causes, the percentage of such deaths to the total number of deaths from each cause, and the percentage of such deaths to the total number of Negro deaths, 1900 1 DISEASE Syphilis.... ...... Marasmus .......... Whooping cough.. ...... 1 Consumption....... .. .... | Inflammation of lungs ...... • Inflammation of brain ....... • Child birth ...... K Typhoid fever . . • Cholera infantum . ...... P Premature births. . ........... • Inflammation of kidneys... . • Dysentry ...... I Heart disease... 1 Bright's disease .... I Anemia Chlorosis • Diphtheria • Cancer. ...... . • Alcoholism . • Old age ...... • Diabetes. ..... • Apoplexy ...... 1 Fatty degeneration of heart. Softening of brain. . Scarlet fever . .... . . Other diseases . Total .... Number 8 101 14 287 (i7 260 51 S 35 52 87 42 51 4 89 22 3 86 25 3 19 3 22 8 4 2 0 0 3C.T 1,665 ^"3 ro u w &S*&8 20.5 11.5 11.2 10.7 8.9 8.4 8.4 8.1 7.8 7 3 7.1 7.0 6.8 6.7 6.3 5.9 5.9 4.8 4.8 4.0 8.3 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.4 • 2.3 1.2 4.1 T.2 c"e 02 ?s£i l^- .5 6.1 .8 17.2 4.0 15.0 3.1 .2 2.1 .2 3.1 5.2 3.5 3.1 0.2 6.0 1.3 2 .2 2 2 1.5 .2 1.1 .2 1.8 2 .2 2 .1 21.7 100.00 r •. t TTnlted States Bulletin of Labor, No. 41, pp. 807-14. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 93 United Order of True Reformers." The, chief purpose of incorporation was "to provide what is to be known as an endowment or mutual benefit fund;" the capital stock was "to be not less than one hundred dollars nor more than ten thousand dollars, to be divided into shares of the value of five dollars each ; " the company was to hold real estate "not to exceed in value the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars;" the principal office was " to be kept in the city of Richmond," and the officers named in the charter for the first year were Rev. William W.Browne, Richmond, Va., grand worthy master; Kliza Alien, Petersburg,Va., grand worthy mistress; R. T. Quarles, Ashland, Va., grand worthy vice-master; H. W. Button, Richmond, Va., grand worthy chaplain; Peter H. Woolfolk, Richmond, Va., grand worthy secretary; Robert I. Clarke, Centralia, Va., grand worthy treasurer. These, with six others, com posed the board of directors for the first year. Thus the True Reformers started on their way as a full-fledged joint stock corporation whose chief aim was to provide a form of what is known as mutual beneficial insurance for its members. In 180K the charter was amended so that a part of section 2 should read as follows; " The said corporation shall issue certificates of membership to its members and shall pay death benefits to the heirs, assigns, personal or legal representatives of the deceased members;" and section 4 as follows: " The real estate to be held shall not exceed in value the sum of five hundred thousand (.$500,000) dollars." Up to December, 1901, the last report of the organization shows that it had paid in death claims $606,000 and in sick dues $1,500,000 and that the membership was over 50,000, having increased 18,000 in the preceding year. The increase in twenty years from a membership of 100 and a capital of $150 t« a membership of over 50,000 with payments to members aggregating over $2,000,000, and with real estate aggregating $_"?%500 in value, constitutes an excellent showing. But it is not the growth nor even the existence of the Grand Fountain of the True Reformers as a mutual insurance association, with its small army of employees, that causes it to be considered here; it is the affiliated by-products, to use an industrial expression, that are of interest and that may prove to be of great economic value to the Negro race. Among these are a savings bank, a real estate department, a news paper, old folk's homes, co-operative grocery stores and a hotel. 11. Hospitals Hospitals and careful nursing are sorely needed by Negroes. As a little North Carolina hospital reports: The hospital there has "had a wonderful effect on the death rate among our people during the last decade. The deaths used to be three to one when compared with the whites, while the colored population was only about one-half as large as the white population. But since we have had the trained nurse, there is a marked change." In the North, Negroes are admitted to the general hospitals; in the South they have separate wards or distinct institutions; outside the public hospitals which receive colored patients there are the following private hospitals of which this Conference has knowledge: ALABAMA.—Harris Sanitarium, Mobile; Colored Infirmary, Eufaula; Hoe- pital, Birmingham ; Hospital, Tuskegee. ARKANSAS.—Colored Sanatorium, Little Rock. 94 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE DISTKICT OF COLUMBIA.—Freedman's Hospital, Washington. FLORIDA.—Bruster Hospital, Faxville. GEORGIA.—Georgia Infirmary, Savannah; Charity Hospital, Savannah; McVickar, Spelman Seminary, Atlanta; Lamar Hospital, Augusta; Burrus Sanitorium, Augusta. INDIANA.—Colored Hospital, care of Dr. Dupee, Evausville. ILLINOIS.—Provident Hospital,Chicago. KANSAS.—Douglass Hospital, Kansas City; Mitchell Hospital, Leavenworth. KENTUCKY.—Ked Cross Hospital, Covington; Citizens' National Hospital, Louisville; Louisville National Medical College. MISSOURI.—Provident Hospital, St. Louis. MARYLAND.—Provident Hospital, Baltimore. MISSISSIPPI.—Tougaloo University Hospital, Tougaloo. NORTH CAROLINA.—Pinehnrst Infirmary, Piiiehurst; Lincoln Hospital, Durham; St. Agnes Hospital, Raleigh; State's Hospital,Winston; Good Sa maritan Hospital, Charlotte; Shaw University, Raleigh. NEW YORK.—Colored Home and Hospital, New York. OHIO.—Colored Hospital, Cincinnati; Colley's Hospital, Cincinnati. PENNSYLVANIA.—Douglass Hospital, Philadelphia; Mercy Hospital, Phila delphia. SOUTH CAROLINA.—Nurse Training School, Charleston. TENNESSEE.—Hairston Infirmary, Memphis; Mercy Hospital, Nashville; Dr. J. T. Wilson's Infirmary, Nashville; The Clinic, Memphis. TEXAS.—Colored Hospital, Dallas. VIRGINIA.—Richmond Hospital,Richmond; Woman's Centra] League Hos pital, Richmond. NAME Lincoln Hospitals, etc. ... Slater ............ Good Samaritan Dixie.......... .. PLACE New York, N.Y. ..... Washington, D. C.. . Chicago, 111........... Raleigh, N. O. Philadelphia, Pa. . . . Charleston, S. C.. ..... Winston-Salem. N. C. Louisville, Ky . . . . . Charlotte, N. C. .... . Hampton, Va. ........ Founded 1838 I89li 18C6 1807 IH01 1891 1 Hi-fi 1891 Patients last year 3,'.:04 * 1,216 1OT '"282 71 328 163 200 248 Annual income $115,115 25.284 12,000 8088 11,151 Graduates in nurse- training 47 74 27 15 18 11 '"i2 83 REMARKS Old and important charity work. 024 51. Part of St. Augus tine's school. Part olNat.Med.Col. Affiliated with the Hampton lust. Many of these hospitals have interesting histories: The Colored Hospital and Home of New York was founded hy a relative of John Jay and went through the draft riots. The Freedman's Hospital grew out of the war. The Provident Hospital is one of the best organized and most efficient in the country. It has easily solved the color question, admitting both white and colored patients and employing white and colored physicians. Other institutions have been less successful. The Colored Hospital and Home of New York will not allow Negro physi cians to practice in it, nor will the McVickar Hospital of Atlanta allow * Also 4,953 patients treated in dispensary. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 96 them to operate, although it is part of a great missionary school for Negroes. 12. Medical Schools There are at present five medical schools for the especial training ol Negro physicians. In order of size and importance these institutions are: WALDEN UNIVERSITY.—Mcha ; Medical College. Founded 1876 at Nash ville, Tenn. Endowed, and under care of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Four buildings: The main building is constructed of brick, is 40 feet wide and BO feet in length and four stories in height including the basement. The ground floor is used as laboratories for practical work in chemistry ; the second noor for office, museum and dwelling apartments; the third floor contains a lecture room of sufficient size to accommodate 100 students, recitation room and cabinet of materia medica; the fourth story-is fitted for lecture room. The Dental and Pharmaceutical Hall, with new laboratory annex, contains a dental operatory, two dental laboratories and a reading room; three rooms for pharmaceutical work, laboratory for analytical chemistry ; historical and pathological laboratory; clinical amphitheatre, with waiting rooms for pa tients ; recitation room and museum. The new Meharry Auditorium is located on a lot north of Meharry College and fronting 011 Maple street. It has an extreme width of 62 feet, with a length of 91 feet. The foundation rests on solid rock. The walls of the basement are built of stone and are 10 feet in height. Mercy Hospital, which is located at 811 South Cherry street, is a two-story structure of 12 rooms and contains 23 beds, most of which are of the latest hospital pattern. Courses of study Kinds Months per year Years Medical ....... 7 4 Dental .......... 6 4 Pharmaceutical. 6 3 9 2 Nurse training. Number of teachers, lC05-18(Hi, 84. Number ol students, Medical Dental 1HI5-1SC6 ... ....... 820 88 Number graduates.. 738 74 HOWARD UNIVERSITY.—Howard University Medical Department. Founded | 1867 at Washington, D. C. Supported by the United States government. Buildings: The Medical College and Freedman's Hospital. Pharmaceutical Nurse training 35 6 85 15 Courses of study: \ Number ol teachers, 44. Number of students, lSOo-l«fl6. ..... . .... Graduates, 1800 . .... Kinds Medical . Dental...... .... Pharmaceutical. Nurse training. Medical Dental 147 81 542 fi7 Months per year 8 8 8 9 PJiarvn aceulical 26 108 Years 4 3 3 2 Nurse training SHAW UNIVERSITY.—Leonard Medical School. Founded 1882 at Raleigh, I N. C. Supported by the Northern Baptists. Buildings: The Leonard Medical building is on the site donated by the I North Carolina legislature. This building contains the lecture rooms, amphi theatre, laboratory, dissecting rooms, etc., and has been fitted up at some I expense. The Medical Dormitory contains rooms to accommodate 60 students. A hospital building containing three wards affords the students clinical liustruction. A dispensary has been completed and is in operation. It has two rooms, one lin which to receive students, the other in which to make necessary examina 1 tions. 96 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFEBENCE Courses of study: Kinds Months per year Years Medical......... 7 4 Pharmaceutical. 7 3 Number of teachers, 1905-1006,12. Number of students, Medical ISU5-IW6 ............. 147 Number of graduates SS6 Pharmaceutical 31 NEW OBLEAKS UNIVERSITY, Flint Medical College. Founded 1889 at Ne\v Orleans, La. Supported by Methodist Episcopal Church. Buildings: The building has a front of 22 feet and a depth of 114 feet; it is a large three story brick structure. The lot oil which the building stands, 114x 64 feet, affording rooni for an addition to the building. The value of the entire Courses of study : Kinds Years 4 3 2 -^-.— Months per year Medical .......... 7 Pharmaceutical. 7 Nurse training. 12 Number teachers, 11. „ Medical Pharmaceutical Niirse training Number students... 65 13 '3 Number graduates. .73 8 38 LOUISVILLE NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE.—Founded 1887 at Louisville, Ky- Buildings: The college building is equipped with laboratories and modern appliances. Alumni Hall is a two story brick building in the rear of the college, which will be devoted to laboratory work in bacteriology, histology and pathology, fhe first floor will be devoted to chemistry and pharmacy. The hospital is well equipped. Coiirses of study: Kinds Months per year YCG.TS Medical.......... 7 " 4 Pharmaceutical. 7 g Nurse training.. ' a Number teachers, 1805-1906, 23. NHm;t), Mt!ai<™l Pharmaceutical Nurse training iwOo-iyOo ........ 47 g Number graduates.! KS 'i u There was a medical department at Knoxville College, Tennessee, opened in 1895, but it was soon discontinued. It had two graduates. 13. Physicians The census reports the following Negro physicians: Their ages were: 1890— 909; male 794, female 115. 1100—1-,7B4; male 1,574, female 160. Increase per cent—90.7 per cent. 16-24 years. 25-34 " . . 85-44 " 45-54 " 55-64 " . . 65 and over. Unknown.. 1890 96 204 187 135 111 104 12 1900 95 607 532 257 -122 105 16 Total 909 1,734 From the Negro medical schools there were the following living- grad uates at two periods, 1895 and 1905: NEGEO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE Negro Physicians, 1895 Meharry Medical College. . Total .... ........ y rt i> £ "J 5 1 13 t* •^ 17 2 3 22 C3 r^ o fe 7 2 11 C3 M 3 19 9 7 39 ^ * 12 9 2 23 53 C bn £ IK Oi i^ 2 2 ^ O 210 54 fil 19 24 W 385 Negro Physicians, 1905 STATES District of Columbia. ......... Ohio... ....... . .... ... ... Texas Virginia ........ ............. West Virginia.. ...... British West India Islands... West Africa ................... Known to be dead .... ........ Howard 5 2 2 1 3 11« 5 18 5 1 6 1 5 2 10 3 2 IS 9 IB 17 2 IB 3 12 1 fi 1 17 2 1O 2 3 6 344 ? Meharry 37 51 2 5 83 18 3 13 52 16 2 23 35 2 3 3 5 2 11 111 71 2 1 2 1 57!) 72 Leonard in 1 2 2 16 3 5 5 2 45 1 6 1 17 1 48 8 2 1 , 184 15 Louisville 1 1 2 13 51 2 1 3 1 3 1 1 83 ? Flint 4 1 8 9 1 2 62 4 Total 62 62 6 8 3 122 40 83 25 18 23 3 19 113 50 2 13 3 34 50 2 19 63 24 41 116 86 1 68 2 22 2 3 11 2 2 ] ] 1252 Northern schools. 98 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE l/l In addition to these there are, 1906, at least 213 Negro graduates of the Northern medical schools of the country. A circular was sent to all the medical schools in the country, asking if they had Negro students or graduates and their character, etc. The Southern schools, except those for Negroes, do not receive colored stu dents, and most of them simply stated this fact. Others replied as follows : We have never had a Negro pupil in the Baltimore Medical College. One such pupil would, I am sure, be a great injury to our class on entering. Baltimore, Md. BALTIMORE MEDICAL COLLEGE. If you are looking for " niggers " go to Boston or other " nigger " loving com munities. None, thank God ! ! None, by God, sir! And what's more, there never will be any here. St. Louis, Mo. (L. C. M. MoELWEE, Dean.) The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore does not, never has, and never will admit Negroes to its lecture halls and work. COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND STTRGEONS. There are no niggers in this school and there never have been and there never will be as long as one stone of its building remains upon another. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OP GEORGIA. The Hospital College of Medicine never matriculated a " coon " in all its history and never will so long as I am Dean. HOSPITAL COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF CENTRAL U NIVE KSITY. Louisville, Ky. The practice of some of the border states varies. The following do not receive Negroes: University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky. Southwestern Homeopathic Medical College, Louisville, Ky. Baltimore University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. University of Nashville, Nashville, Tenn, Barries Medical College, St. Louis, Mo. Woman's Medical College, Baltimore, Md. University Medical College, Columbia, Mo. Hospital Medical College, Memphis, Tenn. A. M. Medical College, St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis University, Medical Department, St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis (!ollege of Physicians and Surgeons, St. Louis, Mo. University of Tennessee, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn. University of Iowa, Department of Medicine, Keokuk, la. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 99 Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Louisville Medical College, Louisville, Ky. The following schools have never had Negro students; although some would admit them if they applied, others would not: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Medical Department, Willamette University, Ore. The Detroit Homeopathic College, Detroit, Mlch. Saginaw Valley Medical College, Saginaw, Mich. Medical College, Cincinnati, O. Miami Medical College, Cincinnati, O. The Medical Chirurgical College, Kansas City, Kans. College of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn. Sioux City College of Medicine, Sioux City, la. Wisconsin College of Physicians and Surgeons, Milwaukee, Wis. The George Washington University, Washington, D. C. Medical Department Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. Medical Department of Oregon, Portland, Ore. Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. The American College of Medicine and Surgery, Chicago, 111. Hahnemanu Medical College, Kansas City, Mo. Milwaukee Medical College, Milwaukee, Wis. Maryland Medical College, Baltimore, Md. Army Medical School, Washington, D. C. Eclectic Medical University, Kansas City, Mo. Homeopathic Medical College, Baltimore, Md. These schools have had Negro students, but no graduates: Starling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio. University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kans. Medical College, Los Angeles, Cal Colorado School of Medicine, Boulder, Colo. The following schools reported students and graduates as follows: Ill;, 100 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE NAME OF SCHOOL Dartmouth Medical School .... Colorado School ot Medicine. . Medical College, Los Angeles. . Medical Dep. of Univ. of Pa .... Starling Mecl. Col., Columbus, O. Harvard Univ. Medical School W Oman's Medical Col. of Pa . . . Eclectic Med. Inst., Cincinnati Eclectic Med. Col., N. Y. City . . Denver Gross Medical College. Medico - Chirurglcal College, Philadelphia, Pa Hahneman Medical College, Philadelphia. Pa. ............. Drake Univer ity College of Cooper Med. Col., San Francisco Medical Department of Colum bia University, New York.... College of Medicine and Surge- • ry, University of Minnesota. . Halmemami Med. Col., Chicago College of Ph5 sicians and Sur- Physio-Medical College of In- Cornell Univ. Med. Col., N. Y. . Ool. of Physicians and Surgeons of Hamliu Univ., Minneapolis Western Reserve Unlversitv, Toledo Med. Col., Toledo, O. . . . . College of Medicine, Syracuse Denver Homeopathic College . Long Island College Hospital Medical Department, Universi ty of Buffalo, New York ...... Ohio Med. Univ., Columbus, O. Rush Medical College, Univer sity of Chicago ...... Medical Department, Western Reserve University Kansas Medical College,Topeka Boston University School of Ft. Wayne College of Medicine, Ft.Wavne, Ind. ...... .. Homeopathic Med. Col., N. Y Medical Department of Yale Creighton Medical College, Omaha, Neb. .... Northwestern University Med- Homeopathic Department Un- Albanv Medical College, N. Y Bennett Col. of Eclectic Medi cine and Surgery, Chicago. . . . Known to be dead ............... NEGKO Students In past 5 or fi Several Several 2 or 3 20 1 0 6 2 3 1 ? 2 Several At present 1 0 0 1 4 3 0 4 1 4 2 0 2 2 2 6 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1) 2 0 8 1 0 1 4 0 8 2 0 0 11 1 0 4 66 Graduates 5 0 0 12 26 since IKS-.' 0 0 6 12 (?) 8 4 1 6 4 or more 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 -2 0 (?) 10 1 2 1 12(?) 3 12 5 81?) 7 1 SO 6 » 1 111 1 2 or 3 ? 213 ? RAWK OF SUCH STUDENTS In Character Well Well Well Well High Good Excellent Honorable Fairly High Average Good In Ability Fail- Not so well Well Variable Variable Fail- Well Variable Well Below average Considerable Well Moderate Variable Variable Well Average Average A good average Excellent Fair Well Variable Excellent Very well Average Average Very well Fairly well Well Fair Equal footing Fail- Well Well Below average Fair average Fall- Average NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 101 A few extracts from letters received from the college officials follow : ITNIVERSITY OF PKNNSYL VANIA : The ability of these [26] graduates has been quite variable. HARVARD: I am unable to state how they rank in character, but in ability, I should say fair. YALE : One of these eight graduates I should rank as being exceptionally good, and the others as about the average of our pass men. If the colored men had sufficient means to pay their way without being obliged to do work and drudgery for a living through college, their chances would be much better. CORNELL : Since the opening of the college in 1898 we have had one Negro student, who came from the West Indies. He was an excellent student but after complet ing three years died of tuberculosis. LONG ISLAND COLLEGE HOSPITAL: These students (probably a dozen) have ranked very well in character and ability; occasionally on the honor rolls. OHIO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY : During the past thirteen years we have graduated on an average of one or two each year. I can freely say that these young men have shown themselves to be average students in both character and ability, and we have had some exceptions in both directions. I personally recall two men as exceptionally good students and their work in the general field since graduating has been satisfactory evidence of excel lence as men and representatives of their profession. COLLEGE -OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS (Medical Department of Cohimbia University): The student who is at present in the college has a very good record, but the [one] graduate turned out very badly after leaving the college and was for a time confined in prison. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY : The two who will graduate next June, the only colored men in the senior class, are above the average of the class: in fact, Mr. ———— ranks about fourth in the class. THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA: I believe there is but one colored graduate'of this medical school and he was one of the best. Perhaps, half dozen more have made the attempt and all have failed, being mediocre or worse. This is not of record, but my recollection. WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE OF PENNSYLVANIA: The number [12] is so small compared with the total number of alumnae that it is not possible to make intelligent comparisons. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN (Homeopathic Department): The only colored graduate in the last ten years was of the pure-looking African type; was in his classes one of the best students we have ever had. Never got a condition, always had his lessons and seemed to have ample scientific grasp. f/1 \ A s gj_oa_ MV 102 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE KANSAS MKDICAL COLLEGE: The answers to your questions regarding Negro graduates may be summed in the description of one student who is now in our graduating class. This student ranks well in his classes and in character. He has been one of our best foofrball players, and is generally liked in school. RUSH MEDICAL, COLLEGE ( University o> Chicago): During my connection with the college, seventeen years, the colored stu dents that we had have ranked very well in character and ability. 1 am bound to way, however, that I think, as a rule, that those persons iii which there is a mixture of the Caucasian blood have ranked higher than those of purely Negro descent, in that they have had better opportunities for preparation. Even in the last two or three years some of our colored students have been obliged to drop out because they felt themselves unable to keep up with the classes. This has been due, in part, to the fact that they were handicapped in heing obliged to do a great deal of outside work to earn a living, and not because they were not as capable. JEFFEBSON MEDICAL COLLEGE (Phila,"'elphia, Pa.): We have five students at present of Negro descent. The character and ability of these students has heen good. As the color is not mentioned in our alumni list, I have no means of identi fying them. WESTEBN PENNSYLVANIA MEDICAL COLLEGE : We have two students and four graduates. They have ranked very good in character and ability. BOWDOIN COLLEGE (Maine): Have only two graduates. Fairly good in ability and of good character. In the replies from three schools the name of the school was not given: A New York city medical school has a graduate who ranked " equal" to his fellows. A Chicago school has eight students and six graduates. They show fair ability. Another Chicago school has one student, and he is "first-class." We have, therefore, by this compilation 1.252 living physicians from Negro schools and 213 from white schools, or 1,465 in all. The census figures recorded 1,734 colored physicians in 1900. There is not space in a report like this to say much of the success of colored physicians; a few specimen cases from letters of college officials and others are added: Dr. ——, of Newport, R. E., is the leading X-ray specialist of New England, and has been called in consultation by the best practitioners. It may interest you to know that Dr.———, who entered Rvish as a graduate from the University of Wisconsin, and who is now practicing in Maryland, stood at the head of the list when he took the examination for licensure before the Maryland State Board of Medical Examiners. He was in competi tion with a number of graduates from the Johns Hopkins University Medical School. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQFE 103 Dr.——— received letter from examiner in surgery (State Board of Penn sylvania), complimenting him on that branch .-is being the best examination passed before the board in surgery and anatomy up to that time; practiced in Philadelphia for three years; then entered University of Bishop's College (McG-ill) Montreal, Canada; grinluated spring, 1901. Went to University of London, England, and was attached to Iiondon Hos pital for two years; passed the examination of the Royal College of Surgery of London and is now a M. R. C. S. (of England) and L. R. C. P. (of London). To the best of my knowlege it's the only instance of these degrees held by a Negro in this country, and I don't suppose more than a dozen whites. Was assistant at the Royal South London Ophthalmic Hospital (London, England,) and also a registered qualified druggist (Ph. G.) in Jamaica; now practicing in Philadelphia. Drs. - - and -, of Barbados, are practicing there and are the leadiiip homeopathic physicians there. Dr.- - had a Long and honorable career. He was the first to reach the prostrate form of President Garfield and alleviated his suffering when the president was shot, in the depot at Washington. He is given due credit by the biographers, but not as a Negro. The first colored graduate of the Eclectic Medical Institute (Cincinnati) was a man named Tate. He graduated in 1880 or Is^l and went to Memphis, Tenn., where he volunteered during the yellow fever epidemic. Made a record for himself such as to receive a medal from the city government and a handsome purse, but succumbed to the disease and died. One of the most prominent surgeons of the West is a Chicago Negro. He was— Born in Pennsylvania in 1 ••" -, is attending surgeon to the Cook County and Provident hospitals in Chicago, and was formerly at the head of the Freert- man's Hospital in Washington. In 1893 Dr. ———— operated upon a stab wound of the heart which had pierced the pericardium; the operation was successful, and the patient was known to be alive three years afterward. "Official records do not give a single title descriptive of suture of the pericardium or heart in the human subject. This being the fact, this case is the first successful or unsuccessful case of suture ever recorded." So said the '/edicat Record, of March 27,1897. The case attracted the attention of the medical world, as have several other cases of Dr. ————. It was only last summer that the Charlotte Medical Journal, of North Carolina,published a violent article against Negro physicians, stating that the formation of the Negro head was such that they could never hope to gain efficiency in such a profession. About the same time the editors, Doctors Register and Montgomery, were writing the following letter to Dr. ———— in blissful ignorance of his race: "We have just read a paper of yours entitled 'A Report of Two Cases of Ces- arean section under Positive Indications with Termination in Recovery' that was recently published in Obstetrics. "You are an attractive writer. Is it possible for us to get you to do a little editorial writing for us?" * Dr.- - was four years chief medical inspector in the Health Department of the city of Denver, and was special state inspector in contagious diseases ISM. * Booklover's Magazine, July, 1C08. \ 101 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE I>r. ——— is pathologist at Wesboro Insane Hospital, and one of the best men in his line of work in the state of Massachusetts. Curiously enough the first women physicians in the South were col ored. Some examples follow: The press in general spoke highly of the brilliant state examination which ——— passed and the fact that she was the first woman to practice in A labama : later the local press commented favorably on her ability as a physician. I am informed by the legal authorities that I was the first and at present the only woman physician practicing in Savannah. She graduated at the Woman's College of Philadelphia and established her self at Columbia, S. C.,and was the first woman physician in the state. When she first settled in Columbia there was no hospital there. Seeing dire need of one she opened her own house as one for a time — then she rented a building where she now accommodates thirty patients (hut that is crowded). This was the only emergency hospital in Columbia. The four railroads have contracts with the hospital to care for their employees when injured. She had 500 surgical operations there in two years. All of the city physicians — white — affiliate with the management and place their patients there, and hold every important consultation with her. Some persons object to being classed as ''Negroes" simply because they are of Negro descent: — —— was a colored physician, who recently died at ——— . He married a white lady : two children survive. He passed as for white ; went into white society, was an eminent practitioner and on visiting staff at ——— Hospital, and did not associate with colored people. It you wish to give correct statistics on the subject you can not include the name of one who by 83 percent belongs to another raca The path of the Negro physician is not, however, always smooth. As a student he may be rebuffed even at the larger colleges as this letter illustrates. It was in answer to a simple inquiry as to terms of admis sion from a colored boy : F PENNSYLVANIA, Department of Medicine. Office of the Dean, Charles H. Prazier, M. IX Philadelphia, February 10, 190(i. Mr. William J. Harvey, Jr., Atlanta Baptist College. Dear Sir : Replying to your letter of the 5th instant, T am afraid that your being col ored would handicap you very seriously in this institution, inasmuch as in all our clinical work the students are brought in close contact with the patients, and very many patients object to being examined by, or being exhibited before colored students. Yours very truly, CHARLES H. FRAZIKR, Dean. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 105 The colored physician, if successful, is in danger of the mob in certain sections, as this communication, dated December 1,1906, shows: We were out that evening at a tent show. The city marshal, who has known me from babyhood, appointed me deputy marshal for the night. The big show had finished when I walked up the aisle separating the two races and asked a young lady whom I accompanied there if she desired to remain to concert. She decided to remain. I turned to pass out, when a white man, who carries the reputation of being mean to Negroes, ordered me to sit down. 1 told him that I was not ready to be seated. He then drew back his stick and struck me. I had a stick and went for him with that. At my getting the best with stick, he drew his revolver and fired at me, the hall taking effect in the muscular part of right arm. I attacked this white man and when I jumped upon him about forty other whites pounced npon me with guns, knives and clubs. Through the aid of some of the whites,! was freed from the howling mob and rushed to the jail. I received some ugly bruises about the face and head. I asked a doctor whom I knew to come up and look after me. He came and before he could dress even one wound the sheriff was notified of a raging mob of lawless white citizens. I asked the sheriff to let me out of jail that I might have an opportunity to shun the mob since I felt sure he could not protect me. He granted my request and gviarded me to a dark street. [ had committed no offensc, neither had I violated 'any law. It was a matter of prejudice on the part of inefficient doctors and poor worthless whites. When I got out of the jail ] decided once to go to my home and get $500.00 that I placed vinder my safe in my office that afternoon, but hearing the mob whoop down about there I continued out of the city. I am told that the poor scoundrels broke into my house and office and robbed them of their valuables, then went into the parlor and made up fire and completely destroyed my household affairs, office and office fixtures, including cabinet with instruments worth at least $1,0" '.00 and library of books worth about $1,200.00. My house was worth about... Household effects. ............ Office library and fixtures ... Instruments and cabinet....... Cash and valuables destroyed. Total amount....... Amount of insurance... .$1.2:*'.00 1,1(10.00 . 1,300.00 ],MO.OO 1,500.00 Total loss . ..$4,BOO.OO My realty and personal property I shall have to sell at a great sacrifice. What troubles me most of all is that there is no remedy for such troubles to Negroes in this section of the country. Other Negroes here are even afraid to express themselves. If they express themselves as being against such, they endanger their lives. I must say just here, if you see any part of this letter you would like to pub lish, do not furnish it as coming directly from me, because it might give me more trouble. \ 6 106 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE 14. Dentists and Pharmacists The census gives the following details as to dentists: 1890......... ..................... 120 1800............................... 212 Increase ...... -. ........... 76.5 per cent. Age: Years 15-24......... 25-84......... 85-44......... 45-54.. 55-64......... 65 and over. Under ...... 1890 82 36 25 18 10 1 8 120 3900 45 OS 43 17 10 4 0 212 There are no separate figures as to pharmacists in 1900. In 1890 there were 139 retail " dealers in drugs and medicines" recorded. This num ber was probably near 800 in 1900. From the colored medical schools mentioned above dentists and pharmacists have been graduated and are located as follows: Colored Graduates in Dentistry NAME OF STATE Illinois .......................... ......... New York. .......... ............. .......................... Ohio.... ...................... ...... .................. .... West Indies .................................................. Total .................................................... Number of Graduates Howard 2 0 IB 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 I 0 4 1 8 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 5 48 Meharry 5 2 0 1 18 8 1 1 5 8 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 20 8 0 0 0 0 68 Total 7 2 19 1 15 4 1 1 5 8 1 2 1 4 4 2 3 1 I 1 2 20 8 1 1 1 5 116 NEGEO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE Colored Graduates in Pharmacy 107 NAME OF STATE Arkansas ...... . . .... California .......... ............ District of Columbia ... Florida ........... ......... ..... Georgia ...... ........... ....... Idaho ............. ................ Illinois..... ............... ..... Indiana . ......... ...... ... Kansas ........... ................ Kentucky . . ......... ........ Louisiana. .......... .... ... Maryland .............. ......... Mississippi . . . . , ................. Missouri .................. ....... NewJersev. ........... ........ New York...... .................. North Carolina .................. Oklahoma ........ .............. Pennsylvania .................... Rhode Island ......... ........... South Carolina.. . ............. Texas.......... ........... ... Tennessee............... . ... Virginia . ............. . . ....... Washington ................ .... West Virginia. .................. South America . ............ West Indies . .... ............. Unknown ......... . ...... Total.. ..... NTJMBEE OF GBADTJATES Howard 1 1 2 1 50 2 7 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 8 1 2 I 2 5 I 8 2 3 2 105 Meharry 12 8 7 6 6 1 7 8 4 3 2 7 16 2 H- Flint 2 2 1 6 Leonard 8 8 2 1 28 4 2 9 7 2 49 Louisville 1 1 Total 16 5 2 4 50 B 16 1 9 1 1 10 5 2 1 8 5 1 2 24 1 3 1 8 11 20 14 1 5 2 2 248 A colored dentist has been prominent in the National Dental Asso- ciaticfti arid was appointed at the head of the international dental clinics at the St. Louis fair. Southern men, however, learned that he was col ored and made it so unpleasant that he resigned. The incident event ually led to the formation of a Southern Dental Association. The pharmacists go mostly into colored drug stores, of which there are some 200. We have record of the following by states: DRUG STORES Alabama .. ...... ..... Arkansas .............. Colorado ............-•- District of Columbia Florida.. .............. Georgia ................ Illinois . . ........... Indian Territory ...... 10 8 4 . 14 . 16 21 5 1 2 4 Kansas ..... Kentucky ...... .... Louisiana ........ Mississippi ..... Missouri ....... Maryland . . ...... Massachusetts . . . North Carolina. New York ........... Ohio ................. 5 .. 7 . 1 2 8 2 4 10 ... 5 8 Pennsylvania . . Rhode Island ... South Carolina..... Tennessee .......... Texas ...... Virginia. Total ... 2 1 4 8 ..... 2 11 ......160 I I III I Statistics of forty-three of these stores follow: 1 \ 108 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE PLACE Newport, Ark. ..... ..... Portsmouth, Va. . . ............ Pine Bluff, Ark .... Helena, Ark... ...... . ... . ... Anniston, Ala,. ..... Key West, Fla...... .. ...... ..... . .. Atlanta, Ga. ........ .......................... Washington, I). C.... ....... ...... Washington, B. C ..... .............. Washington, D. C.... ... ....... Washington, D.C.. .............. .... ...... Washington, D. C. . . . . ....................... Norfolk, Va. ........ ........ ............. Staunton, Va. ............... .... . . .... Raleigh, N. C ........... .............. Mobile, Ala............ . .. ...... Mobile, Ala. .... ...... Charleston, S. C. . Charleston, S. C ..... ........ Bole , Indian Territory ...... ............... Chicago, 111........... .... . .... ..... New Bedford, Mass. . , .............. Baltimore, Md .... ..... Cincinnati, Ohio ... Mobile, Ala. ......... ........................ Year es tablished 181)8 1SI06 18116 1W04 11.04 1892 IMlt 1892 1001 1SI05 1WJ 18114 11 11)05 1888 11105 18W 1902 11)04 11)04 11J02 11)02 Capital $8/i.l 1,843 5,000 5,i**l 2,500 10,) >k- 6,Hf 2,OtK) 700 2,500 1,-jiy i 3,000 !,»«> 5,0110 8,000 3,000 3,»H 8,000 1,500 4,200 8,' M' 8,000 2,' > '< ],"« 5,»»' 3,1 IX' *K' 1,650 8SO 2,000 5,000 5.i<> 1,000 2,:<>i 2f'».t 2,:4. The owner was forced to the wall October of the same year. A white druggist on the opposite corner bought him out. I offered him $150 more than he gave for the store. He refused. I went up town and had a Jew to buy him out for less money. NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 109 WASHINGTON, I). C.—Having started with ten dollars without fixtures, etc., since have purchased fixtures, soda fountain, etc., with stock on hand assessed at $1,300. Store now in debt $50. WASHINGTON, D. O.—This drug store is on one of the most popular business thoroughfares in the town, and is well patronized by the members of both races. PORTSMOUTH, Va.—I started business with only $1R and T went in debt to get my stock. I leased the place where I did business, paying $10 per month. Now I've purchased a corner lot, paid $1,4(11 for same. I built on this lot a two story brick building at a cost of $2,500, all paid for. ALBANY, GA.—Present stock paid in full $7,000. Amount of dividends paid since beginning business $3,400. LITTLE ROOK, AKK.—First five years, discouraging, disgusting. Second five years an increase of confidence as the public saw that it was a permanent fix ture and so many of our people had opened business on six months trial and quit. Last three years are record breakers. NEWPORT, AKK —The company is composed of twenty-six men and women. The colored people give the store hearty support, and many of the best white citizens are fast flocking in. ANNISTOK, ALA.—Wholesale and retail business. 15. The Eleventh Atlanta Conference The Eleventh Atlanta Conference convened at Ware chapel, Atlanta University, Tuesday, May 29, 1906, and carried out the following pro gramme : First Session, 10 A. M. President Horace Bumstead, presiding. Subject: "Health of Students." Mortality in Cities—Mr. R. R. Wright, Jr., of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Tuberculosis—Dr. W. F. Penii, of Atlanta. Special Session, 11:30 A. M. (Room 15) A Talk to Boys—Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois, of Atlanta University. (Open to Senior Preparatory boys and College men). Second Session, 3 P. M. Ninth Annual Mothers' Meeting. In charge of the fiate City Free Kindergarten Association, Mrs. John Hope presiding. Subject: "The Training of Children and Preventive Medicine." Exhibit of Work and Exercises: Kindergarten No. 1—Mrs. J. P. Williamson. Kindergarten No. 2—Miss Ola Perry. Child Training—Mrs. P. J. Bryant. Preventive Medicine—Dr. A. G. Copeland. i */! 110 EJLEVENTH ATJLANTA CONFEBENCJK Third Session, 8 P. M. President Horace Bumstead, presiding. Remarks—President Bumstead. Subject: " Physique, Health, etc." Tuberculosis Dr. S. P. Lloyd, of Savannah. Negro Physique—Dr. Franz Boas, of Columbia University, New York. Seeing and Hearing—Dr. C.V.Roman, of Meharry Medical College, Nashville. The final work of the Conference was the adoption of the following resolutions. The committee consisted of E. B. Wright, Jr., fellow of the University of Pennsylvania: Franz Boas,professor of Anthropology, of Columbia University; and W. E. B. DuBofte, secretary of the Con ference. RESOLUTIONS The Eleventh Atlanta Conference has made a study of the physique, health and mortality of the Negro American, reviewing the work of the first conference held ten years ago and gathered some of the available data, at band today. The Conference notes first an undoubted betterment in the health of Negroes: the general death rate is lower, the infant mortality has markedly decreased, and the number of deaths from consumption is lessening. The present death rate is still, however, far too high and the Confer ence recommends the formation of local health leagues among colored people for the dissemination of better knowledge of sanitation and pre ventive medicine. The general organizations throughout the country for bettering health ought to make special effort to reach the colored people. The health of the whole country depends in no little degree upon the health of Negroe.s. Especial effort is needed to stamp out consumption. The Conference calls for concerted action to this end. The Conference does not find any adequate scientific warrant for the assumption that the Negro race is inferior to other races in physical build or vitality. The present differences in mortality seem to be suffi ciently explained by conditions of life; and physical measurements prove the Negro a normal human being capable of average human accomplishments. The Conference is glad to learn of the forty (40) Negro hospitals, the two hundred (200) drug stores, and the fifteen hundred (1500) physi cians, but points out that with all this advance the race is in dire need of better hospital facilities and more medical advice and attention. The Conference above all reiterates its well known attitude toward this and all other social problems: the way to make conditions better is to study the conditions. And we urge again the systematic study of the Negro problems and ask all aid and sympathy fur the work of this Conference in such study. NEGEO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 111 COMMENTS OF THE PRESS, 1896-1906 Boston Transcript, July 8,1896: Atlanta University, Atlanta, Ga., has undertaken a new and most important work for the benefit of the colored people living in cities. U. S. Bulletin of Labor, May, 1897: Great credit is due to the investigators for their work in the investigation. Outlook, Jan. :8,1898: The report of the third annual Conference is now before us and is a valuable sociological publication. London Spectator, March SI, 1900: The future of the Negro population of the United States is a problem charged with such serious possibilities that any light which can be shed upon it by an examination of present conditions and tendencies deserves a most cordial welcome. This work is being done with much intelligence, discrimi nation and assiduity at the instance and under the inspiration of the Atlanta University. Manchester Guardian, April '6, 1901: Careful studies of the life of Negroes in the United States. London Speaker, June 22,1901: As important and interesting as the reports that have preceded it. Biblical \Vorld, July 1,1901: For anyone who wishes to understand this important subject this pamphlet, gives a vast amount of information gathered at first-hand. Hartford Uo-urant, April 5,1901: Based upon painstaking investigation of the facts. Publications of the Southern History Association, Kept., 1901; July, Sept., 190_••; Nov., 1904: Most admirable investigations in to this vast ethnic problem. A most capital piece of work on that mighty race question. ... It goes without saying that we have a most competent study based on careful histori cal research. The best scientific work on the Negro question of the last two or three years. The work done under the direction of the Atlanta Conference is en titled to the respectful and thoughtful consideration of every man interested in any aspect of the life of the American Negro. 112 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE Dial, May 16, WOj: These studies of the Negro problem which are being made with so much intelligence by Atlanta University are of great sociological and educational value, and deserve to be widely examined. School Review, June, VJW: The work of this conference is constructive and merits hearty support. New Bedford Standard, May 10,190:: An exceptionally valuable study of one of the most important of all the problems connected with the presence of the Negro race in America. Outlook, July IS, ignj; Every year since their organization in 1896 the Atlanta Conferences have published an invaluable report upon present conditions among the Negroes. American Journal vf Sociology, May, 1903: The most exhaustive study thus far made of the economic aspects of the problem. Boston Herald, Feb. -24,1903: It is not easy to estimate too highly the series of yearly reports that are coming from Atlanta University relative to the condition of the Negro popu lation of the country. They are social studies that treat of matters about which there is to be found nowhere else so carefully gathered and trustworthy information. Outlook, Mar. 7, 1903: No student of the race problem, no person who would either think or speak upon it intelligently, can afford to be ignorant of the facts brought out in the Atlanta series of sociological studies of the conditions and the progress of the Kegro. Philadelphia Press, Mar. 8, WO': The most important study which has been made . . . in which the in dustrial condition of the Negro is presented with an accuracy and minute ness which has marked all the issues which have succeeded the aiinnal con ferences held in connection with the [Atlanta] university. fio-ut/i. Atlantic Quarterly, Oct., 1904: They constitute, so far as the reviewer can learn, the most important body of direct evidence ever published as to moral and religious conditions of oiir colored people. .V. Y. Evening Print, July g, iwin: The only scientific studies of the Negro question being made today are those carried on by Atlanta University. A7. Y. Observer Jan. ^4,1907: It is therefore with pleasure that we welcome a thoughtful "Social Study" of Negro crime (particularly in Georgia) prepared under the auspices of Atlan ta University, which has already done such good work for society in connec tion with its nine "Atlanta Conferences" for the study of pressing social prob lems. Atlanta University has the following number of the an nual publications on hand: 3 complete unabridged sets .... $25.00 each 1 complete set (with abridged ed. of No. 5) . 15.00 17 incomplete sets (5 abridged, 4 missing) . 10.00 each 4 " " (5 abridged, 3 and 4 missing) 8.00 " 58 " " (1 and 5 abridged, 3 and 4 missing) 7.00 " 124 " " (1 and 5 abridged, 3, 4, 6 missing) 6.00 " 203 partial sets (contain No. 2, 5 revised, 7, 8,9, 10, 11) 5.00 " And the following single numbers :' No. 2, 458 copies No. 5 (abridged), 1588 copies No. 7, 261 copies No. 9, 1053 copies No. 10, 764 copies No. 11,2000 copies $1.00 each .25 " 1.50 " .50 " .50 " .75 " A/b single copies of Numbers I, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 are for sale. Copies of these in good order are desired and will be paid for. o' I ^ I ,' fir: 1 A N unbiased estimate of the anthropological evidence *• • so far brought forward does not permit us to coun tenance the belief in a racial inferiority which would un fit an individual of the Negro race to take his part in modern civilization. We do not know of any demand made on the human body or mind in modem life that anatomical or ethnological evidence would prove to be beyond the powers of the Negro. FRANZ BOAS. I I f